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ImprintAsafederallyownedenterprise,GIZsupportstheGermanGovernmentinachievingitsobjectivesinthefieldofinternationalcooperationforsustainabledevelopment.■PublishedbyDeutscheGesellschaftfürInternationaleZusammenarbeit(GIZ)GmbHRegisteredofficesBonnandEschborn,Germany■AddressTayuanDiplomaticOfficeBuilding2-514LiangmaheSouthStreet,ChaoyangDistrict100600,Beijing,PRChinaT+86-(0)10-85275589F+86-(0)10-85275591Etransition-china@giz.dehttps://transition-china.org/mobility■ProjectSino-GermanCooperationonLowCarbonTransport(CLCT)TheCLCTprojectispartoftheInternationalClimateInitiative(IKI).Since2022,theIKIisimplementedbytheFederalMinistryforEconomicAffairsandClimateAction(BMWK)inclosecooperationwiththeFederalMinistryfortheEnvironment,NatureConservation,NuclearSafetyandConsumerProtection(BMUV)andtheFederalForeignOffice(AA).■ResponsibleSebastianIbold(GIZ)Etransition-china@giz.dehttps://transition-china.org/mobility■AuthorsChinaAcademyofTransportationSciences(CATS)ChengLi,ZhongyiWu,XiaofeiLi,KaiMu■EditorsGIZChenziYiyang,GregorBauer,YunXia,JosephineNehring,VincentFremery,RohanModi■LayoutBeijingteamorcacultureandArtCo.,LtdXinHu(GIZ),MingshuYang(GIZ)■PhotocreditsAdobe/IrinaStrelnikova(Coverpage)■MapsThemapsprintedhereareintendedonlyforinformationpurposesandinnowayconstituterecognitionunderinternationallawofboundariesandterritories.GIZacceptsnoresponsibilityforthesemapsbeingentirelyuptodate,correctorcomplete.Allliabilityforanydamage,directorindirect,resultingfromtheiruseisexcluded.■URLlinksResponsibilityforthecontentofexternalwebsiteslinkedinthispublicationalwayslieswiththeirrespectivepublishers.GIZexpresslydissociatesitselffromsuchcontent.Beijing,2022ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChinaDefinitionofTechnicalTermsTERMSDefinitionNEWENERGYVEHICLESTheseincludebatteryelectricvehicles,plug-inhybridvehicles,andfuelcellNEWENERGYBUSvehicles.ENERGY-SAVINGNEWENER-Anewenergyvehiclewithmorethanninepassengerseatsthatareusedinur-GYVEHICLESbanpublictransportationservices,designedandmanufacturedforthetrans-ENERGY-SAVINGNEWENER-portationofpassengers.GYBUSHYBRIDVEHICLESTheseincludenewenergyvehiclesandnon-plug-inhybridvehicles.HYBRIDBUSESAnenergy-savingnewenergyvehiclewithmorethanninepassengerseatsthatTRADITIONALBUSESareusedinurbanpublictransportationservices,designedandmanufacturedforthetransportationofpassengers.NON-FASTCHARGINGTheseincludeplug-inhybridvehiclesandnon-plug-inhybridvehicles.FASTCHARGINGSUPERFASTCHARGINGHybridvehicleswithmorethanninepassengerseatsthatareusedinurbanTHEAVERAGEDAILYMILEAGEpublictransportationservices,designedandmanufacturedforthetransporta-NOMINALBATTERYENERGYtionofpassengers.TOTALPOWERBATTERYEN-ERGYTheseareoilandgasdrivenvehicles.Specifically,fuel-drivenvehiclesincludePOWERBATTERYENERGYdiesel,gasoline,andethanol-gasolinevehicles,whilegas-drivenvehiclesin-DENSITYcludeLNG,LPG,andCNGvehicles.Thechargingmodeofavehicle,withachargingrateofbelow3C.Thechargingoflithiumironphosphateandlithiummanganatebatteriesisde-finedasslowcharging.Thechargingpowerisrelatedtotheavailablepowerofachargingpole,generallybelow150kw.Thisreferstothechargingmodewithachargingrate1ofabove3C.InChina,thebatterytypethatcancurrentlysupportingfastchargingisalithiumtita-natebattery,withageneralchargingpowerexceeding300kw.Thisreferstoshigh-powertopchargingmethod.Thedistancetraveledbybusinadayofbuslineoperation.UnderNEDCoperatingconditions,thedistancetraveledbytheBEBsthatconsumesalloftheirpower.Thetotalpowercarriedbythepowerbattery.UnitisKWhThepowerthatisincludedintheunitmassofthepowerbattery.UnitisKWh/kg.1Chargingrate:amultipleofthechargingcurrenttotheratedcapacity(Ah)ofthebatterycell,asexpressedinC;forexample,a100Ahbatterycell,chargedwith100Ais1C,whichcanbesimplyunderstoodasbeingfullychargedin1h;200Achargingis2C,whichcanbesimplyunderstoodbeingfullychargedin0.5h;50Achargeis0.5C,whichcanbesimplyunderstoodasbeingfullychargedin2h.2ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChinaAbbreviationsVehicletypes:ElectricVehicleEVEnergyConservationandNewEnergyVehicle/BusCNEV/CNEBNewEnergyVehicle/BusNEV/NEBBatteryElectricVehicle/BusBEV/BEBHybridElectricVehicle/BusHEV/HEBPlug-inHybridElectricVehicle/BusPHEV/PHEBUnpluggedHybridElectricVehicle/BusUPHEV/UPHEBFuelCellElectricVehicleFCEVUltracapacitorElectricVehicleUEVBatteryTrolleyBusBOBLiquefiedNaturalGasLNGLiquefiedPetroleumGasLPGCompressedNaturalGasCNGInstitutionsandAssociations:CATSChinaAcademyofTransportationSciencesWBWorldBankADBAsianDevelopmentBankTPRITransportPlanningandResearchInstituteBITBeijingInstituteofTechnologyMIITChinaAutomobileResearchInstituteSUTPCShenzhenUrbanTransportPlanningCenterCo.,LTDJNTRCJinanUrbanTransportationResearchCenterCRTAChinaRoadTransportAssociationCHTSChinaHighwayandTransportationSocietyChinesegovernmentauthorities:SCStateCouncilNDRCNationalDevelopmentandReformCommissionMIITMinistryofIndustryandInformationTechnologyMOSTMinistryofScienceandTechnologyMOFMinistryofFinanceMEEMinistryofEcologyandEnvironmentMOTMinistryofTransport3ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChinaContent▼1Background6▼2LiteratureReview72.1GovernmentReports92.2SurveysbyIndustrialAssociations122.3ResearchProjectsSupportedbyInternationalOrganizations162.4RelevantAcademicPapers202.5Conclusion21▼3StatusAnalysesofNewEnergyBusandBatteryElectricBusDevelopmentinChina233.1ThePolicyEnvironmentforNEBPromotioninChina243.2CurrentstatusofBEBpromotionandapplicationinChina30(1)Scaleandcharacteristics30(2)Operatingmileageofbattery-electricbuses30(3)Thetechnicalperformanceofbattery-electricbuses30(4)Energy-savingandemissionreductioneffectsofbattery-electricbuses303.3StakeholdersAnalysis333.3.1Stakeholders333.3.2RelationshipswithStakeholders353.4Conclusion37▼4TechnicalAnalysesoftheLifeCycleofBatteryElectricBuses384.1StructureofAnalyses394.2ProcurementSystem414.2.1FindingtheRightNEBforaCity414.2.2PurchasingNumbersandTechnicalSpecifications424.2.3PurchasingBusinessModels454.3SupportingInfrastructureSystems484.3.1LocationofChargingStations484.3.2ConstructionandOperationModesforChargingStations484.3.3CapacityofChargingStationsandEquipmentTypes494.4BEBOperationSystems524.4.1BEBChargingandDispatchStrategy524.4.2MethodsofEstablishingBEBOperationMonitoringSystems534.4.3StrategiesforBEBOperationSafetyManagement574.4.4EvaluationofBEBOperationPerformance594.4.5EstimationofEffectivenessofEnergy-savingandEmissionReductionEfforts614ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChina4.5MaintenanceSystems634.5.1ConstructionandOperationModesofMaintenanceServiceWorkshops634.5.2SpecificPracticesforConductingMaintenanceOperationsforPurelyElectricBuses634.5.3ExperienceinStrengtheningMaintenanceinPublicTransportEnterprises644.6RecyclingofBatteriesUsedinBEBs704.6.1PolicyandStandardEnvironmentsforPowerBatteryRecycling704.6.2CriteriaofBatteryDecayandDecommissioning704.6.3ManagementofBatteryRecycling704.6.4EchelonUseofBatteries714.6Summary73▼5FutureTrendsandPolicyRecommendations765.1DevelopmentProspectsforBatteryElectricBusesinChina775.2BEBPolicyRecommendations77▼Appendix1:Enterprisesincompositeusingofusedtractionbatteries.80▼REFERENCES815ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChinaTheintegratedandeffectiveapplicationofelectricbusesTheresearchresultsofthisprojectcanbeusedto:1.inpublicbussystemsisanimportantkeytomakingHelpChinesebusenterprisestooptimizetheiroperationstransportmoreclimate-andenvironment-friendlybyanddevelopment(includingbysupportingChina’sbusloweringcarbonandairpollutantemissions.Inrecentcompaniestoeffectivelyselectandpurchasesuitableyears,thenumberofnewenergybuseshasrapidlyvehicles,effectivelyplanandbuildchargingstationsandincreasedinChina(includingplug-inhybridbuses,fuelrelatedinfrastructureandoptimizevehicleschedulingandcellbusesandparticularlyinChina,batteryelectricbuses).routingplanning;andimprovethecoordinationbetweenBytheendof2020,therewereapproximately466,100vehiclemanufacturers,operatorsofchargingstationsnewenergybuses,accountingforabout66%ofthetotalandbuscompanies);2.HelptheChinesegovernment,numberofbuses.Outofthesenewenergyvehicles,theespeciallytheMinistryofTransport(MoT),tomakewell-totalnumberofbatteryelectricbuseswasmorethaninformeddecisionsonthepromotionandapplicationof250,000,accountingfor38%ofthetotal.theindustry,andmakingrelatedpoliciespertainingtonewenergybuses,soastobettermanageandguidetheChina’spromotionofnewenergybuseshasenteredanewbusindustry,and;3.Helpothercountriestolearnfromstage,focusingondevelopingvehiclesofhighquality,China’sexperiences.ratherthandevelopingthematahighspeed.Chinamustsolveanumberofproblemspresentlyexposed(suchasaIntermsofresearchmethods,thisresearchprojectfocuseslowoperatingefficiency,unreasonablelayoutofmatchingoncollectingandrefininganunderstandingoftechnicalfacilities,andinsufficientmaintenanceofvehicles)whilemethodsbasedonChina’spractices,ratherthanjustalsomaintainingasteadyincreaseofthenumberofnewdescribingthepresentsituation.Inordertoinvestigateenergybuses.Theexperiencesandpracticesofthecitiesthepracticesadoptedbythecitieswhichhavedonewellandbuscompanieswhichhavedonewellinthepromotioninthepromotionofnewenergybuses,animportanceofnewenergybusesareofgreatimportance,andcanbemustbeattachedtounderstandingthesethroughfieldusedtoguidethedevelopmentofothercitiestopromoteinvestigations,inparticularbycarryingoutin-depthnewenergybusesandmorebroadly,forthedevelopmentcommunicationswithmanagementandtechnicalstaffofoftheindustryinChina.Lookingoutward,asChinabusagencies.Tocarryoutthesein-depthinvestigationsandhasthelargestnumberofnewenergybusesintheworld,selecttherightcitiesandpublictransportationenterprises,China’sexperiencecanserveasausefulreferenceforotheritisimportanttoreviewexistingexperiencesandresearchcountriesandtheircitiesengagedinpromotionofnewresultstohaveacomprehensiveunderstandingoftheenergyvehicles.Germanyisoneoftheworld’sleadingpresentdevelopmentofnewenergybusesinvariouscitiescountriesintheresearchofnewenergyvehiclestherefore,inChina.Inordertosuccessfullycarryoutthisinundertakingcollaborativeresearchinthisfield,bothresearchproject,theChinaAcademyofChinaandGermanywillbeabletogivefullplaytotheirTransportationSciences(CATS)mustmakefulluseofrespectiveadvantages,andsharelessonslearned,soastoexistingresources,includingexistingdataresources,benefitbothcountries.existingcooperationnetworkswithlocalcities,aswellasharnesstheirgoodrelationshipwiththeMinistryofThemainpurposeofthisresearchprojectistoenhanceTransport.theapplicationofnewenergybusesinChina(namelytoenhancetheirefficiency,ensuretheirsafety,reducecostsAsacooperativeprojectbetweenChinaandrelatedtotheirdevelopmentanduse,increaseenergyGermany,thisresearchprojectshallstrengthenconservationandreducecarbon,airpollutantsandnoisecooperationandexchangesbetweenthetwocountriesemissions)andtoshareChina’sexperienceswithothertointroduceChina’sexperiencetoGermany,andalsocountries.introduceGermany’sresearchresultsandexperiencesintheapplicationofnewenergybusestoChina.Atthesametime,thisprojectshallalsostrengthenexchangeswithinternationalagencies.7ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChinaSince2015,thedevelopmentofNewEnergyBusesofapplyingNEBs.Mostofthisresearchwasconducted(NEBs)2hassteppedontothefasttrackinChina.Beforeafter2017.2015,Chinaonlyhadaround30,000NEBsinoperation.However,morethan50,000NEBswereaddedtothis4.Researchersandscholarsinuniversitiesandresearchfleetin2015alone.Ineachyearbetween2016and2019,institutionsinChinaconductingacademicstudiesofmorethan80,000unitswereadded.TosystematicallyspecificissuessuchasthevehiclemodelselectionandassessimpactsoftheapplicationanduseofNEBs,todispatchingofNEBs.makebestpracticeandlessonslearnedavailable,andtoconductresearchinthefieldsofpolicyandregulation,Thisreportsystematicallysummarizestheexistingresearchstandardization,purchase,operation,infrastructureonnewenergybusesinChinatolayafoundationandplanning,maintenanceandrecycling,andtechnologyreferencefortheconductingofthestudy“ResearchontheamongstothersrelatingtoNEBs,researchontheTechnicalSystemoftheLifeCycleofBattery-electricBuses”.promotionandoperationofNEBshasincreasedinChinasince2015,mainlythroughananalysisofresourcesin2.1GovernmentReportsthesefourcategories:From2011,theMoThasannuallyreleasedtheWhite1.Annualreports,whicharereleasedbytheMinistryofBookNationalReportonUrbanPassengerTransportTransportofthePeople’sRepublicofChina(MoT)anditsDevelopment[1],whichwaspublishedinitslatesteditionresearchbodies,elaboratingatthemacrolevelonthein2018.ThereportispreparedbytheTransportServicedevelopmentscaleandtrendsofNEBsforeachyearDepartmentandtheChinaAcademyofTransportationwhileintroducingtheexperiencesofbestpracticecities.Sciences(CATS)oftheMoT.ItincludesbasicdataonurbanpublictransportinChina(includingonbus,tram,2.IndustrysurveysorganizedbytheMoT,collectingandsubway,andtaxisystems),sectorstatistics,andrelatedpoolingtheexperiencesgainedinvariousregionsinthe“hottopics”inChinaintherespectiveyear.Since2016,developmentofNEBsaswellasproblemsarisingoutoftheannualreporthasincludedaspecificchapteronthetheprocessoftheirpromotionandoperation.MostofapplicationofNewEnergyVehicles(NEVs)3inurbanthesesurveyreportswereconductedin2015and2016.passengertransport,especiallyrelatingtourbanbusesandtaxis,elaboratingonthepolicyenvironmentand3.ResearchprojectssupportedbytheWorldBank(WB)characteristicsofutilizingNEVsintherespectiveyear.AtandtheAsianDevelopmentBank(ADB),whichwerethesametime,italsoincludesaselectionofbestpracticejointlyconductedbyChineseresearchinstitutionsandcasesatthecitylevel(seeTable2-1).internationalexperts.Theseresearchprojects,frommicroperspectives,analyzedandevaluatedtheeffects2Newenergyurbanbusesincludebatteryelectric,hybridandfuelcellelectricurbanbuses.3NEVsincludebatteryelectric,hybridandfuelcellelectricvehicles.9■Table2-1:Best-performingcasecitiesintroducedintheannualreportsYearCityHighlightMainExperiencesandPracticesResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChina102016ShenzhenNumberofNEVsinthe1.Ledbysystematicdevelopmentplans,setrationalandfeasibledevelopmentgoals;fieldofpublictransport,2.Ledbystandards,preparedtechnicalspecificationsforchargingfacilities;Shenzhentakesthe3.SpecialresearchtoevaluatetheoperationofNEBs;NEVleadingpositionin4.NEVpromotionandapplicationsupportedbycharginginfrastructuredevelopment;China5.Backedbypurchasingandoperatingsubsidies,formedacostcomparativeadvantageforNEVs,drivenbyinnovations,andastudyofcommercialoperationmodels.2016FoshanThefirstcityinChina1.Top-leveldesignandstrategicprogramforhydrogenenergy;withademonstration2.Themunicipalgovernmentestablishedataskforcetopromotethehydrogenindustry;operatingrouteforfuel-3.Establishedtechnicalteamtosecuresafeoperation;cellpublicbuses4.Enhancedpublicawarenessoftheadvantageofhydrogenandsafety,e.g.,organizedaseriesofactivitiesofChina(Foshan)InternationalHydrogenEnergyandFuelCellTechnologyandProductPromotionConference,alsoknownas“HydrogenEnergyWeek”.1.Setupadedicatedcoordinationmechanismtosolvetheproblemofpoorcommunicationamonggovernmentsectors;2.Designedandintroducedsubsidypolicyandtimelyadjustedpurchasesubsidy;3.Useofmultiplelandresourceslikestate-ownedreservedland,podiumsofcommercialbuildings,etc.toconstructchargingpiles;4.Madeinnovationsinthemodeofapplyingvehiclesandmobilizingtheinitiativeofmanufacturers,e.g.,ShenzhenBusGroupadoptsthe“completevehicle2017ShenzhenAllpublicbusesinpurchase,serviceoutsourcing”businessmodel,whileShenzhenEasternBusCo.andShenzhenWesternBusCo.adoptsa“hybridlease(barecarfinancinglease+‘fourelectricalequipment’operatinglease)”businessmodel.ShenzhenareNEVs5.Preparedrelevantstandardsandregulations,suchas“technicalspecificationsofelectricvehiclechargingsystem”;Evaluatedoperationsregularlyandtimelyfeedbackandimprovethetechnicalperformanceofvehicles.Since2012,theShenzhenMunicipalTransportationCommissionhascommissionedlocaloperationassessmentsofnewenergybusesandsupportinginfrastructure;6.Conductedtrainingprogramsonmaintenancetoenhancethetechnicallevelofmaintenanceteamsintheindustry;7.Elaboratedstrategiesofdelicacyoperationanddispatchingtoalleviatetheeffectofshorterdrivingrangeofbattery-electricbuses.2017JinanEstablisheddimensional1.Developedtechnicalstandards,specifications,andmanualsformaintenance;2017Zhangjiakoumaintenancesystemsto2.Contractedspecialrepairservicecompaniestoimprovethelevelofrepairservice;2018Zhengzhouensuresafeoperationsof3.Specifiedtheresponsibilitybodyforvehiclesafety;NEB4.Builtareal-timemonitoringplatformtoimprovetheabilityofrapidresponse;5.Developcraftsmanshipculturetocultivatemore“competentpeopleforpublictransport”.JinanCityorganizestheJinanbusdriverenergy-savingandrepairmanmaintenanceskillscompetitioneveryyear,whichencourageseveryonetobecomeatechnicalexpertandformsacraftsmanculture.Demonstrationapplication1.Builtmechanismofefficientworkandclarifytargetsandobjectives.Thegovernmenthassetspecifictargetsforthepromotionandapplicationofnewenergyofhydrogen-fuelpublicbuses(thelocalbuscompanypromotes1850standardvehicles,andthelocalconstructionanddevelopmentgrouppromotes150standardvehicles),andbusesclarifiedtheresponsibilitiesofrelevantauthorities;2.Thegovernmentfiscalpoolandmanufacturersworktogethertoalleviatefinancialpressureonpurchaseandoperations.Regardingthepurchaseofhydrogenfuelcellbuses,thelocalbuscompanybearsone-third,andthemunicipalfinancedepartmentbearstwo-thirdsandadoptsaphasedpurchasestrategytosharethecost;3.Developedhydrogenplantandhydrogenstationconstructionprojectstomeetdemandsofhydrogen-fuelcellvehicles.Builtcharginginfrastructurein1.Ledbypolicies,facilitatetheorderlydevelopmentofNEVs;advance2.Earlyplanningofcharginginfrastructuretoensurethesmoothoperation3.Ledbydemand,ensuretheperformanceofNEBtomeettheneedsoftheoperationandestablishanITmanagementplatformtoupgradetheefficiencyoforganizingandoperatingNEB.Specifically,beforethenewbusmodelisputintouse,thebuscompanyusesthetestvehicletodemonstratetheoperationontheroad,thenputsforwardopinionsandsuggestionsforthevehiclemanufacturerbasedontheuseeffect.ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChinaRelatedgovernmentreportsmainlyintroducetheworkSince2016,theKeyLaboratoryofAdvancedPublicoftheCentralGovernmentofChinainpromotingtheTransportationSystems(underCATSandofficiallyapplicationofNEVs(includingforexample,initiativesrecognizedbyMoT),startedtoreleasetheReportonrelatingtotop-levelplanning,supportingpolicies,China’snewenergypublictransportationapplication[2],safetysupervision,andthedraftingofstandardsandwhichisbasedonMoTdatafromthe“Publictransportspecifications).Theyalsointroducebestpracticesbyurbandevelopmentmonitoring,assessment,andevaluationprovincesandcitiesinbuildinginter-departmentalsystem”,andotherresearchresults.Thereportismainlycollaborationmechanisms,innovativebusinessmodelscomposedofvisualmaterialssuchasdata-analysisgraphsinthevehiclepurchase,informationonthesecuringofandtables,includingillustrationsoftheannualincreaselanduseforcharginginfrastructure,optimizingvehicleinNEBsinprovincesand36centralcitiesinChina,dispatchingstrategies,guidanceonbuilding,maintenancetheproportionofvehiclesinlengthandpower,averageandrepairsystems,andoperationmonitoringsystems,operatingmileageperday,andmajorbrandsandrelatedamongothers.Table2-1showsthecitieswhichhaveinformation.Forexample,asshowninFigure2-1,wecanbeenintroducedintheNationalReportonUrbanseethatthepromotionofnewenergybusesinGuangdong,PassengerTransportDevelopmentintheirrespectiveyears.Shandong,andHenanwasparticularlysuccessfulin2018.Shenzhen,astheworld’sfirstcitywhichfullyelectrifieditsThesereportscanprovideagoodreferenceofinformationpublicbusfleet,wasintroducedtwotimesintheannualforresearchinstitutions,operators,manufacturers,andreport.Thereportsalsohighlighttheachievementsofthedecision-makingbodies.cityofZhengzhou,inrelationtotheirupgradingofnewenergyurbanbusdispatchingsystems,andtheeffortsBoththeannualNationalReportonUrbanPassengermadebythecityintheapplicationofhydrogenfuelcellTransportDevelopmentandtheReportonChina’snewbuses.AlsohighlightedwereinnovationsachievedbytheenergypublictransportationapplicationhelpedthisstudycityofJinaninvehiclemaintenance,andothercitiesthattoobtaingeneraldataonNEBsinChina,andunderstandhaveshownprominentcharacteristicsinthedevelopmentgoodpracticecasesinpromotingandoperatingNEBsinandapplicationofnewenergybuses.localcities.Thesereportsdonotprovidedeepanalysisofresults,butcanbeusedtoleadtotherationalselectionofrepresentativecitiesassurveyobjects.■Figure2-1:NumberofNEBs,Diesel&GasBus,&RatioofNEBin2019100%90%80,00080%70,00070%60,00060%50,00050%40,00040%30,00030%20,00020%10,00010%0%0Unit:Vehicle(s)BeijingTianjinHebeiShanxiInnerMongoliaLiaoningJilinHeilongjiangShanghaiJiangsuZhejiangAnhuiFujianJiangxiShandongHenanHubeiHunanGuangdongGuangxiHainanChongqingSichuanGuizhouYunnanTibetShaanxiGansuQinghaiNingxiaXinjiangNEBsDiesel&GasFueledBusesRatioofNEBsSource:ChinaAcademyofTransportationSciences(CATS),ReportonthePromotionandApplicationofNewEnergyBusesinChinain201911ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChina2.2SurveysbyIndustrialAssociationsTheChinaRoadTransportAssociation(CRTA)isanon-profitorganizationinthetransportindustrywhoseSince2015,Chinahasbeguntopromotenewenergybusesmembersareroadtransportinstitutions,operators,andonalargescale.ThenumberofNEBsroserapidlyfromrelatedgroups.In2016,theurbanpassengertransport35,000unitstoover80,000unitsin2015.TogainmorebranchoftheCRTAorganizedanexpertteam[4]tofact-basedknowledgeonnewenergyurbanbusapplicationconductnewenergyurbanbussurveysinChina.Fortheanduseincities,andgettheopinionsandproposalsofsurveys,whichtargetedpublicbusoperators,researcherslocalpublic-transportadministrationsandoperators,thevisited14publicbusoperatorsin13ChinesecitiesMoTguidedtheMoTExpertCommitteeandtheUrbanthatadopteddifferenttechnicalroutes.TheresearchersPassengerTransportBranchoftheChinaRoadTransportaimedtogainabetterunderstandingoftheapplicationAssociation4toconducttwolarge-scalefieldsurveysinofbattery-electricbuses,plug-inhybridpublicbuses,early2016.andtrolleybuses,includingrespectivelocalpolicyenvironments,thepopulationofNEBs,theselectionofTheMoTExpertCommittee[3]isathinktankteamoftechnicalroutes,thetechnicallevelofvehiclesandmajorChina’sMoT.In2015,theExpertCommitteeorganizedproblemsanddifficultiesfacedintheapplicationandaresearchteamcomprisingresearchersfromtheResearchuseofthesevehicles,amongothertopics.IntheSurveyInstituteofHighway(RIOH)oftheMoTtoconductaReportonUrbanPublicTransportOperatorsUsingNEB4,surveycoveringcitiesindifferentregionsinChinawhichtheresearchteamobtainedinformationonthesuccessfulrepresentdifferenteconomicdevelopmentsituations.experiencesandalsochallengesfacedbybusoperatorsThesurveyrespondentsincluded,amongstotherindifferentcities,andsubsequentlymadeproposalstogroups,NEVmanufactures,localtransportbureaus,andpromoteNEBsinthesecontexts.representativebusoperators.ThesurveyaimedtogetabetterunderstandingofthemarketaccessandsupervisionThetwosurveyswereundertakenintheperiodwhenofbattery-electricbuses,newenergyurbanbuspurchaseNEBshadjustcomeintoaphaseoflarge-scaleapplicationandoperatingcosts,theirtechnicallevelsandperformanceanduseinChina,andwhenthecountrystilllackedstandards,techniquesofoperationdispatching,experienceintheirapplication.Thetworeportsrevealedproductsafetyqualityandsupportingpolicies,andsimilarproblemsandmadesimilarproposals.Table2-2relatedinformation.Theresearchteamalsoorganizedshowsthemajorproblemsandproposalspresentedinthesymposiums5todiscussanddeveloppolicyproposalsontworeports,andTable2-3showsthebestpracticesandtheoutlookandfeasibilityofNEVoperation,theroleofexperiencesofcities,basedontheirresearchfindings.theMoTandlocaltransportbureausinfacilitatingtheThetwosurveyreportsmainlydiscusstechnicalaspects,developmentofNEVoperation,(forexample,top-leveloperatingstatus,problems,andpolicyrecommendationsplandevelopmentandstandardsdevelopment),andhowofnewenergybusesandinfrastructurebefore2016,andtoprovideandensurescientificandpracticalsupervisionproposelimitedtechnicalsolutions.However,researchandsupport,amongothertopics.ThereportNew-energyfindingscanstillhelpunderstandtheoperationprocessofOperatingVehicleIndustryandTechnicalDynamics3wasnewenergybusesinChinabefore2016,andtheproblemsreleasedasaresultofthesurvey.thathaveariseninthestudysurveyscanserveasthebasisforfuture,moretargetedresearch.4Thisisanon-profitorganizationinthefieldofurbanpassengertransportationvoluntarilyformedbyenterprisesandinstitutionsofrelatedindustriesandgroups.5Refertothelink:https://www.ixueshu.com/document/3a073adb15ec66290fe0ccb70be5b944318947a18e7f9386.html12ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChina■Table2-2:MajorproblemsandproposalstosolveproblemsinNEBpromotionNo.CityProblemsProposals1TianjinConstructionofcharginginfrastructureislagging;●ProvidemoresubsidiesforNEBs;Theperformanceofbatteriesforbatteryvehicleshas●Properlycontrolthespeedofdevelopment.potentialforimprovement.2ShijiazhuangThepriceofbattery-electricbusesremainshigh.●Establishconstructionstandardsandsafetyevaluationindicatorsforcharging/switchingstations;●Clarifystandardsofthesafefordingdepthofbattery-electricbuses;●EstablishametricstandardofDCchargingmeter.3TangshanHighfaultrate(battery,motor,andelectroniccontrol)●Addnewenergyvehicleindustrialclusterinregionsresultsinhighcostsofrepairandmaintenance;ofapplicationtoestablishindustrialchains;Insufficientdrivingranges;Sharpfallofbatteryperformanceinlowtemperature.●Usesubsidiestoenhancethequalityofnewenergyvehicles;●Rationallymatchbatterycharacteristicswithdifferentoperatingenvironments.4DalianDifficulttodisposeofthefirstbatchofdemo-●Policiessuchastop-leveldevelopmentplans,applicationvehicles;restrictions,andsubsidiesarenecessary;Insufficientchargingpiles,toomanylimitsofenergygrid(e.g.,frequentregionalpoweroutagesprevent●Standardsoftechnicalspecificationareneeded;charging)andfaultsinpower-supplyequipment;Heavy●Vehicletechnologiessuchasdrivingrange,batteryimpactofweatherontheuseofbatteryvehicles.lifeshouldbeenhanced.5ChangzhouFiscalappropriationisnottimely;●Considerpolicycontinuityandlong-term6HefeiNEVsarenotreliableenoughconcerningthesafetyofeffectiveness;7Nanchangbatteries;Shortdrivingrange.●Improvesafetyreliabilityandqualityassuranceofkeypartsandcomponents;●Establishanincentivemechanismforsuppliers.Shortdrivingrangeandsmallpassengerload;●ProposegraduallyreplacingtraditionalpublicbusesInsufficientchargingfacilitiesandhighcostofchargingwithbatteryones;servicefees;Abackdropmonitoringsystemandvehiclecontrol●Manufacturersshouldfocusonimprovingdrivingsystemarenotwelldeveloped.range,batterylife,andsafetylevelsofnewenergybuses;●Improvetheincumbentpoliciesofsubsidizingoperationsubsidies.HighfaultrateofNEVs;●Adoptproactivefiscalsubsidypolicies,improveandLimitedtechnologicallevelofbatteries;reformsubsidiesfortheoperationofurbanpublicHeavyweightimpactsontheeffectofenergy-savingandtransport;emissionreduction;Differingstandardsforchargingfacilities.●Promotestandardizationandregulatingofchargingservice;●Providegreatersupportforthetechnologicaldevelopmentofnewenergyvehicles.13ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChina8QingdaoInsufficientcharging/switchingfacilities,therefore●Expandthetargetsofoperationsubsidytotrolley9Zhengzhouswitchingmodevehicleshavetowaitalongtimetobusesandsmallbuses;10Shenzhenqueue;11ChongqingInsufficientdrivingranges;●Providemoresubsidiesfordouble-source12GuiyangHighcostofoperatingmaintenance.trolleybuses;13Chuxiong14Xi’an●Rationalproportionofsmallvehiclesreceivingsubsidies.Chargingpileconstructionneedshighinvestmentand●Fullcoverageofoperationsubsidies;depotshaveinsufficientpowersupply;●Supportthestrongandwell-performingnewHighcostofrepairingnewenergyvehicles;Electricpriceforchargingnewenergyvehiclesistooenergybusmanufacturersandeliminateregionalhigh;protectionism;Highcostofpurchasingnewenergyvehicles.●Focusonissuessuchassupportingfacilities,powerprice,battery,andcost.NEVsarepromotedbythesupportofpoliciesandnot●Focusonbuildingonsupportingchargingfacilitiescompetitiveinthemarket;andbuildenergyguaranteesysteminmultiplemodesInsufficiencyofpowerfacilitiesisthebottleneckthat(e.g.,providingpolicysupportforcomprehensiveconstrainsdevelopment;commercialdevelopmentofbusstationsandlandInsufficiencyandimbalanceddistributionofdepotssupply);impacttheapplicationofbatteryvehicles.●Evaluationofexternalcontributionsmadebynewenergybusesshouldincludeallphasesofthelifecycleincludingcarbonemissions;●Payattentiontotheaftersalesmarketofnewenergyvehiclestoavoidwasteofresources.Chargingstationsandsupportingchargingfacilities●Proposelocalgovernmentsshouldprovidestrongerneedtobeimproved;financialsupporttopurchasevehicles;Weakmaintenancetechnicalcompetencyandhighcostofrepairs.●Improvechargingfacilitiesandsupportingchargingfacilities;●Providepreferentialpowerprices.DifficultiesforNEVstodealwithslopesinmountainousandsteepareas;●ImplementrelevantpoliciesinlanduseforchargingBatterieshavelargesizeandshortlifecycle;facilitiesandinconstructionsubsidies.Lackofpublictransportdepots;Insufficientfiscalsupportfromlocalgovernment.Shortdrivingrangeunabletomeettheneedsforwhole●Enhanceresearchanddevelopmentofbatterydayoperation;vehicles;Longchargingtimeoccupiesthetimeofdailyoperations;●Unifythecharginginterfacesofbattery-electricPoorperformanceofcorepartsinstabilityandbuses;compatibilityandhighfaultrate.●Establishlong-termpolicymechanismofsubsidingforlossesofpublictransport;●Ensureland-usedemandsforbuildingpublic-transportinfrastructures.Thehighpriceofvehiclesisdiscouraging;Drivingrangeofbatteryvehicleslimitstheiroperation●Rationallyplanandbuildchargingstations.dutyschedule.14ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChina■Table2-3:GoodpracticeandexperienceofcitiesinearlystageNo.CityMajorpracticeandexperienceinapplyingNEB1Tianjin●Thegovernmentprovidestop-leveldesign/plansandtakesstrongactiontopromotebatchuseofNEBs6;●Supportsfinancingleasinginvehiclepurchases;theloansarepaidbackbythemunicipalpublicbudget.2Tangshan●Publicbusoperatorbuildsandoperatesthreechargingstationsonitsownandusesthepowerpricedifferenceforpeakandvalleytimestosavetheservicefeesofcharging;●Properlyincreasedthenumberofpublicbusestosecureoperation;●Enhancedsupervisionoversafeoperations.3Dalian●ProvidestrainingtodriversofNEBs;●Regulateschargingmanagement;●MixedFleet(battery-electricbusesandtraditionalbuses)tosecureoperationstandards.4Hefei●Vehiclepurchasestakethemodeof“purchasingvehiclesbutleasingbatteries”;●Adoptvariouswaysoforganizingandoperatingfleets.TheBEBshaveadrivingrangethatcansatisfytheuseofsmallandmedium-sizedlinesthroughouttheday;therouteswithlargepassengerflowsandlongmileageuseBEBsasseparateclassoperationorsingleclassoperation;●Publictransportoperatorsandvehicleandbatterymanufacturersestablishedajointteamformaintenanceandrepair.●Combinedplanningofcharginginfrastructureconstructionwithurbanplanning;5Nanchang●EstablishedandimprovedsafetymanagementregulationsforNEB;●Enhancedpre-posttechnicaltrainingactivitiesforstaff.6Qingdao●Pilotoperation;makesacomparativeanalysisofvehicleselectionandperformtestsbeforeputtingtheminuseinbatch;●Adoptbothchargingmodesandswappingmodes.●Publictransportoperatorsandmanufacturersdiscussperformancerequirementsfornewenergyvehicles;7Zhengzhou●Releasedspecifications,standards,andmanagementregulationsforNEVs;●PublicBusOperatorstakestheleadtodevelopasmartremotemonitoringplatformforNEVs.●Preparedtechnicalspecificationsforchargingfacilitiesonatimelybasis,e.g.,‘Codefordesign,installation,andacceptanceofelectricvehiclecharginginfrastructure’;8Shenzhen●ShenzhenMunicipalPublicTransportationAdministrationsevaluatetheoperationofnew-energyurbanbusesonatimelybasis;●Subsidypoliciesarediverse,includingpurchasesubsidy,operationsubsidy,andchargingstationconstructionsubsidypackages.●Improvedthesafetymanagementrulesandregulations;9Chongqing●ProvidestechnicaltrainingtobusdriversandmaintenanceworkersonNEBs;●Establishedmanagementplatformofsafetymonitoring;●Findoutandeliminatethepotentialsafetyhazardsofnew-energybusesbybusoperators.10Chuxiong●Beforebeingputintouse,randomlyselectsomevehiclesfortestingandcalculatingtheaveragedrivingrangeandchargingtimetorationallyarrangevehiclesandroutes;●AddvehiclestocompensateforthelackofcapacitycausedbytheshorterdrivingrangeofNEBs.6http://tj.spb.gov.cn/zcfg/xyzc/201503/t20150322_437168.html15ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChinaTables2-2and2-3revealthatin2015and2016whenResearchProjectsSupportedbythenumberofNEBsincreasedrapidly,localbusoperatorswereconfrontedwithvariousproblems.Thoseproblems2.3InternationalOrganizationsincludedhighvehiclepurchaseprices,lowtechnologicallevels,andinsufficientchargingfacilities.AtthesameAfter2017,whenthenumberofNEBscontinuedtotime,aimingtomoreeffectivelyuseNEBs,localbusincreaserapidly,citiesinChinaurgentlyneededtolearnoperatorsinChinamadevariousattemptstorefinetheirhowtousenewenergyvehiclessafelyandefficiently,operationandgainedsomesuccessfulexperiences.Thoseandhowtoensuretheyplayedaneffectiveroleinenergyincludedtheoptimizationofbusdispatchingschedules,savingandemissionreductionactions.TheWB,ADB,andregularupdatesofthechargingoperationmanual,andtheotherorganizationsofferedloansforcleanenergyurbanprovisionofbusmaintenancetrainingprograms,amongstbusprojects(CleanEnergyBusesrefertoPlug-inHybrid,otheractions.BatteryElectric,andFuelCellvehicles,andalsotoCNG,LNG,LPG,andordinaryHybridbuses).AspartoftheirThetwosurveyreportsintroducedtheproblemsandeffortstosupportcapacitybuildinginChina,theWBandpracticalexperienceswiththeapplicationanduseofADBalsofinancedresearchprojectsontheapplicationofNEBsinChinaandthusprovidedvaluableinformationNEBs.tothestudyonhowtounderstandthedevelopmentsthatoccurredintheearlyphaseofthenewenergyurbanbusTheADBappliedthefundoftheGlobalEnvironmentpromotioninChina.Sincethesurveyswereconducted3Facility(GEF)intheTechnicalAssistance(TA)projectto4yearsagohowever,theirfindingsarenolongerupto“ImprovingNewEnergyBusOperationsandManagement”.Itdate,asthetechnicallevelofnewenergybusesandnewrecruitedanexpertpanelconsistingofthreeinternationalenergybusoperationshavesincemadesignificantprogress.expertsandfivedomesticexperts,whoresearched16Unfortunately,bothsurveyreportsonnewenergyurbancities(seeTable2-4)whereADBprovidedloansforbusbuseswerejustpublishedonceandwerenotcontinuedpurchasinginChina.Theexpertteamcollectedreal-worldfrom2017onwards.busperformancedatainthese16cities,andanalyzedtheirenvironmental,climate,andfinancialperformanceandimpact(forexample,theirimpactongreenhousegasemissionsandexternalnoiselevels,amongstotherfactors),anddiscussedandassessedthepoliciesinplacetopromoteNEBsinChina.TheresearchteamsummarizedtheresultsinthereportSustainableTransportSolutions:Low-CarbonBusesinthePeople’sRepublicofChina[5]whichwaspublishedinNovember2018.16ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChina■Table2-4:CitiesresearchedbytheADBexpertpanelNo.BusCompanyCity/DistrictProvince/CityJinanShandong1JinanPublicTransportationGroupHexiDistrictTianjinFuzhouFujian2TianjinCityPublicTransportationGroupHengyangHunanGuangzhouGuangdong3FuzhouPublicTransportationCorp.ZhunyiGuizhouXiangtanHunan4HengyangPublicTransportationCorp.AnjiZhejiangChangdeHunan5GuangzhouJumbobusCorp.YanzhouShandongTengzhouShandong6ZhunYiPublicTransportationCorp.YangzhoJiangsuBaodingHebei7HunanXiangtanPublicTransportationCorp.LinyiShandongShanghaiShanghai8ZhejiangAnjiPublicTransportationCorp.BeijingBeijing9HunanChangdePublicTransportationCorp.10ShandongYanzhouPublicTransportationCorp.11ShandongTengzhouPublicTransportationCorp.12JiangsuYangzhouPublicTransportationCorp.13HebeiBaodingPublicTransportationCorp.14LinyiPublicTransportationCorp.15ShanghaiPublicTransportCompany16BeijingPublicTransportCorp.■Figure2-2:TotalCostofOwnership(TCO)forDifferentTechnologiesBEBDieselhybridNGhybridDieselNG0.000.100.200.300.400.500.600.700.80USD/kmCAPEXEnergyMaintenanceincl.tyresBEB=battery-electricbus;CAPEX=capitalexpenditure;NG=naturalgas;OPEX=operationalexpenditureSource:SustainableTransportSolutions:Low-CarbonBusesinthePeople’sRepublicofChina17ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChinaAsshowninFigure2-2,accordingtotheADBexperteconomicanalysis,andemissionreductionperformance,group’scostcomparisonofbuseswithdifferentpowerthenproposingthenewenergyurbanbusoperationeffecttypes,thetotalcostofownership(TCO)ofnaturalgasevaluationsystem,andnew-energybusoperationdatabusesisthelowestamongstbusesofdifferenttechnologicalcollectionstandards.types.ThestudyalsofoundthatPlug-inHybridbusesandHybridbusesreduce20%ofGHGemissionswhileThereport,fromtheperspectivesofpolicies,technologies,battery-electricbusesreduce30%-40%ofGHGemissions.andsupportingfacilities,summarizedtheproblemsintheAnotherfindingofthestudyisthatplug-inhybridbusapplicationofNEBsinChina(asshowninTable2-5).TheapplicationinChinahasnotresultedinadditionalbenefitsreportalsoproposedimprovingmarketaccessstandards,whencomparedwithhybridbuses,asbusoperatorsusuallyprovidingpreferentialfiscalpolicies,strengthening“policydonotchargethematthegrid,mainlyduetolowbatteryandmarket”-drivendevelopment,keepingcontinuityofcapacityandoperationaleffortswhichdonotleadtocost-supportingpolicies(through,forexample,subsidypoliciesefficientrangeadvantages.Thus,plug-inhybridbusescanhavingtransitionperiods),eliminatinglocalprotectionsinbecomparedwithhybridbuses.ThetransitionpathwaypurchasingNEBs,promotingfiscalandtaxationreforms,fromconventionalbusestohybridbusestoplug-inadjustingmeansoflocalsubsidypolicy,addingsafetyhybridbusestobattery-electricbusesisnotnecessarilytheoperationsupervisionofNEBs,strengtheninginspectionoptimalpath.Thestudyalsopointsoutthatatransitionandassessmentoftheremotemonitoringsystemforthefromconventionalbusesdirectlytobattery-electricoperationofNEBs,establishingwell-developedchargingbusescouldbefeasibleasreliableelectrictechnologiesfacilityservicesystemsandensuringchargingsafety,arealreadyavailable.Regardingbusoperations,thekeypromotingcompatiblechargingtechnology,enhancingrecommendationoftheexpertgroup’sstudyisthatbusthebuildingofvehiclemaintenanceteams,andimprovingoperatorsneedtooptimizetheconfigurationoftheirbusmaintenanceandrepairservices,andotherrelatedpolicyfleetswithspecialregardtosuitablebustypes,batterysize,proposals.andchargingtechnology.Regardingpolicydesign,thekeyrecommendationisthataneffectivesubsidyschemeshouldTheresearchbytheADBandtheWBincludedfurtherbebasedonperformance,wherepassenger/kmratiosofcasestudiesanddatatobetterevaluatetheeffectsoftheoperationofelectricbusesareeffective,vehiclesarepromotionalpoliciesandreal-worldperformanceoftechnology-neutralandefficientoperatorsofNEBsarenewenergybusesinChinacomparedtotheformerlyrewarded.listedinvestigationstudiesshowninSections2.1and2.2.Morequantitativeresultsareshownoncost-benefitAstheexecutivebodyofGEF,theWBmadeuseoftheanalysisaswellasemissionsanalysisrelatingtotheseGEF“RelievingCongestioninLargeCitiesandReducingvehicles,andtheproposalsaremoretargetedatprovidingCarbonEmissionsProject”tofundtheResearchInstituteinformationandsuggestionsondetailedpolicydesignsofShenzhenUrbanTransportPlanning&DesignCo.,andoperationstechnology.However,fromthetimethatLtd.toconductthe“ResearchontheEvaluationSystemofthestudieswereconducted,manychangeshaveoccurredNew-energyBusOperations”[6].Theprojectsurveyednineinthisfield(relatingto,forexample,thenumberofcities,includingBeijing,Wuhan,Qingdao,Chongqing,vehiclesinoperation,theoverallpolicyenvironment,Shenzhen,Chengdu,Zhengzhou,Xi’an,andHarbin,vehicletechnologylevels,andapplicationexperiences).analyzingtheperformanceofNEBsandsupportingTheresearchresultsthereforedonotreflectthecurrentfacilitiesinreal-worldoperations,includingtheirtechnicalsituationsofnewenergybusapplicationandoperationinreliability,transportationenergyefficiency,safety,China.18ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChina■Table2-5:MajorproblemsmentionedinWBreport“NewEnergyBusOperationEvaluationFrameworkStudy”CategoryNo.RemarksPoliciesPoliciesthatrequirevehicletechnologieschangetoofast,andthereisalackoftransitionprotection,which1resultsinhighcosts,shortsupply,purchasehesitation,longperiodofpurchase,rapideliminationinthemarketTechnologiesanddifficultytoensuremaintenanceservices,etc.Supportingfacilities2Highcostofvehiclepurchase,heavyrelianceonpolicyandsubsidy;buscompanieshavealowvoiceinbusOthersselectioninbuspurchasing,andbuscompanieshavetoselectlocalmanufacturer’sproducts.3Uniformoperatingmileagerequirementsforsubsidyarenotfair;thereisnouniformstandardforverifyingoperatingmileageandtheissuingofsubsidiestakesalongtime.4Thesubsidiestendtogotothelimiteddirectionoftechnicaldevelopment,thusconstrainingtechnologiesandmarketsfromdevelopinginmultipledirections.5Lackofstandardsforbatterytechnologies,production,recycling,andsafetymakesitdifficulttosecureasupplyofbatteriesandsubsequentlytreattheiruseanddisposalsafely.6Intermsofoperation,thereisalackofanindustrialmechanismsforsupervision,insufficientsafetysupervisionstandards,andanambiguousborderofsafetyresponsibility.7Thereisinsufficientrewardingandpunishingmechanismsforvehicleapplication,andR&D,andoperations,whichresultsinapoorinitiativefromindustrystakeholders.Newenergyvehicletechnologiesasawholearenotmatureyet,havingahighcost,poorcompatibilityofparts8andcomponents,andlongcyclesofrepair.ThetechnicalperformanceandR&Dspeedfailtomeetthemarketdemands.9Batterycapacityandperformanceareheavilyimpactedbytheenvironment;transportefficiencyofNEBsislowerthanthatoftraditionalbuses,thusimpactingnormaloperationswhileincreasingcostsandlanduse.10Digitalandsmartcollectiontelecomprotocolsarenotyetregulated,thusimpactingtheefficiencyandusabilityofdatacollection.11Powerbatterieshavefrequentfaults;stabilityandtechnicalreliabilityareyettobeimproved.12Thereisahighrequirementformaintenanceandrepairtechniques;manufacturerskeepconfidentialinformationrelatingtocoretechnologies,thereforethereisahighrelianceonmanufacturersformaintenanceandrepair.13Highcostofbuildingchargingstations/depots,chargingpiles,andsupportingstationequipment.14Differentbrandsofchargingpilesleadtopoorcompatibilityofchargingways,andamixofoldandnewbatchesofproductsmakeitdifficulttoupgradethem.15Thereisagreatshortageofchargingservices;inparticular,thereisashortageofchargingpilesforhybridvehiclesanditisdifficulttoallocatelandforthesedepotsandstations.16Somechargingstations/depotsandchargingpilesareirrationallylocated,resultinginagreatdifferenceintherateofusingfacilitiesandlowaverageratesofuse.17Chargingfacilitiesarenotwellmaintained,whichmeansthatitisdifficulttomaketimelyrepairs.Somechargingpilesstayidleforalongtime.18Thechargingpilesconsumelargepowervolumes,havehighrequirementsforpowerloads,needalongtimetouse,andhavemanyproceduresforpowerinstallationapproval.19Themaintenancesystemsareslowtobebuilt;maintenancereliestoomuchonmanufacturers;itisdifficulttopredicttherepaircostaftervehiclepartswarrantiesexpire.20Thesupervisionplatformsareslowtobebuiltandconnected,resultingininsufficientinformationtransmissionandsharing,anditisdifficulttoimprovethetimelinessofsupervision.19ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChina2.4RelevantAcademicPapersInthefieldofresearchoncharginginfrastructureconstructionandoperationtechnology,ZhaoShijiaandSomeresearchinstitutionsanduniversityscholarshaveZhaoFuquan[12]analyzedthecurrentdevelopmentpublishedresearchpapersontheapplicationofNEBsinofcharginginfrastructuresforNEVsgloballyandinChina.China,expoundedtheexistingproblems,andproposedcountermeasurestoacceleratetheconstructionofInthefieldofmacro-policyresearchofbattery-electricbuses,charginginfrastructureincombinationwithfutureLiuJinzhou,FangHaifeng,andLiuWanxiang[7],baseddevelopmenttrends.Thecountermeasuresincluded:a)onthelocalgovernmentpolicysystemforbattery-electricreasonableplanningofcharginginfrastructure;b)focusonbusesandthroughtheiranalysisofsubsidypolicies,breakthroughsinwirelesscharging,Vehicle-to-Grid(V2G),transportpolicies,andinfrastructurepolicies,proposedandothertechnologies;c)activelyexploringprofitablelocalgovernmentstoshifttheemphasisofsubsidyobjectsbusinessmodels;d)vigorouslypromoteintelligentnetworkfrompurchasingtotheoperationofnewenergybuses,technology.GuoChunlinandXiaoXiangning[13],aimingactivelypromotingthedecommissioningofdieselbusesattheplanningofcharginginfrastructure,proposedtheandthepurchasingofnewenergybuses,applyingmeasuresprincipleofenergyequivalenceanddistributingchargingtobothencourageandurgetheconstructionofchargingamounttocorrespondingchargingfacilitiesaccordingtopiles,andintroducezero-emissionzones,amongstothertheequalloaddistancedistributionmethod.Theyalsorelatedsuggestions.proposedloadforecastingthroughtheenergyequivalencemethod,usingthenetpresentvaluemethodtomakeInthefieldofbattery-electricbusvehicleselection,Dong,etaneconomicevaluation,andusingtheaveragechargingal.[8]proposedanindexsystemforthemarketentrypermitdistancetoevaluateuserconvenience,amongstotherofurbanelectricbuseswhichincludesfactorssuchastheirrelatedsuggestions.operationefficiency,reliability,safety,economy,andafter-salesguarantees,basedontheoperatingneedsofurbanIntheresearchfieldofbusbatterydecommissioningbusoperatorsforbattery-electricbuses.andvehicleretirementtechnologies,SunJiayaoandGuoShuangtao[14],fromtheperspectivesofthemarket,Intheresearchfieldofbattery-electricbusoperationrecyclingstandards,recyclingtechnology,andrecyclingtechnology,ChenWu[9]analyzedproblemsinthetechnicalmodes,analyzedthecharacteristicsanddifficultiesmanagementofbattery-electricbuses,proposingofbatteryrecyclinginChina.Theypointedoutthatestablishingasoundtechnicalmanagementsystembatteryrecyclingadoptstheprincipleoffirstuseandforbattery-electricbuses,enhancingbattery-electricthenrecycling.Mildlydiscardedbatteriescanbereusedbusdriver’sskillsbytraining,optimizingthefleetinenergystoragesystems(forexampleinstreetlamps,configurationwithsuitablebustypes,bussizeandbatteryUPSpowersupplies,low-speedelectricvehicles,andsizeofbattery-electricbuses,improvingmaintenanceskillsotherfields).Afterrepeateduseofheavilyscrappedandensuringthemaintenancequalityandfrequencyofbatteries,theelectrodematerials,especiallypreciousbattery-electricbuses,andpreparingemergencyresponsemetals,arerecovered.ZhangGuofang,LiuShiwei,andplans.LiuYong[10]proposedroutecustomization,vehicleSongJingfen[15]analyzedfiverecyclingmodelsfrommodelsselectionandchargingtimeplanningtoimprovetheperspectivesofrecyclingcosts,operatingscale,andoperationefficiency,andproposedfourstrategiestorecyclingefficiency,makingpolicyproposalsonbatteryacceleratethecommercialdevelopmentofbattery-electricrecyclingconsideringthespecificconditionsinChina.buses:usingaleasingmodelinsteadofconventionalbuyingmodel,improvingtheservicelevelofnewenergyByreviewingtherelevantpapersonthevarioustechnicalbuses,expandingthemarketofnewenergybusesandresearchfieldsofthelifecycleofNEBsinChina,thisusingnewenergybusesincommunitybusservice.studyhasincludedanunderstandingoftheacademicconcernsandthelatestachievementsinthisfield.Inthefieldoftechnologyanalysisofenergy-savingandHowever,becausemostacademicresearchpapersstayemissionreductionofbatterypublicbuses,LiuHongandatthetheoreticalsolutionlevel,workisstillneededWangHewu[11]conductedalife-cycleevaluationofelectrictocombinetheresultsofactualoperationalsurveystovehiclesandtraditionalgasolinevehiclesbasedoncoal-summarizeaseriesoftechnicalsolutionssuitableforanfiredpowergeneration,concludingthatbatteryelectricactualoperationofalifecycle.Eventhoughsuchacademicvehiclescouldreduceairpollutantemissionsby17%andresearchpapershavelimitedsourcesofdataandsomeofCO2emissionsby19%comparedtoconventionalgasolinethemarenotonlytargetingpublicbuses,theycanstillvehicles.provideareferenceforthisresearch.20ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChina2.5Conclusion1)Mostoftheexistingresearchactivitieswereconductedbefore2018.However,manychangeshaveoccurredBysystematicallysummarizingtheformerresearchonrelatingtothenumberofappliedvehicles,policyNEBapplicationinChina,itisfoundthat:environment,vehicletechnologylevel,andtheapplicationexperience.Asaresult,theresearchresultsarequite1)Theannualreportshelpthestudytoobtaingeneraldifferentfromthecurrentsituation.dataonNEBsinChina,understandgoodpracticecasesinpromotingandoperatingNEBsinlocalcities,andcan2)Existingresearchactivitiesfocusontheanalysisofbeusedtoleadtotherationalselectionofrepresentativethestatusquoandexistingproblems.Mostofthemcitiesassurveyobjects;conductanalysisandprovideproposalsonpolicies,butfewconductasystematicstudyofthetechnicalsystemof2)ThetwosurveyreportsintroducetheproblemsandapplyingNEBsandin-depthresearchonspecifictechnicalpracticeexperiencesof3to4yearsagoandhelpthestudymethods.towellunderstandwhathappenedinanearlyphaseofthenewenergyurbanbuspromotioninChina;3)Existingresearchactivitieslackresultsonhowtointegrateinternationaltechnologiesandknow-howwith3)ThestudiessupportedbyADBandWBshowmoreChinesepracticesandhowChineseexperiencescouldhelpquantitativeresultsoncost-benefitanalysisaswellasothercountries.emissionanalysis,andmoredetailedproposalsofpolicydesignandoperationtechnology;4)Existingresearchactivities(exceptingtheADBstudy)donotprovideenoughemphasisontheenvironmental4)Someacademicpapersprovideusefulreferencesofandclimate-relatedeffectsandadvantagesofnewenergymacro-policy,market-entrypermits,operation,emissionbusapplication,andthenecessitytoalsoincreasethesharereductionanalysis,charginginfrastructure,andbatteryofrenewableenergyintheoverallenergymixtomakedecommissiontechnologiesofnewenergybusesinChina.electricbusesmoreclimateandenvironmentallyfriendly.Accordingtotheaboveliteraturereview,Table6showstheThestudy“ResearchontheTechnicalSystemoftheLifedetailsofthetechnicalcontentofthefourbestpracticeCycleofBattery-ElectricBuses”willbebasedontheexistingcities(Shenzhen,Jinan,Zhengzhou,Tianjin)intheresearchresultslistedandsummarizedabove,trackingprocessofpromotingtheuseofNEBs,whichwillbethethelatestdevelopmentinChina,diggingdeeperintothebasisofsubsequentcasecitysurveys.successfulandbestpracticesofrepresentativeandbestpracticecitiesinChina,refiningandsummarizingtheTheexistingresearchresultsmainlyhavethefollowingspecifictechnicalmethodsfortheapplicationanduseofcharacteristicsanddeficiencies:batteryelectricurbanbuses,andfullyabsorbinternationaltechnology,toprovidedirectguidancefordifferenttypesofcitiesinChina,andprovideanoverviewontherelevantexperiencesofChinatotheglobalcommunity.■Figure2-3:SchematicdiagramofShenzhenchargingstrategyElectricityPriceinpeak,normal,bottom14:00-16:3016:30-19:00Operationalintensity19:00-21:00inpeak,normal,bottomOptimalChargingInterval11:30-14:0017:00-19:009:00-17:0021:00-23:00peakhour19:00-11:30normalhour9:00-7:0bottomhour07:00-9:007:00-9:0023:00-7:00OptimalChargingInterval21■Table2-6:ThedetailedtechnicalcontentsofthefourbestpracticecitiesNo.CityDetailedtechnicalcontentsKeyfocuspointsfornextsurveysResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChina●Itisnecessarytoinvestigate:a)Strategiesforselectingthebattery22capacityandbatterytypeinthepurchaseselectionofnewenergy1Shenzhen●Intermsofvehiclepurchases,theShenzhenBusGroupadoptsthe“completevehiclepurchase,serviceurbanbus;(2)Thebenefitsofdifferentpromotionandoperationoutsourcing”businessmodel,whileShenzhenEasternBusCo.andShenzhenWesternBusCo.adopta“hybridmodels.lease(barecarfinancinglease+‘fourelectricalequipment’operatinglease)”businessmodel.●Accordingtoreports,thelayoutofcharginginfrastructureis●Intermsofcharginginfrastructureconstruction,Shenzhenhasincreasedthesupplyofchargingfacilitiesthroughstillunbalanced,anditisnecessarytoinvestigatethecurrentusemultiplemethodsbybuildingchargingpilesinexistingbusstations,promotingtheconstructionofthree-frequencyandoptimizationmeasuresofcharginginfrastructureindimensionalparkinggaragesandcomprehensiveparkingyards,andrent-seekinglandpurchases,whichhasledtodifferentlocations.avarietyofvehiclechargingcompatibility,intelligence,andnetworkmanagement.●Itisnecessarytoinvestigate:a)Buslineallocationstrategies,●Intermsofvehicleoperation:a)Carryoutregularoperationassessmentsandprovidetimelyfeedbacktoorganizationalscheduling,andchargingstrategiesofdifferentimprovevehicletechnicalperformance.Since2012,theShenzhenMunicipalTransportationCommissionhasbattery-electricbuses;(2)Theevaluationresultsofenergy-savingcommissionedlocalresearchinstitutionstoconductannuallocaloperationassessmentsofnewenergybusesandandemissionreductioneffectsofbattery-electricbusesoverthesupportinginfrastructure.b)Formulatearefinedoperationschedulingstrategy,andscientificallyformulateayears.chargingstrategybasedonthelengthofbuslinesandthechargingstationresourcesatthefirstandlaststations(seeFigure2-3).●UnderstandthetrainingsystemsandmaintenancecapacitybuildingsituationsofShenzhenBusGroupCompanyLimited.●Intermsofrepairsandmaintenance:a)Formulatecorrespondingtrainingspecificationsfortheoperatingcharacteristicsofbatteryelectricurbanbusesandtrainbusdrivers;(2)Buildmaintenancebaseswithvehicle●Investigatetheidentification,managementandspecificmanufacturerstostrengthenteambuildingofvehiclemaintenance.implementationmethodsofthefirstbatchofbatteriesandbusesscrapdisposalinShenzhen.2JinanIntermsofmaintenance,JinanPublicTransportCompany:a)Issued“MaintenanceTechnicalSpecificationsofthe●ItisnecessarytoinvestigatetheexcellentexperienceinotherlifeBatteryElectricUrbanBuses”,“MaintenanceTechnicalGuidelinesoftheUrbanPublicSteamandElectricVehicle”,cyclesofJinan.“Energy-SavingDrivingOperationSpecificationsofUrbanPublicTransport”andotherstandardspecifications,whichhavechanged“PassiveMaintenance”to“ActiveMaintenance”;b)Thebuscompanyhascooperatedwiththevehiclemanufacturerstoestablishmorethan30specialmaintenanceservicestations,whichalreadyhavetheabilitytodetectandmaintainthebatteries,motors,andelectriccontrolsystemsofnewenergybuses;c)Regularlyorganizerelevantpersonneltocarryoutvehicletechnicalsafetytrainingandemergencydrills;d)Developed“JinanbusremotemonitoringmobilephoneAPP”,whichmonitorsthetechnicalstatusofeachbusinreal-timethroughmobilephones;e)TheJinanbusdriverenergy-savingandrepairmanmaintenanceskillscompetitionisheldeveryyear.3Zhengzhou●Intermsofvehiclepurchases,beforethenewenergyurbanbusmodelsareputintouse,Zhengzhouuses●Accordingtothereportthattheinvestmentinchargingtestvehiclestodemonstrateoperationsontheroad,thenfromtheperspectiveoftheiruse,thebuscompanyinfrastructureisrelativelylarge,itisnecessarytoinvestigatethewillprovidesuggestionsforvehiclemanufacturersonthetechnicalroute,functionalstructure,andsystemusageeffectivenessofchargingstations.optimization,andparticipateinresearchandapplicationofnewenergybuses.●Supplementresearchonspecificsmartschedulingandcharging●Intermsofcharginginfrastructureconstruction,large-scaleconstructionofintelligentchargingstationsandthestrategies.constructionoftwoprovincial-levelchargingdemonstrationstationshavebeensuccessfullycompleted.●Intermsofvehicleoperations,anewenergyurbanbusandchargingoperationinformationmanagementplatformhasbeenestablishedtorealizeintelligentschedulingofnewenergybusesanddynamicmonitoringofvehicles.4TianjinIntermsofvehiclepurchases,theformoffinancialleasingisusedandmunicipalfinancialfundsrepaytheloan.●Additionalresearchisrequiredon：a)Theoperationofthebatteryswappingmode;b)Theperformanceofvehiclesandbatteriesofdifferentbrands;c)Theinternalpracticesforvehicleoperationmonitoring,vehicleperformanceevaluation,andenergy-savingemissionreductioneffectevaluation.ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChinaThischapterprovidesananalysisofthecurrentstatuswereusedinthepublicservicesector.However,duetoofthedevelopmentofnewenergybusesinChina.thedifficultyofvehicletechnologynotbeingabletomeetThechapterincludesthreesections:1.Thepolicyindustrydemandsandonlybeingavailableathighcosts,environmentforthedevelopmentofnewenergybusesthepromotionandapplicationofNEVsreliedmoreoninChina;2.Thecurrentstatusofthepromotionfinancialsubsidiesandgovernmentprocurementandwasandapplicationofbattery-electricbusesand;3.Thenotstronglyrecognizedbythemarket.relationshipbetweenstakeholders.Thisreportisthebasisfortheresearchonthe“lifecycleoftechnical2013-2014wastherearingstageforthedevelopmentsystemsofbattery-electricbuses”inthenextchapter.ofNEBsinChina.In2013,MOF,MOST,MIIT,andNDRCjointlylaunchedtheproject“NewEnergyThePolicyEnvironmentforNEBVehiclePromotionDemonstrationCities”9.In2014,toconsolidatetheresultsofthedemonstrationprojectand3.1PromotioninChinaexpandthepromotionandapplicationofnewenergyvehiclestothecountry,theGeneralOfficeoftheStateBattery-ElectricBuses(BEBs)areanimportanttypeofCouncilissuedthe“GuidelinesforAcceleratingtheNEBs.PoliciesrelatedtothepromotionandapplicationPromotionandApplicationofNewEnergyVehicles”(GBFofBEBsareformulatedandimplementedsimultaneously[2014]No.35)10andproposedtheuseofBEVsinpublicwiththepoliciesrelatedtoNEBs.ThissectiondetailsservicefieldsasabreakthroughinthepromotionandthepolicyenvironmentforthedevelopmentofNEVsinapplicationofNEVs,playingakeyroleinpromotingtheChina.Generallyspeaking,thedevelopmentofNEBsinexplosivegrowthofNEBsinthenextfewyears.Chinahasexperiencedfourstages:1.Initialstage(2009-2012),2.Rearingstage(2013-2014),3.Rapidgrowth2015-2019wastherapidgrowthstageofthestage(2015-2019),and4.Stabilizationstage(2020-2022)developmentofNEBsinChina.In2015,theMOT(seeFigure3-1).issuedthe“ImplementationOpinionsonAcceleratingthePromotionandApplicationofNewEnergyVehicles2009-2012istheinitialstageofthedevelopmentofintheTransportationIndustry”(JYF[2015]No.34)11NEBs.In2009,theMOFandMOSTjointlylaunchedthethatclarifiedthetargetsforspecificnumbersofNEBsfor“Ten-CityandOne-Thousand-Vehicle”7demonstrationpromotion.Inthesameyear,theMOF,MIIT,andMOTproject,andatotalof25cities8wereselectedforthejointlyissuedapolicy12relatedtosubsidiesforsupportingpromotionofNEVsinpractice.AccordingtodatafromtheoperationofNEBs.ThenumberofNEBsgrewrapidlytheMOST,atoftheendof2012,27,400energy-savingatthisstage.In2015,morethan50,000NEBswereaddedandnewenergyvehicleswereappliedfordemonstrationorreplaced,withagrowthrateof137%(seeFigure3-2).in25cities,and23,000energy-savingnewenergyvehiclesAttheendof2018,NEBsaccountedformorethan50%ofallpublicbuses,becomingthemainstreamtypeofbusvehicles.7The“TenCitiesandThousandVehicles”pilotprojectaimedatpromotingNEVsin10citiesperyearthroughfinancialsubsidiesprovidedbythegovernment.Eachcitylaunched1,000NEVsforpilotoperation(mainlypublictransport,taxis,governmentalandmunicipaltransportandpostalservices).TheultimategoalofthisprojectwastoincreasethemarketshareofNEVsinthewholeindustryto10%by2012.8IncludingBeijing,Shanghai,Chongqing,Changchun,Dalian,Hangzhou,Wuhan,Shenzhen,Jinan,Hefei,Changsha,Kunming,Nanchang,Tianjin,Haikou,Zhengzhou,Xiamen,Suzhou,Tangshan,Guangzhou,Xiangfan,Hohhot,Shenyang,ChengduandNantong.9Atotalof88citieswereincorporatedinthelistofnationaldemonstrationcitiesforthepromotionofNEVsintwobatchesintheperiodfrom2013to2015.10Fortheoriginaltextofthepolicy,pleasevisithttp://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2014-07/21/content_8936.htm11Fortheoriginaltextofthepolicy,pleasevisithttp://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2015/content_2883248.htm12TheNoticeonImprovingthePoliciesforSubsidiesforRefinedOilPriceforUrbanBusesandAcceleratingthePromotionandApplicationofNewEnergyVehicles(CJ[2015]No.159)24ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChina■Figure3-1:HistoryofNEBPoliciesinChinaInitialstageRearingstageRapidgrowthstageStabilizationstageThedevelopmenthistoryof2009“Ten-CityandOne-2013“CitiesforAsoftheendof2018,CJ[2020]No.86newenergybusesinChinaThousand-Vehicle”PromotionandNEBsaccountedforoverNoticeonImprovingtheFinancial2009RevitalizationandDemonstrationofSubsidyPolicyforthePromotionandAdjustmentPlanforNewEnergyVehicles”50%ofthetotalNEVs.ApplicationofNewEnergyVehiclesAutomobileIndustryThegrowthofNEBsslowsdownandGBF[2014]No.35In2015,thegrowthistransformingfromquantityincrease2012DevelopmentPlanGuidingOpinionsonrateofNEBsexceededtoqualityimprovement.onEnergySavingand100%.Acceleratingthe2020-2022NEVIndustry(2012-2020)PromotionandApplicationCJ[2019]No.213NoticeonSupportingthe2009-2012ofNewEnergyVehiclesPromotionandApplicationofNewEnergyBuses2013-2014CJ[2015]No.159NoticeonImprovingthePriceSubsidyPolicyofUrbanBusOilProductsandAcceleratingthePromotionandApplicationofNewEnergyVehicleJYF[2015]No.34SuggestionsonAcceleratingthePromotionandApplicationofNewEnergyVehiclesinTransportationIndustry2015-2019■Figure3-2:NumberofNEBs,2010-2019Unit:10,000vehicles34.1940.9725.7216.468.673.660.290.781.342.222010201120122013201420152016201720182019DataSource:MOT,ReportontheDevelopmentofUrbanPassengerTransportinChina■Table3-1:FinancialandtaxationsupportfundexpenditureandmanagementresponsibilitiesVehiclepurchasetaxCentralGovernmentLocalGovernmentVehicleandvesseltax√SubsidiesforpurchasingNEVs√SubsidiesfortheoperationofNEBs√√Subsidiesforchargingfacilities√√√25ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChinaNEBshavemovedintoastabilizationstagefrom2020to2020andactionstakeninkeyprovincesandcitiesforair2022.Atthisstage,thedevelopmentofNEBsinChinapollutioncontrolasanexample,theregionsthatpromotehasgonethroughrapidgrowthwithslowerincrementsmorethan70,000NEVswillbeawarded.Thestandardandenteredintoanewstageoftransitionfrom“high-speedofsubsidiesis126millionyuan,andthemaximumdevelopment”to“high-qualitydevelopment”.subsidiesarelimitedto200millionyuan.ThelocalgovernmentsarerequiredtointroducetheimplementationDuringtherapidpromotionofNEBsinChina,strongplansforthepromotionandapplicationofNEVsandfiscalandtaxationsupporthasbeenprovided.China’smanagementmeasuresfortheconstructionandoperationfiscalandtaxationpoliciesforsupportingNEVsmainlyofthecharginginfrastructure.Atthelocallevel,takingincludethereductionof,orexemptionfrom,vehicleXiamenCityasanexample,thenewlybuiltbuschargingpurchasetaxesandvehicleandvesseltaxes,subsidiesfacilitiesbetween2014and2015receivedfinancialforpilotdemonstrationprojects,subsidiesforpurchasesubsidiesbasedon40%oftheequipmentinvestment;andoperationaswellassubsidiesforinfrastructure(seeafter2016,thenewlybuiltpublicanddedicatedchargingTable3-1).AccordingtothepowersandexpenditurefacilitiesreceivedfinancialsubsidiesofRMB600yuan/responsibilitiesofthecentralandlocalgovernments,KWforDCchargingfacilities,andRMB300yuan/KWtheexpenditureandmanagementofdifferentfiscalandforACchargingfacilities16.ThechargeandswappingtaxationsupportfundsareshowninFigure3-3.feesaredividedintoelectricityandservicefees.ThestateimplementsasupportiveelectricitypricepolicyforAsshowninFigure3-3,taxreductionandexemptionchargingandswappingfacilitiesforNEVs.Theelectricitypoliciesmainlyincludethereductionof,andexemptionfeesforbuscharginguserelativelypreferential17large-scalefrom,thevehiclepurchasetaxandvehicleandvesseltax.industrialelectricitypricesinmostofcities.ThestateTheVehiclePurchaseTaxLawofthePeople’sRepublicofimplementstheguidingpriceprovidedbythegovernmentChinapromulgatedin201913stipulatesthatallpublicforNEVchargingandswappingservicefeesandgivestransportationvehiclesareexemptedfromthevehiclesupportforBEBs.Forexample,SanyaCitystipulatesthatpurchasetax.TheVehicleandVesselTaxLawofthePeople’stheupperlimitofthechargingservicefeeforBEBsisRepublicofChina(revisedin2019)14stipulatesthatlocalRMB0.8yuan/kWh,butforotherelectricvehicles,thepeople’sgovernmentscanmakeregularreductionsof,orpriceisRMB1yuan/kWh18.exemptionsfrom,vehicleandvesseltaxesimposedonbusesbytheiractualsituations.WiththesupportofthisThesubsidiesforpurchasingNEVswereimplementedpolicy,allNEBsinChinaarecurrentlyexemptedfromthein2009.ToencouragefaircompetitionamongNEVvehicleandvesseltax.companiesandpromoteNEVcompaniestoreducecostsandincreaseefficiency,theamountofsuchsubsidieshasThesubsidiesforchargingfacilitiescanbedividedintobeenreducingyearbyyearsince2016.In2016,asubsidysubsidiesfortheconstructionofchargingfacilitiesandintheamountofRMB500,000yuanpervehiclewaspreferentialpoliciesforelectricityprices.ThesubsidiesgrantedtoBEBsthathadalengthofover10m;in2019,itfortheconstructionofchargingfacilitiesareprovidedwasreducedtoRMB90,000yuanandhigherrequirementsmainlyintheformofrewards.Atthenationallevel15,wereputforwardfortechnicalindicatorssuchasvehiclethesubsidiesaregrantedtotheprovincesandcitieswhereenergyconsumptionlevelsandpowerbatteryenergythepromotionofNEVshasreachedacertainscaleanddensity;in2020,thestateextendedtheimplementationNEVshavebeenpracticallyapplied.Thestandardforofthesubsidypolicyto2022.TakingthepurchasesubsidythesubsidiesforchargingfacilitiesvarieswithregionsstandardsforBEBsinnon-fastchargingmodeasanandyears.Amongthem,keyprovincesandcitiesforairexample,thechangeinsubsidystandardsfrom2009topollutioncontrolhavethehighestawards.Lookingat2022isshowninTable3-2.13Fortheoriginaltextofthepolicy,pleasevisithttp://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2018-12/30/content_5353497.htm14Fortheoriginaltextofthepolicy,pleasevisithttp://www.moj.gov.cn/Department/content/2019-06/11/592_236653.html15Fortheoriginaltextofthepolicy,pleasevisithttp://www.most.gov.cn/tztg/201601/t20160120_123772.htm16Fortheoriginaltextofthepolicy,pleasevisithttp://www.cbea.com/cyzc/201812/266450.html17InChina,electricitypricesaredividedintofourcategories:residentialelectricity,generalindustrialandcommercialandotherelectricity,large-scaleindustrialelectricity,andagriculturalproductionelectricity.Amongthem,thelarge-scaleindustrialelectricitypriceisgenerallylowerthanthatofgeneralindustrialandcommercialelectricity.18Fortheoriginaltextofthepolicy,pleasevisithttps://www.hainan.gov.cn/hainan/sxian/202007/fe511884167240d1950e87e5334882bc.shtml27ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChina■Table3-2:ChangesinsubsidystandardforBEBsinnon-fastchargingmodefrom2009to2022YearL≥10m8m≤L＜10m6m≤L＜8mTechnicalRequirement(Subsidyunit)200920105000-201120125000-201320145000-20155000-2016504030-20172018504030-20192020504030-20212022DrivingRange:≥250km504025Energyconsumptionperunitmassload(Ekg):0.6Wh/km·kg≤Ekg<0.7Wh/km·kg30209Energydensity:95Wh/kg－115Wh/kg18125.5Energydensity:115Wh/kg－135Wh/kg95.52.5Energyconsumptionperunitmassload(Ekg):Ekg<0.15Wh/km·kg95.52.5Energyconsumptionperunitmassload(Ekg):Ekg<0.15Wh/km·kg8.14.952.25Energyconsumptionperunitmassload(Ekg):Ekg<0.15Wh/km·kg7.24.42Energyconsumptionperunitmassload(Ekg):Ekg<0.15Wh/km·kg■Table3-3:AdjustedfuelsubsidycriteriaSubsidycategoryDescriptionAmountofSubsidyAdditionalConditionsSubsidyfortax-for-feesreform19KeeptheactualfiguresexecutedNoadjustmentNonein2013asthebase,retainitNoneSubsidyforpriceincreaseKeeptheactualfiguresexecuted15%reductionin2015;in2013asthebase,gradually30%reductionin2016;Fortheprovincesandcitiesthatdonotdecreased40%reductionin2017;meettherequirementsforthescaleof50%reductionin2018;promotionofNEBs,deduct20%oftheand60%reductionin2019subsidyforpriceincrease.19Thissectorreferstothepartoftheincreaseinoilpricescausedbythenationaltaxandfeereform,whichrequiressubsidiesforfuelbuses.28ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChina■Table3-4:EvaluationindicatorsofoperationsubsidiesforprovincesProvinceMinimumproportionofBEBsnewlyaddedandreplaced(%)20152016201720182019Keyregions/provincesandcitiesforBeijing,Shanghai,Tianjin,Hebei,Shanxi,Jiangsu,4050607080airpollutioncontrolZhejiang,Shandong,Guangdong,HainanCentralProvincesandFujianProvinceAnhui,Jiangxi,Henan,Hubei,Hunan,Fujian2535455565Otherprovinces(regions,cities)1015202530■Table3-5:TheoperationsubsidystandardsforNEBsimplementedin2015-2019VehicleType6≤L＜8LengthofBEBL(m)L≥1048≤L＜108BatteryElectricBus264Plug-inHybridElectricBus3FuelCellElectricBus6UltracapacitorElectricBus2Unit:RMB10,000/vehicle/yearPolicyreformsforthesubsidiesfortheoperationofFortheNEBsaddedafter2015,subjecttotheinclusionNEBsandthesubsidiesforrefinedoilpriceforurbanofthe“CatalogueforRecommendedModelsforNewbuseshavebeencarriedoutsimultaneously.TheNoticeEnergyVehiclePromotionandApplicationProject”issuedonImprovingthePoliciesforSubsidiesforRefinedOilbytheMIITandtheannualoperatingmileageofatleastPriceforUrbanBusesandAcceleratingthePromotionand30,000km,thesubsidiesfortheoperationofNEBsinApplicationofNewEnergyVehicles(CJ[2015]No.159)varyingamountsaregrantedbybuslengthandvehicleproposestograduallyreducesubsidiesforfuelpricesforpowertype.Forexample,themaximumamountoftheurbanbusesandincreasesubsidiesfortheoperationofsubsidyforBEBsthathavealengthofmorethan10misNEBs,linkthesubsidyamounttothecompletionoftheRMB80,000peryear(SeeTable3-5).NEBpromotiontarget(SeeTable3-3),formamechanismthatencouragestheapplicationofNEBsandrestrictstheAtpresent,theplanforsubsidiesfortheoperationofgrowthoffuel-drivenbuses,andacceleratetheprogressinNEBsfor2020andlaterhasnotbeenlaunched.Itisthereplacementoffuel-drivenbuseswithNEBs.expectedthatnewpoliciesforgrantingsubsidiesfortheoperationofNEBswillconsiderfuel-drivenvehicles,Note:Fuelsubsidyfundsaredividedintothesubsidygas-drivenvehicles,andNEBsinanoverallmannerandforfee-to-taxsubsidiesandsubsidiesforpriceincreases.leadallcitiestoformabusmodelstructurebytakingSomefundsforpriceincreasesubsidiesarelinkedtotheNEVsasthemainstaytypeofbusvehicleused,andthenratiooflocalNEBsunderpromotion,whilethesubsidysupplementingthesewithgas-drivenvehiclesonlyasamountisdecreasingyearbyyear.SeeTable3-4fortheneeded,withthegoalofgraduallyeliminatingfuel-drivenrequirementsforthepromotionratiooflocalNEBs,whichvehicles.aredividedintokeyregionsforairpollutioncontrolandotherregions.IfthepromotionratiooflocalNEBsdoesnotmeettherequirementsinTable3-4,20%ofthepriceincreasesubsidywillbedeductedfromthefuelsubsidy.29ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChinaCurrentstatusofBEBpromotionaddedandreplacedbusesin2019,BEBshadthehighestratio,ofabout89%,wherethebatterytypewasmainly3.2andapplicationinChinalithiumironphosphate(seeFigure3-6).Inthisreportsection,thecurrentstatusofthepromotion(2)Operatingmileageofbattery-electricbusesandapplicationofBEBsinChinaisanalyzedintermsofthenumberofvehiclespromoted,theiroperatingmileage,In2019,theaveragedailymileageofBEBsinChinawastechnicalindicators,andenergy-savingandemission133km/day,whichisanincreasefrom123km/dayinreductioneffects.2018,butthereisstillagapcomparedtotheaveragedailymileageof167km/dayofplug-inhybridvehicles.This(1)ScaleandcharacteristicsindicatesthattheoperatingefficiencyofBEBsneedstobefurtherimproved.Inthe36citiesexamined,20thehighestIn2015,NEBsalesbegantogrowrapidly,whiletheaveragedailymileageofBEBswasfoundtobeinLanzhou,proportionoftraditionalfuel-drivenvehiclesandgas-at203km/day(seeFigures3-7and3-8).drivenvehiclesinnationalpublictransportationcontinuouslydecreased.From2015to2019,aboutan(3)Thetechnicalperformanceofbattery-electricbusesaverageof34,000gasoline-fuelbuseswasdecommissionedeachyear,whilethenumberofNEBsincreasedby75,000Basedontheinformationaboutvehicles’technical(seeFigure3-4).specificationscontainedintheCatalogueofNewEnergyVehicleModelsreleasedbytheMIIT21,thenominalNote:1.Thedataforthisfigureissourcedfromthedrivingrange,totalpowerbatteryenergy,andpowerReportontheDevelopmentofUrbanPassengerTransportbatteryenergydensityofNEBsfrom2015to2019haveinChinaissuedbytheMOT.beensteadilyimproving.Comparedto2015,thegrowthrateofthesethreeperformanceindicatorsexceeded47%Note:2.Thecategorizationforvarioustypesofvehiclesin2019(seeFigure3-9).usedhereis:Diesel-drivenbusesincludinggasoline-drivenmodels,ethanolgasoline-drivenmodels,anddiesel-driven(4)Energy-savingandemissionreductioneffectsofmodels;Gas-drivenbusesincludeLPG-drivenmodels,battery-electricbusesCNG-drivenmodels,anddual-fuelmodels;NEBsincludesBEBsandhybridmodels;theremainingvehicletypesareThenationalstandard“ConversionMethodsforEnergygenerallyindicatedas“Others”.ConsumptionofElectricVehicles”(GB/T37340-2019)considersthestagesofenergyextraction,transportation,Attheendof2019,thetotalnumberofNEBsreachedfuelproduction,anduse,andgivesaconversionmodel409,000,accountingfor59%ofthetotalnumberofbusesfortheenergyconsumptionofelectricvehicles.Basedinthewholecountry.NEBshadbecomethemainforceonthenumberofin-operationBEBsaccordingtotheamongbuses,wherethetotalnumberofBEBsreachedfuelconsumptioninformationdeclarationandsubsidy324,000.NEBshaveaccountedformorethan50%ofmanagementsystemforurbanandruralroads,thenumberbusesin16provincesacrossthecountry,ofwhichHunanofin-operationBEBsacrossthecountryin2019canProvincehasthehighestratioofNEBswithupto86.8%becalculatedbyusingtheconversionfactor22statedin(seeFigure3-5).thenationalstandard“UrbanIntegratedTransportationSystemPlanning”(GB/T51328-2018)(seeTable3-6).In2019,thenumberofnewly-addedandreplacedbusesnationwidewasover69,000,ofwhichNEBsaccountedforThecalculationsinTable3-6arebasedonthedaily95%.Fromtheperspectiveofthepowertypesofnewly-averageoperatingmileageofBEBsof133km23,theenergyconsumptionper100kmofin-operationBEBsof25L24,20Including27provincialcapitals,4municipalitiesdirectlyundertheCentralGovernmentand5specialzones(Dalian,Qingdao,Shenzhen,XiamenandNingbo),i.e.,Beijing,Tianjin,Shijiazhuang,Taiyuan,Hohhot,Shenyang,Dalian,Changchun,Harbin,Shanghai,Nanjing,Hangzhou,Ningbo,Hefei,Fuzhou,Xiamen,Nanchang,Jinan,Qingdao,Zhengzhou,Wuhan,Changsha,Guangzhou,Shenzhen,Nanning,Haikou,Chongqing,Chengdu,Guiyang,Kunming,Lhasa,Xi’an,Lanzhou,Xining,YinchuanandUrumqi.21https://wap.miit.gov.cn/cms_files/filemanager/1226211233/attach/20229/280df131424a4f1cb5fc319e7b174f39.pdf22Accordingtothestandard,thebuswith7m-10mlengthisavehicle.23DataSource:ChinaAcademyofTransportationSciences(CATS),ReportonthePromotionandApplicationofNewEnergyBusesinChinain201930ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChinaandtheenergyconsumptionper100kmofin-operationisequivalenttoreducing5.55milliontonsofcarbondiesel-drivenvehiclesof37L25.ItshouldbenotedthatLisdioxide26.Ifthecalculationwasbasedontheaverageannualtheunitofcapacity,1L=0.001m³.Afterthesecalculationscarbondioxideabsorptionofatree,whichis172kg,theseitcouldbenotedthatusing371,963.5in-operationeffortswereequivalenttotheemissionreductioneffectofBEBssavedabout1.77milliontonsofoilin2019,whichplanting32.25milliontrees.■Figure3-4:PromotionofNEBsintheperiodfrom2010to2019Unit:Vehicle(s)80000070000060000050000040000030000020000010000002010y2011y2012y2013y2014y2015y2016y2017y2018y2019yDieselGasNEBOthers■Figure3-5:NumberofbusesineachprovinceinChinain2019100%90%80,00080%70,00070%60,00060%50,00050%40,00040%30,00030%20,00020%10,00010%0%0Unit:Vehicle(s)BeijingTianjinHebeiShanxiInnerMongoliaLiaoningJilinHeilongjiangShanghaiJiangsuZhejiangAnhuiFujianJiangxiShandongHenanHubeiHunanGuangdongGuangxiHainanChongqingSichuanGuizhouYunnanTibetShaanxiGansuQinghaiNingxiaXinjiangNEBsDiesel&GasFueledBusesRatioofNEBsDataSource:ChinaAcademyofTransportationSciences(CATS),ReportonthePromotionandApplicationofNewEnergyBusesinChinain201924Thevalueofenergyconsumptionofin-operationBEBsper100kmiscalculatedbyusingthemodelstatedinthenationalstandard"ConversionMethodsforEnergyConsumptionofElectricVehicles"(GB/T37340-2019)withthenationalaverageparameterreferencevaluesprovidedintheappendixattachedtothisstandard.25Theenergyconsumptionvalueofin-operationdiesel-drivenvehiclesper100kmcomesfromtheresultsoftheoperationdataofBEBscontainedinthenationalurbanandruralroadpassengervehicleinformationandoperationinformationdatabaseintheperiodfrom2015to2018.26TheCO2emissionfactorofdieselis2.67kg/L(takenfromthenationalstandard"ConversionMethodsforEnergyConsumptionofElectricVehicles"(GB/T37340-2019)),i.e.,1Ldieselemits2.67kgCO2.31ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChina■Figure3-6:Powertypesofnewly-addedandreplacedvehiclesin2019Others1%LithiumironFCEB1%phosphate82%Gas2%Diesel1%其他89%Lithiumtitanate5%PHEB6%Lithiummanganeseoxide2%PHEBDieselGasFCEBOthersBEBLithiumironphosphateLithiummanganeseoxideLithiumtitanateDataSource:ChinaAcademyofTransportationSciences(CATS),ReportonthePromotionandApplicationofNewEnergyBusesinChinain2019■Figure3-7:AveragedailyoperatingmileageofBEBsin2019Unit:km250200150100500BeijingTianjinShijiazhuangTaiyuanHuhehaoteShenyangDalianChangchunHarbinShanghaiNanjingHangzhouNingboHefeiFuzhouXiamenNanchangJinanQingdaoZhengzhouWuhanChangshaGuangzhouShenzhenNanningHaikouChongqingChengduGuiyangKunmingLhasaXi'anLanzhouXiningYinchuanUrumchiDataSource:ChinaAcademyofTransportationSciences(CATS),ReportonthePromotionandApplicationofNewEnergyBusesinChinain2019■Figure3-8:ChangesindailyaveragemileageofBEBs150118123133Unit:km/d971005002017201820192016DataSource:ChinaAcademyofTransportationSciences(CATS),ReportonthePromotionandApplicationofNewEnergyBusesinChinain201932ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChina■Figure3-9:Changesintechnicalperformanceindicatorsfornewly-addedBEBsNominalRange(km)500250Totalenergy(kW·h)400Energydensity(kW·h/kg)30020020010015001002015502016201720180RangeTotalenergy2019EnergydensityDataSource:ChinaAcademyofTransportationSciences(CATS),ReportonthePromotionandApplicationofNewEnergyBusesinChinain2019■Table3-6:Modelstructureandnumberofin-operationBEBsin2019Buslength(m)≤5m5m~7m7m~10m10m~13m13m~16m16m~18m≥18mTotalNumberofBEBs(Unit)Conversionfactor16731,716143,240157,589237670333,502Numberofin-operationBEBs0.50.711.31.722.5-83.522,201.2143,240204,865.739.11,5340371,963.53.3StakeholdersAnalysisdevelopedpurchasesubsidypoliciestoensureproductqualityandprovidesubsidiestovehiclemanufacturers.ThedevelopmentofBEBsrequiresextensiveandcloseRelatingtotheoperationofvehicles,theMOTassessedcooperationamongrelevantstakeholderstojointlythesubsidyforbusoperation,whiletheMinistryofovercomeproblemsfoundduringtheirpromotionandHousingandUrban-RuralDevelopmentandtheNationalapplication.ThisreportsectionanalyzestherolesandtasksEnergyAdministrationareresponsibleforpromotingtheofeachstakeholderintheprocessofthedevelopmentandconstructionofchargingfacilities.applicationofBEBs.2)Localgovernmentmanagementauthorities3.3.1StakeholdersLocalgovernmentsatalllevelsareresponsiblefor1)Centralgovernmentadministrationauthoritiesimplementingnationalpolicyrequirements,formulatinglocalplansforthepromotionandapplicationofNEBs,TheStateCouncilisresponsibleforformulatingissuinglocalsupportpolicies,andorganizingcentraldevelopmentgoalsandmacrodevelopmentplans.Thesubsidyapplications.Forexample,locally-supportedMOFprovidesfinancialsupportforthepromotionpurchasesubsidies(includingprovincialandmunicipalandapplicationofNEBs.Forvehicleproduction,subsidies)equivalentto50%ofthecentralgovernmenttheMOST,NDRC,andMIITdevelopedaseriesofsubsidycriteriaweregrantedtopublictransportcompaniestechnologicalinnovationandmanufacturingpoliciesforthepurchaseofNEBsinGuangzhouCity.27toeffectivelyallocateresources,safeguardtheinterestsofthemanufacturingindustry,andensureproduct3)Busoperatingcompaniesquality.Forthesalesofvehicles,theNDRCandMIITMostbusoperatingcompaniesinChinaarestate-ownedenterprises,whichhavetheobligationandresponsibilitytoimplementthenationalpoliciesonthedevelopmentof27MeasuresforGrantingFinancialSubsidyIncentivesforPromotionandApplicationofNewEnergyBusesinGuangzhouCity(SJYGZi[2020]No.7)DataSource:http://www.gz.gov.cn/gfxwj/sbmgfxwj/gzsjtysj/content/post_5680165.html33ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChinaNEBs.Busoperatingcompaniesareimportantentitiesfor6)Chargingfacilitiesconstructionandoperationthepurchase,operationandmaintenanceofNEBs.Undercompaniestheguidanceofnationalpolicies,busoperatingcompaniesarerequiredto:1)purchasebusesforoperation;2)useChargingfacilitiesconstructionandoperationcompaniestheirownlandtobuildtheirownchargingfacilities,andcurrentlyprovidebuscompanieswithtwoservicemodels.duringtheirconstruction,coordinatewiththeStateGridThefirstmodelistosellchargingpolesandotherfacilitiesonissuesofpowerexpansionandgridaccess,andusethetobuscompanies,whoareresponsibleforbuildingchargingservicesprovidedbychargingfacilitiescompanieschargingstationsandhavetherighttoownthechargingbypayingforelectricityandservices;3)optimizetheequipmentandrelateddata.Thesecondmodelistooverallorganizationofoperations,and;4)constructainvestintheconstructionofchargingfacilitiesbychargingmaintenancesystemandensurethesafeandefficientfacilitiesconstructionandoperationcompanies,provideoperationofbuses.Atthesametimeastheabovestepsarechargingservicestopublictransportcompaniesandchargebeingtaken,buscompaniesalsoneedtoprovidefeedbackservicefeesforcharging.Forpublictransportcompanies,onoperationalrequirementstovehiclemanufacturerstothefirstmodelhashigherinitialinvestmentcosts,butpromotethetechnologicalprogressofNEBs.lowerdailyoperatingcosts.Atpresent,mostpublictransportcompanieschoosethisfirstmodel.Theleading4)VehiclemanufacturerschargingfacilitiesconstructionandoperationcompaniesincludeStateGrid,SouthernPowerGrid,TELD,andStarVehiclemanufacturersareresponsibleforcontinuouslyCharging,whichaccountforacombined80%ofthetotalimprovingtechnologicalinnovationcapabilities,ensuringmarketshare.Theconstructionandoperationofchargingproductquality,andcontinuouslyoptimizingandfacilityenterprisesaremainlystate-owned,suchasPotevioadjustingthetechnicalperformanceofNEBsbasedonNewEnergyCo.,Ltd.,whichisalargecentralenterprise,relevantdataandtheneedsofbusoperatingcompanies.andhasexploredbatteryswappingmodelsinShenzhenRepresentativecompaniesincludeYutong,Zhongtong,andandparticipatedintheoperationofchargingfacilitiesasBYD(Figure3-10showstheTop-10vehiclemanufacturerstheholderofbatteriesintheseparationmodeofvehiclewiththelargestBEBsalesin2019).Thesalesoftenandelectricity.leadingcompaniesaccountedfor70%ofthenationalmarketshare.7)Urbanplanningauthority5)KeypartandcomponentcompaniesBasedonthechargingrequirementsofBEBsincities,urbanplanningauthoritiesaccountfortheincorporationKeypartandcomponentcompaniesfocusontheofnecessarychargingandswappingfacilitiesinthecoursetechnologicalupgradingofkeycomponentsusedonpowerofplanningtheconstructionofurbancomprehensivebatteries,drivemotors,andelectroniccontrolsystemspassengertransporthubs,publictransporthubs,urbanbustocontinuouslyimproveperformanceandreduceoverallparkinglots,maintenanceyards,andmaintenanceplants.manufacturingcostsofBEBs.PowerbatteriesarethecorecomponentofeveryBEB.Themostrepresentative8)PowersectorcompaniesincludeCATL,BYD,GuoxuanHi-Tech,andLishen,whichtogetheroccupy78%ofthetotalmarketThelocalelectricpowerauthorityisresponsibleshare28.Notably,mostofthebatteriesproducedbyBYDforprovidingoverallguidance,organization,andaresuppliedforBYDbuses.coordination,supervision,andmanagementonpowergridconstructionandtransformationforurbanbuscharginginfrastructure,aswellasforupgradingandtransformingdistributionnetworksandexpandingthepowercapacityofplaceswherethereisademandfortheconstructionofchargingstations.28DataSource:HengdaResearchInstitute,ReportfortheDevelopmentofPowerBatteriesinChina:201934ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChina9)Financialservicecompanies11)InternationalorganizationsInadditiontotraditionalbanks,therearealsoprofessionalInternationalresearchorganizationssuchastheWorldfinancialservicecompaniesinthemarkettoprovideBank,EnergyFoundation,andGIZsupportChinatofinancialleasingservicesforpublictransportcompanies.scientificallyformulaterelevantpoliciesforthepromotionSuchfinancialservicecompaniesprovide“financialandapplicationofNEBsandsummarizeChina’srelevantleasing29”,“Vehicle-electricityseparation”30andotherexperiencetoprovidereferencesforthepromotionandbusinessmodels(detailsareintroducedinChapter4)toapplicationofBEBsinothercitiesacrosstheworld.providebuscompaniesandvehiclemanufacturerswithservicesincludingtherentingofvehiclesorbatteries3.3.2.RelationshipswithStakeholdersandreducetheone-timepurchaseexpendituresofbuscompanies.RepresentativecompaniesincludeCITICAllstakeholdersjointlycontributetothepromotionandFinanceandHaierFinance.applicationofBEVsthroughthedivisionoflaborandcooperationindifferentprocesses(seeFigure3-11).10)ScientificresearchinstitutesandindustryassociationsUnderthepolicyguidanceandmanagementofgovernmentsatalllevels,publictransportcompaniesOrganizationssuchasscientificresearchinstitutesandhaveacorerole,astheypurchasethevehiclesproducedindustryassociationsprovidetechnicalsupportforbyvehiclemanufacturersandkeypartsandcomponentspolicymakersandbuildcommunicationbridgesbetweenproducedbykeycomponentcompanies.Atthesamethegovernment,vehiclemanufacturers,busoperatingtime,publictransportcompaniespurchasechargingcompanies,andotherstakeholders.Suchscientificresearchequipmentfromchargingfacilitycompaniesforinstitutionsincludethinktanksofrelevantministries,suchbuildingchargingstationsordirectlypurchasingchargingastheChinaAcademyofTransportationSciences(CATS)services.ItisrequiredtocoordinatetheplanningsectorandtheTransportPlanningandResearchInstitute(TPRI)toprovideplanningsupportfortheconstructionofoftheMOT,orBeijingInstituteofTechnology(BIT),andchargingstations,whileitisalsorequiredtocoordinatetheChinaAutomobileResearchInstitute(CARI-TJ)ofthewiththepowersectortoexpandthepowerofchargingMIIT.Somelocaltransportationmanagementauthoritiesstations.Third-partyfinancialservicecompaniesusealsohavetheirownthinktanks,suchasShenzhenUrbaninnovativecommercialservicestohelpsolvefundingTransportPlanningCenterCo.,LTD(SUTPC)andJinanproblemsexperiencedbypublictransportcompanies.UrbanTransportationResearchCenter(JNTRC).OtherSocietiesandassociationsprovideaplatformforindustryorganizationsincludethinktanksoflocaltransportationexchangesbyconductingaseriesofactivities.Scientificmanagementauthority.Examplesofindustryassociationsresearchinstitutions,withthesupportofinternationalincludetheChinaRoadTransportAssociation(CRTA)organizationsandotherinstitutions,providetechnicalandtheChinaHighwayandTransportationSocietysupportforoptimizinggovernmentandcorporate(CHTS).decision-makingprocessesviatheirresearchcontributions.29Financialleasingmodel:Afinancialserviceproviderentersintoasupplycontractwithavehiclemanufacturerattherequestofabuscompany.Thefinancialserviceproviderbuysbusesfromthevehiclemanufacturer.Atthesametime,thefinancialserviceproviderentersintoaleasecontractwiththebuscompanytoleasethebusestoitandchargecertainrentfromit.30Vehicle-electricseparationmode:Apowerbatteryisseparatedfromavehicle.Afterabuscompanypurchasesthevehicle,abatterymanagementcompanyrepurchasesthepropertyrightofthepowerandthebuscompanyobtainstherighttousethebatterybyleasing.3530%27%YutongZhongtong3%8%BYD7%CRRCEV3%XiamenJinlu3%XiamenGoldenDragon4%ZhuhaiGuangtong4%5%6%ChengduGuangtongNanjingGoldenDragonSuzhouGoldenDragonothersResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChina3.4Conclusiononenergysavingandemissionreduction.In2019,BEBssavedabout3.76milliontonsofdiesel,whichIntermsofthepolicyenvironment,thedevelopmentwasequivalenttoreducing11.81milliontonsofCO2ofNEBshasgonethroughfourstages:1.Aninitialemission(seeSection3.2).stage,2.Arearingstage,3.Arapidgrowthstage,and4.Astabilizationstage.Attheinitialstage,NEBswereManypartiesparticipateandcooperateonthepresentonasmallscalein25cities;attherearingstage,promotionandapplicationofNEBs.Governmentsatalltheirpresencewasexpandedto88cities.2015-2019waslevelsareresponsibleforpreparingplansandcoordinatingtherapidgrowthstage,andbytheendof2018,NEBswithorganizationsinrelationtotheuseofNEBs.Vehicleaccountedformorethan50%ofallbusmodels.ThemanufacturersandcomponentcompaniesstrengthenpromotionandapplicationofNEBsenteredintothetechnologyresearchanddevelopment,andcontinuouslystabilizationstagein2020,wheretheirtransformationimprovevehicletechnologies.Busoperatorscontinuetomovedfrom“high-speeddevelopment”to“high-qualityoptimizetheoverallorganizationoftransportationsystemsdevelopment”.Inthisprocess,Chinahascontinuouslytoensureefficientvehicleoperation,powerdepartmentsadjustedandoptimizedvariouspolicies,wherefiscalandinfrastructurecompaniesworktogethertoprovideandtaxsupportingpoliciessuchasthoserelatingtothechargingservicesforBEBs,financialinstitutionssuchasprovisionofsubsidiesforpurchaseandoperationplayanbanksandleasingcompaniesprovidebuscompanieswithimportantroleinthepromotionandapplicationofBEBsavarietyofoptionsforfinancialleasingbusinessmodels,inChina.andscientificresearchinstitutionscarryoutrelevantresearchtoprovidesupportforthedecision-makingIntermsofthecurrentstatusofthepromotionandprocessesofthegovernmentandenterprises.IndustryapplicationofBEBs,thenumberofBEBspromotedassociationsalsoorganizerelatedactivitiestopromoteinChinagreatlyexceedsthenumberrequiredinrelatedexchangesintheindustry,andinternationalorganizationspolicies.Comparedwiththeoriginaltargetof200,000providetechnicalguidanceforChinaandpromotethevehiclesby2020,bytheendof2019,thetotalnumbersharingofChina’sexperienceintheindustry.ofNEBsreached409,000,whichfarexceededoriginalexpectations.Inthesameyear,thetotalnumberofBEBsInthenextchapter,thereportsummarizestheproblemswas324,000andtheBEBsoperatingin16provincesfoundandtheneedsofbuscompaniesidentifiedinaccountedformorethan50%.Whilethesenumberkeptrelationtovehiclepurchases,theconstructionofchargingrapidlygrowing,theoperatingmileageofBEBswasfacilities,transportationorganization,andbatterysteadilyincreasing.In2019,theaveragedailyoperatingdecommissioningmanagementbasedontheresultsofmileagewas133km,andthetechnicallevelofvehiclesdeskandfieldsurveys.Itincludesasummaryandanalysishascontinuedtoimprove.Thenominaldrivingrangeofbestpracticeexperiencesandcasestudiesoflocalofvehicles,thetotalenergyofpowerbatteries,andcitiestoformatechnicalguidebookthatcanbeusedaspowerbatteryenergydensityhaveallincreasedby47%areferenceforothercitiesfortheirbusselectionanduseincomparisonto2015.BEBshavehadobviouseffectsprogramming.37ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChina4.1StructureofAnalysestheplanningandmanagementofsupportingfacilities,themanagementofvehicleoperatingorganization,theInordertoprovideintuitiveandoperatableguidanceconstructionofmaintenancesystems,andtractionbatterytourbanpublictransportationcompanies,thischapterandvehicleretirement(seeFigure4-1)buildsacompletetechnicalsystemframeworkforabatteryelectricbus’slifecycleaccordingtothegeneralprocessforBycollectingpracticalcasesconcerningthepromotiontheiruse.ThesystemframeworkconsistsofthethreepartsofBEBsintypicalChinesecities,thisstudysortsouttheofprocurement,operationorganization,andaftermarketkeyissuesanddecisionsmadethroughoutallprocessestosupport.Indetail,procurementprocessesarethensummarizethetechnicalmeasuresandstrategiestotackledividedintotwoparts:thetechnicalselectionforvehicletheseissues.Withtheconsiderationoffactorssuchaspurchaseandtheplanningandmanagementofsupportingthegeographicalarea,climate,economicdevelopment,infrastructure.Theaftermarketsupportprocessconsistsofurbanscale,promotionscaleandapplicationofBEBsintwoparts:theconstructionofthemaintenancesystemandChinesecities,thisprojecthasselectedeightcities,namelythevehicleandtractionbatteryretirement.Inconclusion,Shenyang,Yinchuan,Tianjin,Jinan,Zhengzhou,Xi’an,thetechnicalsystemofaBEB’slifecycleincludesfiveChengdu,andShenzhen,forthestudy’sonlineandofflinefacets,namelythetechnicalselectionforvehiclepurchase,survey.ThebasicinformationofeachsurveyedcityisshowninTable4-1.■Figure4-1:TechnicalSystemStructureforBEBLifeCycleTheApplicableTechnicalFrameworkofBEBsPurchaseOperationMaintenance1.Technicalselection2.Plan&Mgmtof3.Vehicleoperating4.Constructionof5.Tractionbattery&forvehiclepurchasesupportinginfrastructureMgmtmaintenancesystemvehicleretirementSelectionofDistributionofRecharging&Construction&Policies&technicalrechargingschedulingoperationofstandardsformeasuresstationsstrategyserviceworkshopbatteryretirementDecisiononSelectionofConstructionofSpeciﬁctechnicalconstruction&OperationmaintenanceEvaluationforspeciﬁcationoperationmodeofmonitoringpracticesbatterydegrading&quantityrechargingstationssystem&retirementMaintenanceSelectionofDecisionontheStrategyofstrengthinpublicBatterypurchasingcapacity&vehicleoperationtransportationretirementmgmt.commercialequipmentofsafetymgmtenterprisesmodemoderechargingstationsAssessmentofEchelonofvehiclebatteriesofbusperformanceservicesMgmt.ofenergy-savingeciency39■Table4-1:ThebasicinformationoftheresearchedcitiesregardingBEBs(before2019)ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChinaShenyangZhengzhouJinanTianjinShenzhenChengduXi’anYinchuan40NorthwestRegionNortheastCentralChinaEasternChinaNorthernChinaSouthernChinaSouthwestNorthwest20℃inwinterClimate1,901Naturallowesttemperature---annualrainfallannualrainfall-Environment-32.9℃.1,933.3mm.1,000mm.GDP(inRMB100M)6,35010,2008,86218,80924,69115,3428,349EconomicResidentPopulation(in8291,0128701,5571,2531,6051,255223Development10Kpersons)10.0810.19GDPperCapita(in10K)7.6612.0819.719.566.658.52UrbanizationRate81%74.60%71.21%83.48%99.75%74.41%74.61%77.57%ConstructedArea(in560543.92485.541,077.83927.96931.58701.67170km2)LandResourceUrbanPopulation(in443.27374.05345.971,296.811,302.66721.62576.5611010Kpersons)Urbanpopulationdensity0.790.690.711.201.400.770.820.65(10Kpersons/km2)TypeofCityUrbanSizeSupercityLargecitytypeILargecitytypeISupercityMegacitySupercityLargecityLargecitytypeIItypeIBEBs/totalnumberof138/2,9403,471/6,3161,536/5,8694,449/9,0155,988/5,9883,264/11,01447,52/7,713615/1,413buses(inunit)DailyMileage(km)1501509210316394146173FeaturesofBEBElectricityConsumption91non-winter92non-winter70non-winter82non-winter978671non-winterPromotion&per100km(inkwh)140winter104winter91winter102winterNoseasonalNoseasonal10977winterApplicationdifferencedifferenceRechargerQuantity(in376700448251429896812,204967unit)ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChina4.2ProcurementSystem4.2.1FindingtheRightNEBforaCityThefirststeptowardstheeffectiveapplicationofnew-Accordingtotheirpropulsiontypes,therearethreetypesenergybusesliesinselectingandpurchasingbusesofofNEBsinChina:plug-inhybrid,battery-electric,andthepropertypesandspecifications.Unfortunately,inhydrogenfuel-cellvehicles.Technicalfeaturesofthethreethepastfewyears,therapidelectrificationprocessoftypesarecomparedinTable4-2.buseshasresultedinsomewhathastypurchasedecisionsinmanycitieswithoutsystematiccomparisonandDuetothedifferenttemperatures,terrains,energyanalysisandsufficientlong-termplanning.Moreover,structuresandroadconditionsinvariouscities,theasthemainstreamtechnicalapproachofnew-energyconditionsofinfrastructureandstationsvarysignificantly.buses,differentmodelsofBEBsvaryremarkablyinPublictransportationcorporationsshouldthereforemanyrespects,includinghavingdiversedrivingrangesaccordinglyselectsuitablebustypesfortheirlocation.andchargingtimes.PurchasingtherightbusesthatcanIfthechargingfacilitiesarealreadybuiltorplanned,effectivelyfulfiltheexactdemandsandspecificationofBEBsarerecommendedfortheiradvantageofminimumindividualcitiesisthereforeaprincipleoftheutmostoperatingexpenseandasignificantreductioninenergyimportance.consumptionandexhaustemissions.Incontrast,plug-inhybridelectricvehiclesandfuelcellvehiclesshouldThisreportsectionstudiesthepathofdecision-makingbeconsideredintheconditionsofinsufficientchargingprocessesinapublictransportationcompany,whichcanfacilitiesduetolandresourcesorpowergridcapacity,coldbedividedintotwoparts.Firstly,theselectioncriteriaofweather,andextra-longdailydrivingmileagewhenBEBstechnicaldetailsofNEBswerestudied,andthestrategyareunsuitable.Furthermore,ifacityhasthestrategicofchoosingthetechnicalspecificationsandquantitiesofplantodevelophydrogenenergy,pilotfuel-cellbusescanBEBsweretheninvestigatedregardingbuslength,batterybeconsideredonsomeroutes.Inaddition,althoughthetypesandcapacity,andfleetscale.Secondly,tosolvethedual-supplytrolleybusisnotregardedasanewenergybusfinancialproblemsofpublictransportenterprises,possibleinChina,ithassimilaradvantagesasaBEB.IfarelativelybusinessmodelsforpurchasingBEBswereanalyzed.completetrolleybusnetworkisthereforeavailable,orcanbeplannedatalowercost,dual-supplytrolleybusescouldbeachoiceforthatcity.■Table4-2:FeatureComparisonofNew-EnergyBusesbyPropulsionSystemItemPlug-inhybridsystemBatteryelectricsystemFuel-cellsystemTypesofpropulsionenergyPetrol,gas,&electricityElectricityHydrogen&electricityRange☆☆Energysupplytime☆☆☆☆☆☆☆Vehicleprice☆☆☆☆☆☆☆Operatingexpense☆☆☆☆☆☆☆Maintenancecost☆☆☆☆☆☆Lifespan☆☆☆☆☆Dependenceonsupportingfacilities☆☆☆☆☆Reductionofpollutant☆☆☆☆☆☆CO2reduction☆☆☆☆☆☆☆Safety☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆41ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChina4.2.2.PurchasingNumbersandTechnicalWhilehavingalimitedimpactonthepowergrid,slowSpecificationschargebusesareknownfortheirloweroperatingexpenses,andtakeadvantageoflowelectricitypricesatnight.WhenpurchasingBEBs,publictransportationcompaniesMeanwhile,thetricklechargingmethodisbeneficialinshoulddetermineseveraltechnicalspecifications,includingprolongingthelifeoftractionbatteries.However,theslowbuslength,batteryspecifications,purchasequantity,andchargingmethodrequiressufficientspaceforchargingvehiclebrand(seeFigure4-2).stationconstruction.Itisthereforesuggestedthattheslowchargingmethodcanbeadoptedincitieswithadequate(1)BusLengthlandresourcesforchargingstationsandfacilities.ThefastchargingmethodhastheadvantageofshorterchargingSimilartotraditionalbuses,therearesixlengthsofBEBstimesandsmallerspacesrequiredforasinglechargingpile.inChina:<6m,6.5m,8.5m,10.5m,12m,and18m.TheHowever,fastchargingsitescanonlybeconstructedwheredecisiononbuslengthshouldbeaccordingtooperationalthelocalpowergridisabletosupportintensiveimpactsneeds,suchasthetypeofbusroute,passengervolume,fromcharging.Atthesametime,fastchargingvehiclesandroutelength.IfoneBEBisintroducedtoreplacerequirechargingpilestobeinstalledinbusterminalsandonetraditionalbus,amodelwithasimilarlengthcanbedepots,whereurbanspacecouldbeakeylimitingfactor.selected.TherecommendedlengthcriteriaareshowninTable4-3.BatteryCapacity(2)BatterySpecificationsThecapacityofbatteriesforfast-chargingandslow-chargingbusmodelsvariesgreatly.WhilebatteriesinstalledChargingTypesonfast-chargingmodelshavelimitedcapacity,requiringmultiplechargingsessionsaday,slow-chargemodelsareAccordingtothechargingtimeandmodel,BEBscanbeinstalledwithlarge-capacitybatteries.Thereareusuallydividedintothreetypes:fast-charging,slow-charging,threecapacitytypesinpractice,includingfast-chargingandbattery-swappingbuses.Amongthem,fast-chargingsmallcapacity(generallylessthan150KWh),slow-chargebusesrechargeatachargingrateof3Candabove31,smallcapacity(approx.150KWh-250kWhthatrechargewithchargingpowersexceeding300kW.Thesevehiclesinthedaytime),andslow-chargelargecapacity(250kWh-aregenerallyequippedwithlithiumtitanatebatteries,400kWhwhich,whenfullychargedatnightaresufficientfeaturinganominalrangebetween90kmand200km.Onfordaytimeuse).theotherhand,slow-chargingbusesrechargeatachargingrateoflessthan3C.AccordingtotheCatalogueofElectricThisstudyfocusedonthreecitiesforthesurveyandBusesissuedbytheMIIT32,thenominaldrivingmileageanalysesofBEBsof10.5metersinlengthinthethreeofslow-chargingbusesisgenerallybetween150kmandcitiesofChengdu,TianjinandJinan.Specificcost500km.Battery-swappingbusesusereplacementbatterycomparisonsinrelationtotypesofbatteriesusedinthesepackstoachievepowerreplenishment,howevertheyarecitiesareoutlinedinTable4-4.notconsideredinthisstudyduetotheirrareapplicationinChina.31Thisissimplyacharge/dischargerate.C=charginganddischargingcurrent/ratedcapacity.e.g.,1Cmeansthatavehiclecanbefullychargedin1hour,withthechargingcurrentequaltotheratedcapacityvalueand1C=1/1.Therefore2C=1/2meansittakes1/2houror30minutestochargethebatteryfully.32CatalogueofElectricBuses,MinistryofIndustryandInformationTechnology(MIIT)2021新能源汽车推广应用推荐车型目录2021https://www.cqn.com.cn/cj/att/2021-03/11/5f9a3c20-e2b2-44c3-a11c-ba4b0840157b.pdf42ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChina■Figure4-2:ProceduresofBEBpurchasedecision-makinga.buslengthb.batteryspeciﬁcationsc.purchasequantityd.vehiclebrand■Table4-3:SuggestionsonbuslengthstomatchroutesRouteTypeRequirementsBuslengthBRTexpressGoodaccessibility,widepassage,andlargecapacity.UrbanmainlinebusGoodaccessibility,widepassage,andlargecapacity.12mor18m;lowfloorheight(forbarrier-freeaccessibility).10.5mor12m;lowfloormodelsrecommended.UrbanbranchlinebusGoodtrafficability,lowexpenseandmaintenancecost,8.5mor10.5m.andgoodprice-performanceratio.Micro-circulationtransitGoodtrafficabilitythroughnarrowalleys,lowpurchasingexpenseandmaintenancecost,andgoodprice-performance<6m,6.5mor8.5m.ratio.UrbantourbusGoodaccessibility,andwidepassage.10.5mor12m;lowfloormodelsand/ordoubledeckers.■Table4-4:CostcomparisonofbatteriesFast-chargingSlow-chargeSlow-chargeSmall-capacityLarge-capacitySmall-capacityTypicalsampleChengduTianjinJinanSamplecity10.2m10.5m10.5mBusLength(m)71313162Capacity(kwh)150565150NominalRange(km)1159075PurchasePrice(10,000RMB)888StandardLifespan(year)888AnnualOperatingSubsidy(10,000RMB)150150125AverageDailyServiceMileageperbus(km)83.610289EnergyConsumptionper100km(kWh/100km)1.611.3AverageElectricityPrice(RMB/kWh)0.330.250.23AnnualMaintenanceExpense(10,000RMB)14.039.086.88AnnualCostperBus(10,000RMB)111.2ReplacementRatio2.561.661.51CostperKilometerofoperation(RMB)43ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChinaNote:DuetothelargedifferencesinindicatorssuchasOM:theaveragedailyservicerangeofanintendedbustheaveragedailyoperatingmileage,electricityprice,androute,withtheconditionthattheroutehasalreadybeenservicefeeforchargingineachcity,inordertocompareconfirmedbeforethebuspurchase.theresults,statisticaladjustmentsweremadefortheaverageelectricityprice,andannualmaintenancecosts.PChkw:localpowerconsumptionper100kilometersinwinter,decidedbasedonthevehicleheatingtype,busAccordingtoTable4-4,fast-chargingsmall-capacitybrand,length,andotherrelatedfactors.Winterpowermodelspresentthehighestoverallcost,whileslow-chargeconsumptionper100kilometersinsimilarcitiesshouldsmall-capacitymodelshavethelowestcost.Althoughthebeconsideredas,takingShenyangasanexample,acapacitiesoffast-chargingbatteriesarelimited,individual10.5-meterBEBconsumesabout140kWhinwinter,lithiumtitanatebatteriesareexpensive,whichleadstowhichisabout40%higherthaninotherseasons.thehighestpurchasecostofthefast-chargingmodels.Incontrast,thepriceofslow-chargesmall-capacitymodelsSOCdr:SOCvalueismarkedbyapublictransportserviceisthelowestoutofcomparedunits,evenconsideringthataccordingtoroutecharacteristicsandchargingconditionslow-chargesmall-capacitymodelsneedtoberechargedasaminimumchargingthreshold.Forexample,someduringtheday.Inspiteofneedingtoconsiderthatmorepublictransportationservicesindifferentcitiesrequireavehiclesarerequiredduetothefrequentchargingofthebustoberechargedoncetheonboardbatteryisonly25%slow-chargesmall-capacitymodels,whichresultsinshortcharged.operatabletime,theircostperkilometerisstillthelowest.:theadjustcoefficientvalueat0.8-1.2ingeneral.ForAlthoughslow-chargesmall-capacitymodelsareexample,abusmaylaterbetransferredtoanotherrouteoperationallyeconomical,theyrequirerechargesduringfortransportation,atwhichstagethecoefficientforthetheday,andthusleadtorequiringmoreintricatelongerroutecanbevaluedat0.9.operationalandorganizationalsystemsontopoftheirneedsofmorepilesandparkinglots.WhiletractionThe80%intheaforementionedformulaisintroducedforbatteriesarecontinuingtohavetheirpricesreducedinthetheworst-casescenariooftractionbatteryattenuation.market,thecostadvantageofslow-chargesmall-capacityunitsislessandlessobvious.Factoringinthetime-basedPurchaseQuantityelectricitytariffmodelusedinmostChinesecities,night-chargingsignificantlylowerschargingcosts.Furthermore,Thenumberofbusespurchasedshouldbecomprehensivelyconsideringthebusreplacementpercentage,parkingdeterminedbythenumberofvehiclestobereplaced,localspace,chargingsites,powergridexpansion,andoperatinggovernment’srequirements,passengerflows,replacementandorganizationalsystems,studyfindingssuggestthatratios(consideringtheoccupationoffuturechargingcitiesshouldprioritizeslow-chargelarge-capacitybusesiftimesonoperatingtime)andotherfactors.Thepurposepossible.ofvehiclepurchasesincludesreplacingconventionalbuses,enhancingtransportcapacity,andprovidingemergencyWhenselectingslow-chargelarge-capacitymodels,backupunits.adequatecapacityforafull-rangeofdailyservicemustbeconsidered,allowingforconsiderationsofdecayedForreplacingconventionalbuses:thenumberofbatteriesandresidualpower.Hence,thefollowingformulaconventionalbusesismultipliedbysetreplacementratios.canbeused:Accordingtothesurveys,therecommendedreplacementratiois1:1forbothfast-chargingandslow-chargelarge-=×10h0kw#1capacitymodels,and1:1.2forslow-chargesmall-capacity×80%×models.Where:Forenhancingtransportcapacity:tobedecideddependingonthedemandsofactualpublictransportation.DR:theeffectivebatterycapacityofaslow-chargelarge-capacitybus.44ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChinaForsparebusesincaseofemergency:ifacityishighlyFullPurchaseModel.AnypurchasedBEBisthepropertyelectrified,suchasShenzhen,extratraditionalgas-poweredofthebuyers.Accordingtothedifferentownershipofbusesofappropriatequantitycanbepurchasedforextremechargingfacilities,themodelcanbefurthercategorizedcircumstances,suchasrainstormsandpowerblackouts.intothreetypes:chargingpilesconstructedbybusmanufacturer,byoperator,andbyowner(transportBusBrandscompanies).Themodeissimilartothebusinessmodeloftraditionalbuspurchases,featuringsimplestructuresandWhenselectingthebrandsofBEBs,publictransportationdirectlinesofresponsibility.Atthesametime,itbringscompaniesusuallyconsiderfactorssuchasbrandhighfinancialpressuretolocalgovernmentandpublicreputation,after-saleservices,reliability,andifthetransportservices,thuscarryingrelativelyhigherrisk.Thissupplierswillsetuplocalproductionlines.MostbusmodeisadoptedbyTianjin,Jinan,Shenyang,Zhengzhou,companiespreferbrandswhotheyknoworpreviouslyandYinchuan.haveworkedwith.AccordingtothemarketshareofBEBbrandssolddomesticallyin2019,70%oftheLeaseandBuyModel.Inthismodelthebusfleetandnationalmarketsharegoestotenautomobilebrands,tractionbatteriesaretreatedasseparateitems,wherepublicnamelyYutong,Zhongtong,BYD,CRRC,XiamenJinlv,transportationcompaniespurchasebuseswhilerentingXiamenGoldenDragon,ZhuhaiGuangtong,Chengdubatteries.ThismodeisfurtherdividedbydifferentbatteryGuangtong,NanjingGoldenDragonandSuzhouGoldenleasingpracticesintosub-modesdominatedbybatteryDragon.ThemarketshareofnewlypurchasedBEBinmanufacturersandchargingfacilityoperators,respectively.2020isshowninFigure4-3.Thismodelreducestheupfrontcostsandfinancialrisksforapublictransportationcompany,whilebatteriesinuse4.2.3PurchasingBusinessModelscloselyrelyonthird-partyoperations.Amongthesurveyedcities,thismodeisadoptedbyChengdu.Thehighcostofnew-energybusescanbeafinancialburdenforapublictransportationcompanyandaseriousFullLeaseModel.Tolightenassets,apublicchallengeforalesseconomicallydevelopedcity.Takingatransportationcompanyobtainstherightofuseonmainstream10.5-meterbusasanexample,atraditionale-busesfromathird-partyagencyintheformofaleasegas-poweredversioncostsabout450,000RMB,whileaandregularlypaysrenttothethird-partycompany.BEBcostsmorethan800,000inadditiontogovernmentBasedonthedifferentleasemethods,thispracticecansubsidies.Consequently,vehiclepurchasingisregardedasbedividedintothreetypesofleases,includingoperatingarealfinancialpressure.leases,financialleasesandcombinedleases.Thethreemodeshavelittledifferenceintheireffect.TheadvantageApublictransportationcompanymaycountersuchofthismodelisthatnoupfrontcostisrequiredfrompressureandriskswithadaptivecommercialmodes.Manypublictransportationcompanies,whoalsousethischoicecitieshavesuccessfullytriedoutcreativecommercialtotransferpurchaserisk.However,problemsmayaffectmodels.BasedonownershipofBEBsandbatteries,thestabilityofurbanbusservices.ThismodelisthereforeexistingbusinessmodelsforBEBpurchasearecategorizedsuitableforcitiesorregionswithadevelopedleasingintothreetypes:fullpurchase,leaseandbuy,andfullleasemarketandfinancialinstitutions,suchasShenzhen(see(seeFigure4-4).Column4-1).45ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChina■Figure4-3:Market-shareofnewlypurchasedBEBbybrandsinChina27%YutongZhongtong34%BYDCRRCEV8%XiamenGoldenDragonXiamenKingLong3%ZhuhaiGuangtongChengduGuangtong3%7%NanjingSkywellSuzhouHiger3%Others4%4%5%6%■Figure4-4:BEBpurchasingcommercialmodesFullpurchaseofbusﬂeet+chargingpolesBEBBussinessFullpurchaseFullpurchaseofbusﬂeet+DominatedbyModelLease&buychargingpolesconstructedtractionbatterybyoperatormanufacturerFullpurchaseofbusﬂeet+chargingpolesconstructedbytransportDominatedbycompanieschargingfacilitiesoperatorBuspurchase(withoutbattery)+batteryleaseOperatingleaseFullleaseFinancialleaseCombinedlease46ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChina4.3SupportingInfrastructureSystemsAmongtheinvestigatedcities,onewaytosolvethisissueistocreativelydiscoverpotentialspacesinalreadyCharginginfrastructureisanessentialpartofthedenselyoccupiedurbancenters.Forexample,TianjinsuccessfuloperationofBEBs.Theexistingchallengesbuiltchargingstationsinunusedspacesofashoppingrelatingtochargingfacilitiesaresummarizedasfollows:center.JinanandZhengzhoubuiltchargingstationsinthespacesunderflyoverbridges.Anothersolutionisto1)Chargingstationsareshortandillogicallylocated.applyfast-chargingtechnology,forexample,inChengdu,Astationcoversarelativelylargeareawhichisoftenroadsidefast-chargingfacilitiesbyparkinglotswerebuiltnotlocatedinapreparedlotinmanycities.Duetoincombinationwithsuchnewtechnologiesaschargingunreasonablegeographiclocations,thereareoftenlongpantographs.queuesinstationsincentrallocationsduringpeakhours,whilestationsinremoteareasareoftenunattended.4.3.2ConstructionandOperationModesforChargingStations2)Chargingfacilitiesrequirehighupfrontcostinvestmentswithlongpaybackperiods.AccordingtothisPublictransportservicesmainlyadopttwomodes:astudy’sinvestigation,the7chargingstationsconstructedbusenterpriseeitherpurchaseschargingequipmentandbyabranchofChinaSouthernPowerGridinShenzhenconstructsandrunsitonitsown,orpaysforchargingarerunningatalossof10MRMBeveryyear.service.3)Chargingfacilitiesneedimprovedperformance.AsforMode1:Abusenterprisepurchaseschargingefficiency,oldchargingpilesarepoorlyadaptableandnotequipment,andconstructsandestablishesitsownintelligentintheirservicemaintenanceandmanagementoperationplatform.requirements,andsomechargingfacilitiesinvariouscitiesareunsafe–havingwornpartsanddangerouscontexts,UnderMode1,therearetwotypesofdifferentchargingsuchaswhereachargergunsparksduetooverheating.platforms.InordertoassistpublictransportserviceswiththeType1allowsforthechargingofmultiplemanagementoptimizedallocationofchargingresourcesandprovideaplatformssimultaneously.Abusenterprisemaypossessreductionintheamountofinvestmentneededinearlychargingequipmentanddevicesthatareeitherprovidedstagesanddailyoverheadandmaintenanceexpenses,thebyBEBmanufacturersasapartofchargingpackageorfollowingreportsectiondiscussesstrategiesforchargingpurchasedindividually.Therearethenvariouschargingfacilitiestobeproperlylocated,differentoptionalplatformsinpracticeduetodifferentbusbrandsandconstructionandoperationmodes,andmethodsusedtochargingequipmentmanufacturers.Thistypecertainlydecidetheircapacityandtechnicalspecifications.savespurchasecostsinitsearlystage,butalsoresultsininconvenientoperations,ahighlevelofneededhoursof4.3.1LocationofChargingStationslabour,andoverheadcosts.TheconcerningfactorswhensettingthelocationofType2usessinglechargingmanagementplatforms.Somestationsincludelocationcontexts,busroutesandgridbusenterprisespurchaseorestablishtheirownchargingcapacityexpansionconditions.Urbanlandisrelativelyplatforms.Forthistype,chargingfacilitiespurchasedasrareandexpensiveandbusfacilities,andinparticularpartoftheBEBpackageorotherchargingfacilitiesareallslow-chargeequipment,requirelargearea.Therearemadetobecompatiblewithonesystem.Thistyperequiresthereforefewchoicesleftwhensettinglocations,oneofplatformstobeadaptedtohaveuniformportsanddatawhichistoconstructstationsonparkingareasownedbyconsolidationinearlystages,butarehelpfulinoptimizingpublictransportcompanies.Withtheincreasingnumberefficiencyandreducingoperationcosts.ofBEBs,thedemandforspacestoconstructchargingstationsgoessignificantlybeyondexistingparkingareas.Manybusenterprisesthatintroduceindependentoperationshavefoundeddedicatedchargingcompanies48ordepartments.InordertobemoreprofitablethroughResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChinacharging,somebusenterprisesallowunoccupiedbus(1)StationCapacitychargingfacilitiesbeopenedonoff-hourstosocialvehicles,viachargingoperatorAPPs,orchargingprogramsInvestmentcostsandtheimpactofchargingfacilitiesdevelopedindependently.Forinstance,Zhengzhoudependonthestations’chargingcapacity,suchasthePublicTransportGroupconstructedallofitschargingnumberofchargingpilesorchargergunswithinthestationsindependently.Since2016,Zhengzhouhasbeenstation,withmorepiles/gunsmeaninglargerinvestmentacceleratingthedeploymentofcharginginfrastructureandandhigheroperationandmaintenanceexpenses.Onthehasconstructeditsownstationsowingtogovernmentalotherhand,stationswithlessequippedpiles/gunscaninvestmentsandself-financedprojects.AnetworkwithresultinlonglinesofBEBswaitingforchargingslots,chargingsitesarrangedatevery5-10kilometersisnowwhichthennegativelyaffectsbusschedules.establishedthroughoutthecityforthechargingofpublictransportationandsocialvehicles.ThesupplyofchargingfacilitiesismainlydeterminedbythechargingdemandofBEBs,whichisinfluencedMode2:AtransportcompanyprocureschargingbyfactorssuchasBEBoperatingmechanisms,theservices.characteristicsoftractionbatteries,chargingmethods,andchargingstrategies.Whencalculatingthevehicle-to-Mode2includestwosub-categories,withthefirstbeingpileratio(vehicle-to-gunratio),referencecanbemadetowhereathird-partyownschargingdepotsincludingtheirOverallPlanning(OP)theoriessuchasqueuingtheory.space,charginginfrastructure,andoperation.InthisConsideringthatBEBoperationshavecertainrestrictionsscenario,apublictransportcompanyisonlyoneofitsonwaitingtimeinchargingstations,theprobabilitythatcustomersandpaystheelectricbillsandservicefee.Theelectricbusescangetchargingservicesafterenteringthesecondcategoryisa‘Public—Private—Partnership’(PPP)chargingstationshouldbemorethan95%toensuremode,whereaprivateinvestorinvestsintheconstructionregularservice.Therefore,underthepremiseofnotofcharginginfrastructureinabusstationownedbytheexceedingthelongestwaitingtimeforBEBsandmeetingpublictransportcompany.Thechargingstationisoperatedtheminimumchargingserviceprobability,thenumberofbytheinvestororathird-partyentrustedbytheinvestor,chargingpiles/gunsshouldbereducedasmuchaspossiblewhoisalsoresponsibleformaintenanceandoperationtoreduceconstructioncosts.Atthesametime,sincetheycosts,aswellasequipmentupgrading.Withintheagreedmayprovidechargingservicesforsocialvehiclesatalateroperationperiod,thechargingfacilitiesareownedbythestage,acertainamountofchargingcapacityspacecouldinvestorandaftertheagreedperiod,thechargingfacilitiesalsobereservedforfutureuse.willbetransferredtothepublictransportcompany,whowillpaytheinvestorforelectricitybillsandservicefees,Varyingbususagefrequenciesrequiredifferentaccesswhicharedefinedviabidding.Thissecondsub-categoryneedstochargingstations,andthelocationofchargingtypehasbeenadoptedbyChengduandShenyang.Infacilitiesvariesgreatlyincities,thereforeisitimpossibleChengdu’spractice,thepublictransportcompanyinvitestosetageneralvehicle-pileratiothateffectivelyworksinvestorstobidforchargingserviceconstructionandinalllocations.Accordingtothesurveyonbestpracticeoperationsviabuild-operate-transfer(BOT)modes.Inthecities,thevehicle-pileratiofordailyservicebasedonslow-first7to8yearsofoperation,BOTparticipantspayforchargepublictransportationis2:1inZhengzhou,and3:1thechargingserviceat0.59RMB/kWh.7to8yearslater,inTianjin,Jinan,YinchuanandXi’an,whileShenzhentheownershipofthefacilitieswillbefullytransferredtoadopts4:1ratioviafullyoptimizedchargingoperation,thepublictransportcompany.Inthismode,thechargingandChengduadoptsthefast-chargingapproachandisandoperationsystemsarehandledbyprofessionalswithsatisfiedwith12:1ratio.experience,andthereforehavelowerfinancialpressuresofabusenterpriseinearlystagesaswellaslabourcostsin(2)BrandsofChargingEquipmentdailychargingpractices.Chargingfacilitiesforpublictransportationarecurrently4.3.3CapacityofChargingStationsandmainlysuppliedbyTeld,NationalGridandSouthernEquipmentTypesGrid.Forexample,100%ofChengdu’schargingfacilitiesareprovidedbyTeld.Jinanadopts31%ofitschargingequipmentfromXJand29%comesfromLuneng49ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChinaIntelligent.95%ofXi’an’schargingfacilitiescomecable.Thecorecomponentsareintegratedintoaback-endfromBYD.Inaddition,Shenzhenadopts45%oftheirpowerdistributionroom,facilitatingmoreeffectiveandequipmentfromPotevioand24%fromWinline,whileconvenientmanagementandmaintenanceinthefuture.ZhengzhouisfullyequippedwithTianmaifacilities.ArechargerplugistheonlyapparentdevicethatreducesWhenchoosingchargingequipmentsuppliers,publictheareawhichequipmentcovers,andlimitspossiblerisks.transportationcompaniesmainlyconsiderfactorssuchTheycanalsobehelpfulinbuildingagroupchargingpoolasthepriceandqualityoftheequipment,aswellastheoflargerpoweravailability,andcanlocallyregulateloadreliabilityofafter-salesservices.Therefore,theytendtobalancesbymeansofdynamicpowerdistribution.chooselargersuppliersexperiencedwithcooperationthatarealreadytrustedbythelocalmarket.AtthesameCompactChargingSubstationtime,thosethatcanchanneltheirchargingdatatoexistingchargingmanagementplatformsandgovernmentCompactchargingsubstationsintegrateahigh-voltagesupervisionplatformsofpublictransportationcompaniesdistributionswitchgearbox,electrictransformerandwouldseetheseoptionsastheirtopchoices.low-voltagedistributorunitintoasplitrechargerasahigh/lowvoltage(HV-LV)compatiblegroup-charging(3)TypesofChargingEquipmentsystem.Agroup-chargingcompactsubstationinheritsallcharacteristicsofasplitrecharger,andfeaturesamoreEquipmenttypesshouldbedecidedafterdeliberationscompactdesignandlowerinvestmentbecauseofHV-LVontheevolutionofchargingtechnologies,thescalabledualsupplysystems.possibilityoftechnicalroadmapsandcost-effectivenessratios.Thereare3typesofrelatedequipment,namelyRefertothetablebelowfortechnicalspecificationsindividualrechargers,splitrechargersandcompactofchargingequipmentandrecommendedpracticalchargingsubstations(seeFigure4-5).Individualrechargerssituations.areproperequipmentforterminals,splitrechargersaresuitabletochargingstationsofallsizes,andacompactMorechargingmeasuresbasedonnewtechnologiesarechargingsubstationisdesignedmoreforalargechargingbeingactivelyexploredinmanyplaces.Applicablelarge-station(seeTable4-5).powerchargingtechnologywithautomationabandonstheconventionalcableconnectionbetweenrechargerunitsIndividualRechargerandguns,whichmeansitisnotnecessarytopullcablesbackandforth,andinsertandextractthemintoandoutAlsoknownasa“singlepile”,anindividualrechargerofsockets,letalonecopewithstiffcablesoncolddays.integratesapowerconversionunit,achargingcontrolArechargerunitnowtakesupasmallerareaandallowsunit,ameasuringunit,aman-machineinteractionmorevehiclestoparkinasinglechargingsite,whichistheinterfaceandarechargergun,andconnectsthecabletoawidelyadoptedapproachinJinanandChengduwithuptocabinet(box)asastand-alonerecharger.Itbenefitsfrom400KWchargingpower.Withregardstopowerresource,havinganindividuallystructuredbody,moreadaptiveShenzhentriesphotovoltaicpowergeneration,andsuppliesinstallationmethodsandeasylow-voltageconnections.decommissionedbatteriesforechelonusewithenergy.Thatis,bymeansofthetechnicalintegrationofchargingSplitRechargerstationswithstoredphotovoltaicpower,cleanelectricitypowerandvalleygridpowerareputintostoragereadyforAsplitrechargercombinespowerunits,controlunitsandsupplyduringpeakhours,soastolessentheintensityofmeasuringunitsofmorethanoneindividualrechargerenergysuppliesongridsanddecreaseoperationexpense.intoonebox,anditschargingterminalataparkinglotJinanisalsotryingtousepoweroutoftrolleynetworksonlyprovidesachargingplugandnecessaryman-machineanderectingEVchargingpiles(seeFigure4-6).interface.Arechargerisconnectedtotheterminalviaa50ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChina4.4BEBOperationSystems2)Fast-chargingsmall-capacitymodels:TheseBEBsareshortrange,andchargingthemisnecessaryaftereveryoneComparedtoconventionalbuses,theoperationandorhalfofafullroute.Fast-chargingmodelsrequireshortorganizationofBEBsismorecomplex.Thissectionwillchargingtimes,whichmakesshiftarrangementsrelativelydiscusssystemsrelatingtothedispatchingandscheduling,simple,wherelongerintervalswouldmeettheirchargingoperationmonitoring,operationsafetymanagement,needs.TakingChengduforinstance,afteratrip,abusvehicleperformanceevaluation,andbenefitsmanagementreturnsbacktoadepartureterminal,andcanthenbeofenergy-savingandemissionreductioninrelationtorechargedfor10minutestoreacha40kWhchargeeveryBEBs,toprovidetechnicalguidanceontheoptimizationtime.ofoperationmanagementfortheindustry.3)Slow-chargesmall-capacitymodels:ThistypeofBEB4.4.1BEBChargingandDispatchStrategyhasastrongbattery,makingthemcompetentfortwoormoreconsecutivetripsoncefullycharged.However,ShiftsofaBEBfleetaredifficulttoarrangeduetotheirtheyarestillunabletorealizeafull-dayoperationononechargingdemand,andBEBsneedtoberechargedatcharge,andhalfwaychargingisneeded.Thechargingandpropertimingandintherightplaces.Deploymentofshiftsforthesemodelscouldbescheduledas:chargingfacilitiesshallbefirstconsideredforbusestobeabletobechargedatthenearestchargingunit,witha)Routeswithflexibleservicecanbearrangedtoasshortofamovementaspossible.Inaddition,othermatchdifferentrangerequirementsandprovideextraconditionsshallalsobetakenintoaccount,includinghowtransportationbetweenregularschedulesasshuttlebuses,BEBscanusetheirfullbatterycapacity,whattheallowedover-stopbuses,expresses,andemergencyreplacements.minimumchargecouldbe,generalbatterychargelengths,Forexample,slow-chargesmall-capacitybusesareusedinoverallavailablecharge(fullbatterycapacitytotheallowedYinchuanduringthemorningrushhourstosupplementminimumcharge),overallchargingratesandelectricitythetransportationcapacity.Aftertherush-hourends,therates.Theenergyconsumptionofdifferentvehiclebuseswillberechargedinbatchesduringtheoff-peakmodelsvariesgreatly,andexteriorcircumstancessuchasperiodandreadyasemergencybackups;temperaturehaverelativelygreaterimpactsonavailablerangesandconsequently,alsoonchargingdemands.Intheb)Busesofdifferenttypescanbeoperatedonthesameinterestoflowercostsandinviewoftime-of-daytariffs,routes.Inthisway,backupvehiclesareavailableforchargingsessionsshouldbemostlyimplementedduringbusychargingperiodsorlongroutes.Forinstance,Xi’anoff-peakhoursatnight,andchargingtimesneedtobeundertookasimultaneousadoptionofslow-chargesmall-lessenedtoreducelabourcost.Furthermore,whenbusescapacitybusesthattaketurnsinoperationandcharging,operateduringthedaytimeandrechargeatnight,chargingallowingthemtoshoulderthetransportationresponsibilitystationsarefreeduringthedayandthereforecouldbetogether;usedforgeneralEVcharging.c)MoremodelswithslowchargingandsmallcapacityDifferentdispatchingstrategiesarerecommendedforshouldbemadeavailabletoensuretheregularoperationvariousbusmodels:ofservicessothattheyarenotaffectedwhenvehiclesarebeingrechargedmidway.Forexample,Tianjindeploys1)Slow-chargelarge-capacitymodels:TheseBEBsaremorebusesinlinewiththe“twoshiftswiththreebuses”longrange,andchargingthemonceatnightensurestheypattern;canbeofserviceforthewholenextday.Thesemodelscanbedispatchedinthesamewayastraditionalbusesd)Specializedalgorithmsshouldbedevelopedtoadjustandneedlittleadjustmentinshiftarrangements.Takingandoptimizestandardschedulingaccordingtothestate-Zhengzhouforinstance,nightchargingtheseBEBsatof-charge(SOC)ofeachbus,thechargingpowerrangevalleyratesensurestheycanbeinnormalservicethenextofapile(concerningthepilescapableofdynamicpowerday,andshiftschedulesbasedonconventionalmodelscandistribution),andchargingpriorityindifferentperiods(seebeusedwithoutadjustment.Column4-2)52ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChinaAsanextstep,astheenergystoragecapacityofBEBsInordertomeettherespectiveoperationalmonitoringisgettinglargerandstronger,andtwo-wayinteractionsneedsofdifferentsubjectsrelatedtoBEBoperationbetweenvehiclesandpowergridsbecomemoreandmoremonitoring,itisnecessarytoestablishaBEBoperationfrequent,jointvehiclepiledispatchingcanbeupgradedmonitoringsystemconsistingofmonitoringplatformstoatriplemechanismofjointvehiclepileresourceatvariouslevels,frommacrotomicro,namelyplatformsdispatching.ThisissupposedtobetterutilizeBEBs’atnational,provincial,andmunicipallevelsandrelatingpotentialforadjustinggridpeaksandpowerfrequenciestobusenterprisemonitoringplatforms.Dataandandabsorbingandholdingrenewableenergiesandelectricinformationcanbeexchangedamongplatformsatvariouspower.levels.ThestructureofBEBoperationmonitoringsystemsisshowninFigure4-7.4.4.2.MethodsofEstablishingBEBOperationMonitoringSystemsAccordingtomonitoringneedsandsubjects,publictransportenterprisesneedtoreasonablycollectvehicleandChinahastheinherentadvantageofcollectingBEBschargingstationdatabasedontheirownmonitoringneedsdata.AsstipulatedintheNotificationofImprovementofincludinginformationonbasicvehiclestandards,vehicleSafetyMonitoringinPromotionandApplicationofNew-videomonitoring,dynamicoperations,themonitoringenergyVehicles(MIITequip[2016]No.377)issuedbyofcompletevehiclesandtubingcomponents,faultalerts,theMinistryofIndustryandInformationTechnologyinactualdepartures,firstdepartureandlastarrivals,passenger2016,33everyBEBisrequiredtobeequippedwithdataflows,safetyincidents,chargingequipmentinterfacestatuscollectiondevicesatthefactory,andbusmanufacturersmonitoring,chargingwarningmessages,chargingstationareresponsibleforregulardatacollectionandreal-timevideomonitoringmessagesandotherrelatedneeds.informationexchangeswithnationalnew-energyvehiclemonitoringandsupervisoryplatforms34.Theseplatforms(2)Practicesofestablishingbusoperationmonitoringcanobtaindatarelatedtothe“production,sales,purchasesystemsbylocalpublictransportenterprises.andservice”ofNEVs,whichprovidesdatasupportforthedevelopmentoftechnologyandscientificresearchPublictransportationmonitoringsystemsbuiltbylocalonNEVs,industrialpolicyformulation,dynamicsafetycitiesaregenerallynotjustforpureelectricbusesbutmanagement,andthereasonablelayoutofindustryandincludenewenergybusesandallotherbusmodels.financialsubsidies.Meanwhile,localpublictransportConstructionmodelsvaryfromplacetoplaceandfallenterpriseshavebeencarryingoutinformatizationintotwomaincategories:1)Monitoringsystemsbasedonconstructionoverthepastyears.Onthebasisofsuchthevehiclemanufacturer,includinginXi’an,Jinan,andsoundtechnology,theconstructionofanew-energyChengdu;2)Self-builtmonitoringsystemsindependentlybusoperationmonitoringsystemtoachievereal-timerunbypublictransportenterprises,suchasthoseinmonitoringwouldbeusefultoimproveandrefinepublicYinchuan,Shenyang,Zhengzhou,andShenzhenofwhichtransportenterprises.Shenzhenalsosharesdatawithchargingmanagementplatformsandprovincial/municipalmonitoringplatforms.(1)MethodsofestablishingBEBoperationmonitoringsystemsFrameworksandfunctionssystemsvaryslightlyfromplacetoplace.YinchuanhasbuiltEnterpriseResourceMotivationsformonitoringBEBoperationvarybecausePlanning(ERP)machinesystems,analysisandmonitoringofdifferentresponsiblesubjects.Forbusoperators,systemsfordrivingbehavior,videomonitoringsystemsmonitoringneedsarederivedfromdailytransportationandinparticularintelligentvehicledispatchingsystems,serviceandmanagementsystems.Forindustrywhichcontainfunctionssuchasdriverschedulingadministrativeauthoritiesatalllevels,monitoringneedsoptions,departureplans,mileagestatisticsandroutearemainlyforformulatingdevelopmentplansandpoliciesdrivingtrackdisplays.Shenyanghasbuiltanintelligentaswellasbusinesssupervisionactivities.dispatchingsystem,passengerflowstatisticsystem,intelligentdispatchingintelligentassisteddriving33http://www.caam.org.cn/chn/9/cate_99/con_5200962.html34https://evmam-tbrat.com/53ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChinaactivesafetywarningsystem,blindareaassisteddrivingvehiclechargingmanagementplatformshavebeenbuiltsystem,andanalarmingsystemtopreventdangerousspecificallyforenterprises’chargingequipment.Thedrivingactivities.Zhengzhouhasbeenbuildinganew-ShenzhenBusGrouphasdividedmonitoringfunctionsenergyvehiclemonitoringandcontrolplatformsinceinto4sectionsof:operationmanagement,safety2011,whichmonitorsperformancesbasedononboardmanagement,chargingmanagementandemergencyterminalsandusesControllerAreaNetwork(CAN)busmanagement.Theoperation’sdataisinterconnectedwithandtelecommunicationtechnology,toimplementreal-themanagementplatformoftheMunicipalTransporttimevehiclestatusmonitoring,intelligentdispatching,Commission.MonitoringplatformsusedinBeijingandenergyconsumptionstatistics,dataanalysis,faultdiagnosisGuangdongarediscussedinColumn4-3andillustratedinandautomaticalertingoffaultinformation,car-humanFigures4-7and4-8.mobileconnectionandotherfunctions.New-energy■Figure4-7:BEBoperationmonitoringsystemsMacroNationalPromotion&application,vehicletechnicalperformance,subsidyMicromonitoringgrantingbasis,vehiclesafety,energyconsumptionandemissionProvincialmonitoring,policing-makingbasisMunicipalMonitoringofpromotion&application,tracoperationstatus,vehiclesafetymonitoring,subsidygrantingbasis,EnterpriseVehicleoperationstatusmonitoring,subsidygrantingbasis,emergencydatasupport,infrastructureoptimization&regulation/planning-makingbasisVehicle&locationinformation,trac&operationstatus,safetymanagement,capacitysharing,drivingbehaviourdata,routingoptimization,faultalerts.54ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChinaColumn4-3Localpracticeofamonitoring(2)Dynamicmonitoringplatformfornew-platformfornew-energybusoperationenergyvehiclesinGuangdong(1)OperationserviceandmanagementThedynamicmonitoringplatformfornewplatformfornew-energyvehiclesinBeijing.energyvehiclesinthetransportationindustryofGuangdongwasputintousein2017.TheoperationserviceandmanagementplatformTheplatformrealizesdatacollectionbyfornew-energyvehiclesinBeijingisthefirst-everusinginteractingplatformsoftransportationmunicipalNEVmonitoringplatforminChina,enterprisesrunningbuses,cabs,passengerwhichprovided724real-timemonitoringforvehiclesandtrucks,whichprovidesvariousbatterycharges,vehiclestatusandthegeographicinformationservicesforprovincialauthorities,locationofelectricvehicles,alertsforfaultmunicipalauthoritiesandtransportenterprisesinformationandgivesupdatesofmonitoringdataincludingbasicinformationrelatedtotomanufacturers,operatingenterprisesandotherthemanagementofvehiclesandchargingrelevantorganizationsforthereal-timesharingequipment,statisticalanalysisservicessuchasofvehicleinformationanddynamicinteractionmileageandenergyconsumption,andvisualoftheseactors.Theplatformprovidesthemonitoringservicesforvehiclesafetystatus.BeijingMunicipalityGovernmentandrelevantItprovidesthegovernmentwiththebasisforcommitteesandbureauswithdatarelatingformulatingandadjustingrelevantpoliciesandtovehicleoperationmanagement,technicalmeasuresanditiseffectiveforconnectingandmanagementandchargingfacilitiesmanagementmatchingneedsbetweensupplyanddemandandothermanagementservices,realizingsides.functionssuchasvehiclestatusmonitoringandsupervision,safetyandfaultmanagementaswell■Figure4-8:Dynamicmonitoringasdatastatisticsandanalysesandprovidinganplatformfornew-energyvehiclesinAnalyticReportonNew-energyVehicleOperationGuangdongProvinceinPublicServiceinBeijingMunicipalityonaweeklybasis.■Figure4-7:Operationserviceandmanagementplatformfornew-energyvehiclesinBeijingMunicipalitySource:NationalBigDataAllianceofNewEnergyVehiclesSource:NationalBigDataAllianceofNewEnergyVehicles56ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChina4.4.3StrategiesforBEBOperationSafetywhichalsodefinestheresponsibilitiesofdifferentactorsManagementinemergencyresponseandlaysoutafoundationtoensureeffectivedisposalsolutionsanddetourplansafterRelevantnationaldepartmentshaveissuedaseriesofanaccidentoccurs.Inaddition,localpublictransportpolicystandardsinrecentyears,proposingnew-energyenterprisesallcarryoutregularlyrelevantinspectionsandvehiclemanufacturerstotakefirstresponsibilityfortrainingprogramssuchasthoseinJinanandZhengzhousafetyissues35.Anumberofstandardshavebeenreleased,toorganizeregular,seasonalinspections,aswellasspecialincludingTheSafetyRequirementsforBusConstructioninspectionsbeforemajoreventsandfestivalstodetectand(GB13094-2017)andtheSpecificationsforExtinguishingeliminatehiddenrisksbeforehandinatimelymanner.EquipmentArrangementsinBus(GB34655-2017),whichprovidedetailedregulationsonvehiclestructuresandfireRelatingtothesafetymanagementofchargingstations,extinguishingequipmentandsetsoutspecifictechnicaloperationenterpriseshavecarriedoutsafetymanagementrequirementsfordedicatedsafetyfacilitiesanddevicesforsystemsfortheselocations.Forexample,Zhengzhouhasurbanpublictransportvehicles.formulatedRegulationsforManagementofBusChargingStationsinZhengzhouwhichspecifiesdetailedrequirementsPublictransportenterpriseshavedevelopedasetofsafetyforthequalificationofoperators,vehicleparkingandmanagementstrategies,includingtheestablishmentofachargingoperations,themanagementofchargingsafetyandemergencymanagementmechanism,plansforfacilities,andsecurity.Zhengzhouhasalsodevelopedtheconfigurationofvarioussafeequipment,andenhancedguidelinesonChargingOperationRegulations,ChargingmonitoringforvehicleandrechargerstationsafetysoasFacilitiesMaintenanceRegulations,FireEmergencyDisposal,toimprovethesafeoperationofBEBsforpublictransportDisposalofNaturalDisastersandEmergencyResponsetoenterprises.ElectricShockAccidents,andasafetypatrolsystemhasbeenestablishedtoensuresafechargingoperationsandthe(1)Establishmentofasoundsafetyandemergencysafetyoffacilities.managementmechanism.(2)EquipmentofvariousspecialsafetyfacilitiesandManypublictransportenterpriseshaveestablishedspecialequipment.regulationsandsystemssoastostrengthenthesafetymanagementoftheirdailyoperations.Forinstance,theSpecialsafetyfacilitiesandequipmentanddevicesofShenzhenBusGrouphasformulatedtheGuidelinesforvarioustypesareequippedonboardBEBsbylocalbusSafetyofFullElectrifiedOperationofShenzhenBusGroupenterprises.andhasworkedoutroute-specificsolutionsaccordingtobuslinecharacteristicstoclarifythemethodsneededtoRegardingvehiclefactoryequipment,IP67orstricterbetakenforvarioussafety-relatedaccidents.Shenzhenprotectionlevelsarerequiredforbatteries,motorsandWestBushasformulated10emergencyplansand19on-electriccontrolsystems,HVwiringharnesseshavetobesitedisposalplansforsafety-relatedaccidents.Fuzhouprotectedwithanti-abrasionmeasures,wiringharnessBusGrouphasformulatedtheRegulationsfortheUsageconnectorsmustbeeffectivelyprotectedagainstdustandandManagementofNew-energyBusestospecifytechnicalwatertoensurethesafetyofvehiclesinextremewetdays,requirementsofoperationanddailymaintenancebyandcoolingsystemsandheatmanagementsystems(BMS)drivers,andtheGuidelinesforEmergencyDisposalofNew-aretobeinstalledforpowerbatteriestocontrolbatteryenergyBusesonFireandSpecialEmergencyPlanstoclarifytemperatureandpreventthermalrunaway.disposalmethodswhenfireaccidentshappenwhenBEBsareinoperation,charging,orparking,andforotherIntermsoffireextinguishingequipment,varioustypesscenariostheGuangzhouBusGrouphasissuedtheBEBoffireextinguishingequipmentareequippedonBEBsMaintenanceCodeofPractice(provisional)todefinethebylocalpublictransportenterprises.ActiveextinguishersmaintenanceandrequirementsforBEBmaintenanceandaremainlyusedbytheTianjin,Jinan,Zhengzhouandinspection.TheGrouphasalsodevelopedtheOn-siteChengdubuscompanies.ShenyangbusesareequippedEmergencyDisposalPlansofBEBAccidents,listingpossiblewithapipe-structuredextinguishersystem,vehiclesprayareasandspotsofdanger,andprecedingsignsofaccidents,system,andextinguishersforbatterychambersandcontainers.Xi’anpublictransportenterprisesrequire35TheNotificationofImprovementofSafetyMonitoringinPromotionandApplicationofNew-energyVehicles,https://www.miit.gov.cn/jgsj/zbys/qcgy/art/2020/art_43e80011885e4b558ff26d2f8575c5ca.html57ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChinavehiclemanufacturerstoequipandretrofitthemajoritysystems,anti-collisionwarningsystemsand360-degreeofbusmodelswithbatterysafetysystemsandheatpanoramicmonitoringsystemsandothersafetyandmanagementsystems,andsuchbatterysafetysystemssecurityequipmenttoformamulti-dimensionalandall-mainlyusefinepowderwithasmallnumberofaerosols.roundsafetysupervisionsystem(seeFigure4-9).Yinchuanbusesareequippedwithsensorsfordetectingflammableandexplosivegases,compartmentspray(3)Enhancingthecapabilityofsafetymanagementbyextinguishersandbatterycompartmentfirecontainerusinganoperationmonitoringplatform.extinguishers.EveryBEBinShenzhenisequippedwithautomaticfireextinguishersinsidethebatteryFullplaycanbegiventooperationmonitoringplatformscompartmentandnolessthanthreeportablepowdersothattheyareabletoachievereal-timemonitoringofextinguishersarealsooneachbus.vehiclesafetystatus,earlywarning,automaticregulationandcontrolandotherfunctions,tofurtherimprovetheOthersafetyfacilitiesandequipmentarealsoequippedcapabilityofBEBintelligentsafetymanagementsystems.onboardsomeBEBsbyvariouspublictransportenterprisesForinstance,Jinanpublictransportserviceusesamobiletoaddressthemainriskpointsintheiroperations.phoneAPPforremotevehiclemonitoringofreal-timekeyTakingZhengzhouforexample,busesareadditionallysafetyindicatorsofvehiclechargingprocessesanddrivingequippedwithmanysafetydevicessuchasemergencyprocessesandsendsalertsoffaultsorhiddendangersinhopperwindows,magnet-controlledemergencyswitches,theformsofwarnings(seeFigure4-10).automaticpanebreakers,driverbehaviormonitoring■Figure4-9:SafetyequipmentonaZhengzhoubusSafeisolationofdrivingareaAutoholdLow-speedcrawlingReverseanti-collisionultrasonicradarElectronicparkingbrake(EPB)Antislipregulation(ASR)Monitoring&warningdeviceforﬂammable&volatileobjectsEmergencyhopperwindowMagnet-controlledemergencydoorswitchIntelligentanti-collisionprecautionterminalTechnicalvehicleHeatinsulationpaneDriverbehaviormonitoringterminalsafetymeasuresDoorprotectioninoperationBlind-spotdetectionTirepressuremonitoring360surroundingviewterminalElectromagneticallyautomaticwindowbreakerHillstartassist(HSA)■Figure4-10:JinanbussafetyproceduresofintelligentprecautionanddisposalSource:JinanBusGroupCo.,LTD58ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChina4.4.4EvaluationofBEBOperationPerformance(EB-PAC)36toanalyzesomeindicatorsaccordingly(seeFigure4-11).Informationoutlinedintheproductannouncementsofpureelectricbusesislimited,andparameterssuchastheir(1)Accordingtothecalculationoftheenergyconsumptionenergyconsumptionandrangearebasedonthetestofindexbasedonthemonitoringdata,itcanbeseenthatadynamometerbenchatconstantspeedinalaboratory,BEBenergyconsumptionispositivelycorrelatedwithwhichdiffersgreatlyfromtheiractualperformanceinthesizeofthevehicle,wherethelongerthevehicleis,real-worldenvironments.ActualBEBperformancehasthehigheritsenergyconsumptionrateis,andtheenergytobeevaluatedinordertopreciselyandcompletelyconsumptionrateofdifferentmodelsofthesamesizehaveunderstandBEBtechnicalperformanceinpractice,andgreaterdifferences.Theaverageenergyconsumptionvaluethisinformationcanthenbeusedtosupportpublicfor6-8metermodelsis45.6kWh/100km,whereasfortransportenterprisesinselectingbusmodelsandguidingmodelsof8-10meterstherateis50.8kWh/100km,andvehiclemanufacturerstoproducemodelsthatmeettheformodelsof10-12meters,therateis74.5kWh/100kmneedsofthebusindustry.Onthebasisofrelevantresearch(seeFigure4-12)outcomes,thedemandofpublictransportsectorBEBperformanceevaluationsisanalyzedfromtheperspective(a).energyconsumptionof6-8metermodels(b).ofbusoperationandBEBtechnicalcharacteristics.Theenergyconsumptionof8-10metermodels(c).energyBEBperformanceevaluationindexsystemhasbeenconsumptionof10-12metermodelsestablishedtoincludethe5aspectsofdynamics,economy,safety,convenienceandcomfort,whichthenarecomprised(2)BasedonEB-PACtestdata,busesofallsizesperformofatotalof14specificindicators(seeTable4-6).betterintermsoftheiruphilltimeandovertakingaccelerationtime,accordingtocalculatedresultsin2019Theprojectcollectsactualmonitoringdatafromtheand2020.Furthermore,thelongerthevehicle,thelongerNationalMonitoringandManagementPlatformforNew-theiruphilltimewillbewhileovertakingaccelerationenergyVehiclesandthedatatestedduringthenationaltimesshowadecreasingtrendandarenotsignificantlyElectricBusesPerformanceAssessmentandCompetitioncorrelatedwithbussize(seeFigure4-13).■Figure4-11:EB-PACarenaSource:CATS■Figure4-12:EnergyconsumptionofBEBsofdifferentsizes506015048kWh/100km4640100kWh/100kmkWh/100km44422050403800B9B3S1B5G2GT1F1LV1K2SD1YC2Y1Y2K5X4K6LO6D4A6Y13Y17Y14LO5Y11ZJ2K4B8X3F4LV4SR2Y9Y8SR1EnergyconsumptionAverageEnergyconsumptionAverageEnergyconsumptionAverage(a).energyconsumptionof6-8metermodels(b).energyconsumptionof8-10metermodels(c).energyconsumptionof10-12metermodels36ElectricBusesPerformanceAssessment&CompetitionisacampaigndirectedbytheMinistryofTransport,sponsoredjointlybyChinaAcademyofTransportationSciencesoftheMoT,PassengerVehiclesSubdivisionofChinaHighway&TransportationSociety,UrbanPassengerTransportationSubdivisionofChinaRoadTransportAssociations,andNationalCoachQualitySupervision&TestCenter,andpracticallyorganizedbyC-SCAP.BytheendofDecember2020,EB-PAChasbeensuccessfullyorganized3times.59ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChina■Table4-6:IndicatorsystemfortheassessmentofBEBoperationandperformanceNo.CriteriaIndicatorsAccelerationtime(30-60km/h)1UphilltimeDynamicsEnergyconsumptionActualrangeatthepropertemperature2DecreaseinrangeatlowtemperatureDecreaseinrangeathightemperature3Degenerationrateof10,000kmrangeEffectivepassengerareaperunitofvehiclelength4Maintenancecostper1,000km10,000kmequivalentfailurerate5Accessconvenience(floorandentrancestructure)Minimumtimetofullpower6EconomySmoothness(verticalvibration)Noise78910Safety11Convenience1213Comfort14■Figure4-13:Comparisonofuphilltimeandovertakingaccelerationtimetakenbybusesofdifferentlengths.UphillperformanceOvertakingacceleration8.012.07.510.0Time(S)8.0Time(S)7.06.06.54.02.06.012m10m8m0.0Buslength(m)12m10m8mBuslength(m)201920202019202060ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChina4.4.5EstimationofEffectivenessofEnergy-factorofaBEBistakenas72.3%,andtheConversionsavingandEmissionReductionEffortsMethodsforEnergyConsumptionofElectricVehicles(GB/T37340-2019)canbereferredtoforvaluesofother(1)EvaluationmethodsforBEBenergysavingandCO2parameters.emissionreductioneffects.Accordingtotheabovecalculations,atypicalBEBof1)Evaluationmethodsforenergysavingandemission114kWh/100kmfeaturesequivalentfuelconsumptionofreduction.25Liters/100km.BEBsenergy-savingandemissionreductioneffectsare2)MeasurementmodelforcalculatingCO2emission.evaluatedbylife-cycleenergyconsumptionmodelingandemissionmodeling,requiringconsiderationoftheirimpactToassessfullBEBlife-cycleCO2emissions,electricatnumerousstages,includingmining,transportation,fuelpowerCO2wascalculatedbyconvertingtheelectricityproductionanduse.consumptiontostandardcoalconsumptionandfurtherconvertingstandardcoalconsumptionintofuelcoal,andRegardingenergyconsumption,thecalculationofthemultipliedbythecarbonemissioncoefficientoffuelcoalequivalentofthefuelconsumptionusedduringfuellifeforcalculatedCO2emission.ThiscalculationisshowncyclesisprovidedintheConversionMethodsforEnergybelow:ConsumptionofElectricVehicles(GB/T37340-2019).GivenastheamountofenergyconsumedbyaBEB,theMCO2=E×TE×TC×Me/tMequivalentfuelconsumptioncanbethencalculatedbyusingtheequationbelow:Where:MCO2---massofCO2producedbycoalcombustioninFCe=E×FE×Fnkg/100kmE---fuelconsumptionintotalperkWh/100km,Where:respectively,L/100kmorm3/100kmFCe---equivalentdieselconsumptioninLiters/100kmTE---standardcoalconsumptionforthermalpowerE---fuelconsumptionin,respectively,kWh/100km,supplyinkg/kWhL/100kmorm3/100kmdependingonspecificmodelstM---conversioncoefficientoffuelcoaltostandardcoalFE---fuelenergyfactorTC---carbonemissioncoefficientoffuelcoalFn---fuelproductiveefficiencyfactor(seebelowequationMe---powerconversionefficiencyfactor(seebelowforpower-efficiencyfactor)equationfordetails)Thepowerefficiencyfactoriscalculatedas:=×(1)=1×(+(1))××Where:×(1)ich---chargeefficiency%itr---linelossrate%Where:Fe---powerefficiencyfactor---thermalpowerratio%ich---chargeefficiencyitr---linelossrate%Accordingtotheequationabove,atypicalBEBof114kWh/100kmemits81kgCO2per100kmifthe---thermalpowerratio%thermalpowerratioistakenas72.3%.Sge---powersupplyefficiency%rp---refiningefficiency%(2)ManagementstrategiesfortheimprovementofBEBtp---transportefficiency%energysavingandemissionreductionefforts.ThethermalpowergenerationratioofthepowerefficiencyWithinbusoperationmanagementefforts,publictransportenterprisescanalsocarryouttechnical61ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChinamanagementassessments,strengthenenergy-savingdriving2)Promoteenergy-savingdrivingmethodsandsetuphabits,setuptypicalexamplesoftransportsystemsandenergy-savingexamples.establishtestingplatforms,inordertoenhanceBEBsenergy-savingandemissionreductionefforts.Skillfuldrivingisaprerequisitetoenergysavingandemissionreduction.Underthesameconditions,driving1)Establishmentofaninternalindicatorsystemforthethesamebuscanresultinadifferenceofmorethan20%assessmentofenergysavingefforts.inenergyconsumption.JinanBusCorporationepitomizesenergy-savingdrivingskillsfordifferentmodelsandenergyJinanBusCorporationhasbeenimplementingstarconsumptiontypesandorganizesanannualcompetitionrankingassessmentssince2008andrevisesitsStandardfordrivers’energy-savingdrivingskills,whichhasbeenNorms&AssessmentMethodsforFuel,Materials,Oilheldfor9consecutiveyears.andTireseveryyear,quantifyingspecificrulesontheassessmentofenergyconsumption,signingresponsibility3)Improvementofenergyconsumptionmanagementbylettersonenergy-savingandemissionreductioninwritingusingoperationmonitoringplatforms.atalllevels,andthusincorporatingquotamanagementintotheirstar-rankingmechanisms.Onamonthlybasis,JinanBusCorporationhasdevelopedanenergy-thetechnicalmanagementtasksanddutiesoftechnicalconsumptionmonitoringplatformthatenablesreal-time,managementofficesandfleettechnicalteams,aswellasdailyandmonthlybigdataanalysisofkeyinformationthefulfilmentofmanagementtasksandthecompletionsuchasexceptionalvehicleenergyconsumption,chargingoftechnicalnormindicators,areanalyzed,evaluated,activitiesinpeak,business,andvalleyhours,operatingandranked,comprehensively.Assessmentoutcomesaremileageandfuelconsumption,carbonemissions,totalusedasperformanceassessmentindicatorsformanagerialenergy-savingaswellasananalysisofemissionreductionofficesandfleetstaffmembersinordertomobilizetheefforts(seeFigure4-14).enthusiasmofallstafftosaveenergyandreduceemissionsthrougheconomicleverage.■Figure4-14:JinanBusIntelligentOnlineMonitoringandStatisticsofEnergyConsumptionPlatformSource:JinanBusCorporation62ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChina4.5MaintenanceSystemsBusenterprisesoftenrequirethesettingupofmaintenanceafter-salesservicesites.SomeservicesitesareconstructedBEBshavealargenumberofhigh-voltageelectricalinternallywithinbusenterprises.Sometechniciansareelements,controlsystemstructures,complexandhighstafffrominternalbusenterprises,andsomearefromtechnologycomponents.Incomparisontoconventionalfactories.TakingZhengzhouBusCorporationasexample,vehicles,BEBsrequiredifferentservicesincludinguniqueitownsitsbuscompanyandownstechnicians.Thecartypesofmaintenanceequipment,technicianskillsandrepaircompanyisalsotheservicesiteofthevehiclemaintenanceprocesses.Publictransportenterprisesnowmanufacturer,inadditiontobeingthelocationforencounterinadequateservicecapacityduetotheincreasedmaintenanceworkofthebuscompany’sinternalvehicles,BEBtechnicalfeaturesthattheyarenotabletoattendandalsothesitefortheundertakingofworkforotherto,andasurplusofmaintenancepersonnelduetoacustomersofthevehicleafter-salesservicebusiness,asdecreaseinfaultrates,leadingtovocationalhardshipandpaidbythevehiclemanufacturer.JinanBusCorporationmaintenancelabourintensity.constructsmorethan30franchisedserviceworkshopsincollaborationwithpartsandcompletevehicleThisreportsectionintroducesaconsiderationofthemanufacturers,andiscapableoftestingandmaintainingconstructionandoperationofBEBmaintenanceservicebatteries,motorsandelectriccontrolunitsofBEBs.sites,applicableregulationsandkeymaintenanceandservicesandmaintenancemethodsofkeyparts,and4.5.2SpecificPracticesforConductinginformationontheconstructionofmaintenanceandMaintenanceOperationsforPurelyElectricserviceforces,includingneedsforstafftrainingandBusestechnologicalinnovationbypublictransportenterprisestosupportothercitiestostrengthentheestablishmentof(1)FormulatevariousmaintenanceservicelocalBEBmaintenanceandservicesystems.specifications.4.5.1ConstructionandOperationModesofVehiclemaintenanceisamandatoryandpreventiveMaintenanceServiceWorkshopsoperation.Reasonableandtimelymaintenancecaneliminatesafetyrisks,reducesfaults,slowdowntheBEBsdiffersignificantlywithconventionalbusesindeteriorationprocessofbatteriesandothercomponents,theirpowertypesandtractionstructures.Maintenanceextendvehiclelifetimes,andguaranteethatthevehicleandserviceagreementsforBEBsareoftenimplementedisingoodtechnicalcondition.Thesetechnicalmeasuresincooperationbetweenbusenterprisesandbusensuresafeandcomfortabletravelservicesforpassengers.manufacturers.Whentheprocurementofpureelectricbusesiscarriedout,anagreementismadeonthetermsofThedailymaintenanceofnewenergybusesshouldcomplyitsrepairandmaintenanceduringthedailyoperationofwithrelevantstandards.ThesestandardsaretheGB7258thebus.Mostcitiesnowadaysrequirean8-yearwarrantyTechnicalSpecificationsforSafetyofPower-drivenVehiclesonmajorcomponentssuchaspowerbatteries,motorsOperatingonRoads,GB13094TheSafetyRequirementsandelectriccontrolunitswithvaryingrequirementsforforBusConstruction,GB/T1344SpecificationfortheotherpartssuchasA/Csystems.Forexample,inTianjin,InspectionandMaintenanceofMotorVehicle,GB18365manufacturersareresponsibleforthe8-yearwarrantyforCompositePerformanceRequirementandDetectingMethodstheelectricairpump,electricpowersteeringandelectricforOperatingVehicle,andJT/T1026GeneralTechnicalA/Cunits,whereasbusenterprisesinXi’an,YinchuanandSpecificationsforBatteryElectricPublicBus.ApplicableChengduareresponsiblefortraditionalcomponentssuchtechnicalstandardsandrequirementsinmanufacturers’aschassisandthemanufacturersarerequiredtosupportservicemanualsshouldalsoallbecompliedwith,inthemaintenanceandserviceofbatteries,motorsandadditiontolocalandcorporatestandardsandBEBelectriccontrolunits,andinZhengzhou,busenterprisesmaintenancerelatedstandardsandnorms.takefullresponsibilityandmanufacturerspaybusenterprisesforservicelabourcostsduringwarrantyperiod.Chengduhasdevelopedon-siteinspectionmechanismandmaintenanceandservicesystemsandstandardsatalllevels.YinchuanhasdevelopedBEBmaintenanceandservice63ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChinamanuals,anoperationmanualfordriversandasystemofandensurethatanyfollowupactionsthatareneededwillthreedailyinspectionrequirements.Xi’anhasdevelopedbeundertakeninatimelymanner.BEBdailymaintenancerequirementsandmaintenanceandservicestandardsforeachmodel.JinanhasformulatedAsfordailymotorinspections,ShenyangrequirestheTechnicalSpecificationsforMaintenance,Inspectionandmaintenanceformotorfrontbearingsevery6months,DiagnosisofUrbanBusesandTechnicalSpecificationsfortestingandmaintenanceforelectricconnectionseveryMaintenanceofBatteryElectricVehiclesinJinan.Shenyang6months,testingandmaintenanceforconnectionsofbuscorporationhasdevelopedregulationsonBEBcoolantcirculationevery2month,andtestingformotorusageandmanagement,drivingoperationinstructions,outputshaftsealsevery2months.TheZhengzhoumanagementrequirementsforchargingstations,keyBusCorporationhasdevelopedaconvenientportablepointsinthemaintenanceandserviceofhigh-voltagemicrocomputercompositemotortesterthatiscapableof(HV)systemsonBEBs,therepairandmaintenanceofonboardinspectionsformotorperformanceandonlineoil-freeelectricpistonairpumps,andemergencyplansinmeasurementofvariouselectronicelementswithoutcaseofaccidentsofbatterydrivenvehicles.Zhengzhouhavingtodisassembleamotorfromabus(seeFigurehasdevelopedtheProcessesandInstructionsofBEB4-15).MaintenanceandServiceofRespectiveLevels,whichclarifies■Figure4-15:Portablecomputerizedcompositethemaintenanceitems,methodsandtechnicalstandardsmotortesterofBEBsatalllevels,andhasformulatedtheUseandMaintenanceManualofVehiclesDrivenbyBatteriesandSource:ZhengzhouBusCorporationHydrogenFuelCells,ofwhichcopiesarehandedouttobusteamleaders,techniciansandallotherstaff.4.5.3ExperienceinStrengtheningMaintenanceinPublicTransportEnterprises(2)Regulationsformaintenancemanagementofkeypartsandcomponents.Inadditiontosettingnecessarycorporatepoliciesandstandards,busenterpriseshavetoestablishtheirSpecialattentionneedsbepaidtoBEBs’batteriesandmaintenanceandserviceforcesbymeansoftrainingmotorsintheirmaintenanceservices.Withregardtoprograms,technicalinnovationandmaintenancedailybatterymaintenance,Shenyangrequiresthateverycompetitions.batteryhastobefullychargedeverytwomonthsanddischargedtoanoptimalSOC(50%-80%)beforestorage.(1)JointtechniciantrainingandcertificationwithMaintenanceofchargingbatteriesincludesaninspectionvehiclemanufacturers.oftheirBatteryManagementSystem(BMS)andSOCvaluestoseeifvoltageisnormal,ifthedustgridintheirTrainingprogramsforemployeesofapublictransportradiatorsystemhasbeenproperlycleaned,ifthebatteryenterprisearecommonlycarriedoutjointlybybusboxexteriorbeenchecked,ifthereispropersystementerprisesandmanufacturers,andasagreedinvehicleinsulation,andiftheairinlethosesoftractionbatterypacksareintact.Inaddition,thedecayofpowerbatteriesshouldbecontinuouslymonitoredintheiruseaswellasthefirmnessofinsertsoftractionbatterymanagementsystemsandtractionbatterySCOtotalvoltage,andthereshouldbeaninspectionoftheconformityoftheirbatterycells.Additionally,thecapacitydecayofpowerbatteriesshouldbeconstantlymonitoredindailypractices.Relevantdecisionshavetobemadebasedondailymonitoringdataofpowerbatteriesandspecialtechnicalassessmentshavetobeorganizedregularlywithbatterymanufacturers,withbatteriesinusebeingreturnedtofactoriesforoverhaulwhenrequired.Abatteryassessmentmechanismisrequiredtocombinedailyassessmentsandspecialtesting64ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChinaacquisitionstages,shouldincludetechnicaltopicsof(2)Technicalinnovationtobuildmaintenancevehicledriving,maintenanceandservice,usemanagementplatforms.andemergencymanagement.Thethreemaintrainingprogramsare:pre-operationtrainingthatisimplementedInadditiontostandardmaintenanceandservicetraining,bymanufacturersforrelevantemployeesonbususeandeachcityalsointroducesinnovativemethodstoenhanceinspectionbeforevehiclesareputinplace;centralizedtheirmaintenanceforce.Xi’anhasdevelopedanelectrictrainingthatisaprogramontechnicalcompetenceforallsimulationtemplateforBEBsrunningsystemsforrelevantstaffmembersduetoanyweaknessesidentifiedrepairtraining,Shenzhenestablisheddigitizedvehicleinrepairandoperation;andregulartrainingonvariousmanagementplatformsfortrackingtechnicalvehicletopicsorganizedonaregularbasis.Somecitiescombineconditionsandmaintenanceitemsallowingforthetrainingandcertificationprograms.Jinan,forexample,predictionofpossiblemaintenanceneedsinthefuture,adoptsacredentialeddutysystemfeaturing‘2-certificates,andoptimizedbetterworkshopshiftschedulingand1-engineer37’,requiringalloftheirtechniciansandstoragemanagement,andZhengzhouestablishedfull-technicalstafftobeproperlytrainedandcertificated.scalesimulationplatformsforBEBs(seeColumn4-4andFigure4-16).Ingeneral,trainingisorganizedbyavehiclemanufacturer,suchaswhenmanufacturersprovidein-planttechnical(3)HoldingmaintenanceskillscompetitionsfortrainingforJinantechnicianseveryyearonaregularbasis.professionalism.Trainingisdesignedinrelationtorelatedtopicsofinteresttoeachlocation,forexampleZhengzhoutrainingsmainlySkillsandcompetencecompetitionsthatareorganizedascoverbatteryelectricvehiclestructures,workingtheories,complementarymeasurescansupplementtrainingefforts,specificationsandstandardsofmaintenanceandserviceofdriveandmotivatethemajorityofskilledpersonnelvarioustechnicaldegrees,anddeterminationoffrequentlyandfosteraloveanddedicationofwork,sharpenskills,encounteredfaultsandtroubleshooting.Shenyangpromoteexcellence,cultivateacultureofcraftsmanship,trainingsmainlycoverfrequentlyencounteredfaults,andcultivatea‘busartisan’culture.Themaintenancepowerbatterystructure,theoryandfaultdiagnosis,theoryskillscompetitionisanannualeventinZhengzhou,withofintegratedmotorcontrolandrelevanttroubleshooting,topicscoveredchangingtomeetcurrentneeds(especiallywhereasChengdutrainingsmainlycoverelectricvehicleinrecentyears),withcompetitionsthatusedtofocusoncharacteristics,workingprinciples,safetyconcerns,serviceconventionaltransmissionsanddifferentialraceitemsnowandmaintenanceskills,andYinchuantrainingsincludesbeingchangedtonewenergymotors,electriccontrolsandmaintenanceoperation,HVoperationtraining,andothernewitems.Maintenanceon-dutytrainingisalsoarelatedservices.regulartrainingjobconductedbyJinanBusEnterpriseswhichalsoorganizesannualcompetitionsfordriversonenergy-savingdrivingandtechnicianskillsrelatedtotheserviceandrepairoftheirvehicles(seeFigure4-17).37‘2-certificates1-engineer’systemstandsforelectriciancertificate,certificateforoperationofspecialequipmentandautomobileinspectionandrepairengineer.VehicletechnicalmanagementstaffandworkshoptechnicianshavetobeholdersofElectricianCertificatesandqualifiedandcredentialedintrainingprogramsarrangedbymanufacturersbeforepracticalrepairofnew-energyvehicles;vehicletechnicalstaffshallsuccessfullyfinishspecialequipmentoperationtrainingforthesafeoperationofpressurizedcontainersandbecertificatedwithcredentialofspecialequipmentoperatorbeforetakingrelevantjobs.65ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChina■Figure4-17:Technicians’skillcompetitionsinvariouscities(a)Zhengzhoucity(b)JinancitySource:ZhengzhouBusCorporationSource:JinanBusCorporationColumn4-4ZhengzhouBusinnovativemeasuresandskills.Therehavebeensolutionsfortechnicaldifficultiesinnew-almost100technicalinnovationshavebeenenergymaintenanceachievedfortheimprovementofNEV■Figure4-16:Independentlydevelopedbusesinrecentyears.fullBEBanalogueplatformSelf-constructed‘fullBEBfull-scaleSource:ZhengzhouBussimulationplatforms’areapreciserestorationoftheoriginalsizeandlayoutZhengzhouBushasbuilttwo‘masterofnewlypurchased8-meterBEBs.studios’,crewedwithexpertsfortechnicalTheseunitsareabletosimulatefrequentsupportspecializingintacklingdifficultmalfunctionsinHV-LVcontrolsystems,NEV-specificproblems.Thesestudiosmotorcircuits,electricdefrostingandmotivatecorporatepersonneltoidentifysteeringsystemsandothervariousbatteryissuesrelatingtoNEVsandstudytechnicalelectricsystems.TheycanpresentHV-LVcontrollogicandcurrentflowsaswellasfunctions,structuresandtheoriesofcompletevehiclesandassembliesin3Danimation.ThestudiosaredesignedtohostBEBnewtechnologiestrainingprogramsinternallyforstaffandalsoareavailabletoprovidetechnicaltrainingandscientificandresearchsupporttoexternalenterprises,academiesandinstitutesrelatedtothetechnologiesofnew-energyvehicles.66ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChina4.6RecyclingofBatteriesUsedinBEBsbutasofyet,nofurtherclearandspecificrequirementsforthisservicehaveputforward.AccordingtoinformationonBEBshavebeenintroducedandusedaspracticalservicenetworksforrecyclingNEVpowerbatteriesservicetransportationoptionsinChina,andwiththeirfastoutletsontheMIITwebsite,38recyclingnetworksfordevelopment,therecyclingofretiredpowerbatterieshasvehiclepowerbatteryserviceoutletsaremostlystructuredalsoenteredanewstageofscaledevelopment.Attheearlybyaftersalesserviceforcesofvehiclemanufacturers.Thestage(2015-2017)ofpromotingBEBs,powerbatteriesnumberofserviceoutletsthatsatisfytherequirementsandtechnologywaslimited.Accordingtorelevantsurveys,criteriaintheGuidelinesofConstructionandOperationpowerbatteriesearlierpurchasedinShenzhendecayedofRecyclingServiceNetworkforTractionBatteriesofNew-upto20%every2.5years.ThankstothetechnologicalenergyVehicles,issuedbytheendof2019,isunknown,andprogressofpowerbatteries,theirdecayrateisgettingtherearenoteffectivedisciplinarymeasuresonrelevantslowerandthepowerbatteriesonvehiclespurchasedinenterprisesatpresent,leavingworkablerecyclingserviceShenzheninthepastthreeyearsisbasicallycontrolledatnetworksremainingunestablished.20%every4years.SomeBEBsinChengdudecaybyeven50%,whichbringsterribleimpactsondailytransport.PublictransportenterprisesareusersofBEBpowerIfusedpowerbatteriescannotbeproperlyrecycledbatteriesandkeyplayersintheend-of-lifepowerandtreated,theywillbeagreatthreatinthefuturetobatteryrecyclingprocess.ThecirculationofBEBtractionenvironmentalandsocialsafety,andawasteofscarcebatteriescanroughlybesectionedinto6stages:productionresourcessuchascobaltandlithium.(rawmaterialsareturnedintopowercellsthroughaseriesofproductionprocesses),installation(powerbatteriesAtpresent,therearemanypracticalproblemsyetunsolvedbeingequippedonvehicles),use(powerbatteriesareputinrelationtotherecyclingofpowerbatteries.ForintoserviceasapowersourceforBEBs),collection(usedinstance,vehiclesandbatterieshavedifferentlifecycles.batteriesbeingcollected,storedanddelivered),echelonThismeansthatwhilesomevehiclesmaynothaveyetuse(secondlife-cycleofapowerbatteryinotherfields)reachedtheirend-of-lifelimit,theirpowerbatteriescanandrecycling(powerbatteriesareregeneratedintorawnolongermeettheuserequirementsofthevehicle.Asmaterialsafterbeingdismantled,crushedandsmeltedand/thenationalnewenergyvehiclepromotioncataloguehasorothertreatment–seeFigure4-18).limitedthemodelsandpowerbatterymodelsavailabletolimittheseproblemsfromoccurring,thesevehiclesstillThischaptersectioncoversbothpowerbatteryrecyclingcannotbereplacedwithotherbrandsorspecifications,andsecondaryutilizationprocesses,includingtheuseofandsomeoldbatterymanufacturersnolongerexistpowerbatteriesandpureelectricbuses,therecyclingoforsomepreviousbatterymodelsstillrequiredbyin-powerbatteriesandthesecondaryutilizationofpowercirculationvehiclesareoutofproduction,causingvehiclesbatteries.First,policiesandstandardsforthecollectiontositidleastherearenoworkablebatteriesavailableforandrecyclingofpowerbatteriesareintroduced,andthem.Anotherissueisthatrecyclingserviceshavenotworkablemethodsofpublictransportservicesforthebeenyetproperlyorganized.TheProvisionalMeasuresfordeterminationofdecayofpowerbatteriesareexplained.ManagementofRecyclingTractionBatteriesofNew-energyLaterinthesectionmanagementpatternsofrecyclingofVehiclesissuedin2018clarifiesexplicitlythatvehiclepowerbatteriesareanalyzed,andasummaryispresentedmanufacturesareresponsibleforrecyclingpowerbatteries,ofhowpowerbatteriesfrompublictransportationaremanaged.38https://www.miit.gov.cn/datainfo/zysjk/xnyqcdlxdchsfwwdxx/index.html67ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChina■Figure4-18:LifecycleofaBEBpowerbatteryProductionRecyclingInstallationParticipatedinbyEchelonuseUsepublictransportsectorCollection4.6.1PolicyandStandardEnvironmentsforofNew-energyVehicles40,requiringtheestablishmentofaPowerBatteryRecycling‘comprehensiveplatformoftraceabilitymanagementfornationalmonitoringandrecyclingpowerbatteriesofnew-PoliciesandcriteriainChinaonrecyclingpowerbatteriesenergyvehicles’41tocollectnecessaryinformationontheprovidetheenvironmentforpureelectricbususedpowerproduction,sale,use,discardingandrecyclingofpowerbatteriestoenterintobenignrecyclingsystems.batteries,andmonitortheimplementationofrecyclingprogramsbyresponsibleentitiesthroughoutthecomplete(1)Powerbatteryrecyclingpoliciescourse.Withregardtopoliciesofrecyclingtractionbatteries,InFebruary2018,7ministerialauthoritiesincludingtherearecurrently26enterprises(refertoAppendix1)theMIITjointlyissuedtheNotificationonOrganizationthatsatisfytherequirementsintheIndustrialSpecificationsandImplementationofPilotProjectsofRecyclingTractiononCompositeUseofUsedTractionBatteriesonNew-BatteriesofNew-energyVehicles(MIITLJH[2018]energyVehicles,coveringenterprisesinthebusinessofNo.68)42,toexplorepowerbatteryrecyclingthroughechelonuseandrecycling.InFebruary2018,7ministerialcommercialoperationsandtoestablishexemplaryauthoritiesincludingtheMIITandMOSTjointlyissuedprojects.Atthesametime,theauthoritiesfacilitatedthetheProvisionalMeasuresforManagementofRecyclingimplementationofextendedresponsibilitysystemsofTractionBatteriesofNew-energyVehicles39,whichclarifyvehiclemanufacturers,setuprecyclingservicenetworks,explicitlythatvehiclemanufacturersareresponsiblefortookfulladvantageofestablishedaftersalesserviceoutlets,recyclingtractionbatteriesandencouragecooperativeandconstructedregionalrecyclingsystemsincollaborationconstructionandutilizationofrecyclingapproachesofwithbatterymanufacturersandenterprisesindiscardedusedtractionbatteriesinvariouspossibleforms.InJulyvehicledismantlingandcompositelyreclaimingbusinesses.2018,theMIITissuedtheProvisionalRegulationsonTakingtheBeijing-Tianjin-Hebeiareaasanexample,pilotTraceabilityManagementofRecyclingofTractionBatteriesprojectscoveredrecyclingsystemsofpowerbatteries,theconstructionofchargingstationsofbatteriesforechelon39http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2018-02/26/content_5268875.htm40https://nev.ofweek.com/2018-07/ART-71001-8480-30246876.html、41https://evmam-tbrat.com/42http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2018-03/05/content_5270958.htm68ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChinause,theevaluationandechelonuseofdecommissionedautomotivepowerbatteriesundertheNationalTechnicalpowerbatteries,decommissionedpowerbatterypacksCommitteeofAutoStandardizationofChinawasbeingcollectedfordismantlingonly,theconstructionoflaunched,andrelevantstandardssystemsarenowbeingrecyclingsystemsandtheuseofappliedtechnologiesforupdatedandimproved(seeTable4-7).harmlessphysicaldismantling.Ingeneral,standardssystemsshouldbefurtherimproved.(2)PowerbatteryrecyclingcriteriaSomestandards,concerningthestorage,installationanddisassemblyandtransportationoftractionbatteries,Inregardtostandardsandspecificationsonrecyclingresiduallifetimeassessmentforechelonuseandpowerbatteries,Chinaisstudyingandpreparingbatterypresentationofrecyclingreports,andrelatedefforts,arerecyclingstandardssystemsandranksfirstworldwideinurgentlyrequiredbuthavenotyetbeenapproved.thisregard.In2014,ataskforceforstandardsonrecycling■Table4-7:EstablishedstandardsonpowerbatteryrecyclingStandardStatusDimensionofPowerBatteryforElectricVehicles(GB/T34013-2017)IssuedCodingRegulationforAutomotivePowerBattery(GB/T34014-2017)IssuedPart1Packaging&transportingIssuedManagementSpecificationPart2RecyclingservicenetworkProjectapprovedRulesofinstallation,disassemblyandtransportationInstudyprocess(GB/T38698)Part3Part4StoringrulesInstudyprocessPart1Testofresidualcapacity(GB/T34015-2017)IssuedRecyclingofEchelonUse(GB/T34015)Part2Removingrequirements(GB/T34015.2-2017)IssuedTractionBatteryPart3RequirementsofechelonuseRenderedforapprovalUsedinElectricPart4LabelsforechelonusedproductsRenderedforapprovalVehiclePart5DesignguidelinesforechelonuseInstudyprocessPart6AssessmentrulesofresiduallifetimeInstudyprocessPart1Dismantlingspecification(GB/T33598-2017)IssuedPart2Materialsrecyclingrequirements(GB/T33598.2-2017)IssuedPart3Recycling(GB/T33598)TechnicalspecificationsondischargingRenderedforapprovalPart4SpecificationsofpresentationofrecyclingreportsInstudyprocessSourcedfrom:ChinaAutomotiveTechnology&ResearchCenter69ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChina4.6.2CriteriaofBatteryDecayandPattern1:Batteryend-of-life.Publictransportenterprises,Decommissioningvehiclemanufacturers,batteryrecyclingenterprisesanddiscardedvehicledismantlingenterprisesjointlyPublictransportenterprisesdetermineadecayedtractionconstructbatteryrecyclingservicenetworkstosharedbatteryfirstlybymeasuringitspracticalrangebasedonresources,anddeliverusedtractionbatteriestoqualifiedtheinitialdeterminationofthebatterydecay.Whenbatteryrecyclingenterprisesfordisposal.Whenavehiclethereisanoticeabledropinthislevel,theenterprisefirstmatchesdiscardcriteria,thepublictransportenterprisecontactsthevehiclemanufacturerforfieldtesting,andwilldismantleusedpowerbatteriesindependentlyandthenmanufacturersusespecialtestinginstrumentstocontactacollectionstationtotakethebatterieswithreplaceabatterythatmatchesitsreplacementcriteria.theirresidualvaluesconfirmedbybargainingorpublicVehiclemanufacturerstesttheresidualcapacityofapowerbidding,andadismantlingreportwillthenbeprovidedtobatteryinlinewiththeprocessesandmethodsspecifiedinthepublictransportenterpriseafterwards.Alternatively,theGB/T34015-2017RecyclingofTractionBatteryUsedinthepublictransportenterprisewillinvitediscardedElectricVehicle-TestofResidualCapacity.vehicledismantlingenterprisestoparticipateinpublicbiddingprocesses,andthenthediscardedbatterieswillbeTherearemainlytwocausesofbatterydecay,withthedisassembledbyadiscardvehicledismantlingservice,andfirstbeingunbalancedbatteries.Thisisafrequentlybeforwardedtoaqualifiedusedpowerbatteryrecyclingoccurringsituation,asmostpowerbatteriesgetshorterenterprise,whichwillreportrelevantbusinessmatterstopowermagnitudeduetoimbalancedelectricityofvariousthepublictransportenterpriseandthediscardedvehicledegreesover6-12monthsinpractice.Thiscanbesolveddismantlingenterpriseafterdisposal(seeFigure4-19).byequalizationmaintenance.Manycompletevehiclesareequippedwithonboardbalancingsystems,whicharePattern2:Integrateddisposal.Batterycollectionandregularlymaintainedbyusersaccordingtousermanuals.recyclingenterprisesareresponsiblefortheconstructionSomevehiclemodelsrequireexternalequalizerequipment,andoperationofrecyclingservicenetworkssoastoandinsomecases,thereplacementofsinglecellsisalsoexemptpublictransportenterprisesfromrelevantburdensnecessary.andprovidetechnicalsupportfordiscardedvehicledismantlingenterprises.AsforabusgoingthroughThesecondkeycauseofdecayedbatteriesisadeteriorationmaintenanceorend-of-lifeprocesses,aqualifiedbatteryofbatteryperformance.Thisrequiresthereplacementrecyclingenterpriseiscommissioneddirectlybythepublicofcompletepowerbatterypacksbythevehicletransportenterprisefortherecyclingofthebatteryandthemanufacturer.Theindicatorinpublictransportindustryuploadingofinformationtonationaltraceabilityplatformsfordecommissioningpowerbatteriesusedinnew-energyinlinewithapplicablenationalregulations,includingvehiclesisspecifiedintheCycleLifeRequirementsandTestthepresentingofadisposalreportforusedbatteriestoMethodsforTractionBatteryofElectricVehicle(GB/T31484-thepublictransportenterprisetocompletetraceability2015),whereitisnotedthatregardingthestandardcyclemanagementpracticesoftractionbatteries(seeFigurelifeofapowerbattery,itsdischargingcapacityshouldbe4-20).nolessthan80%ofitsinitialcapacitywhenthenumberofcyclesreaches1000.Pattern2:Integrateddisposal.Batterycollectionandrecyclingenterprisesareresponsiblefortheconstruction4.6.3ManagementofBatteryRecyclingandoperationofrecyclingservicenetworkssoastoexemptpublictransportenterprisesfromrelevantburdensTheprocessoftherecyclingofpowerbatteriesreferstotheandprovidetechnicalsupportfordiscardedvehiclecollection,storageandtransportationofdecommissioneddismantlingenterprises.Asforabusgoingthroughbatteries,wherethekeyfactorishoweffectivemanagementmaintenanceorend-of-lifeprocesses,aqualifiedbatterypatternsforthiscyclecanbeestablished.Therearethreerecyclingenterpriseiscommissioneddirectlybythepublicmainrecyclingpatternsforpublictransportsectorstransportenterprisefortherecyclingofthebatteryandthetoparticipateinpowerbatterydecommissioninganduploadingofinformationtonationaltraceabilityplatformsrecyclingefforts:inlinewithapplicablenationalregulations,includingthepresentingofadisposalreportforusedbatteriesto70thepublictransportenterprisetocompletetraceabilityResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChinamanagementpracticesoftractionbatteries(seeFigureinthiswaycanstillbeusedasenergystoragematerialsso4-20).astocollectandutilizevalleypowerduringpeakhours,andthussmoothpowerfluctuationsofdistributedelectricPattern3:Maintenance.Arecyclingservicestationcanpowergeneration.Thisapproachcanalsousebatteriesasbeconstructedinamaintenanceandserviceworkshopsparepowersuppliesfortelecommunicationbases,orfindofapublictransportenterpriseoranauthorizedvehiclewaysthattheymaybeusedonlow-speedelectricvehiclesdismantlingworkshop.Thesepublictransportenterprisesorelectricmotorcyclesrequiringlessbatteryperformance.areresponsibleforthedirectionandmonitoringprocessesthroughoutthepost-treatmentofpowerbatteries,andaAsenergystoragematerials,decommissionedpowerbatteryrecyclingenterprisewithauthorizationtocompletebatteriescanbeusedinanechelonmodeforgridpowervehiclemanufacturersorbatteryenterprisesisresponsiblestorage,frequencymodulations,peak-dampingservicesforthecollectionanddisposalofdecommissionedandmanyothersituations.Publictransportenterprisesbatteries,theuploadingofinformationonusedbatteriescanconstructenergy-storingpowerstationsbyusingtonationalsupervisoryplatformsandthepresentationofdecommissionedbatteriessoastochargeBEBsontheirdisposalreportsofusedbatteriestothepublictransportownatlowervalleyprices,andprovidepaidchargingenterpriseforcompletetraceabilitymanagementpracticesserviceforsocialvehicles.Assparepowersuppliesfor(seeFigure4-21).telecommunicationbases43,thesebatteriesbasicallybecomeavailableforChinaTowerLtd.Alllead-acid4.6.4EchelonUseofBatteriesbatterypackssetassparepowerintelecommunicationbasesarereplacedbydecommissionedtractionbatteries.TheechelonapproachselectspowerbatteriesBytheendof2019,ChinaTowerhadused5GWhdecommissionedfromelectricvehiclesthatstillhave60%-batteriesinechelonmodein350,000basesinaggregate.80%oftheirinitialcapacity,whichwillbeusedinsomeTobeusedinlow-speedelectricvehiclesforechelonuse,fieldswithrelativelysimpleroperatingcyclesandlowerdecommissionedbatterieshavetobeadjustedintermsofrequirementsforbatteryperformanceafternecessarytestsratedvoltagepressureandexteriormeasurements.GEMandanalysis,sorting,disassembly,repairorrestructuringCo.andSF-Expressusedtoworktogethertoapplyechelonprocesseshavebeencompleted.Forexample,batteriesusedusedpowerbatteriesinurbanlogistics(seeColumn4-5).43Atelecommunicationbaseisdeployedfortransmissionofwirelesssignalsbetweenwiredtelecommunicationnetworkandwirelessterminals.ItisgenerallysuppliedbyurbanACmainsandequippedwithsparepowersystemtoensureuninterruptedpowersupplyincaseofunexpectedpowerfailure.Lead-acidbatterypacksweremostadoptedassparepoweroptionsbefore2015.71ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChina■Figure4-19:DiscardofdecommissionedbatteriesCompletevehiclemanufacturerBusenterpriseLeadsCompletetraceabilitymgmt.DiscardedvehicleJointconstructionRecyclingstationdismantling&sharedbeneﬁtenterpriseRenderdisposalRegulation-compliantreportsBatteryrecyclingdisposalenterprise■Figure4-20:ComprehensivedisposalofdecommissionedbatteriesBusenterprisecommissionsBatteryrecyclingUploadNationalenterpriseinformationtraceabilityplatformCompleteRegulation-compliantdisposalwithtraceabilityrecyclingreportsmanagement■Figure4-21:MaintenanceofdecommissionedbatteriesCompletetraceabilitymgmt.BusenterpriseCompletevehicleauthorizesBatteryrecyclingUploadmanufacturerenterpriseinformationLeadsorNationaltraceabilityBatteryplatformmanufacturerRegulation-compliantdisposalwithpresentationofdisposalreports72■Table4-8:SummaryResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChinaNo.FacetIssueSolutionDecision74SystematiccomparisonsandSelectionoftechnicalSufficientlydeployedchargingfacilities->batteryelectricbuses;Adequatelydevelopedhydrogenanalysesarenotimplementedmeasuresusedinnew-powerindustry->Busespoweredbyhydrogenfuelcells;Coldweather,lessfinancedandinsufficiently1ontechnicalmeasuresusedinenergybuses.preparedchargingfacilities->plug-inhybridbusesastransitionalchoice;Fullydevelopedtrolleybusnew-energybuses.network->trolleybuses;ShortaveragedailyoperativeVehicleselectionprocess:bodylength-chargingtype-batterycapacity-purchasequantity-vehiclerangeofBEBs,quickbatteryDecisionoftechnicalbrands.Batterycapacitycanbecategorizedintoslow-chargelarge-capacitybatteries,slow-chargesmall-2Vehiclepurchase.decay,andhightemperaturespecificationsandquantitycapacitybatteriesandfast-chargingsmall-capacitybatteries.Slow-chargelarge-capacitybatteriesarefirstimpactonpowerbatteryofbatteryelectricbuses.recommended.Fast-chargingsmall-capacitybatteriescanbetakenintoconsiderationifchargingspaceisperformance.insufficient.CompleteBEBpurchase:apublictransportserviceholdsfullproprietary,andthemodefitsfinancially3HighpurchasecostasafinancialPossiblecommercialpowerfulentities;Leaseandbuy:orientedtoasset-lightstrategywithloweredfinancialpressureandissueforapublictransportpurchasingmodes.dependentonexternalentities,andthemodefitsentitiesofinsufficientfinancingcapacity;Completeservice.BEBlease:fullyasset-lightoriented,relievedfinancialpressure,highlydependentonexternalbusinesses,andthemodefitscitiesofdevelopedleasingorfinancingservice.4InsufficientnumberandLocationstrategy.Usingtheoriginalcarparkstation,takingintoaccountfactorssuchasdistancefromtheline,planning,unreasonablesitelayout.vehicletypeandgridexpansionrestrictions.activelyconstructedexpandexternallandresources.Independentconstructionandoperation:ownershipisheldfullybyapublictransportserviceandis5Constructionandconsistentlymanaged,andthemodefitsfinanciallyabundantcitiesandpublictransportenterprises;ConstructionHighconstructionexpense.operationmodes.paidchargingservice:apublictransportenterprisepaysforchargingprovidedbyathird-partysupplier,andthemoderequireslessinvestmentandlowoverhead,whilehastobeproperlymanagedforandoperationofconsistentoperationofallstationsandsites.chargingstations.Chargingequipmentcapacity:vehicle-pileratioisdecidedbyspecificbatteryelectricapproach,andPoorperformanceandStrategiesofcapacitythereisnotstandardratiovalue;Chargingequipmenttypeselection:individualchargersareproperlowsafetyofoldchargingandequipmenttypeforterminals,compactchargingsubstationsfitlargechargingstation,andsplitchargersareproperfor6facilitiesofothertypes.Willingtoexplorenewchargingtechnologiessuchaslarge-powerchargingequipmentselection.pantographs,chargingwithstoredofphotovoltaicpower,andapplicationofpoweroutoftrolleynetwork.Slow-chargelarge-capacity:onechargingatnightanddaytimeserviceisnotinfluenced;Fast-charging7PoorefficiencyofshiftschedulingChargingshiftschedulingsmall-capacity:longerserviceintervalsforpropercharging;Slow-chargesmall-capacity:forflexiblemanually.strategy.routesandmixedpoolofvariousmodels;properlyaddedbusnumbers;optimizedchargingpowerandshiftschedulingalgorithms.OperationmonitoringplatformsEstablishmentofMonitoringiscarriedoutbasedonmonitoringsystemsofvehiclemanufacturers;independently8arenotinterconnectedwithoperationmonitoringconstructedmonitoringsystemfordatacollectionwithgraduallydevelopedsystemfunctionalityandshareddata.system.possibleinterconnectionamongplatforms.VehicleoperationOccasionalsafetyaccidentsStrategiesforvehicleoperationEstablishsafetyandemergencymanagementmechanism,configurevarioussafetyequipmentand9system.suchasfireandsmoking.safetymanagement.enhancemonitoringforvehicleandchargerstationsafety.10DescribedparametersandrealAssessmentofvehicleRegularassessmentofvehicleoperatingperformancebasedondatafrom14operatingperformanceperformanceofapurchasedperformance.busdiffergreatly.indicators.11OptimizationofeffectivenessManagementofeffectivenessPracticetechnicalmanagementassessmentandenergy-conservativedrivingstyles,setuptypical12ofenergysaving&emissionofenergysavingand&examplesandestablishtestingplatform.13Maintenance.reduction.emissionreduction.1415ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChina75InadequateskillsofmaintenanceConstructionand8-yearwarrantyformaincomponents;Busenterprisesrequiremaintenanceandserviceworkshopstoworkersinpublictransportoperationofservicebeestablishedandpreparedbymanufacturers.Someworkshopsareconstructedonbusenterprises’companieswhostillrequiresworkshop.supportpremises.Someworkshoptechniciansarestaffofbusenterprisesormanufacturers.AlargenumberofHVelements,SpecificmaintenanceStandardsandspecificationsofmaintenanceservice:duallycontrolledbynationalstandardsandthecontrolsystemhasacomplexactivities.corporateregulationsandsystems.Keypartsandcomponentsshallbeparticularlymaintainedandstructureandhightechnicaltesteddaily.content.Dailyoperationandmaintenancediffergreatlyfromconventionalvehicles.WeakBEB-specificserviceforceBuildingmaintenanceUsingavarietyofmethodsincludingemployeetrainingandcertification,technicalinnovation,repairvs.overmannedtechniciansforforce.conventionaljobs.competitions.HeavydecayoftractionbatteriesMethodsfordeterminationofRefertoRecyclingofTractionBatteryUsedinElectricVehicle-TestofResidualCapacityforcapacitydecayanddecommissioning.test.Decaycausedbyunequalisedbatteriescanbemaintainedthroughequalization;decaycausedbyearlypurchased.deterioratedbatteryperformancecanbedecommissionedifSOCislowerthan80%ofinitialcapacity.16Batteryrecycling.RecyclingservicehasnotbeenManagementpatternsforBatteryend-of-life;integrateddisposal;andmaintenance.yetproperlyorganized.powerbatteryrecycling.DecommissionedbatteriesfromAsenergystorageandsparepowersupplyfortelecommunicationbases,andonlow-speedelectric27publictransportenterprisesareEchelonusepractices.vehicles.noteffectivelyreused.ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChinaDevelopmentProspectsforthenon-existentdifferenceinthesubsidyamountswhenpurchasingbatteryelectricbusesandplug-inhybridbuses.5.1BatteryElectricBusesinChina(3)Thetrendofcross-bordertechnologyintegrationwillThankstoChina’sstrategicdevelopmentofnewenergybringelectrification,intelligence,andnetworkingcloser.vehiclesandthe“publictransportationfirst”44policyInfact,thedetaileddatacollectionfunctionofelectricofurbandevelopment,thenumberofBEBshasseenvehiclesregardingdifferentaspectsoftheirusage,suchasrapidgrowthinthepastfiveyears.Astheapplicationtheiroperation,engines,batteries,anddrivingstandards,ofBEBshasgraduallybecomeincreasinglyeffective,willbringmorepossibilitiesfortheinnovationsof“data-theyhaveplayedanactiveroleinimprovingthequalitydriven”technologyandmanagement,whichwillaccelerateofbusservicesandreducingcarbonemissionsofurbantheremodelingandupgradeoftransportationservicestraffic.ThefuturedevelopmentofBEBsisexpectedtobetopromotetheprogressofdigitaldecision-makingandcharacterizedbythefollowingprocesses:servicesofpublictransportationenterprises.Atthesametime,electrificationalsopromotesthedevelopmentof(1)Underthepolicyrequirementsofcarbonpeakingandintelligentnetworkingtechnologyandautonomousdrivingcarbonneutrality,thenumberofBEBswillcontinuetotechnologyinurbanpublictransportation.Forexample,increase.China’sproposalofrealizingthepeakingofCO2thecurrentpilotanddemonstratingautonomousdrivingemissionsby2030andcarbonneutralityby2060hasputbusprojectsareallcarriedoutwithBEBs.Moreover,theforwardthelong-termrequirementsforthetransportationfurtherexpansionofthescaleofBEBapplicationandtheindustrytospeeduptheadjustmentandoptimizationofcontinuousincreaseinterminalpoweravailabilityandtheenergystructureandvigorouslydevelopnewenergy.conveniencecanmakeitpossibleforpublictransportationAccordingtothe“2021-2035NewEnergyVehicletotaketheleadinapplyingtrafficandenergyinteractionIndustryDevelopmentPlan,”theproportionofnewtechnologytobalancepowerdemandwhilepromotingtheenergyvehiclesinChina’secologicalcivilizationpilotzonecoordinateddevelopmentoftheefficiencyofusingelectricandkeyregionsforairpollutioncontrolwillseeincreasesvehiclesandtheupgradingoftheoverallefficiencyofandupdatesinpublicaffairs,suchasbuses,taxis,andsmartgridsystems.logisticsdistribution.From2021,itisexpectedthat80%ofunitspurchasedfortheseserviceswillbeEVs,providing5.2BEBPolicyRecommendationsnewopportunitiesforthecontinuousdevelopmentofBEBS.Atthesametime,withtheimprovementoftheThehigh-qualitydevelopmentofBEBsrequiresmulti-technicallevelofBEBsandthedeclineinvehicleprices,party“government-manufacturer-academia-”cooperation,buscompanieshavebecomemorewillingtooptforBEBsfocusingonservingthecarbonpeakingandcarbonvoluntarily.neutralityagendaandfurtherimprovingvehicleefficiency.(2)Refinedbusserviceswillgraduallyimproveandvary(1)ContinuouslyImprovingtheTechnicalLevelofthestructureofBEBs.AlthoughtheproportionofbusesVehiclesunder8meterswasrelativelylowduetotheirvehiclepurchasingcostsandpassengercapacityinthepastfewAlthoughtechnicalindicatorssuchasthedrivingyears,thenumberofsmallvehiclesbetween6to8meterscapacityandenergyconsumptionlevelsofBEBshaveandunder6metersmayincreasewiththedemandforseencontinuousimprovementinthepastfewyears,newvehiclesinresponsetodiversifiedbusservicemodes,thereisstillagapbetweenmodernandtraditionalpublicsuchason-demandservices.Furthermore,withyear-by-transportation.Therefore,equipmentmanufacturersareyeardecreasingsubsidies,thenumberofbuscompanieschoosingplug-inhybridvehiclesmayincreasedueto44GongjiaoYouxian/公交优先77ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChinasuggestedtocontinuouslyimprovetechnicalindicatorsservicefeesshouldbepromotedwiththeamounttoprovidebuscompanieswithawiderrangeofproducts,determinedaccordingtotheamountofchargingthatismakingthemtonewstandards,allowingthemtochooseneeded,therebyimprovingtheprofitabilityofthechargingregardingthemodelsandsizethatfittheirneedsasindustryandattractingsocialcapitaltoparticipateinthewellashaveachoiceinbatterycapacity,andintelligentconstructionandoperationofchargingstations.configurationsagainaccordingtotheirneeds.Inaddition,attentionshouldbepaidtotheapplicabilityofBEBsin(3)ImprovingDataCollection,Sharing,anddifferentclimatesandweatherconditions.Forexample,Applicationinresponsetocoldclimates,itisnecessarytofocusonimprovingtheenergyefficiencyofairconditionerstoTheplansdesignedby“China’sMonitoringandreducethedeclineinvehiclemileageinwinter,whichManagementPlatformforNewEnergyVehicles”havemeansthattechnicalindicatorssuchasvehiclestart-playedanexcellentroleinlettingthegovernmentuptimesatlowtemperaturesshouldbeimproved.understandtheeffectofpromotingandapplyingnewSimilarly,tocopewithextremeweatherssuchasheavyenergyvehicles,realizingtheimportanceofquantitativerainsandwaterlogging,thewaterproofdesignstandardsassessments,andhavesupportedgovernmentdecision-ofvehiclesandchargingequipmentshouldbeenhanced.makingprocesses.Basedonsuchasolidfoundation,itisInaddition,sincethelifeofbatterysystemsdonotmatchrecommendedtostrengthenthedatacollectionandsharingthelifeofvehicle,areasonablesolutionshouldbemadeofoperatingBEBsandchargingfacilitiesfortheindustryforuserswhoneedtheirbatteryreplacedwhileensuringmanagementdepartmenttousebigdatatechnologytothecontinuedfunctioningofthevehicles,makingitfurtherimprovethemanagementlevels.Furthermore,itconvenientforthemtochangetoadvancedbatterytypes,issuggestedthatthepublicationofestablishedstandards,andenjoythebenefitsoftechnologicaladvancement.suchasthe“TechnicalRequirementsforUrbanBusandTramSupervisionInformationSystem,”shouldsoonbe(2)StrengtheningSupportfor,andtheAssessmentof,promotedtoprovideabasisforcross-industryandcross-OperationsdepartmentdataexchangesregardingBEBs.Inthepastfewyears,financialsubsidiesprovidedfor(4)StrengtheningtheApplicationofIntelligentoperatingBEBshaveachievedgoodresultsinimprovingTechnologythebuscompanies’enthusiasmandvehicleuseefficiency.Therefore,itisrecommendedtostrengthenfinancialThejointdevelopmentofelectrificationandintelligencesupportofferedforoperatingBEBsfromtheaspectsofisasignificantfeatureindevelopingnewenergybusespurchasingandusingvehiclesandchargingfacilitiesininrecentyears.Thepopularityofonboardintelligentthefuture.SubsidiesforBEBsoperationaregraduallytoterminalsandtheinitialapplicationofvehicle-roadberefined.Forexample,thedesignofthesubsidypolicycoordinationtechnologyhaseffectivelyimprovedsafetyforoperatingBEBsshouldconsidermorethanavehicles’andefficiencylevelswhenoperatingBEBs.Inthisway,thetechnicalperformance.Itisrecommendedtoconnectintegrateddevelopmentofelectrificationandintelligencesubsidyamountswiththeefficiencyofvehicleapplicationshouldbepromotedfortheintelligentinterconnectiontoestablishanevaluationmechanismforvehicleandsharingofpublicvehicles,infrastructure,andapplicationefficiencyforbuscompaniestomakebetteruseoperationplatformsbysettinguptechnologicalprojectsoftheirvehicles.Furthermore,fortheconstructionandandorganizingpilotdemonstrationstoenhancetheoperationofchargingfacilities,itissuggestedtoresolveoperationalorganizationcapabilitiesofnewenergyvehicleslandresourceconstraintsthroughdifferentapproaches,andthepotentialvalueofdataresources.Furthermore,itincludingcomprehensivelanddevelopment,toimproveisalsonecessarytoexplorethecapabilitiesandpromotetheconvenienceofpowercapacityexpansions.Meanwhile,theapplicationofnewenergyvehiclesinbusautonomousstrengtheningthereconstructionmanagementofchargingdrivingandintelligentnetworkingprojects,strengthenthefacilitiescanhelpachievecoordinatedplanningandcombinationofthetransportationandenergynetworks,synchronousoperationwithvehiclepurchases.Supporttapthepotentialofnewenergypublicvehiclesasenergyshouldalsobestressedfortheconstructionandoperationconsumptionandstorageterminals,andencouragetheofchargingstations.Forinstance,subsidiesforchargingresearchanddevelopmentofcross-bordertechnologies78ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChinatosupportnewenergybusestoactivelyparticipateinthepromotingandapplyingnewenergybusesinthefuture,absorptionofrenewableenergyandtheconstructionofbyactivelybuildaspecialexchangeplatform,publicizingregionalmicrogrids.excellentequipmentproducts,performingtheleadroleinanticipatingandmeetinguserneedsintechnologyresearch(5)AccomplishingBatteryRecyclingProgramsanddevelopment,andpromotingtheexcellentapplicationexperienceofindustrymanagementdepartmentsandDuetothelackofpreparationforproblemsincludingtransportationenterprises.Furthermore,itisnecessarythegapoflifespansforvehiclesandbatteries,imperfecttopromotethecollaborativeinnovationof“government-policiesandregulations,andinsufficientbatteryrecyclingproduction-learning-research-application”andcross-bordercompaniesintheearlypromotionofBEBs,manycitiescooperationbetweenthetransportationindustryandotherhaveencounteredproblemssuchasthefailuretobeabletoindustriessuchasautomobilesandenergy.responsiblyreplacebatteriesandfacingsituationswiththeimproperuseofbatteries.TobetterreflectthattheBEB(7)StrengtheningInternationalCooperationinlifecycleisenvironmental-friendly,itisrecommendedforPromotingandApplyingBatteryEnergyBusesdifferentdepartmentstoorganizeevaluationsforolderBEBstodiminishsafetyissues,anddirectbuscompaniesChinaisinaleadingpositionglobally,intermsofthetoreplaceandretirebatteries.Furtherimprovementsscaleofthepromotionandapplicationofnewenergyinbatteryrecyclingsystemsrequiresbatteryassessmentbuses,whichhasreceivedextensiveinternationalattention.andbatterycapacitystandardstoincreasethenumberofTherefore,itissuggestedtoimplementinternationaloutletsthatcanresponsiblyprovideretiredpowerbatterycooperationstrategies,suchasthe“BeltandRoad”recyclingordismantling.initiative,systematicallysummarizetheexperienceandshortcomingsofnewenergybusequipmentmanufacturing(6)PromotingCollaborativeInnovationandprocesses,supporttheconstructionofrelatedfacilities,ApplicationExperienceSharingintheIndustrialChainandstrengthentransportationserviceorganizationsandmanagement.Furthermore,itiscrucialtostrengthenInrecentyears,thepublictransportationindustryhascommunicationwithinternationalcounterparts,andsharegraduallyadaptedtonewenergybuses,theconstantlyChina’sdevelopmentexperience,absorbinternationalshiftinginvolvementofrelevantparties,andthegradualadvancedexperience,encouragetheformationofexternalimprovementofvehicleapplicationefficiency.ExchangetechnicalsupportandcooperationteamscoveringplatformssuchastheEB-PACNationalNewEnergyBusthesupportingentirechainofequipment,facilities,PerformanceEvaluationCompetitionhavepromotedandoperations,andworkwithrelevantinternationalmulti-partycooperation.Therefore,itisrecommendedinstitutionstocontributetothedevelopmentofnewtocontinuouslystrengthenexchangesandcooperationinenergybusesintheworld.79ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChina■Appendix1:Enterprisesincompositeusingofusedtractionbatteries.No.AreaEnterpriseApplicationTypeBatch1BeijingBlueParkSmartEnergy(Beijing)EchelonuseBatch22Yin-LongEnergy(Tianjin)EchelonuseBatch2TianjinTianjinSaidemeiNewEnergyRecyclingBatch234ShanghaiBYDShanghaiEchelonuseBatch25JiangsuGEM(Wuxi)Energy&MaterialsEchelonuseBatch26HuayouCobaltNewMaterials(Quzhou)Batch1Batch27ZhejiangHuayouRenewableResources(Quzhou)EchelonuseBatch2Recycling8ZhejiangTiannengNewMaterialsRecyclingAnhuiLvwoRecyclingEnergy9AnhuiZhongtianHongliQingyuanEchelonuseBatch2JiangxiGanfengRecyclingTechnologies10EchelonuseBatch2HighPower(Ganzhou)Technologies11JiangxiRecyclingBatch2EchelonuseBatch112EchelonuseBatch2Batch213HenanHenanLiweiNewEnergy14GEM(Jingmen)NewMaterialsBatch1HubeiGEM(Wuhan)UrbanMineralsRecyclingParkEchelonuseBatch21516HunanBrunpRecyclingTechnologiesBatch1HunanHunanJinyuanNewMaterialsRecyclingBatch21718GHTECHBatch119ShenzhenQiantaiTechnologyofShenshanSpecialCooperationZoneEchelonuseBatch220ZhuhaiZhongliNewEnergyEchelonuseBatch2Guangdong21HengchuangRuineng(Huizhou)Eco-TechnologiesEchelonuseBatch222HengchuangRuineng(Jiangmen)Eco-TechnologiesRecyclingBatch223GuangdongJianaEnergyRecyclingBatch224SichuanChanghongRuntianEnergyEchelonuseBatch225GuizhouGuizhouZhongweiResourceRecyclingIndustryDevelopmentCo.RecyclingBatch226XiamenXiamenTungstenCo.RecyclingBatch280ResearchonTechnicalSystemsofBatteryElectricBusesinChinaReferences[1]MinistryofTransportofthePeople’sRepublicof[9]ChenWu.(2012).ResearchonManagementStrategyChina.(2017).NationalReportonUrbanPassengerofBatteryPublicBusOperationTechnology.ManagementTransportDevelopment.ChinaCommunicationsPress,Science,1,33-34.2016-2018.[10]LiuYong.(2017).ResearchontheOperationand[2]KeyLaboratoryofAdvancedPublicTransportationDevelopmentStrategyofUrbanBatteryPublicBuses.Systems,ChinaAcademyofTransportationXi’an:Chang’anUniversity,2017.Sciences,MOT.(2018).ReportonChina’snewenergypublictransportationapplication.[11]LiuHong,WangHewu.(2007).3ELifeCycleEvaluationandMiniaturizationDevelopmentofBattery[3]ResearchInstituteofHighwayMinistryofTransportPublicVehicles.Science&TechnologyandEconomy,6,(RIOH);NationalIntelligentTransportSystemsCenterof45-48.EngineeringandTechnology,ITSC.(2016).NewEnergyOperatingVehicleIndustryandTechnicalDynamics.[12]ZhaoShijia,ZhaoFuquan.(2017).DevelopmentStatusandCopingStrategiesofChargingInfrastructures[4]ChinaRoadTransportAssociation,UrbanPassengerfornewenergyvehiclesinChina[J].ForumonScienceTransportBranch.(2016).SurveyReportonUrbanPublicandTechnologyinChina,10,97-104.TransportOperatorsUsingNew-energyPublicBuses.[13]GuoChunlin,XiaoXiangning.(2013).Planning[5]ADB.(2019).SustainableTransportSolutions:Low-MethodandModelofElectricVehicleChargingCarbonBusesinThePeople’sRepublicofChina.ChinaInfrastructures[J].AutomationofElectricPowerSystems,CommunicationPress.37(1),37-57.[6]ShenzhenUrbanTransportPlanning&DesignCo.,[14]SunJiayao,GuoShuangtao.(2017).AnalysisonLtd.(2018)NewEnergyBusOperationEvaluationRecyclingofPowerBattery.NewMaterialsIndustry,04,FrameworkStudy.53-57.[7]LiuJinzhou,FangHaifengandLiuWanxiang.[15]ZhangGuofang,LiuShiwei,SongJingfen.(2019).(2018)EffectivenessofLocalNewEnergyVehiclePolicyResearchonRecoveryModeofNewEnergyVehiclePowerEvaluationandAdjustmentSuggestions.AutoIndustryBattery[J].Science,TechnologyEconomyandResourceResearch,12,4-11.Environment,06,102-103.[8]DongXiaoyun,LiBin,ZhaoLin.(2018)ResearchontheTechnicalPerformanceAccessIndexSystemofUrbanPureElectricBuses.JournalofTransportationEngineering,18(2),29-3181DeutscheGesellschaftfürInternationaleZusammenarbeit(GIZ)GmbHRegisteredofficesBonnandEschborn,GermanyGIZinChinaTayuanDiplomaticOfficeBuilding2-514LiangmaheSouthStreet,ChaoyangDistrict100600Beijing,P.R.ChinaT+86(0)1085275589F+86(0)1085275591Einfo@giz.deIhttp://www.giz.de/china

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