IncollaborationwithMcKinsey&CompanyTheGlobalCooperationBarometer2024INSIGHTREPORTJANUARY2024Images:GettyImagesContentsForeword3AbouttheGlobalCooperationBarometer4Executivesummary6Introduction:Thestateofglobalcooperation7Fivepillarsofglobalcooperation9Pillar1Tradeandcapital9Pillar2Innovationandtechnology11Pillar3Climateandnaturalcapital13Pillar4Healthandwellness15Pillar5Peaceandsecurity17Conclusion:Towardsamorecooperativefuture19Appendix:Sourcesandmethodology20Contributors22Endnotes23DisclaimerThisdocumentispublishedbytheWorldEconomicForumasacontributiontoaproject,insightareaorinteraction.Thefindings,interpretationsandconclusionsexpressedhereinarearesultofacollaborativeprocessfacilitatedandendorsedbytheWorldEconomicForumbutwhoseresultsdonotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsoftheWorldEconomicForum,northeentiretyofitsMembers,Partnersorotherstakeholders.©2024WorldEconomicForum.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem.TheGlobalCooperationBarometer20242January2024TheGlobalCooperationBarometer2024ForewordBørgeBrendeBobSternfelsPresident,GlobalManagingPartner,WorldEconomicForumMcKinsey&CompanyLeadersinThelaunchoftheGlobalCooperationBarometerseekingopportunitiesforcollaboration.Notably,businessandcomesatthestartofacrucialyear,amidaperiodattheheightoftheColdWar,theUnitedStatesgovernmentwillofimmensegeopolitical,geo-economicandmarketandtheSovietUnioncoordinatedoneradicatingneedtorecognizeuncertainty,whenthebedrockofwhatwasonceasmallpoxandaddressingtheozonelayerinthewherethecontoursstableglobalsystemisshiftingunderfoot.Leadersatmosphere.Andmanycompaniesthatcompeteofoppositioninthepublicandprivatesectorswillneedtogainwithoneanotheralsofindwaystocooperateinendandthoseoffluencyinthedynamicsdrivingthechangestonotareasofmutualbenefit.alignmentbegintojuststabilizetheirposition,buttobeequippedtonavigatethroughshapeabeneficialfuture.Itiswithintoday’scomplexgeopoliticalcontextthatthegeopoliticalgaininganunderstandingoftheshapeofglobalturbulenceandItisnosecretthatthecurrentglobalcontextiscooperation–andcompetition–isvital.Leadersalsotoshapeaconcerning,asheightenedcompetitionandconflictinbusinessandgovernmentwillneedtorecognizemorecooperativeappeartobereplacingcooperation.Theresultiswherethecontoursofoppositionendandthosefuture.thatnewpowerdynamics,changingdemographicofalignmentbegintonavigatethroughtherealitiesandbreakthroughfrontiertechnologiesaregeopoliticalturbulenceandalsotoshapeamoreraisingthetemperatureonlong-simmeringdistrustcooperativefuture.ratherthanfuelingopportunitiesforbenefit.Manybusinessesarerespondingtothesecomplicated–ItisforthisreasonthattheWorldEconomicandoftenfraught–geopoliticaldevelopmentsbyForumandMcKinsey&Companydevelopedtheshiftingoperationsandfacilitiesclosertohome.GlobalCooperationBarometer.Thepurposeofthisanalysis,whichuses42indicatorstomeasureYet,althoughtheworldisheadingtowardsathestateofglobalcooperationbroadlyandalongdangerousdividebysomemeasures,elsewherefiveareas,istohelpstakeholdersinbusinessandthereareprospectsforandprogressoncooperativegovernmentgainabetterunderstandingofthearrangements.Forinstance,forthefirsttimesincenatureofcooperationthatis,orisnot,takingplace.countriesbeganmeetingtoaddressglobalwarming,anagreementwasreachedattheCOP28climateOurhopeisthattheGlobalCooperationBarometerchangeconferenceontransitioningawayfromwillofferstakeholdersatooltouseinshapingafossilfuels.healthier,moreprosperousandmoresustainableworldintheyearaheadandbeyond.Thatcooperationandconfrontationcancoexistshouldnotcomeasasurprise.Historyisrepletewithpartiesatoddswithoneanother,butstillTheGlobalCooperationBarometer20243AbouttheGlobalCooperationBarometerTheGlobalCooperationBarometerisstructuredreal,manifestedcooperationanddonotinclude“onalongfivedimensionsofglobalconnection:tradeandpaper”commitments.Outcomemetrics(suchaslifecapital,innovationandtechnology,climateandnaturalexpectancy)measuretheprogressofcooperation,capital,healthandwellness,andpeaceandsecurity.buttypicallyareinfluencedbyadditionalfactorsbeyondjustcooperation.ThemetricsspancountriesThesefivepillarswerechosenbecauseoftheirinallgeographiesandalllevelsofdevelopment.impactonglobaldevelopmentandtheirexplicitdependenceoncooperativeeffortsamongnationsThebarometerlooksbackatthelast11years,andeconomies.Asaguidingelementinthefrom2012through2022toestablishatrendlineanalysis,thebarometeridentifiedgoalsthatactorsofcooperation.Itindexesdatato2020fortheareworkingtowardineachofthesethemes.Infollowingreason:astheCOVID-19pandemictookdoingso,thebarometerdrawsinspirationfromthehold,itacceleratedmanytrendsexistinginbusinessUnitedNationsSustainableDevelopmentGoalsandandsocietyandsetinmotionmanynewones.theeffortsofotherglobalinstitutions.Indexingthetimeseriesto2020allowsustoseewhattrendswereinplacebeforethepandemic,andToquantifychangeinthesepillars,42indicatorsthetrendsthatemergedfromit(withoutinfluencingwereidentifiedthatresearchsuggestsareeitherordistortingthetrendsthemselves).Notethatsomecooperativeactionsthatadvanceprogressonmetricshavebeeninvertedsuchthatanyincreasethegoalsofthepillarsordemonstrateabroadrepresentsapositivedevelopment.outcomefromthoseactions.CooperativeactionmetricsmeasureactionsthatprovideevidenceofThemethodologyusedfortheGlobalCooperationcooperation;theseindicators(suchasflowsofgoodsBarometerisoutlinedbelow.Detailsonsourcingofandexchangeofintellectualproperty)areevidenceofindividualmetricsareintheAppendix.TheGlobalCooperationBarometer’s5pillarsofglobalcooperationTradeandcapitalPromoteglobaldevelopmentandresilienceFocusofanalysisisoni)developmentandresilientoutcomes;throughii)presenceofglobaleconomicflowsthatpromotelikelyopportunitiesfortheseoutcomesInnovationandtechnologyAccelerateinnovationandbeneficialtechnologicalprogressFocusofanalysisisoni)globalprogressininnovationandtechnology;throughii)presenceoftheglobalsharingofunderlyingknowledgethatcontributestotheseoutcomesbyfosteringcollaborationacrossglobaltalentClimateandnaturalcapitalSupporttheresolutionofclimateandnaturalcapitalchallengesFocusofanalysisisoni)loweringofemissions,preservationofnaturalcapital,andpreparednessforlikelyimpactofclimatechange;throughii)sharedglobalgoals/commitmentsthatincreasehumanity’sabilitytolimitandadapttothedynamicsofachangingclimateHealthandwellnessEnableglobalpopulationtoleadlongerandbetterlivesFocusofanalysisisoni)impactoftheburdenofdiseaseondurationandqualityoflife;throughii)commitmenttoglobalpublichealthstandardsandcollaborationthroughflowsofgoods,R&D/IPandhealthfinancingPeaceandsecurityPreventandresolveconflictsFocusofanalysisisoni)preventionofdeathandlong-termnegativeimplicationsofconflict;throughii)commitmenttomultilateralpeacekeepingoperationsandinternationalstabilizationeffortsTheGlobalCooperationBarometer20244Datacoverage1.Indexedtrendlines1.GeographyDatafrom2020servesasthebaseyeartodevelopcomparabletrendlines,withallvaluesin2020equalAcrossallmetrics,thebarometeraimstoto1(2020=1).Thisbase-yearstandardizationisthecollectglobaldata.Inmostcases,anaggregatebasisofthescorecalculation,enablingauniformglobalweightedaverageisavailable.Whenareferencepointforallmetricsandcomparability,globalweightedaverageisnotavailable,thedespitedifferentunitsanddatasets.mostcomprehensivedataisused(e.g.OECDcountries,orasamplesetofcountrieswhere2.Datanormalizationdataisavailableforallyears).Wherepossible,metricsarenormalizedtoensure2.Yearsthattrendlinescanbeassessedindependentlyoftheeffectsofeconomicgrowthorpopulationchanges.WhilethebarometermeasurescooperationfromForexample,trade,capital,andotherfinancial2012through2022,afewmetricsdonothaveflowsarenormalizedtoglobalGDP,whilemigrationdataforallyears.Allmetricshave2020datatometricsarenormalizedtoglobalpopulationlevels.ensuretheindexedtrendlinecanbecalculated.3.WeightingIndexcalculationEachpillarcomprisestwoindices:anactionindexandanoutcomeindex.Toarriveateach,theToevaluateglobalcooperationfairlyandcomparemetricswithinareweightedequally(i.e.theactiontrendlinesoftheactionandoutcomemetricsacrossindexisasimpleaverageofmetricsmeasuringthefivepillars,theglobalcooperationbarometercooperativeactions).Theoverallindexforapillarisappliesthefollowingmethodology:calculatedasanaverageoftheactionandoutcomemetrics.Aggregateindicesacrosspillarsarealsocalculatedasasimpleaverageofpillarindices(i.e.equalweightingacrosspillars).TheGlobalCooperationBarometer20245ExecutivesummaryCooperationismultifacetedandcancoexistwithcompetition.Theworldisfacingcomplexchallenges.AddressingAftertrendingpositivelyformuchofthepastthemdemandscooperationatthegloballevel.decade,globalcooperationrisksmovingintoreverse.Thestoryvariesbypillar:Today’seconomyisinafragilestate,withgrowthexpectedtobewellbelowthehistoricalaverage,–Tradeandcapital:tradeandcapitalcooperationaccordingtotheInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF).1grewthroughthepandemicdisruption,butRevitalizingtradewillbecrucialtostrengtheningtheslowedin2023;geopoliticaltensionsandneweconomicoutlookaheadandboostinglivelihoods.restrictionsmakethefuturepathunclear.However,theIMFhasraisedalarmsaboutthepossibilityofglobalfragmentation,whichcould–Innovationandtechnology:flowsofdata,IPshaveoff7%ofglobalGDP.2andinternationalstudentspoweredanincreaseincooperationuntil2020,butnewquestionsSimilarly,technologicalinnovationiskeytohavearisenabouthowtoworktogethertoboostingcurrentlysluggishproductivitygrowth,harnessopportunities.withgenerativeartificialintelligence(AI)holdingextraordinarypotential–$2.6trillionto$4.4trillion–Climateandnaturalcapital:thelevelofinadditionalannualvalueacrossindustries,ascooperationforclimateandnaturalcapitalhasestimatedbytheMcKinseyGlobalInstitute.3Theonlybeenrisingsteadily,dueinlargemeasuretoanwaytounlockthisbenefitandmanageundesirableincreaseincommitments,butemissionsalsoconsequencesisthroughglobalcoordination.continuetorise.Climatechangerequiresgovernmentsand–Healthandwellness:cooperationinhealthbusinessestoworktogethertoreachnetzero,andwellnessroseswiftlyinresponsetotheadapttoshiftsinclimatealreadylockedinbypandemic,butappearstobesettlingbacktopreviousemissions,anddoallofthisinawaythathistoricalpatterns.supportseconomicdevelopmentacrosstheglobe.Justlikethehealthoftheplanet,thehealthofpeople–Peaceandsecurity:cooperationinpeacerequirescooperationgloballybetweengovernmentsandsecurityhasdeclinedsince2016andandbusinesses.Long-termadvancementsinplummetedrecently.healthandimmediateresponsestoacutecriseslikepandemicsrequirepartiesaroundtheworldtoBecauseitisunlikelythatthecurrentgeopoliticalworktogether.Yet,intermsofaddressingthehealthclimatewillchangeandcompetitionandandwell-beingofpeopleandtheplanet,theworldconfrontationwillsooncool,thebarometerappearsoffcourse,withjust15%oftheSustainablesuggeststhatleadersinbusinessandgovernmentDevelopmentGoalsontrack.4shouldreimaginecooperation.Yet,ascooperationisbecominganimperative,theThebarometershowsthatcooperationisworldorderappearstobefragmenting.Indeed,multifaceted,andelementsofcooperationcantheglobalsecuritylandscape–oncealargelycoexistwithelementsofrivalry.Leaderscancooperativedomaininthepost-ColdWarera–ispractice“coopetition”–balancingcooperationdeteriorating,withtheUnitedNationsnotingattheandcompetition–toadvancesharedinterestsinstartof2023thattheworldwaswitnessingthespecificareas,despitelackofalignmentelsewhere.highestnumberofviolentconflictssinceWorldFurther,leaderscanusetheseinstancesofWarII.5cooperationtobuildmutualtrust,whichinturncouldstrengthencooperationinotherareas.TheGlobalCooperationBarometer2024presentsanapproachtomeasurethecurrentstateofglobalFundamentally,companiesandcountriesshouldcooperation.Indoingso,thereportismeanttorememberthatcooperationbreedsstrengthandserveasatoolforleaderstobetterunderstandresilience.Thosethatthoughtfullyandconstructivelythecontoursofcooperationbroadlyandalongfivemanagerelationshipsbouncebackbetterfrompillars–tradeandcapitalflows,innovationandchallengesandachieveobjectives.6technology,climateandnaturalcapital,healthandwellness,andpeaceandsecurity.TheGlobalCooperationBarometer20246IntroductionThestateofglobalcooperationMeasuringcooperationisacriticalstepinidentifyingwaystostrengtheningit.Overall,theTheworldisfacingaplethoraofchallengesDespitethechallengingcontext,thestoryaboutbarometerthatrequireglobalcooperationtosolve.Globalglobalcooperationisnotblackandwhite.indicatesthattemperaturesshatteredprevioushighsandlastyearCountriesandcompaniescancompetewhilealsoaftertrendingwasthehottestonrecord.7And,over114millioncooperating.Competition,andevenconfrontation,positivelyformuchpeoplehavebeenforciblydisplacedworldwide–canspikeinoneareawhilecooperationcandeepenofthepastdecade,thehighestlevelever.8Atthesametime,ongoinginothers.Inanotableexample,in2022,amidglobalcooperationthreatsofapandemicandtherisksofnew,heightenedtensionsbetweentheUnitedStateshasbeenmildlyunregulatedtechnologieswarrantconcern.andChina,asclimatenegotiationsbetweenbothreversing(downcountriesweresuspendedandtalkofdecoupling2%)since2020.Cooperationisnotonlynecessaryasareactivedominatedairwaves,bilateraltradereachedrecordmechanismtoaddressthreateninggloballevels.13developments,butitisalsoneededtounlocknewopportunities.Indeed,generativeAIhasTohelpdevelopabetterunderstandingofthethepotentialtocontributeasmuchas$2.6currentstateofglobalcooperation,thisreporttrillionto$4.4trilliontotheglobaleconomy,butpresentstheGlobalCooperationBarometer–arequiressubstantialcoordinationacrosstheglobaltoolthatexaminescooperationinfivepillars:tradeecosystemtomitigaterisksandensurebenefitsareandcapital,innovationandtechnology,climatesharedwidely.9andnaturalcapital,healthandwellness,andpeaceandsecurity.Thefivepillarswerechosenbecause,Recenthistoryhasshownthatglobalcooperationgiventheinterconnectednatureoftheworld,candeliverprofoundbenefits.Duringthefirstcooperationatthegloballevelisnecessarytoseequarter-centuryaftertheendoftheColdWar–advancementsineachoftheseareas.aperiodlargelyseenasahighpointforglobalcooperation–expandedtradeliftedglobalincomesOverall,thebarometerindicatesthataftertrendingandasaresult,thenumberofpeoplelivinginpositivelyformuchofthepastdecade,globalextremepovertywascutinhalf.10Instancesofthecooperationhasbeenmildlyreversing(downinternationalcommunityreflexivelycomingtogether2%)since2020(Figure1).Theperiodfromduringthisperiodaremostevidentthroughsecurity2012tothepandemicwasmarkedbyincreasedcoordinationintheaftermathoftheSeptember11,cooperationacrossfourofthefivepillars(peace2001attacks,financialcoordinationinthewakeofandsecuritywastheexception),ledbyinnovationtheglobalfinancialcrisisin2008,whichincludedandtechnology’smorethan30%increaseinupgradingtheG20,andglobalcommitmentstocooperation(Figure2).However,inmorerecentaddressthegrowingdangerofclimatechangeyearsnewquestionshavearisenabouthowtothroughthe2015signingoftheParisClimateworktogethertoharnessopportunitiesthatariseAgreement.frominnovation.Bymanyaccounts,thegeopoliticaldialturnedfromcooperationtocompetitioninthemid-2010s,asnationalistforcesincreasedinmanycountriesandprotectionistpoliciesrose.11ThedialthenturnedfurtherawayfromcooperationasconflictbrokeoutinEurope,AfricaandtheMiddleEastinrecentyears,withtheUNwarninginearly2023thattheworldwaswitnessingthehighestlevelofviolentconflictsinceWorldWarII.12TheGlobalCooperationBarometer20247FIGURE1OverallglobalcooperationAverageindexofcooperationmetrics[2020=1]1.11.0Overallglobalcooperation0.90.80.70.620132014201520162017201820192020202120222012Source:McKinsey&CompanyThemaindragsonoverallcooperationsince2020risingsteadily,dueinlargemeasuretocooperativehavebeendeclinesincooperationinthehealthandeffortssince2020aroundcommitments.Inthewellnesspillarandthepeaceandsecuritypillar.Fortradeandcapitalpillar,cooperationshowedsignsofthelatterpillar,thetrendwasbroadlynegativefromgrowingthroughthepandemicdisruption(butsigns2016untilthepandemicanddeterioratedrapidlyareofmoderationin2023).after2020duetosignificantincreasesinforciblydisplacedpeopleanddeathsfromconflict.ThefollowingchapterexaminesthechangesinglobalcooperationineachofthefivepillarsandisDespitethisconcerningtrend,therehavebeenfollowedbyaseriesofrecommendationsforhelpingsignsofgrowingcooperation.Thelevelofleadersreimagineglobalcooperationinanewera.cooperationforclimateandnaturalcapitalhasbeenFIGURE2CooperationtrendsbypillarAverageindexofcooperationmetrics[2020=1]Tradeandcapital1.1Climateandnature1.0InnovationandtechnologyHealthandwellness0.9Peaceandsecurity0.80.70.620132014201520162017201820192020202120222012Source:McKinsey&CompanyFivepillarsofglobalcooperationMeasuringalongfivepillarspresentsadynamic,complexpictureofcooperation.TheGlobalCooperationBarometermeasuresglobalEachpillarexaminesevidenceofcooperativecooperationacrossfiveareas,orpillars:tradeandactionsandoutcomesofcooperativeactiontocapitalflows,innovationandtechnology,climatedetermineanoveralllevelofglobalcooperationinandnaturalcapital,healthandwellness,andpeacethatarea.andsecurity.Pillar1TradeandcapitalThetradeandcapitalpillarlooksatcooperationbutexperiencedsignificantvolatilityduringtheinpromotingglobalgrowth,developmentandpandemicandyearsimmediatelyafter,particularlyresiliencethroughglobaleconomicintegration.Itincapitalflowsandlabourmigrationpatternsreflectstheinterconnectednatureofthemodernwhichdeclinedrelativeto2020.However,mostglobaleconomythroughdynamicsintrade,capitalmetrics(e.g.goodstrade,developmentassistanceandpeopleflows,allofwhichareanessentialdriveranddevelopingcountries’shareofFDIandofglobalgrowth.manufacturingexports)returnedtostronggrowthinthepost-pandemicperiod,drivinguptheoverallFrom2012-2020,cooperationintheformoftrend(Figure3).globaltradeandcapitalflowsrosemoderately,FIGURE3Pillar1:TradeandcapitalIndex[2020=1]Compoundannual-6-5-4-3-2-10123456789101.1growthrate(CAGR)%Tradeandcapitalindex1.0Dev.countries’shareofFDI0.9Goodstrade0.8ODA0.7Servicestrade0.6Dev.countries’shareofmfg.exportsTradeconcentration,120121314151617181920212022RemittancesLabourmigrationFDIstockForeignportfolioinvestment(FPI)2012-20202020-2022OutcomemetricsTheGlobalCooperationBarometer20249Notes:1.Metricswerereflectedgivennegativeconnotation.Note:Duetomissingdatainsomemetrics,datafromtheclosestyearsareusedtocalculatethetrend.Thesemetricsincludelabourmigration,internationalstudents,cross-borderIPR&D,tradeinITservices,terrestrialprotectedareas,cross-borderflowsofpharmaR&D,developmentassistanceforhealth,childmortality,maternalmortality.Source:McKinsey&Company2012-2022:Moderategrowthworldandmoremultinationalsreliedonfinancingincooperation,followedbytonavigatethedisruption.Afterthisinitialsurge,pandemic-relatedshake-upshowever,capitalflowsnormalized.FDIstocksretreatedto44%ofGDPin2022relativeto49%Globalcooperationinthetradeandcapitalpillarand47%in2020and2021,respectively.increasedatanaverageannualrateof0.9%between2012-2020,drivenbygrowthinthestockInclusivepotentialandofforeigndirectinvestment(FDI)positionsacrossunansweredquestionsmanycountries.Globally,FDIstockrosefrom30%in2012to49%in2020,asashareofGDP.Inasignofwhatmaycomenext,tradein2023grewmoreslowlythanGDP,atanestimated0.8%Tradepresentsamoremixedstoryinthisperiod.(nearly2percentagepointslowerthan2022)asServicesflows(asapercentageofGDP)rosecomparedtoGDPgrowthof2.6%.15Ifbarrierssteadilybetween2012-2019,whenacollapseintotradecontinuetogrow,somecountriescouldtraveltriggeredafallinservicesfrom13.7%ofGDPsufferfromslowereconomicgrowthandadeclinein2019to11.8%in2020.Goodsflowsdeclinedinthediffusionofproductivityandinnovation.16from49.3%ofGDPin2012to41.9%in2020.Nonetheless,arecentexamination17indicatesthatadvancedeconomieshavebeenboostingTheCOVID-19pandemicandtheyearsthattradewithemergingmarketeconomies,andalsofollowedshookuptradeandcapitalflows.DespiteincreasinggreenfieldFDIperhapsinadvanceofthis,therehasbeenacontinuednetincrease,largerincreasestocome.Forexample,theUnitedthoughithasbeenmoderate.TradeflowsfellStateshasbeentradingmorewithMexicoandintheimmediatewakeofquarantinesandthenVietNam,andChinahasincreasedtradeandreboundedstrongly.Attheonsetofthepandemic,investmentacrossSouth-EastAsia.consumerdemanddecreasedsharplyandsomeproductionandshippinggroundtoahalt.Yet,tradeThesetrendscouldimproveopportunitiesforglobalsoonreboundedashomeboundconsumersstartedparticipationintradeandcapitalflows.Today,spendingmoreongoods.Countriesremainedthereisgreatdisparityinglobalintegration–someinterconnectedandcooperativeoutofnecessityassmallerEuropeanandAsiancity-stateeconomiestheworldnavigatedaonce-in-a-centuryeventandareamongthemostintegrated,whilemanythispatternpersistedthrough2022.Forexample,emergingnationsshowlowlevelsoftraderelativefrom2021to2022,theflowofgoodsasashareoftotheirsize.ClosingthisgapbetweenmoreandGDPincreasedby10%,reachingahistoricalpeaklessintegratedcountriescouldleadtosignificantat51%ofGDP(upfrom46.7%in2021).economicbenefits.ThequestioniswhetherleaderswillworktorebuildtheeconomicconnectionsAsforcapitalflows,theynormalizedafteraninitialneededtopromotegrowth,fosterdiversity,providespikein2020(forFDI)and2021(forforeignportfolioresilience,improvedomesticeconomiesandensureinvestment).14AsCOVID-19surged,flowsofcapitalthatvulnerablepeoplearenotleftbehind.increasedasbanksreallocatedliquidityaroundtheTheGlobalCooperationBarometer202410Pillar2InnovationandtechnologyTheinnovationandtechnologypillarexaminesincross-borderdataflowsandITservicestrade).howglobalcooperation,throughexchangesofSince2020,cooperationhasleveledoff,withknowledgeandpeople,acceleratesinnovationandcriticalaspectsstartingtodecline(e.g.cross-createsbeneficialtechnologicalprogress.borderpatentapplicationsandinternationalstudentflows)(Figure4).From2012-2020,innovationandtechnologycooperationmaintainedstrongandsignificantgrowthacrossmostbarometermetrics(particularlyFIGURE4Pillar2:InnovationandtechnologyIndex[2020=1]Compoundannual-6-50510151.1growthrate(CAGR)%Innovationandtechnologyindex1.0Individualsusingtheinternet0.9ITservicestrade0.8Cross-borderdataflows0.7Totalfactorproductivitygrowth0.6Averagepriceofalithiumionbattery,1Cross-borderR&D20121314151617181920212022Cross-borderpatentapplicationsITgoods/intermediatestradeInternationalstudents2012-20202020-2022OutcomemetricsNotes:1.Metricswerereflectedgivennegativeconnotation.Note:Duetomissingdatainsomemetrics,datafromtheclosestyearsareusedtocalculatethetrend.Thesemetricsincludelabourmigration,internationalstudents,cross-borderIPR&D,tradeinITservices,terrestrialprotectedareas,cross-borderflowsofpharmaR&D,developmentassistanceforhealth,childmortality,maternalmortality.Source:McKinsey&Company2012-2022:Significant,sustainedStill,measuringhowcooperationhascontributedincreasearrestedbythepandemictodevelopmentsintechnologyandinnovationiscomplicated,butsomemetricspointtosignsofGlobalcooperationininnovationandtechnologycooperation.Forexample,thepriceoflithium-advancedsignificantlyfrom2012-2020,likelyionbatterycells,acriticalcomponentenablerforbecausetheseyearssawasignificantshifttowardtheenergytransition,fellby80%.Thefallincostdigitalservices,includingcloudcomputingandreflectedcooperationofcountriesacrosstheglobalappliedAI.Rapidgrowthintechnologicalstreamssupplychain(e.g.basicresearchconductedinsuchasintellectualpropertyanddatafaroutpacedtheUSandJapan;massproductioncapabilitiesingrowthinphysicalgoodsexchanges,18withChina,where70%+ofglobalsupplyoriginates;andglobaldataflowstriplingandITservicestradeextractionofrawmaterialsinAustraliaandChile,doubling.Atthesametime,boththenumbersamongothercountries).19ofinternationalstudentsandcross-borderR&Dactivitygrewsteadily.TheGlobalCooperationBarometer202411Yet,totalfactorproductivity(TFP;alsocalledRedoublingeffortstopromotemultifactorproductivity),whilenottheonlyindicatorinnovationthroughpublicandoftechnologicalprogress,isausefulmeasurementprivatesectorpartnershipsofoverallinnovation–itmeasurestheratioofoveralloutput(GDP)tooverallinputs,withinnovationaGivenrecenttrendsandthegrowinguncertaintykeyfactorinincreasingtheproductivitylevel.20Thisoverthecontinuedpathofequitabletechnologicalmetricremainedvirtuallystagnantfrom2012-2020,progress,globalleaderswillneedtoaddress(ataveraging-0.1%annualgrowthoverthepastleast)twocriticalareasofcooperation.decadeafterastrongstartofannualgrowthof0.4%intheearly2010s.Thefirstistocommittogreatercross-bordercollaborationthroughfoundationalR&D,internationalSincetheoutsetoftheCOVID-19pandemic,trendsstudentexchangesandcross-borderpatentintechnologyandinnovationhavebecomemoreapplications.Forexample,theUSandChinamixed.WhilethepandemicdrovewidespreadcollaboratedonAIpublicationsmorethananyotherremoteworkingforwhite-collarworkersthatcountrypairfrom2010to2021.Thenumberofsupportedcontinuedgrowthincross-borderdatapublicationsgrewroughlyfour-foldsince2010,butflowsandrelativelyrobustITservicesgrowth,otheronly2.1%from2020to2021.22Broadeningthetrendsinglobalcooperationhaveexperiencedpotentialbaseofcollaborativenetworks(potentiallybroaddeceleration.throughthecontinuedexpansionofuniversitiesinlow-andmiddle-incomecountries(LMICs)orincreasedPerceivedriskstonationalsecurityhavecontributedpublicsectorsupportofexchangeprogrammestothedeceleration.Theracetodominatethefrontiersforresearchers)willbeimportanttominimizingtheoftechnologydevelopmenthasledtoimportandpotentialforthegainsofinnovationandtechnologytoexportbanson5Gnetworktechnologies,limitationsbecomeincreasinglyconcentratedinfewerhands.onsemiconductorsandbansonsomesocialmediaplatforms.21From2021-2022,restrictionsonThesecondareaisworkingtoharmonizeandproductsintheITgoodssectorgrewfivetimesfastersimplifyapproachestoglobalregulationoffrontierthantraderestrictionsoverall.TradeinITgoodsandtechnologies.GenerativeAIisthemostrecentintermediates(e.g.laptopcomponents)asashareprominentexample–thistechnologyhastheofGDPdeclinedby5%duringthesameperiod.Thepotentialtoaddupto$4.4trillioninvaluetotheshareofcross-borderpatentsalsofellsharplytotheglobaleconomy,23buttherearesignificantrisksandlowestpointinthepastdecade.Andcross-borderconcernsthatneedtobeallayedforsuccessfuldataflowsdeclinedby2%.deploymentofthetechnology(e.g.AI-relatedincidentsandcontroversieshaverisen26-foldsince2012).24TherehavebeenmultipleregulatoryframeworksadvancedtomanagegenerativeAI,butdespiteeffortsfrompublic-sectorleaders,25noconsistentglobalframeworkhasyetemerged.TheGlobalCooperationBarometer202412Pillar3ClimateandnaturalcapitalTheclimateandnaturalcapitalpillarlooksattheClimateandnaturalcapitalisthesolepillarinimpactofcooperationontheremediationandwhichthemajorityofindicatorsroseacrosstheresolutionofchallengestotheglobalclimateandentireperiodof2012-2022,withsustainedpositivenaturalcapital.Thefocusisonloweringemissions,trendsinfinancialcommitmentstomitigationandpreservingnaturalcapitalandpreparingforthelikelyadaptationandasignificantexpansionofmarine-impactofclimatechangethroughsharedglobalprotectedareas.But,emissionscontinuetogoalsthatincreasehumanity’sabilitytolimitandincreaseandprogresstowardecologicaloutcomesadapttoachangingclimate.isstagnant(Figure5).FIGURE5Pillar3:ClimateandnaturalcapitalIndex[2020=1]Compoundannual05101.1growthrate(CAGR)%Climateandnaturalcapitalindex1.0Mitigationfinance0.9Adaptationfinance0.8Emissionsintensity,10.7Low-carbongoodstrade0.6MarineprotectedareaTerrestrialprotectedarea20121314151617181920212022OceanHealthIndexBiodiversityIntactnessIndexEmissions,12012-20202020-2022OutcomemetricsNotes:1.Metricswerereflectedgivennegativeconnotation.Note:Duetomissingdatainsomemetrics,datafromtheclosestyearsareusedtocalculatethetrend.Thesemetricsincludelabourmigration,internationalstudents,cross-borderIPR&D,tradeinITservices,terrestrialprotectedareas,cross-borderflowsofpharmaR&D,developmentassistanceforhealth,childmortality,maternalmortality.Source:McKinsey&Company2012-2022:Steadyincreaseinglobaleconomy(bymarketcapitalization)havesetcommitmentswithrisingemissionsscience-basedtargetsforemissionsreductions.26Associatedtradeandinvestmentalsorose.Theperiodof2012-2020showedsignificantgrowthOnnature,advancementwasmixed.Moreoftheinfinancingcommitmentstowardsbothclimateworldbecameprotected:theglobalpercentagemitigationandadaptation,withfinanceflowsforofmarineprotectedareasincreasedbyover60%,mitigationnearlydoublingandflowsforadaptationwhiletheshareofterrestrialprotectedareasgrewrisingby56%asashareofGDP.nearly8%(fromaconsiderablylargerbase)overthesametimewindow.However,oceanhealthNet-zerocommitmentsintheprivatesectorhavealsoandbiodiversityremainedstableoverthisperiod,proliferated,withgroupssuchasGlasgowFinancialsuggestinglimitedimpact(todate)oftheseAllianceforNetZero(GFANZ),theTaskForceofinitiatives.ThistrendthreatensthesurvivalofoneClimate-RelatedFinancialDisclosures(TCFD)andmillionspeciesaroundtheworld,27aswellasthetheScienceBasedTargetsinitiative(SBTi)growinginlivelihoodsofoneinfivepeoplewhorelyonwildinfluence.Companiesrepresentingover34%ofthespeciesforfoodandincome.28TheGlobalCooperationBarometer202413Despiteprogressoncooperativeactions,real-Bolsteringcooperationtoachieveworldimpacthasnotmaterializedatthesameinterdependentclimateobjectivespace.Emissionsintensity(emissionsrelativetoGDP)improvedoverthedecade(reducingatanFourinterdependentobjectivesarerequiredaverageannualrateof1.8%29),reflectingadvancestoachievethenet-zerotransition:emissionsinelectrification,decreasesinheavyindustryandreduction,affordability,reliabilityandindustrialincreasingpresenceofrenewableenergysources.competitiveness.31AllfourrequirearedoublingofHowever,thepaceatwhichabsoluteemissionseffortsoninternationalcooperationacrossbothhaverisenhasremainedvirtuallyunchangedoverpublicandprivatesectors.thepastdecade.Formanyindicators,theyears2020-2022eitherToachievetheseobjectives,spendingmustbemaintainedpriortrendsorrepresentedanuptickinallocatedeffectively,focusingoncreatingincentivesprogress.Mitigationfinancinggrewbyalmost14%;todeploylower-costsolutions(e.g.solar/windadaptationfinancinggrewbyover13%(bothasapower)andreducingthecostsofexpensivepercentageofGDP).Therewascontinuedfocusonsolutions(e.g.passengerbatteryEVs;onshorewinddrivingpubliccommitmentstolow-carbongrowthpower).Atthesametime,energysystemsmustbewithastep-changeinimpact;theshareofcountriesredesigned,withpartiesanticipatingandremovingbyGDPwithlong-termlow-carbondevelopmentbottlenecksformaterials(e.g.lithiumandnickel),strategiesgrewfrom15%in2020to82%in2022.30land,infrastructureandlabour.EnergymarketsandplanningapproachesforanelectrifiedworldalsoHowever,thesignswerenotallpositiveinthisneedtobeprioritized(e.g.incentivesforcompaniesperiod.While2020representedananomalyingeneratingelectricitytoprovideflexiblecapacitytotermsofemissionsgrowth(fallingby3.5%giventhesupportwind/solartransition).Alloftheseeffortswillpandemic-drivencessationinmanycoredriversofdemandgreatercollaborativeaction.emissions),by2021emissionshadretainedtheirupwardmomentumandby2022theywere5.7%higherthan2020and2.4%higherthan2019.TheGlobalCooperationBarometer202414Pillar4HealthandwellnessThehealthandwellnesspillarexaminestheCooperationonhealthandwellnessroseimpactofglobalcooperationinenablingpeopleconsistentlyfrom2012to2020andwasessentialinworldwidetoleadlongerandhealthierlives.ThecertainwaystonavigatetheCOVID-19pandemic,focusisonunderstandingtheburdenofdiseaseforexamplethroughthedevelopmentofvaccinesonthedurationandqualityoflifeandthegrowing(thoughnottheirdistribution).Sincethepeakincommitmentstoglobalpublichealthstandardsand2020,cooperationintheseareashasdeclinedcollaborationthroughflowsofgoods,R&D/IPandslightly(Figure6).healthfinancing.FIGURE6Pillar4:HealthandwellnessIndex[2020=1]Compoundannual-505101.1growthrate(CAGR)%Healthandwellnessindex1.0Childmortality,10.9Health-relatedgoodstrade0.8Maternalmortality,10.7IHRscore0.6DALYs,1Lifeexpectancyatbirth20121314151617181920212022DevelopmentassistanceforhealthCross-borderpharmaR&D2012-20202020-2022OutcomemetricsNotes:1.Metricswerereflectedgivennegativeconnotation.Note:Duetomissingdatainsomemetrics,datafromtheclosestyearsareusedtocalculatethetrend.Thesemetricsincludelabourmigration,internationalstudents,cross-borderIPR&D,tradeinITservices,terrestrialprotectedareas,cross-borderflowsofpharmaR&D,developmentassistanceforhealth,childmortality,maternalmortality.Source:McKinsey&Company2012-2022:SteadygrowthandIn2020,cooperationincertainareassurgedinthenapandemicsurge,withresponsetothepandemic.Cross-borderflowsofoutcomesnegativelyimpactedpharmaR&D/IP(asashareofGDP)nearlydoubled.byCOVID-19Developmentassistanceforhealthjumped40%.InternationalscientistsmadetheCOVID-19genomePriorto2020,mostindicatorsofhealthcooperationfreelyavailable,acceleratingvaccinedevelopment,–developmentassistanceforhealth,tradeinhealthandhealth-relatedaidflowedtoemerginggoods,andflowsofhealth-relatedR&DandIP–economies.Internationalagencies,suchasGavi,grewslowlyandsteadily.Healthoutcomes–lifealsoplayedapivotalroleinprovidingbasiclife-expectancy,disability-adjustedlifeyears(DALYs),savingvaccines.32maternalandchildmortality–improvedfrom2012through2019,dueinparttoanincreaseinWhilethereweremajorbooststosomeaspectshealthcaredevelopmentaidandglobaleffortstoofglobalcooperationinreactiontothepandemic,addresspreventableandcontrollablediseases.otherareaslaggedsignificantlyand,insomecases,reinforcedexistinginequities.Disparitiesinthedistributionofvaccines33andcompetitionforscarceTheGlobalCooperationBarometer202415resourceslikeprotectiveandtestingequipment34inthepandemiclongstandinginstitutionssuchasimpededcollectiveresolutionofthepandemic.theCoalitionforEpidemicPreparednessInnovationsTherewasaretrenchmentindevelopment(CEPI)andtheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)assistanceasapercentageofGDPof~15%forsawtheirbudgetsriseby15%frompre-COVIDhealthin2021(admittedlyfromthehighwatermarklevels37andcontinuedgrowthinfundingisneeded.in2020as2021remainedalmost25%higherNewmechanisms,liketheG20’s$1.4billionthan2019).PandemicFund38andthePartnershipsforAfricanVaccineManufacturing(PAVM),offerpromisingAstheimmediateimpactofCOVID-19subsides,avenuesforcontinuedcollaboration.39TheWHO’sglobalhealthcooperationappearstobedecreasingPandemicPreparednessTreaty(tobeconsideredbutremainsabove2019levelsforcertainmetricsin2024)isaprimeexampleofinternational(e.g.reductionsinchildmortalitycontinue).cooperationinprogress,demonstratinghowHowever,othermetricspresentamoremixedgloballeadersareworkingtogethertoenhancepicture;overalllifeexpectancyandDALYs35pandemicpreventionandresponseeffortsthroughsufferedduetoCOVID-19-relateddeathsandtheacomprehensivetreatyframework.40diversionofresourcesfromotherhealthpriorities.Lifeexpectancyatbirthdeclinedfrom72.8to71.0Beyondpandemicefforts,therearefourbroaderfrom2019to2021.Malariadeathsroseby10%areaswhereredoublingcooperationwillbefrom2019to2020.36Andmaternalmortalityratesessential.Internationalpartnershipswillplayanincreasedforthefirsttimeinthreedecades.integralroleincoordinatinganddeepeningbasicresearchonavarietyofhealthconditions,rangingRedoublingeffortsonpandemic-fromchronicdiseasetoacceleratingapproacheseracooperationandaddressingtoclinicaltrialsonfrontierconditions.41Sustainedchronichealthandwellnesscooperationisneededtotacklethecontinuedchallengesproliferationofsyntheticdrugsglobally(ofwhichtheUNSyntheticDrugStrategyin2021andNationalgovernmentsandprivatecompaniestheJuly2023launchoftheGlobalCoalitioncanlearnfromtheinstancesinwhichresourcestoAddressSyntheticDrugThreats42aretwoandexpertisewerepooledduringthepandemic.prominentexamples).ThereissignificantpotentialManyoftheglobalhealthnormsandinfrastructuretocoordinateemergingbestpracticestosupportestablishedduringthepandemic(andbefore)canimprovedoutcomesinmentalhealthintheworking-bepreservedtosupportimprovedhealthoutcomesagepopulation(e.g.approachestosupport/leaveandmeetthetestoffuturepandemics,agingforparentsandcaregivers).43Finally,coordinatedpopulations,andchronicconditions.Forexample,approachesareneededtoengageandincreaseparticipationofageingpopulations(wheretheglobalpopulationofpeopleovertheageof65isforecasttoreach16.5%by2050,upfrom9.4%today).44TheGlobalCooperationBarometer202416Pillar5PeaceandsecurityThepeaceandsecuritypillarlooksattheimpactCooperationtrendsinpeaceandsecurityofglobalcooperationinpreventingandresolvingdemonstratedconsiderabledeclinestartingin2016conflicts.Thefocusisonthepreventionofdeath(Figure7).Thistrendisdrivenbyariseinforciblyandamelioratingthelong-termnegativeimplicationsdisplacedpeopleandcyberattacks,andarecentriseofconflictthroughcommitmenttomultilateralinthenumberofconflictsandconflict-relateddeaths,peacekeepingoperationsandinternationalindicatinganincreasinglyunstableglobalsecuritystabilizationefforts.environmentandincreasedintensityofconflicts.FIGURE7Pillar5:PeaceandsecurityIndex[2020=1]Compoundannual-70-60-50-40-30-20-100101.1growthrate(CAGR)%Peaceandsecurityindex1.0Significantcyberincidents,10.9Ratioofmultilateralpeacekeepingoperations-to-conflictsForciblydisplacedpeople,10.8Conflicts10.7RatioofUNSCresolutions-to-conflictsFatalitiesfromconflict,10.6201213141516171819202120222012-20202020-2022OutcomemetricsNotes:1.Metricswerereflectedgivennegativeconnotation.Note:Duetomissingdatainsomemetrics,datafromtheclosestyearsareusedtocalculatethetrend.Thesemetricsincludelabourmigration,internationalstudents,cross-borderIPR&D,tradeinITservices,terrestrialprotectedareas,cross-borderflowsofpharmaR&D,developmentassistanceforhealth,childmortality,maternalmortality.Source:McKinsey&CompanyRisingdisplacementandAseconddevelopmentalsoloweredthescorecyberattacks,sharpdeclinesinforglobalcooperationonpeaceandsecurity–peaceandsecuritycyberspacebecameanewtheaterforconflicts.Between2012and2020,significantcyberattacks45Althoughthenumberofglobalconflictsdeclinedquadrupledinnumberandbecamemorecostly.Itfromapproximately18,000in2012to13,000inisestimatedthatglobalcybercrimecosttheworld2020,suggestingthatpeaceandsecurityhadeconomy$1trillionin2020.46Cyberattackersimproved,otherindicatorsshowadeterioratinghavereachedacrossnationalborderstotargetlandscape.Forcibledisplacementhasgrownspacesystemsandothercriticalinfrastructure,markedly,withthenumberofforciblydisplacedsentmalwareattacksagainstcentralprivatesectorpeoplenearlydoublingbetween2012and2020organizations(likeoilcompanies47),conductedthe(from42millionto82million).Syriaaccountedforfirstsuccessfulattackonapowergrid,48breached24%oftheadditional40millionpeople;Venezueladefensesatgovernmentagencies49andattacked12%andYemen8%.healthsysteminfrastructure.50TheGlobalCooperationBarometer202417ThedevastatinghumancostsofconflictshaveSupportingvulnerablepopulationscouldstartbygrownimmenselyoverthelasttwoyears.Thoughaddressingtwocriticalneeds.Thefirstismanagingthelevelofconflictissimilarto2014,today’sbattlestheintegrationofrefugeepopulationsfromconflictareprovingmoredeadlyanddestructive.Inrecentzones.Forexample,58%ofUkraine’s6.4millionyears,fatalitiesfromconflicthaverisendramaticallyrefugeeshavenowmovedbeyondUkraine’storoughly240,000in2022–anearlythree-foldimmediatelyneighbouringcountriesandmayplaceincreasesince2020andwellabovethepreviousstrainsonthesocialnetorcohesionofEurope’speakof150,000in2014.Onaverage,deathsperpoorercountriesifnotintegrated.53TheUN’sconflictremainedsteadybetween2012and2020RegionalRefugeeResponsePlan,awell-organizedbuthavemorethandoubledsincethen.andrapidlyscaledinternationalhumanitarianaidprogramme,providesanexampleofhowtoInaddition,globalattemptsatconflictresolutionaddresscriticalimmediateneeds.54Supportinghavenotkeptpace.TheratioofUnitedNationsleadingpracticesinimprovingtheintegrationofSecurityCouncilresolutionstothenumberofrefugeesinthemediumtermwillbeessentialforconflictswas0.43:1in2020;thatfellto0.31:1allowingbothrefugeesandhostcommunitiestoin2022.Similarly,theratioofpeacekeepingbenefitfromtheseshifts,55especiallygiventightoperationstoconflictswas0.47:1in2020andlabourmarketconditionsindevelopedcountries.0.36:1in2022.ThesecondisidentifyingmechanismsandForcibledisplacementalsorosesharplyin2022,approachesthatwillsupportimpactedindividualsreachingarecordfortheperiod(of2012-2022)atinconflictzones,particularlyinflowsoffunds108.4millionpeople,51upfrom89.3millionin2021tosupporttheprovisionofbasicneedsand(anincreaseof~18%).Morethan13millionpeoplereducefrictioninaidflowswithoutcompromisingfromSyriaweredisplaced,aswere11.6millioncompliance,security,andriskstandards.ThisfromUkraineand10.2millionfromAfghanistan.willrequireclosecollaborationbetweenpublicsectorapproachestofinancialcrimeregulation,Intermsofcyberattacks,thenumberofsignificantprivatesectororganizationswithexpertiseincyberattacksremainedstablefrom2020to2022,moneytransmissionandthe10millionnon-profitataround11.3permonth.However,inthecontextorganizationswhoserveacrossavarietyofneeds.oftheconflictinUkraine,RussianattacksonUkraineinternetusersroseby250%andattacksFinally,giventheevolvingnatureofcyberattacksonNATOcountriesbymorethan300%inthesameandpotentiallinkagestokineticefforts,thereisaperiod,andthesecyberattackswerecoordinatedneedforredoublingcooperativeeffortsinthecyberwithkineticattackstosupportgroundefforts,domain,integratingpublicandprivatesectoractorsrepresentinganewtwistincyberwarfare.52toboostsharingofdataflowsoncybersecuritythreats,andidentifyingpatternsofanomalousSupportforvulnerablepopulationsactivityandnewthreatvectors.andcybercollaborationGivenchallengingtrendsinpeaceandsecurityinthepastdecade,thepublicandprivatesectorsshouldfocusenergiesonsupportingvulnerablepopulationsandfindingnewmechanismsofcollaborationtorespondtotheevolvingchallengeofcyberattacks.TheGlobalCooperationBarometer202418ConclusionTowardsamorecooperativefutureEvenintoday’schallenginggeopoliticalcontextleaderscantakestepstoforgegreatercooperation.Inthecontextofthebarometerfindings,whatroleoftheirorganizationinsupportingglobalcanleadersinthepublicandprivatesectorsdocooperationinspecificareasorwithspecifictoprotecttheirinterestsandhelpfosterglobaloutcomesinmind.Thismayalsorequireupgradingcooperation?theboard’sunderstandinggiventhecomplexitiesandnuancesoftheseissues,drawingonthePractice“coopetition”latestresearchandframeworks.BoardsmayAmidaneraofheightenedgeopoliticalcompetition,wanttoinviteglobalexpertsforregularsessionspartiesshouldnottakecompetitiontomeantodiscussthelatestdevelopments,potentialcooperationisimpossible,orthatadeclineinscenarios,andimplicationsfortheorganization.cooperationinoneareameanscooperationisBoardsshouldalsobemoreproactiveinpressure-impossibleelsewhere.Instead,partiesshouldtestingmanagementonthepotentialcontrolsorfocusonidentifyingavenuestowardadvancingmitigationsestablishedtocounteracttheimpactofsharedinterestthatcanexistdespitecompetitiondeclinesinglobalcooperation.–apracticeknownintheprivatesectoras“coopetition”.56BuilddynamicstrategicoptionsTheoldparadigmofglobalizationlargelydependedUsecooperationtobegetcooperationonbusinessesshapingtheway.NowgovernmentsWhilecooperationcancoexistwithcompetition,aremovingbackintothelead,andthisislikelytocooperationcanalsobeusedtoincreaseoverallbeacoreconsiderationforeverymultinational.trustanddiminishunnecessaryrivalryorconflict.AstartingpointherewillbeacarefulandclinicalPartiesshoulduseinstancesofcooperationtodiagnosticofeachfirm’sinterconnectedness–notonlyadvanceinterestsinthatareabutalsoaswhere,withwhom,how–combinedwitharigorousanopportunitytoexploreotherpotentialareasofriskassessmentofpotentialpointsofweakness.alignmentandtodeepentrustwithcounterparts.Thatunderstandingwillformthebasisfordetailedscenarioplanning,includingresilientalternativesRaisethecapabilitiesofmanagementforsupplychains,andtheelaborationofnewEverycompany,especiallythelargeststrategyoptionsthattakeintoaccountdynamicmultinationals,willbetouchedinsomewaybyworldevents.theongoingmutationsinglobalization(includingglobaltradeflows).57CooperationneedstobeThinkdiversifying,notdecouplingtreatedlikeamusclethatcanbestrengthenedandCompaniesandcountriesthatthoughtfullymanagecanreactwellinthefaceofgeopoliticalshocks.theirconcentratedexposuresarelikelytobeAnunderstandingofbothglobalconnectionsandmoreresilient–notonlyabletoabsorbasupplygeopoliticalrealities–andimplicationsforthedisruption,butalsotobouncebackbetter.Therebusiness–shouldbeacorecompetencyforeveryisalreadyevidenceofthisinaction:inApril2022,multinationalcorporationC-suiteexecutive.58That81%ofglobalsupply-chainleaderssurveyedsaidmeansnotjustunderstandingtheheadlines,buttheyhadinitiateddualsourcingofrawmaterials,havingasubtlegraspofthenuances,contextandup26percentagepointsfromthepreviouspotentialimplicationsforthebusiness.year.Greaterdiversificationnotonlystrengthensresilience;itcouldalsopromoteamoreinclusiveEvaluateboardexpertiseandengagementtradingsystemandeconomy.59TheconnectionInparallelwithshiftsinmanagement,boardsbetweentradeandwealthcreationisstrong:shouldbebuildingtheircapabilitiestoconductdiversificationcouldenablemorecountriestomorenuanceddiscussionsanddecisionsontopicsparticipatemorefully.ofglobalcooperation,includingtheappropriateTheGlobalCooperationBarometer202419AppendixSourcesandmethodologyThebelowtexthighlightstwoimportantfeaturesofthe42indicatorsincludedinthebarometer:theirsourcesandthemethodologyusedtoconstructglobaltrendlines(ifatransformationwasapplied),organizedbypillar.TradeandcapitalDevelopingcountries’shareofFDIGoodstrade(asa%ofGDP)Source:UNCTADMethodologicalnotes:FDIisdefinedasinwardstock.Source:WorldBankCalculationusescategorizationofdevelopinganddevelopedcountriesdefinedbytheUNStatisticsDivision.Servicestrade(asa%ofGDP)TradeconcentrationSource:WorldBankSource:UNComtradeMethodologicalnotes:ConcentrationisdefinedinthisFDIstock(asa%ofGDP)instanceasthetotalvalueofconcentratedimportsasashareoftotalimports.First,theHerfindahl–Hirschmanindex(HHI)Source:UnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandiscomputedforimportsacrossallproductsforallcountries.Development(UNCTAD)Then,eachcountry’simportedproductiscategorizedas“highconcentration”(HHI>3000)or“lowconcentration”Foreignportfolioinvestment(FPI)(asa%ofGDP)(HHI<3000).ThetotalvalueoftradeforbothconcentrationcategoriesisaggregatedovertimetocalculatethevalueshareSource:InternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)ofhighandlow-concentrationproductsglobally.Methodologicalnotes:End-Decemberholdingsusedfor2012;end-Juneholdingsusedfor2013-22(duetodataavailability)ODA(asa%ofGDP)InnovationandtechnologySource:OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandCross-borderR&D(asa%ofGDP)Development(OECD)Methodologicalnotes:AccordingtotheOECD,priorto2018,Source:OECDtheODAflowsbasismethodologycoveredloansexpressedMethodologicalnotes:TotalR&Disusedinthisinstanceasaona“cashbasis”,meaningtheirfullfacevaluewasincluded,proxyforcross-borderR&D,giventhatcross-borderR&Ddatathenrepaymentsweresubtractedastheycamein.Fromisscant.2018,theODAgrant-equivalentmethodologyisusedwherebyonlythe“grantportion”oftheloan,i.e.theamount“given”byCross-borderpatentapplications(asa%oftotallendingbelowmarketrates,countsasODApatentapplications)Remittances(asa%ofGDP)Source:EuropeanPatentOffice,PATSTATSource:WorldBankLabormigrants(asa%ofpopulation)Cross-borderdataflows(asa%oftotalIPtraffic)Source:InternationalLabourOrganization(ILO)Source:InternationalTelecommunicationUnion(internationalMethodologicalnotes:Figuresfor2014-2016and2018werebandwidthusage);Cisco(IPtraffic)linearlyinterpolatingusingdatapointsin2013,2017,and2019.Figurefor2020wasextrapolated.From2019to2020,overallInternationalstudents(asa%ofpopulation)internationalmigrantstockgrewfrom272to281million,andin2019labourmigrantsaccountedfor62%ofoverallmigration.Source:InstituteforInternationalEducationThis62%wasassumedtoremainconstantin2020andwasMethodologicalnotes:Duetodataavailability,destinationusedtoextrapolatethe2020valueforlabourmigrants.countriesincludedareAustralia,Canada,China,France,Germany,Japan,NewZealand,Norway,Spain,theUnitedDevelopingcountries’shareofmanufacturingStates,theUnitedKingdom;2021valueswerelinearlyexportsinterpolatedforChinaandNorway.Source:WorldBankITgoodstrade(asa%ofGDP)Methodologicalnotes:CalculationusescategorizationofdevelopinganddevelopedcountriesdefinedbytheUNSource:UNCTAD,UNComtradeStatisticsDivision.Methodologicalnotes:UNComtradedatawasusedtoextrapolatethe2022figure.Therateofchangebetween2021Q1-Q3and2022Q1-Q3wasappliedtoUNCTAD’s2021figuretoestimatethevaluein2022.TheGlobalCooperationBarometer202420ITservicestrade(asa%ofGDP)instanceasaproxyforcross-borderR&D,giventhatcross-borderR&Ddataisscant.Source:UNCTADTotalfactorproductivityHealth-relatedgoodstrade(asa%ofGDP)Source:TheConferenceBoardSource:UNComtradeMethodologicalnotes:The2022figurewasextrapolatedbyIndividualsusingtheinternetapplyingtherateofchangebetween2021Q1-Q3and2022Q1-Q3wastothe2021figure.Source:InternationalTelecommunicationUnionAveragepriceofalithium-ionbatteryDevelopmentassistanceforhealth(DAH)(asa%ofGDP)Source:BloombergNEFMethodologicalnotes:TwopublishedchartswereusedtoSource:InstituteforHealthMetricsandEvaluation(IHME)constructthedecadetrendline:onepresentingdatafrom2010-2018andonpresentingdatafrom2013-2022.DataInternationalHealthRegulations(IHR)scorefromtheformerchartwasusedforyears2012-2018and2019-2022wasextrapolatedusingthey-o-ygrowthratesSource:WorldHealthOrganizationfromthelatterchart.Methodologicalnotes:Allcapacitiesaveragescoreused.ClimateandnaturalcapitalLifeexpectancyatbirthSource:UnitedNationsMethodologicalnotes:MediumvariantUNforecastwasusedforthe2022figure.Mitigationfinance(asa%ofGDP)Disability-adjustedlifeyears(DALYs)Source:ClimatePolicyInitiativeSource:IHMEMethodologicalnotes:Mitigationfinanceincludesdual-Methodologicalnotes:IHME’sforecastedvalueswereusedforusefinanceasitisassumedtobetotalclimatefinance2020-2022figures.minusadaptationfinance.The2021figureisalow-boundestimatebyCPI.The2022figurefortotalclimatefinancewasUnder-5mortalityextrapolatedbasedonthe2011-2020CAGR.Source:IHMEAdaptationfinance(asa%ofGDP)Methodologicalnotes:IHME’sforecastedvaluewasusedforthe2022figure.Source:ClimatePolicyInitiativeMethodologicalnotes:2021and2022figureswereMaternalmortalityextrapolatedbasedon2011-2020CAGR.Source:IHMELowcarbongoodstrade(asa%ofGDP)Methodologicalnotes:IHME’sforecastedvaluewasusedforthe2022figure.Source:IMFTerrestrialprotectedareaPeaceandsecuritySource:ProtectedPlanetConflictsMethodologicalnotes:The2022figurewasextrapolatedbasedonthe2012-2021CAGR.Source:UppsalaConflictDataProgramMarineprotectedareaUNSCresolutionsSource:ProtectedPlanetSource:UnitedNationsGHGemissionsMultilateralpeacekeepingoperationsSource:IMFSource:StockholmInternationalPeaceResearchInstitute(SIPRI)GHGemissionsintensity(ratioofemissionstoGDP)FatalitiesSource:IMFSource:UppsalaConflictDataProgramBiodiversityIntactnessIndexForciblydisplacedpeopleSource:TheNationalHistoryMuseumSource:UnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugeesOceanHealthIndex(UNHCR)Source:OceanHealthIndexHealthandwellnessSignificantcyberincidentsCross-borderhealth-relatedR&D(asa%ofGDP)Source:CenterforStrategicandInternationalStudiesMethodologicalnotes:SignificantcyberincidentsaredefinedSource:PolicyCuresResearchbyCSISascyberattacksongovernmentagencies,defenseMethodologicalnotes:Totalhealth-relatedR&Disusedinthisandhigh-techcompanies,oreconomiccrimeswithlossesofmorethanamilliondollars.TheGlobalCooperationBarometer202421ContributorsMcKinsey&CompanyWorldEconomicForumDanielPacthodArielKastnerSeniorPartner,NewYork,GlobalHead,Head,GeopoliticalAgendaandCommunicationsSustainabilityPracticeJessicaMargolisOliviaWhiteLead,GeopoliticalAgendaSeniorPartner,SanFrancisco,Director,McKinseyGlobalInstituteNicolaiRugeLead,GeopoliticalAgendaandTradeInvestmentOliverBevanPlatformPartner,Chicago,RiskandResiliencePracticeProductionTiagoDevesaSeniorFellow,McKinseyLisbonGlobalInstituteBiancaGay-FulconisDesignerMarkStaplesEditorialDirector,NewYorkFirmPublishingMarkSchulmanEditorKendyllHicksProjectManager,NewYorkYasmineGordonConsultant,ChicagoAndresCadenaSeniorPartner,Bogota,StrategyandCorporateFinancePracticeMekalaKrishnanPartner,Boston,McKinseyGlobalInstituteMayowaKuyoroPartner,Lagos,FinancialServicesPracticeAchaLekeSeniorPartner,Johannesburg,Social,Healthcare,andPublicSectorEntitiesPracticeandChairmanofMcKinsey’sAfricaregionJeongminSeongPartner,Shanghai,McKinseyGlobalInstituteAcknowledgementsThankyoutoMirekDušekandSeanDohertyattheWorldEconomicForumforofferingvaluableinputandfeedback.ThankyoualsotoMaxHallandFlorisLandi.TheGlobalCooperationBarometer202422Endnotes1.InternationalMonetaryFund,WorldEconomicOutlook:NavigatingGlobalDivergences,October2023,https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2023/10/10/world-economic-outlook-october-2023.2.InternationalMonetaryFund,“TheHighCostofGlobalEconomicFragmentation,”28August2023,https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2023/08/28/the-high-cost-of-global-economic-fragmentation.3.McKinseyGlobalInstitute,“TheeconomicpotentialofgenerativeAI:Thenextproductivityfrontier,”14June2023,https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/mckinsey-digital/our-insights/the-economic-potential-of-generative-ai-the-next-productivity-frontier.4.UnitedNations,“SustainableDevelopmentDevelopmentGoals:ProgressChart2023”,https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2023/progress-chart/Progress-Chart-2023.pdf.5.UnitedNations,“WithHighestNumberofViolentConflictsSinceSecondWorldWar,UnitedNationsMustRethinkEffortstoAchieve,SustainPeace,SpeakersTellSecurityCouncil,”26January2023,https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15184.doc.htm.6.Brende,BørgeandBobSternfels,“Resilienceforsustainable,inclusivegrowth”,McKinsey&Company,7June2022,https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/risk-and-resilience/our-insights/resilience-for-sustainable-inclusive-growth.7.WorldMeteorologicalOrganization,“2023shattersclimaterecords,withmajorimpacts”,30November2023,https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/2023-shatters-climate-records-major-impacts#:~:text=Geneva%2FDubai%20(WMO)%20%2D,World%20Meteorological%20Organization%20(WMO).&text=The%20WMO%20provisional%20State%20of,the%20warmest%20year%20on%20record.8.UnitedNations,“Over114milliondisplacedbywar,violenceworldwide”,25October2023,https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/10/1142827.9.McKinsey&Company,“GenerativeAIholdshugeeconomicpotentialfortheglobaleconomy”,4July2023,https://www.mckinsey.com/fi/news/generative-ai-holds-huge-economic-potential-for-the-global-economy.10.WorldBank,“TheRoleofTradeinEndingPoverty”,https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/trade/publication/the-role-of-trade-in-ending-poverty.11.Brende,Børge,“TheDawnofStakeholderGeopolitics”,ForeignAffairs,16January2023,https://www.foreignaffairs.com/world/dawn-stakeholder-geopolitics.12.UnitedNations,“WithHighestNumberofViolentConflictsSinceSecondWorldWar,UnitedNationsMustRethinkEffortstoAchieve,SustainPeace,SpeakersTellSecurityCouncil”,26January2023,https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15184.doc.htm.13.Liu,Juliana,“US-Chinatradedefiestalkofdecouplingtohitrecordhighin2022”,CNN,8February2023,https://edition.cnn.com/2023/02/08/economy/us-china-trade-record-hnk-intl/index.html.14.McKinseyGlobalInstitute,“Globalbalancesheet2022:Entervolatility”,15December2022,https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/strategy-and-corporate-finance/our-insights/global-balance-sheet-2022-enter-volatility.15.WorldTradeOrganization,“WTOlowers2023tradegrowthforecastamidglobalmanufacturingslowdown”,5October2023,https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news23_e/tfore_05oct23_e.htm.16.OECD,“Globalvaluechains:EfficiencyandrisksinthecontextofCOVID-19”,11February2021,https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/global-value-chains-efficiency-and-riss-in-the-context-of-covid-19-67c75fdc.17.TobepublishedinupcomingMcKinseyGlobalInstitutereport(January2024).18.Seong,Jeongmin,OliviaWhite,etal.,“Globalflows:Thetiesthatbindinaninterconnectedworld”,15November2022,https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/strategy-and-corporate-finance/our-insights/global-flows-the-ties-that-bind-in-an-interconnected-world.19.InternationalEnergyAgency,“EnergyTechnologyPerspectives”,January2023,https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-technology-perspectives-2023.20.OECD,OECDFactbook2008,https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/oecd-factbook-2008/multi-factor-productivity_factbook-2008-92-en;jsessionid=CDNpiVey-gVIrTiDYi4HIsQFkPDGv-weHdptFqDN.ip-10-240-5-95#:~:text=MFP%20is%20the%20change%20in,of%20either%20labour%20or%20capital.21.Garcia-Macia,DanielandRishiGoyal,“DecouplingInTheDigitalEra”,IMF,Spring2021,https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2021/03/international-cooperation-and-the-digital-economy-garcia.htm.22.HAI,ArtificialIntelligenceIndexReport2023,https://aiindex.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/HAI_AI-Index-Report_2023.pdf.23.McKinsey&Company,“TheeconomicpotentialofgenerativeAI:Thenextproductivityfrontier”,14June2023,https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/mckinsey-digital/our-insights/the-economic-potential-of-generative-ai-the-next-productivity-frontier#key-insights.24.HAI,ArtificialIntelligenceIndexReport2023,https://aiindex.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/HAI_AI-Index-Report_2023.pdf.TheGlobalCooperationBarometer20242325.See,forexample,therecentBletchleyDeclarationstemmingfromtheAISummitintheUK,https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-safety-summit-2023-the-bletchley-declaration/the-bletchley-declaration-by-countries-attending-the-ai-safety-summit-1-2-november-2023.26.ScienceBasedTargets,“Corporateclimateactionacceleratedin2022,withan87%increaseincompaniessettingscience-basedtargets”,17August2023,https://sciencebasedtargets.org/news/corporate-climate-action-accelerated-in-2022-with-an-87-increase-in-companies-setting-science-based-targets#:~:text=Companies%20representing%20mo-re%20than%20a,and%2042%25%20of%20S%26P%20companies.27.LondonSchoolofEconomics,“Whataretheextentandcausesofbiodiversityloss?”,2December2022,https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/explainers/what-are-the-extent-and-causes-of-biodiversity-loss/.28.Scimex,“ExpertReaction:1in5peoplerelyonwildspeciesforincomeandfood”,8July2022,https://www.scimex.org/newsfeed/expert-reaction-1-in-5-people-rely-on-wild-species-for-income-and-food#:~:text=%E2%80%9C70%25%20of%20the%20world’s%20poor,Emery.29.IEA,“Energyintensity”,https://www.iea.org/reports/sdg7-data-and-projections/energy-intensity.30.UNFCCC,“Long-termstrategiesportal”,https://unfccc.int/process/the-paris-agreement/long-term-strategies.31.McKinsey&Company,“Anaffordable,reliable,competitivepathtonetzero”,30November2023,https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/sustainability/our-insights/an-affordable-reliable-competitive-path-to-net-zero#/.32.Zhang,Yong-ZhenandEdwardC.Holmes,“AGenomicPerspectiveontheOriginandEmergenceofSARS-CoV-2”,Cell,16April2020,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7194821/#:~:text=With%20the%20help%20of%20Dr,early%20on%20January%2011%2C%202020.33.Tatar,Moosa,JalalMontazeriShoorekchali,etal.,“COVID-19vaccineinequality:Aglobalperspective”,JournalofGlobalHealth,14October2022,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9559176/#:~:text=The%20inequality%20in%20vaccines%20was,on%20December%207%2C%202021.34.ORF,“GlobalcontestformedicalequipmentamidsttheCOVID19pandemic”,20May2020,https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/global-contest-for-medical-equipment-amidst-the-covid19-pandemic-66438/.35.Calculatedasthesumofyearsoflifelost(YLL)andyearslostduetodisability(YLD).36.WorldHealthOrganization“Malaria”,https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/malaria.37.KFF,“TheU.S.GovernmentandtheWorldHealthOrganization”,22May2023,https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/fact-sheet/the-u-s-government-and-the-world-health-organization/#:~:text=The%20revised%20amount%20represents%20a,is%20set%20at%20%246.86%20billion.38.TheWorldBank,“G20hostsOfficialLaunchofThePandemicFund”,13November2022,https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/11/12/g20-hosts-official-launch-of-the-pandemic-fund.39.AfricaCDC,“PartnershipsforAfricanVaccineManufacturing(PAVM)FrameworkforAction”,3March2022,https://africacdc.org/download/partnerships-for-african-vaccine-manufacturing-pavm-framework-for-action/.40.Butchard,PatrickandBukkyBalogun,“WhatistheproposedWHOPandemicPreparednessTreaty?”,HouseofCommonsLibrary,14December2023,https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-9550/.41.Forexample,theEUhasaseriesofinitiativescallingforgreaterinternationalcooperationhere:“GlobalPartnershipsinHealth:Detailsofcooperationagreementsinthefieldofhealthresearch”,https://research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu/research-area/health/global-partnerships-health_en.42.USDepartmentofState,“GlobalCoalitiontoAddressSyntheticDrugThreats”,https://www.state.gov/globalcoalition/.43.Brassey,Jacqueline,BradHerbig,BarbaraJeffery,andDrewUngerman“Reframingemployeehealth:Movingbeyondburnouttoholistichealth”,McKinseyHealthInstitute,2November2023,https://www.mckinsey.com/mhi/our-insights/reframing-employee-health-moving-beyond-burnout-to-holistic-health.44.McKinseyHealthInstitute,“Agingwithpurpose:Whymeaningfulengagementwithsocietymatters”,October23,2023,https://www.mckinsey.com/mhi/our-insights/aging-with-purpose-why-meaningful-engagement-with-society-matters.45.Significantcyberattacksdefinedasthosewithanestimatedimpactofgreaterthan$1millionorinvolvingover1millionfilesleakedclassifiedassignificant.46.Lewis,JamesAndrew,ZhannaL.MalekosSmith,andEugeniaLostri,“TheHiddenCostsofCybercrime”,CSIS,9December2020,https://www.csis.org/analysis/hidden-costs-cybercrime.47.Cimpanu,Catalin,“Adecadeofhacking:Themostnotablecyber-securityeventsofthe2010s”,ZDNet,https://www.zdnet.com/article/a-decade-of-hacking-the-most-notable-cyber-security-events-of-the-2010s/.48.Ibid.49.ArcticWolf,“ABriefHistoryofCybercrime”,16November2022,https://arcticwolf.com/resources/blog/decade-of-cybercrime/.50.Collier,Roger,“NHSransomwareattackspreadsworldwide”,5June2017,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5461132/.51.UNHCR,“GlobalTrends”,https://www.unhcr.org/global-trends.TheGlobalCooperationBarometer20242452.White,Olivia,KevinBuehler,etal.,“WarinUkraine:Twelvedisruptionschangingtheworld—update”,McKinsey&Company,28July2023,https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/strategy-and-corporate-finance/our-insights/war-in-ukraine-twelve-disruptions-changing-the-world-update.53.Ibid.54.Ibid.55.Woetzel,Jonathan,AnuMadgavkar,etal.,“Globalmigration’simpactandopportunity”,McKinseyGlobalInstitute,30November2016,https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/employment-and-growth/global-migrations-impact-and-opportunity.56.Brende,Børge“CooperatingOnGlobalGoalsRequiresCompetition”,Forbes,21September2023,https://www.forbes.com/sites/worldeconomicforum/2023/09/21/cooperating-on-global-goals-requires-competition/?sh=5138d01e6f10.57.Seong,Jeongmin,OliviaWhite,etal.,“Globalflows:Thetiesthatbindinaninterconnectedworld”,McKinseyGlobalInstitute,15November2022,https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/strategy-and-corporate-finance/our-insights/global-flows-the-ties-that-bind-in-an-interconnected-world.58.Foramoredetaileddiscussionoftheimplicationsforboards,seeHaider,Ziad,JonHuntsmanJr.,andChrisLeech“Geopoliticalresilience:Thenewboardimperative”,McKinsey&Company,8August2023,https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/risk-and-resilience/our-insights/geopolitical-resilience-the-new-board-imperative.59.Sternfels,BobandOliviaWhite,“Toreinventglobalization,companiesandcountriesshouldthink‘diversifying,’not‘decoupling,’accordingtoMcKinseyGlobalInstitute’sresearch”,Fortune,20January2023,https://fortune.com/europe/2023/01/20/reinvent-globalization-companies-trade-countries-diversifying-not-decoupling-mckinsey-global-sternfels-white/.TheGlobalCooperationBarometer202425TheWorldEconomicForum,committedtoimprovingthestateoftheworld,istheInternationalOrganizationforPublic-PrivateCooperation.TheForumengagestheforemostpolitical,businessandotherleadersofsocietytoshapeglobal,regionalandindustryagendas.WorldEconomicForum91–93routedelaCapiteCH-1223Cologny/GenevaSwitzerlandTel.:+41(0)228691212Fax:+41(0)227862744contact@weforum.orgwww.weforum.org
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