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首页文档碳中和资料研究报告加强黑山基于自然的解决方案（英）-66页

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Enhancing Nature-based Solutions in
Montenegro
The role of ecosystems in disaster risk reduction
and climate change adaptation
Tanja Popovicki, Verónica Ruiz and Daisy Hessenberger
About IUCN
IUCN is a membership Union uniquely composed of both government and civil society
organisations. It provides public, private and non-governmental organisations with the knowledge
and tools that enable human progress, economic development and nature conservation to take
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Created in 1948, IUCN is now the world’s largest and most diverse environmental network,
harnessing the knowledge, resources and reach of more than 1,400 Member organisations and
some 15,000 experts. It is a leading provider of conservation data, assessments and analysis. Its
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IUCN provides a neutral space in which diverse stakeholders including governments, NGOs,
scientists, businesses, local communities, Indigenous peoples’ organisations and others can work
together to forge and implement solutions to environmental challenges and achieve sustainable
development.
Working with many partners and supporters, IUCN implements a large and diverse portfolio of
conservation projects worldwide. Combining the latest science with the traditional knowledge of
local communities, these projects work to reverse habitat loss, restore ecosystems and improve
people’s well-being.
www.iucn.org
https://twitter.com/IUCN/
Enhancing Nature-based Solutions in
Montenegro
The role of ecosystems in disaster risk reduction
and climate change adaptation
Tanja Popovicki, Verónica Ruiz and Daisy Hessenberger
/66
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EnhancingNature-basedSolutionsinMontenegroTheroleofecosystemsindisasterriskreductionandclimatechangeadaptationTanjaPopovicki,VerónicaRuizandDaisyHessenbergerAboutIUCNIUCNisamembershipUnionuniquelycomposedofbothgovernmentandcivilsocietyorganisations.Itprovidespublic,privateandnon-governmentalorganisationswiththeknowledgeandtoolsthatenablehumanprogress,economicdevelopmentandnatureconservationtotakeplacetogether.Createdin1948,IUCNisnowtheworld’slargestandmostdiverseenvironmentalnetwork,harnessingtheknowledge,resourcesandreachofmorethan1,400Memberorganisationsandsome15,000experts.Itisaleadingproviderofconservationdata,assessmentsandanalysis.ItsbroadmembershipenablesIUCNtofilltheroleofincubatorandtrustedrepositoryofbestpractices,toolsandinternationalstandards.IUCNprovidesaneutralspaceinwhichdiversestakeholdersincludinggovernments,NGOs,scientists,businesses,localcommunities,Indigenouspeoples’organisationsandotherscanworktogethertoforgeandimplementsolutionstoenvironmentalchallengesandachievesustainabledevelopment.Workingwithmanypartnersandsupporters,IUCNimplementsalargeanddiverseportfolioofconservationprojectsworldwide.Combiningthelatestsciencewiththetraditionalknowledgeoflocalcommunities,theseprojectsworktoreversehabitatloss,restoreecosystemsandimprovepeople’swell-being.www.iucn.orghttps://twitter.com/IUCN/EnhancingNature-basedSolutionsinMontenegroTheroleofecosystemsindisasterriskreductionandclimatechangeadaptationTanjaPopovicki,VerónicaRuizandDaisyHessenbergerThedesignationofgeographicalentitiesinthisbook,andthepresentationofthematerial,donotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartofIUCNorotherparticipatingorganisationsconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,orarea,orofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.TheviewsexpressedinthispublicationdonotnecessarilyreflectthoseofIUCNorotherparticipatingorganisations.IUCNispleasedtoacknowledgethesupportofitsFrameworkPartnerswhoprovidecorefunding:MinistryofForeignAffairs,Denmark;MinistryforForeignAffairs,Finland;GovernmentofFranceandtheFrenchDevelopmentAgency(AFD);MinistryofEnvironment,RepublicofKorea;MinistryoftheEnvironment,ClimateandSustainableDevelopment,GrandDuchyofLuxembourg;theNorwegianAgencyforDevelopmentCooperation(Norad);theSwedishInternationalDevelopmentCooperationAgency(Sida);theSwissAgencyforDevelopmentandCooperation(SDC)andtheUnitedStatesDepartmentofState.ThispublicationhasbeenmadepossibleinpartbyfundingfromtheSwedishInternationalDevelopmentCooperationAgency(Sida).Publishedby:IUCN,Gland,SwitzerlandProducedby:IUCNRegionalOfficeforEasternEuropeandCentralAsia(ECARO)Copyright:©2023IUCN,InternationalUnionforConservationofNatureandNaturalResourcesReproductionofthispublicationforeducationalorothernon-commercialpurposesisauthorisedwithoutpriorwrittenpermissionfromthecopyrightholderprovidedthesourceisfullyacknowledged.Reproductionofthispublicationforresaleorothercommercialpurposesisprohibitedwithoutpriorwrittenpermissionofthecopyrightholder.Recommendedcitation:Popovicki,T.,Ruiz,V.,&Hessenberger,D.(2023).EnhancingNature-basedSolutionsinMontenegro:Theroleofecosystemsindisasterriskreductionandclimatechangeadaptation.Gland,Switzerland:IUCN.Frontcoverphoto:LakeSkadar,Montenegro.PhotobyBoudewijnBoer,Unsplash.Layoutby:IUCNECAROTableofcontentsExecutivesummary....................................................................................................................ivAcknowledgements..................................................................................................................viiiAcronyms...................................................................................................................................ix1.Purposeandmethodologyofthescopingstudy..................................................................11.1TheADAPTproject......................................................................................................12.Introduction.........................................................................................................................23.Montenegrocountrycontextandbasicdata........................................................................43.1.Geography...................................................................................................................43.2.Socioeconomiccontext................................................................................................63.3.Gendercontext............................................................................................................83.4.Environmentalcontext.................................................................................................83.5.Forests......................................................................................................................103.6.Water.........................................................................................................................113.7.Agriculturalland.........................................................................................................123.8.Climatechangecontext.............................................................................................123.9.Disasterriskcontext..................................................................................................143.9.1Forestfires...........................................................................................................153.9.2Floods..................................................................................................................163.9.3Droughtsandheatwaves....................................................................................183.10.Natureprotection,ecosystemservicesandlanddegradation....................................204.Stakeholderrolesandresponsibilities...............................................................................234.1.Stakeholderanalysis..................................................................................................245.PolicyandstrategicframeworkforNbS.............................................................................265.1.Climatechange..........................................................................................................265.2.Disasterriskreduction...............................................................................................315.3.GenderequalityinclimateandDRRpolicies.............................................................335.4.NbSinotherstrategicdocuments..............................................................................355.4.1Biodiversityandnatureprotection........................................................................355.4.2Forestry...............................................................................................................365.4.3Watermanagement.............................................................................................366.ExperienceswithNbS.......................................................................................................387.Conclusionsandrecommendations..................................................................................397.1RecommendationsforNbSmainstreamingandapplication.......................................40AnnexI:Stakeholderresponsibilities........................................................................................43AnnexII:ProjectscomplementarytoNbS................................................................................50iiiExecutivesummaryMontenegroisadisaster-pronecountryparticularlyvulnerabletoclimatechange,thusaffectingmultiplesectors–agriculture,biodiversity,energy,forestry,publichealth,coastalareasandmaritimeresources,tourism,andwaterresources.Thecombinationoftheriseinfrequencyandintensityofclimate-relatedhazardsandincreasingdevelopmentinthecountryraisestherisksofthesehazards,causingsubstantialeconomicandhealthimpacts.ThisuncertainandchangingsituationishinderingthefulfilmentofMontenegro’senvironmental,economicanddevelopmentaltargets.Montenegrobearstheconstitutionaldesignationofanecologicalstate,withanenduringcommitmenttosustainabledevelopmentwiththepreservationofahealthyenvironmentandbiodiversity,preservationandimprovementofthequalityofwater,sea,air,soil,spaceandothernaturalresourcesforgenerationstocome.TheGovernmentofMontenegroadoptedtheNationalSustainableDevelopmentStrategy(NSDS)1in2017.Itservesasastrategicdocumentpromotingsustainabledevelopmentpoliciesandsettinglong-termguidelinesforsustainabledevelopmentinMontenegro.Evenwithitsstronglinkagestobothdisasterriskreduction(DRR)andclimatechange,thedocumentwasprimarilydevelopedwithinthecontextofthetransposition,implementationandenforcementoftheEuropeanUnion(EU)acquis,anddoesnotindicatehowtheenvironment,landscapesorecosystemsaretobepreservednordoesitprovidetangiblelinkstointernalandexternalfinancialsourcesforitsimplementation.Aplethoraofothersectoralpolicyandstrategicdocumentsexists,manyofwhichmightrepresentapotential“entrypoint”formainstreamingNature-basedSolutions(NbS),suchasthosegoverningforests,coastalorwatermanagement.However,NbShavestillnotbeenconsideredexplicitlyorrecognisedwithinMontenegro’spolicyorstrategicframework.GenderequalityisnotwidelyrecognisedwithinmostsectoralpoliciesinMontenegro,andgenderequalityissuesshouldbemoresystematicallyincorporatedintotheclimateandDRRpoliciesofMontenegro.Theinstitutionalresponsibilitiesfordifferentaspectsofclimatechange,disasterriskreductionandbiodiversityaredividedamongvariousministries,nationalplatformsandlocalgovernments1MinistryofSustainableDevelopmentandTourism(2017).TheNationalStrategyforSustainableDevelopmentofMontenegro.Podgorica,Montenegro:MinistryofSustainableDevelopmentandTourism.iv(especiallyinregardtoDRR),andtherearenumerousstakeholderswithvaryinginterestsandcompetenciesintheapplicationandoperationofNbS.Thefollowingsetofrecommendationsaredefined—forpolicyandpractice—thatcanbeadoptedtosupportthemainstreamingoftheNbSapproachintopolicies,andtofacilitatethefurtherapplicationofNbSmeasuresandprojectsinMontenegro.1.IntersectoralcooperationandexchangeisakeyprerequisiteforthesuccessfulapplicationofNbS.Ecosystemsarecomplexsystemsandtheirconservation,protectionandsustainablemanagementneedtobeaddressedwithacross-sectoralvision.NbS-relatedmattersshouldgobeyondthemandateofasingleentitygiventhattheirimplementationmightaffectmultiplesectors.Hence,NbSneedstobeintegratedintoappropriatesectoralandcross-sectoralplans,programmesandpolicies,alongwithmeasuresforclimatechangeadaptation(CCA),disasterrisksreduction,conservationandsustainableuseofnatureandresources,underpinnedbystrongcoordinationamongtherelevantinstitutionsandgovernmentalbodies.EnhancethemainstreamingofNbSandspecificNbSapproachesintosectorallaws,plans,policiesandstrategiesandensurestronglinkagesbetweenDRRandCCA;Strengtheninstitutionalcapacities(technicalandpersonnel)forestablishingsolidcoordinationandcollaborationacrosssectorswhilealsoimprovinginter-institutionalcoordination.2.GovernancearrangementsshouldbebasedonstakeholderengagementanddialogueStakeholderswhoaredirectlyandindirectlyaffectedbyNbSshouldbeidentifiedandinvolvedinallstagesofanNbSproject,i.e.,fromdesigntoimplementation.Ontheotherhand,allexistinginformationconcerningtheNbSproject,policyand/orotherneedsshouldbecompiledandenteredintotheNbSdesign,soitcanconsciouslyaddressthetargetedsocietalchallenge(s).Itiscriticaltofostersectoralcooperationandcross-sectoralcoordinationandtoensurecommunicationamonggovernmentstakeholders,thusensuringbettercommunicationwiththebroadergroupofstakeholders.Enhancedialogueandtheexchangeofdataandinformationonpolicygoalsandobjectivesamongsectorsand/orinstitutionspertainingtoNbS(climatechange,environment,energy,agriculture,forestry,DRR);PromoteNbSamongwidergroupsofstakeholderstoensuretheirunderstandingandcommitmentsforbuildingresilienceandresolvingsocietalchallengesthroughapplicationoftheNbSapproach.v3.EmphasisethemanybenefitsprovidedbyNbSwhileadvocatingfortheirimplementation.PromotingandadvocatingformoreeffectiveutilisationofthepotentialofferedthroughtheapplicationofNbSapproachesshouldconsidertheiroverarchinggoaltoaddressglobalsocietalchallenges,andthepotentialtosubstantiallycontributetomultipleglobalframeworksandtargets.TheirabilitytoprovidemultiplebenefitswhileaddressingDRRandCCAshouldbeemphasised.IncreaseawarenessofNbSanditsunlockedpotentialbystressingthecontributiontheseprojectscanhavetowardsachievingmultipletargets/goals,whilealsoservingasareportingmechanism;Promotethedevelopmentofscientificstudies,analyses,surveys,andprojectsonNbSthroughtheirconnectionstothethreepillars:science,policyandpractice.4.Enabletangiblelinkstointernalandexternalresources(financial,material,institutional)forimplementationofpoliciesandstrategiesrelatedtoDRR.Reducingthevulnerabilitiesineachsectorispossibleviatargetedpolicyinterventions,developingandenforcingrobustenvironmentalorclimatelegislation,andencouragingtheinvolvementofcivilsocietyandthegeneralpublicinworkingtomitigatetheeffectsofclimatechangeandDRR.Inordertoachievethis,cost-effectivestrategiesforclimateadaptationandriskreductionandmanagementoughttobeintegratedintodevelopmentplanningandpublicinvestment.Improvecapacitiesindisasterriskmanagementandresponsethroughtraining,sincethereisexperiencebutnotechnicalknowledge,e.g.,onunderstandingdisastersandtheirimpacts;EnsurethatcoordinationandknowledgeofspecificrolesandresponsibilitieswithinDRRissubstantiallyimproved.5.Designingtailoredpolicies–spatialandtemporalscales.Whiletherearepolicymeasuresalreadyinplacetodealwithclimatechangeanddisasterriskreduction,mostareinadequatetothescaleofthefuturethreat.Whendesigningthistypeofmeasure,itisimportanttoconsiderthespatialandtimescaleandtorecognisethecomplexityofboththelandscapesandfutureuncertainties,particularlyinachangingworld.Theproposedpolicies,basedonNbS,havetobedesignedwithalong-termsustainablevision,andalignedwithcross-sectoral,nationalandotherpolicy/regulatoryframeworks.Systematiseandimproveexistingprocesses,procedures,timelinesandmethodologiesthatlaythefoundationsfortheproperdesignandimplementationofNbS;viEstablishcross-borderpartnershipsonthegenerationanduseofclimatechangedataandtheirintegrationintodevelopmentandotherplans.viiAcknowledgementsWewouldliketoexpressoursinceregratitudetotheADAPTprojectmanagementteamfortheirsupportandguidanceduringthepreparationofthisstudy:•MrBorisErg,Director,IUCNRegionalOfficeforEasternEuropeandCentralAsia(ECARO),•MsMihaelaDraganLebovics,NbSSeniorProjectOfficer,IUCNECARO,•MsMilicaRadanović,NbSOfficer,IUCNECARO,•MsVesnaBjedov,CommunicationOfficer,IUCNECARO.Also,ourgratitudegoestorepresentativesoftheMinistryofEcology,SpatialPlanningandUrbanismofMontenegroforprovidingvaluablecommentsandresourcesinenablingustocollectthenecessarydataonNature-basedSolutionsinMontenegro,andtothusenrichthestudywithrelevantexamples.AuthorsviiiAcronymsBiennialupdatereportConventiononBiologicalDiversityBURClimatechangeadaptationCBDCivilsocietyorganisationCCADisasterriskreductionCSOEuropeanEnvironmentAgencyDRREnvironmentalProtectionAgencyEEAEuropeanUnionEPAFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationsEUGreenClimateFundFAOGrossdomesticproductGCFGreenhousegasesGDPDeutscheGesellschaftfürInternationaleZusammenarbeitGHGGrossvalueaddedGIZIntegratedpollutionprotectionandcontrolGVAInternationalUnionforConservationofNatureIPPCMeasurement,reportingandverificationIUCNNature-basedSolutionsMRVNationallyDeterminedContributionNbSNationalSustainableDevelopmentStrategyNDCRegionalCooperationCouncilNSDSSwedishInternationalDevelopmentCooperationAgencyRCCSustainableDevelopmentGoalSidaThirdNationalCommunicationunderUNFCCCSDGUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeTNCUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgrammeUNFCCCUnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforEuropeUNDPUNECEix1.PurposeandmethodologyofthescopingstudyTheoverallpurposeofthisscopingstudy(hereinafter:Study)istoprovidethestate-of-theartoftheMontenegrinnationalcontextwithregardstotheapplicationofNature-basedSolutions(NbS)approachesforclimatechangeadaptation(CCA)anddisasterriskreduction(DRR).ThemainobjectivesofthisStudyareto:1)analysethenationalinstitutional,policyandlegalcontextsthatenableNbSapplication,2)presentanoverviewofnaturalhazardsanddisastersinMontenegroandthecorrelatedrisks,3)elaborateontheaddedbenefitofdeployingNbSinthegivencontext,4)identifyknowledge,institutionalandcapacitygapsandbarriersforapplyingNbS,and5)providerecommendationsandentrypointsformainstreamingNbSintonationalDRRandclimatechangepoliciesandstrategies.TheStudyreliesontheavailableandaccessibledataandinformationextractedfromexistingdocumentationsonpolicies,programmesandstrategies–fromlocaltoglobalcontexts.Thiscompilationiscomplementedbypastandongoinginitiatives,projectsandactivitiesinMontenegroonNature-basedSolutionsforDRRandCCAtocreateacomprehensiverepositoryofbestpracticesandlessonslearnedthatsupporttherecommendationsandidentificationofentrypointsforpotentialNbSscalabilityandreplicability.1.1TheADAPTprojectTheADAPT:Nature-basedSolutionsforresilientsocietiesintheWesternBalkansprojectaimstoincreaseecosystemandcommunityresiliencetoclimatechangeandenvironmentaldegradationintheWesternBalkans.ThisregionalumbrellainitiativeworkswithsixWesternBalkaneconomies,regionalandlocalpartners.ADAPTcontributestoreducingenvironmentaldegradationandincreasingclimateresiliencethroughNature-basedSolutions,whileensuringsocialandgenderequalityintheWesternBalkanregion.Toensurelong-termandbalancedoutcomes,theprojectrestsonthreemajorpillars:KnowledgeenhancementandawarenessraisingonNature-basedSolutionsfordisastersandclimateresilienceacrossmultiplestakeholders–fromdecision-makersandnaturalresourcemanagerstolocalcommunities–withaspecificfocusongender;Mainstreamingclimate-compliantandequitableNbSintoadaptationanddisasterreductionpolicyrelatedpolicyinstruments;andNbSimplementationandscale-upforDRR.12.IntroductionTheWesternBalkansareamongthemostvulnerableregionsinEuropeintermsofclimatechangeandenvironmentalimpacts.Extremeevents,suchasfloods,droughtsandforestfires,areforecasttooccurmorefrequentlyandwithgreaterimpacts,callingformeasuresthatreducedisasterriskswhileincreasingresilienceandCCA.The2016EuropeanEnvironmentAgency(EEA)report2onclimatechangeimpactsandvulnerabilityinEuropeconsidersSoutheastEuropeandsouthernpartsofthecontinentashighlypronetoclimatechangeeffects,asaregionwiththehighestimpactofclimatechangeandnumberofseverelyaffectedsectorsanddomains.ThestudyonclimatechangeintheWesternBalkans,3publishedbytheRegionalCooperationCouncil(RCC)inJune2018,showsanalarmingincreaseoftemperatureoverthewholeterritory,withaforecasttemperatureincreaseof1.2°Cinthenearfuture,destinedtowarmfurtherby1.7–4.0°Candevenexceeding5.0°Cbytheendofthecentury,dependingonglobaleffortstoreducegreenhousegas(GHG)emissions.Analysesofclimatechangeimpactsintheregionrecognisethathumanhealth,safetyandthequalityoflifearehighlyaffectedbynaturalhazardsandsectorialweather-relatedlosses,whilealsoidentifyingagriculture,forestry,waterresourcesandhumanhealthassectorsexpectedtoexperiencethegreatestimpacts.AsaMediterraneancountry,Montenegroisexposedtovariousnaturalhazards,includingfrequentfloods,heavyrainfallsandsnowfalls,avalanches,windstorms,heatwaves,landslides,forestfires,seismicevents,droughts,airbornesandfromdeserts,andcertainepidemicsthataredirectlyorindirectlyrelatedtohydrology,meteorologyandtheweatherconditions.Anumberofhazardsalsoposerisksacrossbordersintheregion,especiallyfloods,forestfiresandthedispersionofairbornepollutants.Thereisanincreasingunderstandingthatnatureprovides‘no-regret’solutionsthatarecost-effectiveandcancontributetoincreasingcommunityresiliencebeyondsociety’scapacitytoabsorbandrecoverfromasingledisaster,suchasafloodordrought.Whilestillanemergingconcept,NbShaveclearlydemonstratedtheirvalueinprovidingmultiplebenefitstosocieties,e.g.,inmitigatingandadaptingtoclimatechangeimpacts,reducingdisasterrisks,improvingcommunityresilienceandlivelihoods,andsafeguardingecosystemsandbiodiversity.VariousapproachessupporttheapplicationofNbS,includinggreeninfrastructure(GI),ecosystem-baseddisasterriskreductionoranEcosystem-basedApproach.MeasuresfacilitatingthepracticalimplementationofNbSthroughpolicydevelopmentandenforcement,stakeholderinvolvementand2EuropeanEnvironmentAgency(2017).Climatechange,impactsandvulnerabilityinEurope2016.Anindicator-basedreport.Luxembourg:PublicationsOfficeoftheEuropeanUnion.DOI:10.2800/5348063Vuković,A&Mandić,M.(2018).StudyonclimatechangeintheWesternBalkansregion.Sarajevo,BosniaandHerzegovina:RegionalCooperationCouncil.2buildingcapacitiesofnationalinstitutionsand/orlocalcommunitiesareequallyimportant.4TheIUCNGlobalStandardforNature-basedSolutionsTM,5launchedinJuly2020,withitsassociatedguidance6operationalisesNbSbyprovidingacommonlanguageandframeworkinordertodesign,verifyandscaleupNbSapplicationsandpolicies.InordertoelaborateonthespecificcontextofMontenegroinrelationtotheopportunitiesderivingfromtheapplicationofNbSapproachesinaddressingsomeoftheabove-mentionedclimate,communityresilienceanddisasterrisks,onehastounderstandtheoverallframeworkfortheirimplementationinMontenegro.NbSisanoverarching,crosscuttingconceptthatbydefinitioninvolvesvarioussectors,asshowninFigure1.TheclimatechangeandDRRissuespenetrateintoallrelevantsectors,demandingthatchallengesbeaddressedthroughclimateadaptationandmitigationmeasuresoractionsstrivingtoreducetherisksfromdisasters.Figure1.NbSapproachesbasedontheIUCNdefinitionincludingthesevensocietalchallengesthatNbSaddress(climatechangeadaptationandmitigation,disasterriskreduction,economicandsocialdevelopment,humanhealth,foodsecurity,watersecurityandecosystemdegradationandbiodiversityloss(Source:IUCN,2020,seefootnote5).4Popovicki,T.(2019).StudyonNature-basedSolutionsinSerbia.Belgrade,Serbia:UNDP.5IUCN(2020).GlobalStandardforNature-basedSolutions.Auser-friendlyframeworkfortheverification,designandscalingupofNbS.Firstedition.Gland,Switzerland:IUCN.6IUCN(2020).GuidanceforusingtheIUCNGlobalStandardforNature-basedSolutions.Auser-friendlyframeworkfortheverification,designandscalingupofNature-basedSolutions.Firstedition.Gland,Switzerland:IUCN.33.Montenegrocountrycontextandbasicdata3.1.GeographyMontenegroislocatedinSoutheastEurope,ontheBalkanPeninsula(Figure2,Table1).Thecountrycoversasurfaceareaofapproximately13,812km²,whilethecoastlineis293.5kmlong.Figure2:PhysicalmapofMontenegro(Source:Worldometer,https://www.worldometers.info/maps/montenegro-map/)Montenegrocanbedividedintothreeregions:theAdriaticcoastandlowlandsinthesouthwest;thecentrallowlandplainwithLakeSkadar,andtheZetaandlowerMoračaRivers,andtheinlandmountainregionthatdominatesMontenegro’sgeographyinthewest.Mostmountainousareasarelocatedinthenorthofthecountry,with37summitsofelevationsover2000metres.ThedeepestcanyoninEurope,theTaraRiverGorge,islocatedwithinthesemountainsandhasadepthofupto1,300metres.ThemountainsdescendtothecentralinlandplainsandthevalleysoftheZetaandlowerMoračaRiver.ThesevalleyscomprisetheZeta-BjelopavlićiplainwiththelargestlakeontheBalkanPeninsula,LakeSkadar.4Table1.Montenegrogeneralinformation(Source:DatacompiledbyStudyauthors)Landborderlength614kmCoastlinelength283kmTotalsurfacearea13,812km22,540km2Territorialseaarea5,145km2Agriculturallandarea6,225km2ForestlandareaThewidthofthecoastalplainsvariesfromhundredsofmeterstoseveralkilometresandcomprisesapproximately11%ofthetotalnationalarea.Approximately37%ofthenationalterritoryiscoveredbyagriculturallands,45%byforestsand18%bycoastalplains,settlements,roadsandrockyareas.TheforestcoverratioinMontenegrois0.9hectaresperperson,withanoveralltimberstockofabout72millionm3.Montenegroiscategorisedasawater-richcountrywithanaverageannualrunoffof624m3/s.7Montenegro’sgeographyalsoenablesintensiveuseoflandresourcesforagriculturewhilelimitingexposuretosoilerosion,asonly7%oftheterritoryhasaslopeoflessthan5degrees.8AgriculturallandinMontenegrocoversanareaof309,241hectaresandaccountsfor22.4%oftheterritory(ofwhich95.2%isfamilyfarmsand4.8%isregisteredagriculturalholdings).Thislandishighlyfragmented.Morethan90%ofthelandareainMontenegroliesatelevationsover200metres,45%islessthan1,000m,whilethemountainousareasover1,500mcoverabout15%oftheterritory.ThegeologicalstructureofMontenegroischaracterisedbyrockofvaryingages.Limestone,dolomite,andigneousrocksaccountforalmosttwo-thirdsofthelandarea.Hydrogeologicalcharacteristicsaredeterminedbythegeologicalstructureoftheterrain.Duetothecompositionoftherocks,precipitationquicklypenetratesintotheground,feedingbothconfinedandunconfinedkarstaquifersthatdischargeintothezonesoferosionbases,thesea,LakeSkadar,andalongtherimoftheZeta-Bjelopavlićiplain,NikšićField,andtheareaadjacenttothewatercoursebeds.9Administratively,thecountryisdividedinto23political-territorialunits(municipalities)thatperformlocalgovernancefunctions.ThecapitalofMontenegroisPodgorica,whichisalsothelargestcity.7UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)[website].Availableathttps://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/southern-europe/montenegro.Assessedon20July,2022.8FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)(2018).ComprehensiveanalysisofthedisasterriskreductionandmanagementsystemforagricultureinMontenegro.Podgorica,Montenegro:FAO.9MinistryofSustainableDevelopmentandTourism(MSDT)UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)inMontenegro(2020).MontenegroThirdNationalCommunicationonClimateChange2020.Podgorica,Montenegro:MSDT,UNDP.53.2.SocioeconomiccontextMontenegroregaineditsindependencein2006andithasaparliamentarypoliticalsystem.Since2002,therehasbeenaperiodofsolideconomicgrowth.Afar-reachingprogrammeofprivatisationhasbeenimplemented,publicdebthasbeenreducedtoamoreacceptablelevelandlegislationhasbeenenactedtoregulateandliberalisethebusinessenvironment.Fuelledbyatidalwaveofforeigndirectinvestment,aconstructionboom,flourishingtourismandprofitfromcapitalmarkettransactions,significantbenefitshavebeenensuredforentrepreneurialandbusiness-orientedcitizens(Table2).10Specificallyinrecentyears,Montenegro’stouristsectorhasexperiencedrapiddevelopmentwithanincreaseinthenumberofvisitorsandinvestments.ThisalsoispairedwithanincreaseintheamountofGHGemissionsthissectorisresponsiblefor.Table2.Montenegrobasicfacts.(Source:MontenegroThirdNationalCommunicationonClimateChange2020)Population621,873(1stJanuary2020)GDPpercapita$8,704(nominal,2019est.)$20,084(PPP,2019est.)GDPservices:76.6%bysector(2016)industry:15.9%agriculture:7.5%Inflation(CPI)0.7%(2020est.)8.6%(2018)Populationbelowpovertyline18.1%onlessthan$5.50/day(2020f)33.7%atriskofpovertyorsocialexclusion(2018)Unemployment16.1%(2017est.)Average30.7%youthunemployment(2018)netsalaryLifeExpectancyatbirth€512/$574monthly(November,2018)years76.7(2017)Montenegro’spopulationisexperiencingpovertyandincomeinequality.However,conditionshaveimprovedinrecentyears.Theat-risk-of-povertyrateinMontenegrowas23.6%in2017,down1.6%comparedto2013.Thereisnosignificantdifferenceintheriskofpovertybetweenmalesandfemalesfortheyears2013–2017.Thepopulationofthenorthernregionismostexposedtotheriskofpoverty,where37.9%ofthepopulationisatriskofpoverty,whilethepopulationofthecentralregionhasthelowestriskofpoverty(15.4%).1110FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)(2018).ComprehensiveanalysisofthedisasterriskreductionandmanagementsystemforagricultureinMontenegro.Podgorica,Montenegro:FAO.11MinistryofSustainableDevelopmentandTourism(MSDT)UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)inMontenegro(2020).MontenegroThirdNationalCommunicationonClimateChange2020.Podgorica,Montenegro:MSDT,UNDP.6Furthermore,since2003,thegovernmenthaspursuedaPovertyReductionStrategy.Montenegro’spotentialtopositionitselftotakeonemergingissuessuchasclimatechangemitigationandadaptation,topromotecleangrowth,andtotakeadvantageofitsgreentourismpotentialarecentraltothegovernment’svisionofthefutureofthecountryanditseconomicdevelopment.Intermsofgrossvalueadded(GVA),thelargestcontributionin2030isexpectedfromtheservicessectors,mainlyfromtourismwithsomerecoveryinindustry,upto20%in2020,and22%in2030,withagrowthinemploymentofupto13%.12Agricultureisalsoanimportantsector.Inregardtoexports,wineisoneofthemainproducts(29%oftotalagriculturalexports).13Thesocioeconomiccontextvariesgreatlybetweenregions,hinderingfurthereconomicgrowth.Forexample,inruralareas,thepopulationisageingwhileurbanisationismovingahead(mostlyincentralMontenegro).Intermsofpoverty,therearesignificantdifferencesbetweenthenorthernregionsandtherestofthecountry.Theperiodbetween1990and2015wasaccompaniedbymajorchangesinthestructureofeconomicactivity.TheshareofagricultureandindustryhassignificantlydecreasedintermsofGVA.By2015,industryhadreduceditsshareofGVAfrom20.8%toonly12.9%.14Montenegrobearstheconstitutionaldesignationofanecologicalstate;hence,sustainabledevelopmentwiththepreservationofhealthyenvironmentandbiodiversity,conservationandimprovementofthequalityofwater,sea,air,soil,spaceandothernaturalresourcesforthegenerationstocomeisitsenduringcommitment.MontenegroadoptedtheNSDS15in2017.Thisrepresentsanumbrellastrategytowhichallotherstrategiesshouldbealigned,whilealsoservingasthenationalanswertoall17sustainabledevelopmentgoals(SDGs)and169targetspromotingthesustainabledevelopmentpoliciesandsettinglong-termguidelinesforsustainabledevelopmentinMontenegro.TheNSDSproposesasetofmeasurestobeachieveduntil2030andprovidesaplatformfortranslatingglobaltargetsandindicatorsofsustainabledevelopmentintothenationalframework.Thesemeasurestouchuponcriticalsectors,suchastheenvironment,socialcapitalandeconomytoensurelong-termandsustainabledevelopmentinMontenegro.12MinistryofSustainableDevelopmentandTourism(MSDT)UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)inMontenegro(2019).MontenegroSecondBiennialUpdateReportonClimateChange.Podgorica,Montenegro:MSDT,UNDP.13FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)(2018).ComprehensiveanalysisofthedisasterriskreductionandmanagementsystemforagricultureinMontenegro.Podgorica,Montenegro:FAO.14MinistryofSustainableDevelopmentandTourism(MSDT)UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)inMontenegro(2020).MontenegroThirdNationalCommunicationonClimateChange2020.Podgorica,Montenegro:MSDT,UNDP15MinistryofSustainableDevelopmentandTourism(2017).TheNationalSustainableDevelopmentStrategyofMontenegro.Podgorica,Montenegro:MinistryofSustainableDevelopmentandTourism.73.3.GendercontextMontenegroisaparliamentarydemocracywheregenderequalityisrecognisedinitslegalandpolicyframeworkasoneofthemainprinciples.TheConstitutionofMontenegro(2007)guaranteestheequalityofallcitizensandprovidestheopportunityfortheintroductionofspecialmeasuresforachievingoverallequality,includinggenderequality.TheAnti-DiscriminationLaw(adoptedin2010,amendedin2011,2014and2017)16andtheLawonGenderEquality17(adoptedin2007andamendedin2010,2011and2015),accompaniedbytheActionPlanforGenderEquality2017-2021,laythefoundationforlegalandinstitutionalprotectionfromgender-baseddiscrimination.TheActionPlanforGenderEquality2017–2021setouttoachievethefollowinggoals:toestablishasocietyofequalopportunitiesandeliminateallformsofdiscriminationbasedonsexandgender,introducegendersensitiveeducationatalllevels,increasetheemploymentofwomenandeliminateallformsofdiscriminationagainstwomeninthelabourmarket,improvetheavailabilityofgendersensitivehealthprotection,suppressallformsofviolenceagainstwomen,improvethepositionofvictimsandprotectthemfromgender-basedviolence,combatstereotypes,introducegenderequalitypoliciesintothemedia,cultureandsport,andachievegenderequalityinpoliticaldecision-makingatalllevels.Montenegrohasratifiedinternationaltreaties,suchastheUNConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomenandtheUnitedNations’FrameworkConventiononClimateChange,whichpromoteagendersensitiveapproachandencouragethesignatorycountriestomainstreamgenderintonationalsustainabledevelopmentandclimatechangepolicies.18In2019,MontenegrodevelopedaGenderEqualityIndex19forthefirsttime,aimingtoaddresstheexistingchallengesinassessingthelevelofachievementsetbytheActionPlanforGenderEquality2017–2021andtheNSDS.Withanindexvalueof55(ofthemaximum100points),thereportcallsforstrongerleadershipforinstitutionaltransformation,coupledwithadequatefinancialresources,toreduceinequalitiesbetweenwomenandmen.3.4.EnvironmentalcontextForestscovermorethan60%ofMontenegro’sterritory,makingitamongthetopthreemostforestedcountriesinEurope.Atpresent,around67%offorestsarestate-owned.However,ownershipischanginginfavourofprivateforestowners.16Anon(2017).Zakonozabranidiskriminacije(Anti-DiscriminationLaw)(OfficialGazette42/17).Podgorica,Montenegro:NationalAssemblyofMontenegro.Availableat:https://www.paragraf.me/propisi-crnegore/zakon-o-zabrani-diskriminacije.html17Anon(2015).Zakonorodnojravnopravnosti(LawonGenderEquality)(OfficialGazette35/15).Podgorica,Montenegro:NationalAssemblyofMontenegro.Availableathttps://www.ombudsman.co.me/docs/1612165858_zakon-o-rodnoj-ravnopravnosti.pdf18MinistryforHumanandMinorityRights(2017).Planaktivnostizapostizanjerodneravnopravnosti2017-2021saprogramomsprovođenjaza2017-2018(ActionPlanforGenderEquality).Podgorica,Montenegro:MinistryofHumanandMinorityRights.19Komar,O.(2019).GenderEqualityIndexMontenegro2019.Podgorica,Montenegro:StateStatisticalOfficeofMontenegro(MONSTAT),MinistryforHumanandMinorityRights,theEuropeanInstituteforGenderEquality(EIGE),UNDPinMontenegro.8Protectedareascover13.41%or185,269.69haofthenationalterritory.Thelargestareasarethefivenationalparks:Durmitor,LakeSkadar,Lovćen,BiogradskaGora,andProkletije,whichtogetheraccountfor7.27%or100,427ha,whilenatureparkscover79,583.10haor5.76%ofthenationalterritory.WaterresourcesinMontenegrodrainintotwobasins:theAdriaticSeaBasinandtheBlackSeaBasin.Therearesignificantdifferencesinthedistributionandabundanceofwaterresources,rangingfromaridkarstareastoareasrichinbothsurfaceandgroundwater.Thecountryisconsideredrichinwaterresources,giventhattheaverageannualrunoffis624m3/s(volumeof19.67billionm3).ThesouthernpartsofMontenegroandtheZeta-BjelopavlićiplainhaveaMediterraneanclimate,experiencinghotandsomewhatdrysummers,withrelativelymildandratherhumidwinters.ThemountainousclimateofthecentralandnorthernregionsofthecountryisinfluencedbytheMediterraneanSea,creatinglargedailyandannualtemperatureranges,varyingfrom15.8°Cinthesouthto4.6°CinŽabljak.Thenorthernandcentralregionshaveevenlydistributedyetlowannualrainfall.Thenumberofsunshinehoursperyearvariesfrom2,400to2,600inthecoastalregionsandfrom1,600to1,900inthemountains.Theoverallannualprecipitationofthecountryisveryuneven,rangingfrom800mmperyearinthefarnorthtoabout5,000mminthefarsouth.Forexample,inthevillageofCrkvice,locatedatanelevationof940metresontheslopeofMountOrjen,annualrainfallcanevenreach7,000mminrecordyears.20TheMontenegrinAgencyforEnvironmentalProtectionisresponsibleformonitoringthestateoftheenvironment,includingsystematicmeasurement,analysisofquantitativeandqualitativeenvironmentalperformanceindicatorsforairquality,climatechange,water,coastalecosystems,soil,wastemanagement,biodiversity,radioactivityandchemicalmanagement.Inaddition,MontenegroimplementsitsnationalEnvironmentalMonitoringProgramme21thathelpsexpertsinpreparingtheannualreportonthestateoftheenvironment.Theindicator-basedannualreportsfollowthestandardtypology22ofindicatorsdevelopedbytheEEA,providingconsistencyandalignmentwithreportspreparedbyothercountriesonthesametopic.20UNDP[website].Availableathttps://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/southern-europe/montenegro.Assessedon20July2022.21Ibid.22EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyofMontenegro(2013).Indicator-based:StateoftheEnvironmentReportofMontenegro2013.Podgorica,Montenegro:EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyofMontenegro.93.5.ForestsForestsareakeyecosystemintermsoftheservicestheyprovidetopeople.Forexample,2.4billionpeopledependonforestsandwoodforenergy.ThediversityofforestecosystemsinMontenegro(Figure3)offersarangeofservicesandforestryisakeycomponentoftheeconomy.23Figure3.CategoriesofForestsinMontenegro.(Source:UNFCCC(2019),SecondBiennialUpdateReport)ForestareainMontenegrowasreportedat61.49%ofthelandareain2016,accordingtotheWorldBankcollectionofdevelopmentindicators.24State-ownedforestsandforestlandmakeup67%ofthetotalsurface,whiletheremaining33%areprivatelyowned.Figure4showsthevariationofforestcoverbymunicipality;moredetaileddataandmapsincludingforesttypesareprovidedbytheInstituteofForestry.Accordingtothe2010NationalForestInventory,thetotalgrowingstockwasestimatedat133millionm3withtimberproductionreaching2.6millionm3.Giventheimportanceofforestsinthecountry,aspeciallawensurestheprotection,preservationandenhancementofforestsplanninganduse.Althoughtherearedataonforests(intermsofvalueand23Glavonjic,B.,Jovic,D.,Vasiljevic,A.,Kankaras,R.(2005).ForestandForestProductsCountryProfile:SerbiaandMontenegro.Geneva,Switzerland:UNECE,FAO.24WorldBankOpenData[website].Availableat:https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.FRST.ZS?locations=ME.Accessedon12May2020.10coverage),thelimitationisthatthesedatawereobtainedusingdifferentmethodologiesduringdifferenttimeperiods,makingcomparisonsandmacro-economicplanningunreliable.25Figure4.ForestcoverofMontenegrinmunicipalities(Source:GlobalForestWatch,MontenegroDeforestationRates&StatisticsGFW(globalforestwatch.org))Althoughinsomeregards(stateofpreservation,diversityandvalue),Montenegro’sforestsareamongthebestinEurope,theyfacenumerousthreats.TheMontenegroSecondBiennialUpdateReportonClimateChange(SecondBUR)identifiesthreatssuchasillegalfelling,roadconstruction,changesinlanduse,andforestfires,withfireslistedasthegreatestthreat.26Previousthreatassessmentshavealsoincludedpests,diseasesandabioticfactorssuchasdrought,floods,frost,snowandstrongwinds.273.6.WaterIntermsofwaterresources,Montenegroisinauniquepositionasoneofthemostwater-richcountriesinEurope.Globally,Montenegroranksinthetop4%ofcountriesforaverageoutflow,andsince95.3%ofMontenegro’swaterwaysoriginateinitsterritory,waterisoneofthecountry’sgreatestnaturalresources.28Althoughthispaintsaverypositivepicture,thisdoesnotconsiderwaterquality,thespecificallocationoftheseresources,andtheconsistencyofwaterprovision.Akeychallengeistheinadequateinfrastructureintermsofwatersupply.25Anđelić,M.,Dees,M.,Pantić,D.,Borota,D.,Šljukić,B.&Čurović,M.(2012).StateofForestResourcesofMontenegro.Agriculture&Forestry,3(57),39-52.26MinistryofSustainableDevelopmentandTourism(MSDT)andUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)inMontenegro(2019).MontenegroSecondBiennialUpdateReportonClimateChange.Podgorica,Montenegro:MSDT,UNDP.27FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(2018).ComprehensiveanalysisofthedisasterriskreductionandmanagementsystemforagricultureinMontenegro.Podgorica,Montenegro:FAO.28Globevnik,L.,Snoj,L.,Šubelj,G.andKurnik,B.(2018).ETC/ICMTechnicalreport1/2018–OutlookonWaterandClimateChangeVulnerabilityintheWesternBalkans.Magdeburg,Germany:ETC/ICM,UFZ.11Therearethreefreshwaterecoregionalunits:Dalmatian,South-eastAdriatic,andDniester-LowerDanubeEcoregions.3.7.AgriculturallandInMontenegro,agricultureisthemostimportantsectorinruralareas,29with309,241hectares(22.4%oftheterritory)registeredasagriculturallandin2019.30Thiscanbesplitintofiveagro-ecologicalareas.31Thecoastalregionismadeupofdeepalluvialtalusandbrownanthropogenicsoilsuitableforfruit/vegetableproductionandraisingsmallruminants.Honeyplants,herbsandwildfruitsarekeyproducts.IntheZeta-Bjelopavliciregion,thelowlandterritoryhasdifferenttypesofcropproductionincludingwine,fruit,vegetables,andcattleraising.Inthekarstregion,arablelandisscarcebycomparisonandisfoundmainlyinthekarstfields,depressionsandvalleys.Heretheagriculturemostlyconsistsoflivestock(goats,sheepandcattle)andbeekeeping.Meanwhile,thenorthmountainousregion,mostlyconsistingofhighlandsandplateaus,producesmostlygrains,potatoes,cabbageandlivestock.Finally,thePolimlje-Ibarregionboastsofhavingmuchfertilelandandfreshwatersprings,anditisofkeyimportanceforvegetable/fruitcultivationandcattlebreeding.AgriculturallandinMontenegroispredominantlyfamilyfarms(95.2%)withonly4.8%oflandsregisteredasagriculturalholdings.Thislandishighlyfragmentedandisgenerallycharacterisedbypoorutilisationofnaturalresources.Duetodepopulationinruralareas,forestsareencroaching,turningpasturesandmeadowsintoforestland.Theincreasingprevalenceofforestfiresiscausingdamage,inadditiontothelossofwoodandbiomass.Thereisalsoareductioninforestresilienceandbiodiversity,andthedestructionofauthenticlandscapesandsoilstructures,allofwhichhavecontributedtoerosionandseriousdegradationoftheland.3.8.ClimatechangecontextA2018reportonclimatechangeimpactsintheWesternBalkanspublishedbytheRCCshowsthatwhiletheentireBalkanPeninsulaisexperiencingasignificantincreaseoftemperature,themostpronouncedsignalwasoverMontenegro.32AnanalysisoftheobservedclimatechangeinMontenegrodemonstratesthatthecountryhasexperiencedchangesinclimateeventsandthatextremeweatherandarisingtemperaturetrendisincreasingovertime.Inrecentdecades,arangeofclimatechangeshavebeenrecorded,allofwhichposesignificantthreatstothecountryanditspopulation:3329FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(2018).ComprehensiveanalysisofthedisasterriskreductionandmanagementsystemforagricultureinMontenegro.Podgorica,Montenegro:FAO.30MinistryofSustainableDevelopmentandTourism(MSDT)andUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)inMontenegro(2019).MontenegroSecondBiennialUpdateReportonClimateChange.Podgorica,Montenegro:MSDT,UNDP.31Ibid.,footnote2932Vuković,A&Mandić,M.(2018).StudyonclimatechangeintheWesternBalkansregion.Sarajevo,BosniaandHerzegovina:RegionalCooperationCouncil.33MinistryofSustainableDevelopmentandTourism(MSDT)(2015).TheSecondNationalCommunicationofClimateChange–Montenegro.Podgorica,Montenegro:MSDT.12Frequent,extrememaximumandminimumtemperatures,Morefrequentandlongerheatwaves,Increaseinthenumberofverywarmdaysandnights,Fewerfrostydaysandverycolddaysandnights,Morefrequentdroughts,Increasednumberofwildfires,Dryperiodsfollowedbyheavyprecipitation,Morefrequentstorms(cyclones)duringcolderpartsoftheyear,Fewerconsecutivedayswithrain,Fewerdayswithheavyprecipitation,Increaseintheintensityofprecipitation,Reducedtotalannualquantityofsnow.Thesectorsmostatriskarewater,forestry,andagriculture,andgeographically,thecoastalareasarehighlyvulnerabletorisingsealevelsandadecreaseinrainfall.Thelastassessmentoftheeconomicimpactofclimatechangeisfrom2010.Thisanalysisidentifiesfactorssuchasareductioninthegrossrevenuesfrommaizesales,increasedcostsassociatedwithincreasedcropwaterdemand,decreaseintouristexpendituresandingrossrevenuesfromelectricitysalesfromtheMratinjeDam,andadditionalliveslostduetoheat-relatedmortality.34TheUnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforEurope(UNECE)EnvironmentalPerformanceReviewforMontenegronotedthatclimatechangewouldresultinalargestructuralchangeintheagriculturalsector.Thestudyidentifiedaneedfornewmacroeconomicmodels,preliminaryestimatesofclimatechangedamagesandbettermodels/data.Whilethereisstillnocomprehensivemodelfortheeconomicimpactsfromclimatechange,in2015,UNECEputthetotalcostforpriorityadaptationmeasuresat€11.5million.35ForestsinthecoastalandcentralpartsofMontenegroarevulnerabletofireduetohighairtemperatureinsummersanddry,warmwinters.36Theweatherconditionsalsobuilduptooccasionalrockslidesandlandslides.Itisexpectedthatwithclimatechange,varioustypesofextremeweathereventswillincreaseinfrequencyandseverity.Predictedclimatechangesoverthecomingcenturyincludehighertemperatures,lessprecipitation,andagreaterriskoffloods,droughts,heatwavesandforestfire,whichmaybringanegativeimpactonwaterandagriculturesectorsofthecountryandjeopardisethefoodandwatersupply.Duringtheperiodsof1981–1990and2000–2009,strongdroughtsandelevatedsummertemperatureswererecorded.Accordingto34Callaway,J.M.,Kašćelan,S.andMarković.M.(2010).TheEconomicImpactsofClimateChangeinMontenegro:AFirstLook.Podgorica,Montenegro:MinistryforSpatialPlanningandEnvironmentandUNDPMontenegro.35UNECE[website].Availableathttps://unece.org/media/press/1318.Accessedon25August202236Grigoryan,A.,Becchi,G.andSantos,V.(2011).DisasterRiskReductionCapacityAssessmentReport.Podgorica,Montenegro:UNDP.13theavailableprojections,temperaturesareexpectedtoriseby0.6to1.3°Cby2030indifferentpartsofthecountry,whichcouldleadtofurtherextremeweatherandanintenseincreaseinthevariabilityofriverflow,resultinginfloodingandhydrologicaldrought.Coastalfloodingandstormsurgesarealsopredictedtoincreasesignificantly.Heatwavesareoccurringmorefrequentlyandlastinglonger.Itisestimatedthatthe2012heatwaveinMontenegroaffectednearly4,500people.Itisexpectedthatclimatechangewillcontributetotheincreaseinfrequencyandintensityofextremeevents,includingfloods,droughts,wildfires,cyclones,storms,etc.,andwillbringaboutmanyotherhazardsnotdirectlyduetoweatherconditions,suchaslandslides.Thecombinationoftheincreaseinfrequencyandintensityofclimate-relatedhazardsandtheincreaseinhazarddevelopmentinMontenegroconstitutesahigheconomicandhealthrisk.3.9.DisasterriskcontextAsaMediterraneancountry,Montenegroisexposedtovariousnaturalhazards,includingfrequentfloods,heavyrainandsnowfall,avalanches,windstorms,heatwaves,landslides,forestfires,seismicevents,droughts,airbornesandfromdeserts,andcertainepidemicsthataredirectlyorindirectlyrelatedtohydrology,meteorologyandweatherconditions.ThegeographicalpositionofMontenegroasaMediterraneancountryaddstotheexposureofthecountrytonaturaldisasterrisks.Anumberofhazardsalsoposerisksacrossbordersintheregion,especiallyfloods,forestfires,andthedispersionofairbornepollutants.AccordingtotheThirdNationalCommunicationonClimateChange(TNC),37Montenegrohasbeenexposedandisparticularlyvulnerabletoclimatehazardssuchasdroughts,flood,forestfiresandheatwaves.Predictionsindicatesthattheseclimateextremeswilloccurmorefrequentlyandbemoreintenseinthefuture.Droughtshaveincreasedinfrequencysincethe1990s,withfourmajordroughtperiodsoccurringbetween2003and2011.The2011droughtaffectedtheentirecountry,causingextremehydrologicaldeficitsintheZetaandBjelopavlovićaregions,themainagriculturalareas,andposingsocialandeconomicchallenges.Montenegro’svulnerabilitytonaturaldisasterscouldpotentiallyseriouslydamagetheagriculturalsector.ThesurfaceareaofMontenegrois13,812km2,ofwhich38%(517,000ha)isagriculturalland.Agriculturalproductionishighlydiversified,fromoliveproductionincoastalareas,toearlyseasonalfruitsandtobaccointhecentralparts,toextensivesheepbreedinginthenorthernareasofthecountry.37MinistryofSustainableDevelopmentandTourism(MSDT)UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)inMontenegro(2020).MontenegroThirdNationalCommunicationonClimateChange2020.Podgorica,Montenegro:MSDT,UNDP.14Theaveragesizeofagriculturallandperfarmis4.6ha,thoughitisimportanttoemphasisethat72%ofallagriculturalfarmsaresmallerthan2haandmainlyproduceforhouseholduse.Agricultureisbyfarthemostimportantincomeinruralareas–morethan60,000householdsearntheirincomepartiallyorcompletelyfromagriculture.38Alongsidetheimpactsofclimatechangeandextremeeventsaffectingwaterresourcesandreliablewatersupply,soilerosiononforestandagriculturallandisduetothegeneralexposureoftheterrain,verticalstratificationofvegetation,anddistinctsteepslopes,withtheoftenirrationalandinadequateuseofnaturalresourcesintheseareas.Thoughwater,forestryandagriculturearethemostvulnerablesectorstoclimatechangeinMontenegro,theentirecountryisthreatenedbyfrequentseismicevents,particularlythecoastalregionsoftheZeta-SkadarandBeranebasins.ThelargestearthquaketohitMontenegrowasin1979,causing120fatalitiesandUSD1.3billionindamages.39Thereisahighpossibilitythatfutureearthquakescouldcreatelargelandslidesandrockslides.Littleinformationisavailableconcerningspecificdisastervulnerabilitiesandcapacities.Climate-relatedhazardsandalargenumberofillegalandirregularconstructionprojectshavesignificantlyaffectedMontenegro’svulnerability.Montenegrorepresentsacasewherearushforgrowthhastriggeredhaphazarddevelopmentincludingexpandinghumansettlements,investmentsinhigh-riskcoastalareas,andexposureofagreaternumberofpeopleandassetsinthepathoffloods.Allofthisgeneratesvulnerabilityandincreasestheriskoflarge-scaledamagesandfatalitiesduringadisaster.3.9.1ForestfiresForestsandforestlandinMontenegrocover69.8%(964,262ha)ofthetotallandarea(2013data).40Sincethebeginningofthe21stcentury,mostforestfireshaveoccurredinthecoastalandcentralregionsofthecountry,wherethelongsummerdays,dryandhotweatherandstrongwindsfromJulytoSeptemberproducethecriticalconditionsforwildfirestostart.Furthermore,drywarmwintersalsocontributetothedevelopmentofwildfires.Between2005and2015,therewerearound800largeforestfiresinMontenegro,withmorethan18,000haforestsandover800,000m3woodmassdamagedordestroyed.41Nevertheless,201738EuropeanCommission[website].Availableat:https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/international/international-cooperation/enlargement/candidates_en.Accessedon10May2020.39PolicyCommons[website].Availableat:https://policycommons.net/artifacts/1506632/disaster-risk-profiles/2171207/.Accessedon28August202240FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(2014).Globalforestresourcesassessment2015–CountryreportMontenegro.Rome,Italy:FAO.41RegionalFireMonitoringCenter(2015).Forestfirescountrystudy-Montenegro.Budapest,Hungary:RegionalEnvironmentalCenterforCentralandEasternEurope(REC).15wasevenmoredevastating,with124firesaffectingatotalof51,661ha,sixtimeshighercomparedto2016.Thelargestfireoftheyearburned5,687hainDanilovgradinJuly2017,buttherewerealso28otherfireslargerthan500ha.42AccordingtotheTNC,analysisofthefirein2017demonstratedthatthelackofrainaffectedthewaterresources,andhightemperaturescontributedtothespreadofthefire,followedbyastrongwind.Thetemperatureof43.9°CinPodgoricaon7August2017wasthesecond-highesttemperaturerecordedinthelast63years.Theimpactoffiresin2017wasestimatedasfollows:•Health–wateryeyes,coughing,andchokingduetolargeconcentrationsofdustparticlesintheair;evenfourtimeshigherthanpermittedinPodgorica.•Forest–thelossof6,500hectaresofforestsduetofireswasvaluedatapproximatelyEUR6millionaccordingtoinformationfromtheMinistryofAgricultureandRuralDevelopment.•Traffic–thetrafficonthePodgorica–CetinjeroadwasperiodicallyclosedtoenablebetteraccessforfiretrucksinthevillageofDobrsko.433.9.2FloodsInMontenegro,themostdevastatingimpactsfromnaturalhazardsarecausedbyfloods,whichareprimarilytheresultofheavyrainfall.Aseriesofcyclonesandlocalinstabilitieswererecordedbetween2001–2010,whichcametogetherwithstrongrains,floods,snowprecipitationandstormwinds.TherewerethreemainfloodsthathitMontenegroin2007,2009,and2010.Thedamageandlosscausedbythe2010floodwasestimatedatEUR44million(1.4%ofgrossdomesticproduct(GDP)).42MinistryofSustainableDevelopmentandTourism(MSDT)UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)inMontenegro(2020).MontenegroThirdNationalCommunicationonClimateChange2020.Podgorica,Montenegro:MSDT,UNDP.43Ibid.16TheriskoffloodingdiffersgreatlyacrossMontenegro.Infact,rivervalleyspronetofloodingoccupyarelativelysmallarea,yettheseareasareofgreatimportance,containinglargesettlements,agriculturalcropproductionareas,andmajorroads.44Inparticular,thePazickoPoljekarstfieldandtheLimRivervalleyaremostpronetoflooding(Figure5).Thecausesofsoilerosion,specificallyonforestandagriculturalland,areexacerbatedbytheunsustainableuseofnaturalresourcesintheseareas.45Figure5.MapofMontenegroshowingafloodindicatorfor2030fromastudythatevaluatestheeffectsofclimatechangeonsixhydrologicalindicatorsacross8,413basinsinWorldBankclientcountries.Greenislow(%change<5%),yellowismedium(%changebetween5%and15%)andredishigh(%change>15%).(Source:WorldBankGroupClimateChangeKnowledgePortal-Montenegro).HeavyrainsmostfrequentlyaffecttheTaraandLimareasfromOctobertoMarch,thecoldseason.Theintensityofheavyprecipitationdemonstratesdecadalvariability,exceptinthenorthernmountainousregionatelevationsover1,000m,whereanincreasingintensitywasrecordedoverthepasttwodecades,whilethecoastandtheZeta-Bjelopavlićiregionrecordedtheheaviestprecipitationbetween2001and2010.46Thisispairedwithanincreaseintheannualaverageoccurrenceofsealevelanomalies(Figure6).AccordingtotheUNECE,over250km2offarmlandandurbanzoneswerethreatenedbypredictedfloodeventsin2015,withmostdrainagesystemsnotoperationalduetoinsufficientmaintenance.AtthetimetherewerenocomprehensivemodelsofeconomicimpactsfromclimatechangeforMontenegro,andsothetotalcostsforpriorityadaptationmeasuresinthemostrelevantsectorswereassessedatEUR11.5million.44FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)(2018).ComprehensiveanalysisofthedisasterriskreductionandmanagementsystemforagricultureinMontenegro.Podgorica,Montenegro:FAO.45Ibid.46MinistryofSustainableDevelopmentandTourism(2015).TheSecondNationalCommunicationofClimateChange–Montenegro.Podgorica,Montenegro:MinistryofSustainableDevelopmentandTourism.17TheInternationalDisasterDatabasereportedthatthedamageandlossescausedbythe2010floodaloneamountedtoaroundEUR44million(1.4%ofGDP).47TheFAOestimatedthatthisfloodimpactedaround30,000hectaresofagriculturalland.ThemostaffectedwastheareaaroundtheZetaRivervalleyandLakeSkadar,specificallytheterritoryofGolubovci,wheremostofthenationalvegetableproductionoccurs.TotalagriculturaldamagesandlosseswereestimatedatoverEUR13million,ofwhichoverEUR6millionwasindamagesandoverEUR7millioninlosses48.Figure6.SealevelanomalyinMontenegro,annualaveragefrom1993to2015.(Source:WorldBankGroupClimateChangeKnowledgePortal-Montenegro).ThemostrecentsignificantfloodwasinNovember2019,resultinginmultipleimpactsforpeopleandinfrastructureinthemunicipalitiesofNikšićandKolašin.ThetotalestimateddamagefromthisfloodwasaroundEUR73,000tohouseholdsandaroundEUR211,500toinfrastructure(e.g.,roads,bridges).InMontenegro,floodcontrolhasnotreceivedmuchattention,althoughtheconsequencesarefrequentlysignificant.493.9.3DroughtsandheatwavesDroughtcanhavemultiplenegativeimpactsontheeconomy,environment,andhumanhealth.Theagriculture,forestry,andtourismsectorsaremostaffectedbydrought.Theiroccurrenceandmagnitudeareexpectedtoincreaseinthefutureduetodecreasingrainfallandincreasingtemperatures,especiallyduringsummerandautumn.47TheInternationalDisasterDatabase[website].Availableat:https://www.emdat.be/Accessedon20May2020.48FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(2018).ComprehensiveanalysisofthedisasterriskreductionandmanagementsystemforagricultureinMontenegro.Podgorica,Montenegro:FAO49MinistryofSustainableDevelopmentandTourism(MSDT)UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)inMontenegro(2020).MontenegroThirdNationalCommunicationonClimateChange2020.Podgorica,Montenegro:MSDT,UNDP.18InMontenegro,droughtmonitoringisbasedonastandardisedprecipitationindex,remotesensingdata,DroughtWatch,andanationalnetworkofreporters.The2011droughtevolvedintoasocialandeconomicchallengethataffectedthewholecountryandledtoanextremehydrologicaldeficitintheZeta‒Bjelopavlićiregion,asthelargestagriculturalareainMontenegro.Theseextremedryconditionsledtoforestfiresinthefollowingyear.Thefrequentandintensedroughtimpactedthequalityandquantityoftheagriculturalyield,revenues,andresultedinhighcoststopreventandcontrolthespreadofdiseases,insects,andweeds,andhighcostsforirrigation.50Hydrologicaldroughtsoccurredin2017,2018,and2019,significantlyaffectingthewaterlevelsofimportantriversandlakes,particularlytheMoračaandZetaRivers,andLakeSkadar.Thisresultedinimpactsinthefisheries,agriculture,andenergysectors.Theagriculturaldroughtduringautumn2017developedintoahydrologicalone,andthisaffectedwaterlevelsintheriversandhydroelectricplants.Thiswasalsoobservedin2018and2019.In2017and2018,droughtintensityvariedfrommoderate,veryaridtoextremelyarid.“ThestateofbiologicaldiversityinMontenegrohasbeenmonitoredwithinalimitedscopesince2000bytheNationalEnvironmentalMonitoringProgramme,andthewealthoffloraandfaunaspeciesputsMontenegroamongthemostbiologicallydiversecountriesinEurope,classifyingitasaglobalbiodiversityhotspot.Estimatessuggestthatover1,200speciesoffreshwateralgae,300speciesofmarinealgae,589speciesofmoss,7,000-8,000speciesofvascularplants,2,000fungi,estimatesof16,000-20,000speciesofinsects,407speciesofmarinefish,56speciesofreptile,333regularlyvisitingbirdsandahighdiversityofmammalsarefoundinMontenegro”.(Source:ConventiononBiologicalDiversity)ThemonitoringandevaluationoftheclimateinMontenegrodemonstratesthatheatwavesareincreasinginfrequency,whiletheirdurationshowshighyear-to-yearvariability.Fromthelong-termperspective,atrendofcontinuousincreasesinthedurationofheatwavescanbeobserved.AnalysesshowthatAugustisthepredominantmonthforlongheatwaves,whereasJuneandJulyseemorefrequentbutshorterheatwaves.50MinistryofSustainableDevelopmentandTourism(MSDT)UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)inMontenegro(2020).MontenegroThirdNationalCommunicationonClimateChange2020.Podgorica,Montenegro:MSDT,UNDP.19Inthemountainousregions,theoverallamountofsnowcoverwilldecreaseovertimecomparedtothecurrentclimatescenario.Theimpactofextremeprecipitationduringtheperiod2001–2010increasedtheoverallannualsnowcover,thoughthiswasstillonlyabouthalfthenormalamounts.513.10.Natureprotection,ecosystemservicesandlanddegradationMontenegro,togetherwithotherEuropeancountries,housesarichfloraandfaunaandhighlydiverseecosystems.ItisconsideredoneofthemostdiversefloristicareasintheBalkanPeninsula,withabout3,250plantspecies,andthevascularfloraspecies-to-arearatioof0.837isthehighestinEurope.Ofthetotalof526Europeanbirdspecies,297(or57%)canberegularlyfoundinMontenegro,whileotherspecies(about29)areoccasionallypresent.52ThefollowingecosystemscanbeconsideredkeyecosystemsinMontenegro:alpine,forest,drygrasslands,freshwaterandmarine,whilekeyhabitatsare:coastal,caves,canyons,andkarstasaspecificgeologicalformation.Whileaformalassessmentoftheriskofcollapseoftheseecosystemsislacking,therecentStrategyandActionPlanoftheConventiononBiologicalDiversity(CBD)gaveanindicationoftheunderstandingofthreatsandthestateoftheseecosystemsasof2015(Table3).5351MinistryofSustainableDevelopmentandTourism(MSDT)UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)inMontenegro(2020).MontenegroThirdNationalCommunicationonClimateChange2020.Podgorica,Montenegro:MSDT,UNDP.52CentreforClimateAdaptation[website].Availableat:https://www.climatechangepost.com/montenegro/biodiversity/Accessedon22August2022.53MinistryofSustainableDevelopmentandTourism(MSDT)(2016).NationalBiodiversityStrategywiththeActionPlanfortheperiod2016–2020.Podgorica,Montenegro:MSDT.20Table3.ThreatsandcommentsonecosystemhealthofkeyecosystemsinMontenegroasdocumentedin2015intheCBDStrategyandActionPlan–Montenegro.(Source:NationalBiodiversityStrategywiththeActionplanfortheperiod2016-2020)AlpineecosystemThreatsEcosystemhealthstatusAbandoningoftraditionalcattlebreeding,SatisfactorywithoutadistinctclimatechangedeteriorationtrendForestecosystemIallnedgamlohraervesting,fires,diseases,airpollution-DrygrasslandsConstruction,changesinlanduse,EndangeredandrareecosystemagricultureandinfrastructuredevelopmentFreshwaterConstructiononbanks,landconversion,Canbeassessedasgoodecosystemwasteandwastewaterpollution,intense(withsomeexceptions)gravelextractionfromthebasin,intensetourism,hydrotechnicalactivitiesandinfrastructure,agriculturalactivities,climatechange,unplannedandunsustainablehunting,andillegalharvestingMarineecosystemWasteandwastewater(submarineoutlets),Satisfactoryclimatechange,pollutionfromships,invasivespecies,andmarineaccidentsCoastalecosystemUrbanisationandintensetourism,Endangeredanddevastatedtoconstruction,landconversion,infrastructureacertainextentdevelopment,wasteandwastewater,andclimatechangeCavesWagarisctuelwtuarteeran(cdeusnspaouothlso)r,ismeudnvicisipitaslawnadsutes,e-CanyonsConstructionofhydro-technicalandroadWellpreservedinfrastructure,pollutioncausedbywasteandwastewater,illegalandunplannedhuntingandfishing.KarstWanadsategwriacuteltru(rceesspools),municipalwaste-In2013,theGovernmentofMontenegroadoptedalistof57environmentalindicatorstomonitortrendsinenvironmentalchangeandthedriversofchange.Ofthese,28werebasedontheEEA’scoresetofenvironmentalindicators.However,atpresent,therearedataforonly36oftheseindicators,andoftheseonly29allowforcalculationandprojectionoftrendsoverlongertimespans.Thisdemonstratesthatthereisacriticalneedtoimprovethecapacityforsystematicdatacollection,andtolinkthistoevidence-basedpolicymakingandplanning.AnintegratedenvironmentalinformationsystemisbeingdevelopedandwillbemanagedbythenationalEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA).54ThecapacityofthisandotherinstitutionsmustbestrengthenedandgapsinlegislationfilledregardingfrequencyandformatsforreportingtotheEPAbyotherinstitutions,togetherwiththedevelopmentofoperationalplansandprocedures.Thisalsopertains54UnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforEurope(UNECE)(2015).EnvironmentalPerformanceReviewMontenegro-ThirdReview.NewYorkandGeneva,UNECE.21toreportingbyMontenegrototheEEA,EUROSTATandtheUNStatisticalOffice,andinrelationtotheglobalconventionsratifiedbyMontenegro.TheUNhassupportedandwillcontinuesupportingMontenegroinbuildingcapacityforthecollectionandanalysisofdataasthebasisfordevelopingrelevantevidence-basedlaws,regulations,strategiesandmitigationmeasures.Thedatacollectedshouldalsobeusedtomonitortheeffectivenessofadoptedregulations,programmesandinvestments.Theincreaseinvegetationinthe20thcenturyisquiteremarkableinMontenegro.Anexaminationofland-usechangesinMontenegrorevealsthattheareacoveredbydensevegetationincreasedby21%(from35%intheearly20thcenturyto56%in2014).55Furthermore,barrenareashavedecreasedby27%(from50%to23%)duringthesameperiod.Coastalzoneandinlandregionsofthecountryhaveexperiencedamorestrikingchangethanmountainousareas.5655Spalević,V.,Čurović,M.,Simunic,I,Behzadfar,M.,Tanaskovik,V.(2014).LandDegradation,landuseandsoilerosion:thecaseofMontenegro.TheWatchLetter,CIHEAM,1(28),58-62.56Nyssen,J.,VanDenBraden,J.,Spalević,V.,Frankl,A.,Vandevelde,L.,Čurović,M.,Billi,P.(2012).TwentiethcenturylandresilienceinMontenegroandconsequenthydrologicalresponse.LandDegradationandDevelopment,4(25),336-349.https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2143224.StakeholderrolesandresponsibilitiesTodatenostakeholdermappingthatspecificallyconcernsclimatechange,ortheenvironmentingeneralisavailable.However,therearestakeholderanalysesinregardtoprotectedareasandagriculturerelatedtoDRR.57Theseanalyses,togetherwithreportsfromtheEuropeanCommission58andthecomponentsoftheNationalCommitteelistedinMontenegro’sSecondBURandTNC,werethebasisforidentifyingstakeholderslinkedtoNbSforCCAandDRRinMontenegroanddescribingtheirresponsibilities.AfulllistofstakeholdersandtheircompetenciescanbefoundinAnnexI.Atthenationallevel,responsibilitiesfordifferentaspectsofclimatechange,DRRandbiodiversityaresplitamongministries,nationalplatformsandlocalgovernment(especiallyinregardstoDRR).TheMinistryofEcology,SpatialPlanningandUrbanismandMinistryofEconomicDevelopmentandTourismcouldarguablyhavethemostlinkagestothesetopics,whileotherministrieswithkeyrolesinclude:•MinistryofAgriculture,ForestryandWaterManagementwithitsDirectorateforAgriculture,DirectorateforWaterManagementandWaterAdministration,ForestryAuthority,andForestryDirectorate•MinistryofCapitalInvestment•MinistryofEducation•MinistryofFinance•MinistryofHealth•MinistryofScienceandTechnologicalDevelopment•MinistryofInteriorwithitsDepartmentforRiskManagement,DirectorateforEmergencyManagement,DirectorateofEmergency,andPoliceDirectorate•MinistryofSciencewithitsDivisionforInternationalCooperation•EnvironmentalProtectionAgency•StatisticalOfficeofMontenegro•DirectorateofPublicWorksWhileresponsibilitiesandexpertiseappeartobescatteredacrossministries,manyofthesecometogetherintheformofnationalplatformssuchastheAdministrationforInspectionSupervision,EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,InstituteofFirstAid,NationalandInternationalClimateActionFocalPoint,NationalCouncilforSustainableDevelopmentandClimateChange,ClimateChangeandIntegratedCoastalManagement,NationalInvestmentCommittee,NationalPlatformfor57FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)(2018).ComprehensiveanalysisofthedisasterriskreductionandmanagementsystemforagricultureinMontenegro.Podgorica,Montenegro:FAO.58EuropeanCommission(2016).MontenegroCapacityBuildingandAquisrelatedActivitiesforSectorEnvironmentandClimateAction.Podgorica,Montenegro:EC.23DisasterRiskReduction,OperationalProtectionandRescueHeadquarter,PublicWorksAdministration,RedCrossofMontenegroandtheResourceEnvironmentalCommunity.ThefollowinginstitutionshavekeyresponsibilitiesconcerningDRR:DirectorateforEmergencySituationsundertheMinistryofInterior;InstituteforHydrometeorologyandSeismologyofMontenegroundertheMinistryofSustainableDevelopmentandTourism,DirectorateforWaterandtheForestryDirectorateundertheMinistryofAgriculture,ForestryandWaterManagement,andLocalAuthorities–Secretariatsinvolvedinwatermanagement.Atthescientificknowledgelevel,thereareeminentacademicandresearchentitiessuchastheCentreforEcotoxicologicalResearch,InstituteforHydrometeorologyandSeismologyofMontenegro,InstituteforMarineBiology,InstituteforPublicHealth,andtheUniversityofMontenegrothatoffersspecificprogrammesrelatedtoenvironmentandsustainabledevelopment.Nevertheless,therearenowidelyrecognisedresearchgroupsorcommunitiesofpracticewithstrongNbSexpertise.4.1.StakeholderanalysisInrelationtoNbSpolicymainstreamingandimplementation,stakeholderscanbedividedintothreemaingroups(basedontheirinterestandinfluenceonNbSandaccompanyingrelevantpoliciesinthefieldofclimate,environment,energy,natureprotectionandDRR).GroupI–SignificantlyimportantGovernmentalinstitutions,i.e.,thelineMinistriesandstatebodiesresponsibleforissuesrelatedtoclimate,environment,watermanagement,forestry,agriculture,DRR,biodiversity,andnature,andhavingastronginfluenceinpolicydevelopmentandlawenforcementrelatedtoNbS,andastronginterestinimplementationoftheNbSapproachinMontenegro.Consideringitscompetenciesconcerningemergencysituations,theMinistryofInteriorshouldalsobeincludedinthisgroup.Non-permanentgovernmentalbodiessuchastheNationalCouncilforClimateChangeandSustainableDevelopmentorNationalPlatformforDRRmightbealsoincludedinthisgroup,sincetheycouldplayasignificantroleandinfluenceadvocatingforNbSpolicymainstreaming.24GroupII–ImportantTheseplayersincludegovernmentalinstitutionssuchasministriesthatarenotdirectlyresponsibleforNbSissues,buthaveaninfluenceonitsimplementation,suchasministriesresponsibleforlocalself-government,finance,education,andmoreimportantlypublicutilityandotherpublicenterprisesentrustedwiththemanagementofnationalparks,water,forestresourcesorcoastalmanagement.Alllocalgovernmentbodieswiththeirinternalstructuresshouldbeincludedinthisgroup,giventheirresponsibilitiesforimplementationofNbSmeasuresandapproachintheircommunities.TheAssociationofMunicipalitiesofMontenegrocouldbeconsideredanimportantplayer,givenitsintermediaryandfacilitatingroleinbridgingthegapsbetweennationalandlocalauthorities.Institutionsinthisgroupdohaveasignificantinfluenceinthistopic;however,thismightbebecausetheirinterestinthetopicisnotataveryhighlevel.GroupIII–otherAllotherinstitutions,organisations,individualsorgroupswithasignificantlystronginterestinthetopic,butwithloworverylowinfluencecouldbeincludedhere.TheseincludeCSOs,youthandwomenorganisations,academicandscientific(research)institutions,consultants,etc.255.PolicyandstrategicframeworkforNbSMontenegrobearstheconstitutionaldesignationofanecologicalstate;hence,sustainabledevelopmentwiththepreservationofhealthyenvironment,biodiversity,preservationandtheimprovementofwater,sea,air,soil,landscapeandothernaturalresourcesforthegenerationstocomeisitsenduringcommitment.Thereareover70strategicdocumentsandnumeroussectoralprogramsandactionplansregulatingdifferentpolicysectorsinMontenegro,andanumberofthesearerelevantfortheapplicationofNbSinMontenegro.ThesedocumentsareoutlinedingreaterdetailinTable4below.Table4.StrategicandpolicyframeworkforclimatechangeinMontenegro.(Source:DatacompiledbyStudyauthors)YearofadoptionTitle2014EnergyDevelopmentStrategyuntil203020142015StrategywiththeDevelopmentPlanofForestsandForestry2014–2023NationalClimateChangeStrategyuntil20302016NationalSustainableDevelopmentStrategy(NSDS)until203020172017DisasterRisksReductionStrategywithDynamicActivityPlanforimplementationoftheStrategyfortheperiod2018–2023WaterManagementStrategyfortheperiod2016–20352019TrafficManagementStrategyfortheperiod2019–20232019SmartSpecialisationStrategyfortheperiod2019–20232021NationallyDeterminedContributions(NDC)forMontenegro5.1.ClimatechangeThestrategicframeworksforclimatechangeissuesinMontenegrocentrearoundtheoverarchingNationalSustainableDevelopmentStrategy,59NationalClimateChangeStrategy,FirstNationalCommunication(2011),SecondNationalCommunication(2015),ThirdNationalCommunication(2020),FirstBUR(2016)andSecondBUR(2019).TheNSDS,astheoverarchingandumbrellastrategicframework,canperhapsbeconsideredthemostrelevantpolicyforNbSapplication,asallotherstrategiesarerequiredtobealignedwithit.Meanwhile,theNSDSrepresentsthenationalanswertoall17SDGsand169targetspromoting59MinistryofSustainableDevelopmentandTourism(2016).NationalSustainableDevelopmentStrategyuntil2030.Podgorica,Montenegro:MinistryofSustainableDevelopmentandTourism.26sustainabledevelopmentpoliciesandsettinglong-termguidelinesforsustainabledevelopmentinMontenegro.TheNSDSplacestheresolutionofthespecificissueswithinthefourgroupsofnationalresources:human,social,naturalandeconomicattheforefrontofplanningsustainabledevelopment.Insodoing,itbypassesthesectoralapproachandstrengthensthemultisectoralapproachbywayofanoverarching,comprehendingperceptionofalldimensionsofsustainablenationaldevelopment.Withinthenaturalresources,theNSDSdefinesthestrategicgoalofmitigatingnaturalandanthropogenichazardsthroughaseriesofmeasuresincludingbetterunderstandingofhazards,institutionalstrengtheningformanagingtherisksfromhazards,increasinginvestmentsinreducingrisks,andimprovingresilienceofsocialsystemsandcommunities,etc.Thedocumentalsorecognisesthenecessityforclimatechangemitigationmeasures,throughbuildingcapacitiesinvarioussectorsincludingagriculture,health,forestry,watermanagement.ThenaturalecosystempotentialforCCAhasbeenrecognised,withintheproposedmeasuresforimprovingknowledgeinnatureprotectionandbiodiversity.WhilethisobviouslyimpliesNbS,theapproachassuchhasneitherbeenincorporatednorintegrated.Therefore,theNSDShasstronglinkagestoDRRandclimatechangealthoughtangiblelinkstofinancialinternalandexternalsourcesforimplementationofNbSarestilllacking.60WithintheNationalClimateChangeStrategy2015–2030,61MontenegrohasmadethecommitmenttoreduceGHGemissionsby30%to2030comparedtothe1990asthebaseyear.Thisreductionshouldbeachievedthroughageneralincreaseinenergyefficiency,improvementofindustrialtechnologies,increaseoftheratioofrenewableenergysourcesandthroughmodernisationoftheenergyproductionsector.ThisStrategywasadoptedin2015andaimstoassessingtheinstitutionalframeworkinplaceandthetechnologicalneedsthatMontenegromustbuildformitigationandadaptationpurposes.ThedocumentplacedastrongfocusonalignmentwiththeEU’sclimate-changelegislativeframework,aswellasmitigationmeasures,whileitisrelativelyvagueonCCA.WithregardstoDRR,itreferstonaturalhazards,suchasfloodsandlandslides;however,noconnectionismadebetweenthesehazardsandclimatechange.KeyprioritiesintheenergysectorrecognisedwithintheEnergyDevelopmentStrategyofMontenegro2014–2030areenergysecurity,developmentofacompetitiveenergymarketand60FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)(2018).ComprehensiveanalysisofthedisasterriskreductionandmanagementsystemforagricultureinMontenegro.Podgorica,Montenegro:FAO.61MinistryofSustainableDevelopmentandTourism(2015).SummaryoftheNationalClimateChangeStrategy2015-2030.Podgorica,Montenegro:MinistryofSustainableDevelopmentandTourism.27sustainableenergydevelopment.Observedbytheshareofenergysourcesandfuelsinconsumption,thisStrategysetsthefollowingtargetvaluesfor2030:•Solidmassandwaste–8.9%•Hydro–11%•Coal–21.2%•Petroleumproducts–21.7%EnvironmentalsustainabilityandnatureconservationhasalsobeenrecognisedasastrategicgoaloftheTransportDevelopmentStrategy2019–2035ofMontenegro,62whereasCO2emissions,noiseandpressureontheenvironmentshouldbedecreasedbyminimisingthenegativeimpactsofthedevelopmentoftransportandtransportinfrastructure.TheStrategywiththeDevelopmentPlanofForestsandForestry(2014–2023)63placesaspecificfocusonthesustainableuseofwoodresources,theintegrationofNatura2000requirements,andtheintroductionofanEcosystem-basedApproachtoforestmanagementandnatureprotection.ThepotentialnegativeeffectsofclimatechangeonforestecosystemsinMontenegro,seenintheformofdroughts,forestfiresandbioticpests,hasbeenclearlyrecognisedwithintheStrategy.Forestfiresarerecognisedasthemostadverserisk,basedontheperiodfrom2005to2010whenfiresaffectedaround1%oftheforestsinMontenegroannually.ThisStrategyemphasisesthecatastrophicfiresof2012whennearly7%ofthenation’sforestswereaffected.ItintroducestheobligationforallfutureforestdevelopmentplansandforestmanagementplanstoincludeCCAmeasuresaimedatincreasingtheresilienceoftheforestecosystemsagainstforestfiresandothernegativeconsequencesofclimatechanges.However,thoughitproposesonlybasicpreventionmeasures,suchasmaintenanceofexistingopensurfaceswithinforestedareas,itcanstillbeconsideredafoundationforthesystematicinclusionoftheNbSapproachandconcretemeasuresintothenationalpolicyframeworkinMontenegro.Theprotectionofbiodiversityandecosystemservicesofforestsarerecognisedasadditionalstrategicgoals,duetotheirpotentialtoimproveresilienceofforeststothenegativeimpactsofclimatechange,tofurtherprotectofnature,andtoraisethepotentialforfurtherNbSmainstreaming.TheWaterManagementStrategy(2016–2035)64emphasisestheobligationtoprotectwaterresourcesforthefutureandensuretheirrationaluse,toprotectwaterresourcesfromvariousformsofpollution,toestablishprotectedareas,andtoconserveaquaticecosystems.Itaddressesfloods62MinistryofTransport,MaritimeAffairsandTelecommunications(2018).TransportDevelopmentStrategy.Podgorica,Montenegro:MinistryofTransport,MaritimeAffairsandTelecommunications.63MinistryofAgricultureandRuralDevelopment(2014).StrategijasaPlanomrazvojašumaišumarstva20142023(NationalForestryStrategyforMontenegro).Podgorica,Montenegro:MinistryofAgricultureandRuralDevelopment.64MinistryofAgricultureandRuralDevelopment(2017).TheWaterManagementStrategy2017-2035(Strategijaupravljanjavodama2017-2035).Podgorica,Montenegro:MinistryofAgricultureandRuralDevelopment.28fromthecontextofclimatechangeanditsimpactsonwaterflows,callingforeffectiveandcoordinatedactionforfloodcontrol.Thedocumentrecognisestheimpactsofclimatechangesonincreasingthevulnerabilityofgroundwaters,changingthewaterregime,andexacerbatingextremeweatherconditionsandheavyrainfallsthatcancauseflashfloods,torrentialflows,landslidesandotherdisasters.Thestrategyexplicitlyacknowledgesthevariousadverseimpactsofclimatechangeongroundwaters,whileprovidinganumberofpracticaladaptivemeasures.ThoughtheStrategydoesnotexplicitlyrefertoNbS,oneofitsoperationalgoalsprescribesthatallworksonwatercoursesmustbealignedwithenvironmentalstandards,includingmeasuresthatclearlycallforfullcompliancewithenvironmentalprotectioncriteriaandimprovement,andtheapplicabilityof“nature-basedregulation”principleswhereverpossible.Inner-cityandurbanwatercoursesshouldbefurther“managedinlinewithlocalneedsandurbandevelopmentplans”.Withinthestrategicframework,specialemphasisisplacedonthemanagementofthecoastalareaofMontenegro.ThisissuewaselaboratedthroughtheNationalStrategyforIntegratedCoastalZoneManagementofMontenegro2015–2030,65whichdevelopsthevisionofthecoastalareaasresilient,healthy,attractive,diverse,productiveandrecognisablyunique.Thisvisionistoberealisedthrough:•moreefficientprotectionofnatureandlandscapes;•significantimprovementsintheefficacyinthemanagementofprotectednaturalassets,ecologicallyvaluablehabitats,andcoastalzoneecosystems;•improvementstotheenvironmentalstatusofmarineecosystems;•improvementstothespatialplanningsystem;•remediationofpollutionduetotheinadequatedisposalandtreatmentofsolidwaste;•stimulationofgreenmobilityanddevelopmentofgreeninfrastructure;•protectionandimprovementofcoastalarearesources.ThisStrategy,however,failstoadequatelyaddressnaturalhazardssuchcoastalerosion,whileitrecognisesseismicactivityandclimatechange(inpart).Itcallsformorecoordinationandattentioninplanningmeasuresthatenablefreeaccesstotheseaandthepublicuseofthecoastalspace,preventionofcoastalurbanisation,andplanningactivitiesthatarealignedwithenvironmentalstandardsandprinciples.65MinistryofSustainableDevelopmentandTourism,PriorityActionsProgrammeRegionalActivityCentre(2014).NationalStrategyforIntegratedCoastalZoneManagementofMontenegro2015-2030.Podgorica,Montenegro:MinistryofSustainableDevelopmentandTourism.29ThoughthisStrategycoverstheperioduntil2030,itwaspreparednearly8yearsago,andthepotentialfortheapplicationandimplementationofNature-basedSolutionswasnotaddressedwithinthedocument.Therearealsoanumberofotherstrategies,lawsandregulationsrelatedtoclimatechangethatdonothavedirectlinkagestoNbS.Theseincludethoserelatedtorenewableenergy(generallyacceptedasanature-derivedsolutionratherthananNbS)suchastheEnergyDevelopmentStrategyto2030withtheaccompanying2016–2020ActionPlan,theProgrammeforDevelopmentandUseofRenewablesto2020,theThirdEnergyEfficiencyActionPlan(2016–2018),andtheLow-CarbonDevelopmentStrategy(2019).AccordingtotheEUProgressReportforMontenegrofor2021,66“Montenegro’slevelofalignmentonclimatechangeremainslimited.MontenegrohasaclimatechangestrategyinplacebuthastointensifyitsworktoensureconsistencywiththeEU2030climateandenergypolicyframework.Italsoneedstoensurethatitsstrategyisintegratedintoallrelevantsectoralpoliciesandstrategies.TheGovernmentofMontenegroadoptedtheThirdNationalClimateChangeReportintheUNFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeinJuly2020.Furthermore,inJune2021,thegovernmentadoptedtheReportforpreparingtheupdatednationallydeterminedcontributions(NDC)intheframeoftheParisAgreement.TherevisionoftheNDCsetsanewtargettoreduceMontenegro’sGHGemissionsby35%by2030.Thisisonlya5%increasefromtheprevioustargetandshouldbefurthersteppedup.“ImplementinglegislationtotheLawonProtectionAgainstNegativeImpactsofClimateChangewasadopted.ThenationalCCAplanwasadoptedinApril2021andthedevelopmentofthenationalenergyandclimateplanstartedasabasisforthepreparationofthelowcarbondevelopmentstrategy”.WithintheNationalPlanofpriorityactivitiesinmitigationandadaptationtoclimatechange,67MontenegroidentifiestheapplicationandimplementationofanNbSforCCAasoneofitskeypriorityprojects.66EuropeanCommission(2021).Montenegro2021Report.Strasbourg,France:EuropeanCommission.67MinistryforEcology,SpatialplanningandUrbanism(2021).NacionalniprogramprioritetnihaktivnostiuoblastiublažavanjaiprilagođavanjanaklimatskepromjeneuokvirusaradnjesaZelenimklimatskimfondom2021-2023.Podgorica,Montenegro:GCF,UNEP.30Atthemunicipallevel,theonlycitytohaveaclimatechangestrategyinplacesofarisPodgorica,whichpublisheditsClimateChangeAdaptationVulnerabilityAssessmentandAdaptationActionPlanin2016.68AnupdatetotheSustainableEnergyandClimateActionPlanoftheCityofPodgorica,andthedevelopmentofsuchactionplansforthemunicipalitiesTivat,KolašinandPljevljahasbeenrecentlyinitiatedthroughtheprojectEU4EnergyTransition–CovenantofMayorsintheWesternBalkansandTurkey,implementedbyGIZinMontenegro.695.2.DisasterriskreductionMontenegrodevelopedtheNationalStrategyforDisasterRiskReduction(DRR)70inDecember2017,whichiscurrentlyanintegralpartoftheActionPlantoensureitsimplementationfortheperiod2018–2023.ThisActionPlanpromotesarevisedapproachincludingactivitiesandproceduresthatjointlyaddressthreemajorareas–sustainabledevelopment,DRRandclimatechange–throughvariousnationalandlocalgovernmentbodies,indicatingthatthereissomeintegrationoftheseissues.However,thedocumentlacksanintegralapproachinaddressingnaturaldisasters,andtheproposedmeasuresaredirectedmoretowardsimprovingorganisationalandtechnicalcapacitiesinrespondingtohazardsandnaturaldisasters,ratherthanfocusingontheiravoidanceandprevention.TheActionPlanfor2018–2023lists105activitiessupportedbyEUR34millioninfunding.Inadditiontonumerouseducationalactivitiesandpre-warningmeasuresincasesofemergencies,floods,earthquakesand/orotherdisasters,theActionPlandoesnotrecognisenatureorNbSasapotentialsolutionforpreventingdisasters.ThePlanalsopredictstheestimationofrisksfromfloodsatvariouslevelsand/oranotherdisaster.DRRinMontenegroismainstreamedthroughtheNationalSustainableDevelopmentStrategy(NSDS)adoptedin2016.Specifically,DRRisoutlinedasagoalasfollows:“Strengtheningresilience,reducingvulnerabilityandexposuretonaturalandanthropogenichazards",whichisenvisionedtobeachievedthrough“improvingtheunderstandingofrisks;strengtheningtheinstitutionalframeworkofriskmanagement;investinginriskreductionandstrengtheningtheresilienceofnaturalandsocialsystems;improvingpreparednessfordisasterresponseandreconstructionthroughrecovery,rehabilitationandreconstruction”.71Thestrategyalsomentions68CapitalCityofPodgorica,Montenegro:SecretariatforSpatialPlanningandEnvironmentalProtection(2015).ClimateChangeAdaptationVulnerabilityAssessmentandAdaptationActionPlan.Podgorica,Montenegro:preparedwithintheframeworkoftheproject:ClimateChangeAdaptationinWesternBalkans(CCAWB)implementedbyGIZ.69AssociationofMunicipalitiesofMontenegro[website].Availableathttp://uom.me/2022/07/odrzana-dvodnevna-radionica-na-temu-izrada-akcionih-planova-za-odrzivu-energiju-i-klimu-secap/.Accessedon23August202270EuropeanCommission[website].MontenegroOverviewoftheNationalDisasterManagementSystem.Availableat:https://civil-protection-humanitarian-aid.ec.europa.eu/what/civil-protection/national-disaster-management-system/montenegro_en.Accessedon26August202271FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)(2018).ComprehensiveanalysisofthedisasterriskreductionandmanagementsystemforagricultureinMontenegro,Podgorica,Montenegro:FAO.31theSendaiFramework,however,thereisalackofalinkbetweenDRRandothersectorsintheNSDS,includingagriculturewherenodirectconnectionismadebetweenthetwo.TheSecondBURalsoincludeslinkagestoDRRthroughthelensofclimatechange.Forexample,changesinforeststewardshiparelinkedtonumerouspositiveeconomicandenvironmentalimpacts,includingthesuppressingofforestfires(althoughitisnotclearhowthatwillbeachieved).72InMontenegro,riskidentification,assessmentandmonitoringaremainlyorganisedandimplementedatthenationallevel.Montenegroshowsastronginstitutionalstructureandlinkagestotackledisasterriskrelatedmatters.ThisstructureissupportedbytheNationalPlatformforDRR,73establishedin2014andcomprisingthefollowingmulti-sectoralauthorities(Figure7).MinistryofInteriorMinistryofDefenceMinistryofMinistryofMinistryofHealthMinistryofScienceSustainableAgricultureandDevelopmentandRuralDevelopmentTourismInstituteforPublicHealthInstituteofFirstAidRedCrossofHydrometeorologyAgencyforCenterforMontenegroandSeismologyEnvironmentalEcotoxicologicalInstituteProtectionResearchFigure7.NationalentitiesandagenciesinvolvedinDRR(Source:UNDRR-NationalPlatformsforDRR).Moreover,financialconstraintsremainhighandallocationofmorefinancial,technicalandqualifiedhumanresourcestotheareaofriskidentificationiscritical.InMontenegro,themandateforraisingawarenessonDRRisnotclearlydefinedbythelegislation.Overall,someawarenessraisinginitiativeshavetakenplace,butthereisnosystematicpublicawarenessstrategytoincreaseawarenessonDRR,orasystematicmechanismforinformationdisseminationtothegeneralpublicorspecialisedDRRagenciesthatwouldpromoteriskreductionactions.DRRisalsomainstreamedthroughtheWaterManagementStrategy2016–203574whichdealsdirectlywithfloods.Itprescribesanumberofmeasures,includingfloodprotection,monitoring,forecastingdrainage,anti-erosionandsoilconservation.WithintheStrategywiththe72MinistryofSustainableDevelopmentandTourism,(MSDT)UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)inMontenegro(2019).MontenegroSecondBiennialUpdateReportonClimateChange.Podgorica,Montenegro:MSDT,UNDP.73UNDRR-PreventionWeb[website].MontenegroNationalPlatformforDRR.Availableat:https://www.preventionweb.net/national-platform/montenegro-national-platformAccessedon25August2022.74TheWorldBankGroup(2015).WaterandWastewaterServicesintheDanubeRegion:MontenegroCountryNote.Washington,USA:TheWorldBank.32DevelopmentPlanofForestsandForestry(2014–2023),DRRisnotsystemicallymainstreamedandtherearenofinancialresourcesexplicitlyavailableforDRR,thoughseveralmeasuresareprescribedtoreduceforestfirerisks.ThoserelevanttoNbSincludebuildinginstitutionalcapacitiesandsupportingafforestation.5.3.GenderequalityinclimateandDRRpoliciesGenderequality,unfortunately,isnotsubstantiallyrecognisedwithinmostsectoralpoliciesinMontenegro.TheFirstBURrecognisesgenderasatopicthatshouldbemainstreamedandtheNSDSseesthegenderequalityissueonlyatthelevelofprinciples,withoutaconcretemeasureforitsmainstreaming.ThissuggeststhattherearenoactivitiesinthisdirectioninMontenegroasyet.However,someactivitieslinkinggenderandclimatechangehavebeeninitiated.The2017publication“WomenandClimateChangeinMontenegro”presentedtheexistinggender-disaggregatedstatisticstobeincludedinitsSecondBURandTNC.75Basedonthisgenderaggregateddata,thefollowingrecommendationsweremadewithintheSecondBUR:76•includeanequalnumberofwomenandmenindecision-making,•collectgender-disaggregatedstatistics,•buildcapacitytoimplementgender-sensitiveprogrammes/projects,•regularlyperformgenderanalyses,•carryoutpublicinformationandeducationcampaignstoraiseawarenessoftheimpactofclimatechangeonvarioussocialgroups.Alsoin2017,aregionalprogrammetosupportgendermainstreaminginthesystemformeasurement,reportingandverification(MRV)towardtheUNFCCCwasstarted,includingMontenegro.InMontenegro,thisprogrammeresultedinthedraftingoftheActionPlanforGenderEquality2017–2021bytheMinistryofHumanandMinorityRightsandtheMinistryofSustainableDevelopmentandTourism.MontenegrodefinedthreeobjectiveswithinthisActionPlanthatareinterlinkedwithclimatechangepolicy:1.improveclimatechangelegislationandpolicydocuments(strategiesandby-laws)byintroducingagenderperspective,andintroduceclimatechangeperspectiveinpolicydocumentsrelatedtogenderequality;2.strengthennationalinstitutionstomainstreamgenderintotheclimatechangetransparencyframeworkbyassessingthecapacitiesofinstitutionstointerlinkgenderandclimatechangeasafirststep.Asetoftrainingswerealsoproposed.Nominationofagenderrepresentative75StatisticalOfficeofMontenegro,MinistryforHumanandMinorityRights(2020).WomenandMeninMontenegro.Podgorica,Montenegro:StatisticalOfficeofMontenegro,MinistryforHumanandMinorityRights.76UNDP[website].Availableathttps://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/southern-europe/montenegro.Accessedon20July2022.33intotheWorkingGrouponClimateChangewithintheNationalCouncilforSustainableDevelopmentwasproposed,and3.improvethesystemofcollectionandanalysisofsex-disaggregateddataandgenderdatarelevantforMRVandtransparency.77TheTNCindicatescertainprogressinunderstandingtheimportanceofgendermainstreamingintoclimatepolicies.Also,after2020,positivestepsforwardwereseeninpoliticaldecision-makingprocesses,sothenewassemblyoftheParliamenthasmorewomenthanthepreviousone,and4of12ministerialpositionsareoccupiedbywomen(33%),thoughboththeprimeministeranddeputyprimeministeraremen.Furthermore,severalenablingfactorsforenhancingtheeffortstomainstreamgenderinclimatechangehavebeenrecognisedanddefinedwithintheTNC.Theseenablingfactorsandpotentialactionsinclude:•Genderequalityinpolicymaking:Engagementofanequalnumberofwomenandmeninpolicy-making,decision-making,andtheimplementationofclimatechangemeasures,consideringdifferentiatedvulnerabilityandadaptivecapacity;•Gender-differentiatedstatistics:Collectanddocumentgender-disaggregatedstatistics,asabasisforplanninggender-sensitiveprogrammesandprojects,andasaninstrumentformonitoringtheirimplementation;•Institutionalcapacities:Buildthecapacitiesofinstitutionsandofcivilsocietyorganisationstocreateandimplementgender-sensitiveprogrammesandprojectsatalllevels;•Conductpublicoutreachandeducationcampaigns:Raiseawarenessoftheimpactofclimatechangeondifferentsocialgroupsandencourageactiontohelpdevelopcivicawarenessandsolidarityinadaptingtoandmitigatingclimatechange;•Strengtheninstitutionalmechanisms:Enhancegender-sensitivemechanismsthroughtheNationalCouncilforSustainableDevelopment,ClimateChangeandCoastalZoneManagement,tomainstreamgenderintoallclimatechangepolicies.GenderequalityissuesneedtobemoresystematicallyincorporatedintotheclimatepoliciesofMontenegro.BasedontheNationalAdaptationPlanforcooperationwiththeGreenClimateFund(GCF),78thegenderequalitypolicyrepresentsamilestoneoftheGCFpolicy,andachievementsofmoresignificantresultsincombatingclimatechangeswouldnotbefeasiblewithouttheapplicationofagender-basedapproach.ThroughcooperationwithGCF,Montenegroiscommittedto77UNDP:NDCSupportProgram[website].Availableat:https://www.ndcs.undp.org/content/ndc-support-programme/en/home/impact-and-learning/library/gender-mainstreaming-into-climate-transparency-and-measurement--.htmlAccessedon25August202278MinistryforEcology,SpatialPlanningandUrbanism(2021).NacionalniprogramprioritetnihaktivnostiuoblastiublažavanjaiprilagođavanjanaklimatskepromjeneuokvirusaradnjesaZelenimklimatskimfondom2021-2023.Podgorica,Montenegro:GCF,UNEP.34complyingwiththeGCF’sgenderpolicyandtoensurecontinuousintegrationandmainstreamingofgenderissueswithinitsclimateandoveralldevelopmentstrategiesandpolicies.WithintheDRR,genderissuesarerecognisedwithintheNationalStrategyforDisasterRiskReduction(DRR).79Oneoftheprioritygoalsstrivestowardsimprovingreadinessforanefficientreactioninthecaseofdisasters,aimingat“buildingasystemthatisbetterthantheonefrompriortothedisaster”intheprocessofreconstruction,rehabilitationandrebuilding.TheStrategyidentifiestheneedforstrengtheningthecapacitiesoflocalcommunitiestomoreefficientlyreactinthecaseofdisasters,actionsthatcanpredicteventsandintegrateriskreduction,andtoensurecapacitiesforeffectivereactionatalllevelsofsociety.TheStrategyalsoclearlyindicatesthatanequalapproachtoreaction,rehabilitationandrecoveryneedstobepromoted,andemphasisestheroleofwomenandpeoplewithdisabilitiesascrucialinachievingthisgoal.5.4.NbSinotherstrategicdocuments5.4.1BiodiversityandnatureprotectionThestateofbiologicaldiversityinMontenegrohasbeenmonitoredwithinalimitedscopethroughtheNationalEnvironmentalMonitoringProgrammesince2000,andthewealthoffloraandfaunaspeciesputsMontenegroamongthemostbiologicallydiversecountriesinEurope,classifyingitasaglobalbiodiversityhotspot.Estimatessuggestthatover1,200speciesoffreshwateralgae,300marinealgaespecies,589mossspecies,7,000–8,000vascularplantspecies,2,000fungi,estimatesof16,000–20,000insectspecies,407marinefishspecies,56reptilespecies,333regularvisitingbirdspeciesandahighdiversityofmammalsarefoundinMontenegro.BenefitsandecosystemservicesarisingfrombiodiversityinMontenegrorangefromtheprovisionofwoodforheating,timber,grazingforcattle,sustainingaquiferstability,soilfertility,protectionfromerosion,landslidesandfloods,benefitsfortourism,andclimateregulation.Althoughthereispotentiallygreateconomicvaluesurroundingtheseservicesanditcanbesaidthatthedailylifeofmostpeopledependsontheseecosystemservices,thereislittleknowledgeamongstthegeneralpublicaboutbiodiversityissues.80Ecosystemsarecomplexsystems,sotheirconservation,protectionandsustainablemanagementshouldbeaddressedbasedonacross-sectoralvision.Environmentrelatedmattersshouldgobeyondthemandateofasingleentitysinceenvironmentalimpactsmightaffectmultiplesectors.Therefore,itisnecessarythatmeasuresforconservationandthesustainableuseofnatureandits79EuropeanCommissionOverviewoftheNationalDisasterManagementSystem[website];Availableat:https://civil-protection-humanitarian-aid.ec.europa.eu/what/civil-protection/national-disaster-management-system/montenegro_en.Accessedon26August202280ConventiononBiologicalDiversity:CountryProfileMontenegro[website],Availableat:https://www.cbd.int/countries/?country=me.Accessedon24August2022.35naturalresourcesareintegratedintoappropriatesectorandcross-sectoralplans,programmesandpolicies,underpinnedbystrongcoordinationamonggovernmentalbodies.Anational-leveleconomicvaluationofbiodiversityandecosystemserviceswasalsocarriedoutinMontenegrotoadvocateforinvestmentsintheNationalBiodiversityStrategyandActionPlan2011–2020,demonstratingthatitsactionsandprojectswouldaddmorethanEUR540millioninvaluetotheeconomy.81Nevertheless,thestrategicframeworkinMontenegroregardingbiodiversityisobsolete.TheNationalBiodiversityStrategyexpiredin2020,andthelastnationalreporttoCBDSecretariatwassubmittedinDecember2018.Therearenoneweraccessibledataornationaltargetsforthissector.5.4.2ForestryTheNationalForestryStrategy,82alongwiththeDevelopmentPlanforForestsandForestryuntil2023dealsprimarilywithforestsasecosystems,focusingontheireconomicvalueasnaturalresources.ItsmaingoalsaretoimprovesustainableforestmanagementandtoincreasetheGDPshareofforestdependentactivitiesfrom2%to4%oftotalGDP.WithintheStrategy,thereisanicheforfurthermainstreamingoftheNbSapproach,sinceoneofthekeystrategicgoalsisrelatedtotheprotectionofbiodiversityandotherecosystemservices,includingincreasingresilienceofforeststotheadverseeffectsofclimatechangeandvalorisationofforestecosystemservices.ThedocumentalsoprescribesmeasurestoimprovethestabilityandqualityofforestecosystemsthroughtheintegrationofNatura2000requirementsandtheirinclusioninforestmanagementplans.Italsocallsforimprovedcoordinationamongstateandlocalinstitutions,privateforestowners,publicandprivatecompanies,CSOsandotheractorsinvolvedinforestmanagementandnatureprotection.FurtherspaceforNbSmainstreaminglieswithinthepreventionandcontrolofforestfiresandadaptationtoclimatechanges,asmentionedwithinSection5.1.5.4.3WatermanagementTheWaterManagementStrategyfor2016–2035includesanevaluationofthecurrentsituationintheareaofwatermanagement,togetherwithgoals,objectivesandguidelinesforelaboratingmeasurestobeimplementedaccordingtoprojectionsforsustainablewaterresourcesand81Emerton,L.,Kaludjerovic,J.andJovetic,I.(2011).TheEconomicValueofProtectedAreasinMontenegro.Podgorica,Montenegro:GEF,UNDP.82MinistryofSustainableDevelopmentandTourism(MSDT),UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)inMontenegro(2019).MontenegroSecondBiennialUpdateReportonClimateChange.Podgorica,Montenegro:MSDT,UNDP.36management.Watermanagementandfloodsgohandinhand,whichiswhyfloodsareincludedintherationaleofthestrategyandthusasetofmeasuresareidentifiedtotackleandcopewitheffectiveandcoordinatedactionforfloodcontrol,efficientandcontinuousmonitoringandforecastingoffloods,preventionoferosionandsoilconservation.ThisisalsoanopportunityfortheirfurtherenhancementandupgradingthroughtheimplementationofNature-basedSolutionsinadditiontothetraditionalfloodcontrolinfrastructure.376.ExperienceswithNbSItwaspossibletoidentifyseveralinterventionsinMontenegrothathaveapotentialtobeanNbSforCCAand/orDRR,orthatcouldsupportthefurthermainstreamingofNbS(forexamplebybuildingcapacitiesorgatheringdata).However,thereisnoclearly“recognisable”NbSprojectimplementedinMontenegrosofar.SomeoftheprojectsidentifiedinMontenegrothatuseNbSapproachesarelistedbelow:•projectsinvolvingrestoration,conservationand/orsustainablemanagement(e.g.,protectionandpreservationofthewaterandnaturalresourcesoftheTaraRiver);•capacitybuildingprojects(e.g.,preservingbiodiversityandsharingresponsibility);•projectsfocusingonstakeholderengagement(e.g.,protectedareasfornatureandpeople);•projectsinbotharuralandurbancontext(e.g.,ecoandoutdoortourismactionsoftheBalkanAlps,andthecampaignMakingcitiesresilient).AdetailedlistofexistingorpastprojectsthatcouldbeconsideredasNbSisgiveninAnnexII:ProjectscomplementarytoNbS.387.ConclusionsandrecommendationsMontenegroisadisaster-pronecountrythatisparticularlyvulnerabletoclimatechange(seeSections3.8and3.9).Thisaffectsmultiplesectors–agriculture,biodiversity,energy,forestry,publichealth,naturalresourcemanagement,andtourism.Theincreaseinthefrequencyandintensityofclimate-relatedhazards,togetherwiththeincreasingeconomicdevelopmentinthecountry,constitutesahigherrisktogreaterandsustainedeconomicandhealthimpactsfornatureandpeople.ThisuncertainandchangingsituationhinderstheachievementofMontenegro’senvironmental,economicanddevelopmentaltargets–atboththenationalandgloballevels.Riskidentification,assessmentandmonitoringaremainlyorganisedandimplementedatthenationallevel.However,thefinancialconstraintsremainhighandtheallocationoffinancial,technicalandqualifiedhumanresourcestotheareaofriskidentificationiscritical.InMontenegro,themandateforraisingawarenessonDRRisnotclearlydefinedbythelegislation.Overall,someawarenessraisinginitiativeshavetakenplace,butthereisnosystematicpublicawarenessstrategytoincreaseawarenessonDRR,orasystematicmechanismforinformationdisseminationtothegeneralpublicorspecialisedagenciesonDRRthatwouldpromoteriskreductionactions.TheNSDS,asanoverarchingandumbrellanationaldevelopmentpolicydocumenthasstronglinkagestobothDRRandclimatechange.Thestrategyisprimarilydevelopedwithinthecontextofthetransposition,implementationandenforcementoftheEUacquis.Anincreaseinthefrequencyofdroughts,erosionandheavyrainfallarementionedasaresultofclimatechange;however,thedocumentdoesnotindicatehowtheenvironment,landscapesorecosystemswillbepreserved,nordoesitprovidetangiblelinkstointernalorexternalfinancialsourcesforitsimplementation.83Accordingtothe2021EUProgressReportforMontenegro,“Montenegro’slevelofalignmentonclimatechangeremainslimited.MontenegrohasaclimatechangestrategyinplacebuthastointensifyitsworktoensureconsistencywiththeEU2030climateandenergypolicyframework.Italsoneedstoensurethatitsstrategyisintegratedintoallrelevantsectoralpoliciesandstrategies.”84Aplethoraofothersectoralpolicyandstrategicdocumentsexistsandmanyofthosemightrepresentapotential‘entrypoint’forthemainstreamingofNature-basedSolutions.Intheforestrysector,thecurrentStrategyproposesonlysimplifiedpreventivemeasuresagainstforestfires,suchasmaintenanceofexistingopensurfaceswithinforestareas.However,itshouldbeconsideredasabasisforthesystematicinclusionoftheNbSapproachandconcretemeasuresintothenationalpolicyframeworkinMontenegro.Besidesforestfires,theprotectionofbiodiversityandecosystem83FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)(2018).ComprehensiveanalysisofthedisasterriskreductionandmanagementsystemforagricultureinMontenegro.Podgorica,Montenegro:FAO.84EuropeanCommission(EC)(2021).Montenegro2021Report.Strasbourg,France:EC.39servicesofforestsarerecognisedasstrategicgoalsduetotheirpotentialtoimproveresilienceofforeststonegativeeffectsofclimatechangeandtoimprovenatureconservation,thereforepresentingthepotentialforfurtherNbSmainstreaming.OneofoperationalgoalsoftheWaterManagementStrategyprescribesthatallwatercourseinterventionsneedstobealignedwiththeenvironmentalstandards,andthisincludesmeasuresthatclearlycallforfullcompliancewiththecriteriaforenvironmentalprotectionandimprovement,andapplicabilityofthe“nature-basedregulation”principleswhereverpossible.Watercourseswithincitiesandurbanareasshouldbefurthermanagedinlinewithlocalneedsandurbandevelopmentplans.Genderequality,unfortunately,isnotsubstantiallyrecognisedwithinmostsectoralpoliciesinMontenegro.TheFirstBURrecognisesgenderasatopicthatshouldbemainstreamedandtheNSDSseesthegenderequalityissueonlyatthelevelofprinciples,withoutconcretemeasuresforitsmainstreaming.Thus,genderequalityissuesneedtobemoresystematicallyincorporatedintobothclimateandDRRpoliciesofMontenegro.WithintheDRRStrategy,forexample,theroleofwomenhasbeenrecognised,butthetangibledefinitionandmeasuresonhowtheirrolesshouldbestrengthenedandtheirneedincorporatedislacking.7.1RecommendationsforNbSmainstreamingandapplicationAnoverarchinggoalofNbSistoaddressglobalsocietalchallengesandtheirpotentialistosubstantiallycontributetomultipleglobalframeworksandtargets:SendaiFramework,SDGs,ParisAgreementand/ortheforthcomingGlobalPost-2020BiodiversityFramework.WhileaddressingDRRandCCA,Nature-basedSolutionswillalsoprovidemultiplebenefitsinotherdomains,whilealsosafeguardingnature.NbScanalsobeusedtocontributetowardsachievingmultipletargets/goals,andasareportingmechanism.TheIUCNGlobalStandardforNature-basedSolutionsTMprovidesguidanceonhowtodesignandmonitorNbSinterventions.TheapplicationofNbSrequirescomprehensiveanalysisandresearchbasedonthecontextofthespecificlocationorsite/territoryanditerativedecision-makingprocessesthatfacilitatetheselectionofthebestavailableandmostcosteffectiveandefficient(alsofeasible)option.85ThissectionprovidesasetofrecommendationsthatcanbeadoptedinordertosupportmainstreamingoftheNbSapproachintothepolicies,andtofacilitatefurtherapplicationofNbSmeasuresandprojectsinMontenegro.1.IntersectoralcooperationandexchangeisakeypreconditionforthesuccessfulapplicationofNbS.Ecosystemsarecomplexsystems;therefore,theirconservation,85Popovicki,T.(2020).StudyonNature-basedSolutionsinSerbia.Belgrade,Serbia:UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme.40protectionandsustainablemanagementneedstobeaddressedwithacross-sectoralvision.NbS-relatedmattersshouldgobeyondthemandateofasingleentity,sincetheirimplementationmightaffectmultiplesectors.Hence,itisnecessarythatNbS,alongwithmeasuresforCCA,DDR,conservationandsustainableuseofnatureandresourcesareintegratedintoappropriatesectoralandcross-sectoralplans,programmesandpolicies,underpinnedbystrongcoordinationamongthecompetentinstitutionsandgovernmentbodies.EnhancethemainstreamingofNbSandspecificNbSapproachesintosectorallaws,plans,policiesandstrategiesandensurestronglinkagesbetweenDRRandCCA;Strengtheninstitutionalcapacities(technicalandhuman)forestablishingconstructivecoordinationandcollaborationamongsectorsandtoimproveinter-institutionalcoordination.2.GovernancearrangementsshouldbebasedonstakeholderengagementanddialogueStakeholdersdirectlyandindirectlyaffectedbytheNbSshouldbeidentifiedandinvolvedinallstagesoftheNbSintervention.Ontheotherhand,allexistinginformationconcerningtheNbSintervention,policyand/orotherneedsneedtobecompiledinordertofeeditintotheNbSdesign,soitcanconsciouslyaddressthetargetedsocietalchallenge(s).Itiscriticaltofostersectoralcooperationandcross-sectoralcoordinationandtoensurecommunicationamonggovernmentstakeholders,thusensuringbettercommunicationtoabroadergroupofstakeholders.Enhancethedialogueandexchangedataandinformationonpolicygoalsandobjectivesamongsectorsand/orinstitutionsaffectedtoNbS(climatechange,environment,energy,agriculture,forestry,DRR);PromoteNbSamongwidergroupsofstakeholdersensuringtheirunderstandingandcommitmentsforbuildingresilienceandresolvingsocietalchallengesthroughapplicationoftheNbSapproach.3.EmphasisethemanybenefitsprovidedbyNbSwhileadvocatingfortheirimplementation.PromotingandadvocatingformoreeffectiveuseofthepotentialofferedfromNbSapproachesshouldconsideritsoverarchinggoaltoaddressglobalsocietalchallenges,anditspotentialtosubstantiallycontributetomultipleglobalframeworksandtargets.TheirabilitytoprovidemultiplebenefitswhileaddressingDRRandCCAshouldbehighlighted.IncreaseawarenessonNbSanditsunlockedpotentialbystressingitscontributiontowardsachievingmultipletargets/goals,aswellasservingasareportingmechanism;41Promotethedevelopmentofscientificstudies,analyses,surveys,projectsonNbSthroughtheirconnectionstothethreepillars:science,policyandpractice.4.Enabletangiblelinkstointernalandexternalresources(financial,material,institutional)fortheimplementationofpoliciesandstrategiesrelatedtoDRR.Reducingvulnerabilitiesineachsectorispossibleviatargetedpolicyinterventions,developingandenforcingrobustenvironmentalorclimatelegislation,andencouragingtheinvolvementofcivilsocietyandthegeneralpublicinworkingtomitigatetheeffectsofclimatechangeandDRR.Inordertoachievethis,cost-effectivestrategiesforclimateadaptationandriskreductionandmanagementoughttobeintegratedintodevelopmentplanningandpublicinvestment.Improvecapacitiesindisasterriskmanagementandresponse(throughtraining)consideringthatthereisexperiencebutnotechnicalknowledge,forexampleonunderstandingdisastersandtheirimpacts.EnsurethatcoordinationandknowledgewithintheDRRofspecificrolesandresponsibilitiesissubstantiallyimproved.5.Designingtailoredpolicies–spatialandtemporalscales.ThoughtherearesomepolicymeasuresinplacetodealwithCCAandDDR,themajorityofthesemeasuresareinadequatetothescaleofthefuturethreat.Whendesigningthistypeofmeasure,itisveryimportanttoconsiderthespatialandtemporalscale,andtorecognisethecomplexityofthelandscapesanduncertainties,particularlyinachangingworld.Theproposedpolicies,basedonNbS,havetobedesignedfollowingalong-termsustainablevisionandalignedwithcross-sectoral,nationalandotherpolicy/regulatoryframeworks.Systematiseandimproveexistingprocesses,procedures,timelinesandmethodologiesthatlaythefoundationsforthedesignandimplementationofNbS;Establishcross-borderpartnershipsonmechanismsfortheproductionanduseofclimatechangerelateddataandtheirintegrationintodevelopmentplans.42AnnexI:StakeholderresponsibilitiesStakeholderInstitutionDivisionResponsibilitiesgroupCentreforEcotoxicologicalResearchUniteenvironmentalprotectionissuesinoneinstitutionandAcademia/InstituteforMarineBiologyorganisethemonitoringofallenvironmentalsegments(air,ResearchInstituteforPublicHealthwater,soil,waste,ionisingandnon-ionisingradiation,Centresnoise,etc.)UniversityofMontenegroDedicatedtomarineresearch,andgroupedintoseveralareas:biological,ecological,taxonomicandhydrographicalresearchofmarinelife.DataprovidersOffersspecificprogrammesrelatedtoenvironmentandsustainabledevelopmentrelatedtoNbSanditsdifferentsocietalchallenges(i.e.,principalandlegalaspectsofenvironmentalprotection,environmentalimpactassessments,environmentalmonitoringdesignandplanninginenvironmentalprotection).AcademiaandresearchstakeholdersarekeyforcompilingNbSevidence-basedresearchimportantforshapingdecisionandpolicymessaging.MinistryofAgriculture,DevelopmentofnormsanddefinitionofsupportmodelstoForestryandWaterencouragethedevelopmentofagriculturalproductionisaManagement(MAFWM)continuousprocessandpermanentactivityoftheMAFWM.Thisisperformedwiththeactiveparticipationofagriculturalproducers,CSOs,professionalservices,andthescientificcommunity,andwithactiveinternationalsupportandcooperation.GovernmentAgricultureProvidessectoralexpertise(Datacollection,Compilation,bodiesDirectorateAnalysisPolicydirectionandevaluation:Mitigation,Adaptation,Finance).DirectorateforWaterResponsibleforwatermanagement,andtheplanningandManagementimplementationofprotectionmeasuresandinfrastructure.andWaterItischargedwithpreparingwatermanagementplansforAdministratioeachriverbasinonthebasisofthefloodriskassessment.nAccordingtotheLawonWater,theDirectorateisresponsiblefortheimplementationoftheEuropeanUnionForestryWaterFrameworkDirective(WFD)andtheFloodsAuthorityDirective.ThetechnicalcapacityandhumanresourcesoftheDirectorateareinsufficient.ItsactivitiesarecarriedoutForestryprincipallyonaprojectbasisusingexternalresources.ItDirectorateprovidessectoralexpertise(Datacollection,Compilation,AnalysisPolicydirectionandevaluation:Mitigation,Adaptation,Finance)Dataproviderspecificallyinregardstoagriculture,forestryandlandusedata.Adoptsaforestmanagementprogrammeforeachmanagementunit.Performsadministrativetasksandimplementsactivitiesrelatedtoensuringandimprovingthestateofforestsandforestmanagement;restoration,protectionofforestsandforestlands;monitoringimplementedmeasuresinforestmanagement;43StakeholderInstitutionDivisionResponsibilitiesgroupprofessionalsupervisionandqualitycontrol;andkeepingrecordsandaforestrydatabase/informationsystem.MinistryofCultureProtectionandvalorisationofnationalculturalheritage,Inspectionsonculturalheritagesites,PromotionofculturalMinistryofDefenceandartisticcreativity,PublicinformationandawarenessonArmedculturalheritage,MediaandInternationalcooperationForcesofMontenegroRoleintheNationalPlatformforDRRMinistryofEcology,DevelopspecificcapacitatesforassistanceincaseofSpatialPlanninganddisasters.UrbanismServesasthecustodianofnaturalresources,biodiversityDirectorateandspaceofMontenegro.Itsprioritiesare:environmentalforEUprotection,careforcleanair,water,landandclimateIntegration,change,preservationofthenation’sexceptionalspatialInternationalheritage.CooperationandClimatePerformsdutiesrelatedtoproposals,monitoringandChangeinstructingpolicieswithintheEUnegotiationsonChapter27–EnvironmentandClimateChange,includingEnvironmentcoordinationamonginstitutionsandalignmentoftheDirectoratenationallegislationwiththeEUacquisinthefieldofclimatechange;implementationofinternationalandmultilateralNatureagreements.DirectorateImplementation,monitoringandreportingofallrelevantMinistryofCapitalinternationalbilateralandmultilateralagreementsandInvestmentsinternationalconventionsrelatedtoclimatechange(UNFCCC,Kyoto,MontrealProtocols,ViennaProtocolonMinistryofEducationozone-depletingsubstances,etc.)Prescribes,monitorsanddirectspoliciesintheprotectionofenvironment(air,water,andsoil),managementofwaste,municipalservices,chemicals,aswellasoccurrencesandactivities:ionisingandnon-ionisingradiation,nuclearandradiationsafety,industrialpollution,noiseandvibrations,andthedevelopmentofstrategic,planningandotherdevelopmentprograms,actionplansandprojects.Proposes,monitorsanddirectspoliciesinnatureprotection,includingthedevelopmentofrelevantstrategiesandotherdevelopmentprogrammes,legalactsandotherlegislationinnatureconservationandprotection.PerformsadministrativetasksrelatedtothepreparationandevaluationofdevelopmentinvestmentprojectsofinteresttoMontenegrointhefieldsofenergy,mining,transport,andmaritimeaffairs.Implementsdevelopmentpolicy,monitorsthesituationandtakesmeasuresintheseareas.Educationpolicies,strategiesandsectorplanningincludingbudgetplanning,functioningofthenationaleducationsystem,schoolexamsandothers.44StakeholderInstitutionDivisionResponsibilitiesgroupMinistryofFinanceResponsibleforpublicfinancesandsharingcompetenciesrelatedtotheINSPIREDirectiveandwiththelandStatisticaladministration(alsoresponsibleforestablishingtheOfficeofnationalgeospatialdatainfrastructure.MontenegroConductsstatisticalsurveysonforestry,wateruseandMinistryofHealthprotectionagainstthepollutioninindustry,irrigationsystems,publicwatersystemandpublicsewage,MinistryofInteriormunicipalandindustrialwaste.Providessectoralexpertise(Datagathering,Compilation,AnalysisPolicydirectionandDepartmentevaluation:Mitigation,Adaptation,Finance)specificallyinforRisktermsofenergybalance,agriculturalproduction,Managementagriculturestructure,wastestatistics,andindustrialproduction.DirectorateforResponsiblefordrinkingwaterqualityandhealth-relatedEmergencyadvicetothepublicregardingairqualityissues,andtheSituationsmanagementofmedicalwaste.ParticipatesintheNationalPlatformforDRR.PoliceDirectorateProvidessectoralexpertise(Datagathering,Compilation,AnalysisPolicydirectionandevaluation:Mitigation,MinistryofScienceAdaptation,Finance).ParticipatesintheNationalPlatformforDRR.Performsriskassessmentsfordroughtandfloods.ResponsibleforthemanagementofthenationaldatabaseofrisksasreportedbytheNationalStrategyforEmergencySituations.Responsibleforthedraftinganddevelopmentofstrategicdocumentsandplansatthenationallevel,cooperationwithscientificbodies(universities),laboratoriesandotherresearchinstitutions.Responsibleforriskassessments,rescueandriskmanagement,disasterprotectionandemergencyremediationmanagement.Thisenablesunifiedprevention,preparednessandresponsetonatural,technical,technological,andotherdisasters.Carriesoutpublicawarenessraisingcampaigns,particularlyamongchildren,pupilsandstudents,peoplewithdisabilitiesandcitizensinriskproneareas.TheDirectorateorganisesvisitsofthe112Centreandpresentationsatschoolstoraiseawareness.Developsspecificcapacitatesforassistanceincaseofdisasters.Responsibleforscientificresearchstrategiesandsectoralplanning,participationininternationalresearchprogrammes,monitoringofscientificresearchactivitiesandpublicinformationonscientificresearchandresults.ParticipatesintheNationalPlatformforDRR.45StakeholderInstitutionDivisionResponsibilitiesgroupMinistryofEconomicActivitiesaredirectedatenhancingcompetitiveness,theLocalDevelopmentandinvestmentenvironment,andcooperationwiththegovernmentTourismbusinesscommunity.Thebusinessenvironmentiscontinuouslybeingimproved,facilitatingbusinessCentreforoperationsforsmallandmedium-sizeenterprisesandEcotoxicologistrengtheningentrepreneurship.Abusiness-friendlycalResearchclimateisbeingcreated,layingthefoundationfordevelopmentofamodernMontenegrinindustry.StrategicInstituteforplanningoftourismdevelopmentispursued,developingHydrometeorsustainable,green,smartandinclusiveyear-roundtourismologyandinaccordancewithmoderntrends.SeismologyofParticipatesintheNationalPlatformforDRRMontenegro(IHSM)Themainactorrelatedtohydrological,meteorological,environmentalandmarineobservations,monitoringandMinistryofTransportandservices.AccordingtotheLawonHydrometeorologicalMaritimeAffairsActivity,IHMShasthemandatetomonitorweatherandwaters;collectandanalysehydrometeorologicaldataandAssociationofdataonwaterandairquality;prepareforecastsandinformMunicipalitiesofandalertresponsibleagencies.DataproviderresponsibleMontenegroforclimatedatatracking,includinganalysisofclimatescenariosandsupportintheassessmentofvulnerabilitiesbysectorexperts.Providessectoralexpertise(Datagathering,Compilation,AnalysisPolicydirectionandevaluation:Mitigation,Adaptation,Finance)specificallyintermsofclimate,air(quality,temperature,wind),water(flooding,wastewater,freshwater,precipitation,drought),andsea(levels,temperature).ParticipatesintheNationalPlatformforDRR.Conductsstatepolicy-makinginthefieldofclimatechange.Responsibleforestablishingindicators,preventionandtakingemergencymeasuresincaseofmarinepollutionfromvessels,marinefuels,noiseactionplansformajorroads,emissionsfromcarsandvans.Dealswithenvironmentalissuesincludingmunicipalwastemanagement,watersupplyandwastewatertreatmentthroughpublicutilitycompanies.Municipalitiesarealsoresponsiblefor:•maintaininglocalregistersofpollutersandperformingenvironmentalimpactassessmentsandstrategicenvironmentalassessmentproceduresforprojectsandplansorprogrammesoflocalsignificance;•promulgationandprotectionofprotectedareas(levelIII);•acousticzoningandnoisemappingforagglomerations;•constructionofinfrastructure,obtainingtechnicalrequirementsandrevisionofpublicutilityservicesinthesectorsofwatersupply,wastewatermanagement,communal(municipal)wastemanagement,publiclightening,publictransportation,etc.46StakeholderInstitutionDivisionResponsibilitiesgroupInchargeofsupervisionpursuanttotheLawonInspectionAdministrativeInspectionthatprescribedthemethodsandproceduresforinspection,dutiesandpowersofinspectors,andotherissuesofEnvironmentalProtectionimportance.TheAdministrativeInspectionconsistsofAgencydifferentinspectoratesincluding,amongothers,EcologicalInspection,HuntingInspection,WaterManagementNationalInstituteofFirstAidInspection,ForestryInspection,andFisheryInspection.PlatformsandResponsibleforGHGProjectionsandInventory,ensuresNetworksimplementationofEnvironmentandClimateAction.Itsmandateincludestheimplementationofstrategies,NationalCouncilforprogrammes,lawsandregulationsinthefieldofSustainableDevelopmentenvironment,implementationofinternationaltreatiesandClimateChangewithinitsjurisdiction,environmentalpermitting,environmentalimpactassessment,strategicNationalCouncilforenvironmentalassessment,IPPClicensing,environmentalSustainableDevelopment,monitoring,keepingrelevantregistersanddatabases,andClimateChangeandreportingandcoordinationofreportingonthestateoftheIntegratedCoastalenvironment.AlsoresponsiblefortheprovisionofManagementinformationtonationalandinternationalorganisationsandtothepublic.ParticipatesintheNationalPlatformforDRR.NationalInvestmentCommitteeMaininstitutionresponsibleforcoordinationandmanagementofemergencysituationsandDRR.Conductsriskassessmentsfordisasters,coordinatesandcooperatescloselywiththecentralandlocalinstitutions,CSOs,civilsociety,privatesector,etc.ParticipatesintheNationalPlatformforDRR.ChairedbythePresidentofMontenegroandthemembersarealmostallministriesandbodiesrelevantforDRR.MonitorstheimplementationoftheNSDS.Ahigh-level,multi-institutionalcouncil,chairedbythePresidentofMontenegro,whichfocusesonsustainabledevelopment.Thecouncilwasestablishedbythegovernmentin2008,markingapositivedevelopmentininter-institutionalcoordinationandcooperation.The2013reformstrengtheneditsmandateinthefieldofclimatechange,asastrategicpriorityofthegovernmenttowardsthecreationofalow-carbonsociety.In2016,itwasrenamedtoitscurrentname.Stakeholderconsultationindicatesthatthecouncildealswithclimatechange,butfocusesmoreonmitigationthanonadaptation.Setuptocoordinatecapitalinvestmentactivities;highlightedtheinvestmentprioritiesforenvironmentintherecentlyadoptedSingleProjectPipelinethatwillserveasabasisforprogrammingandblendingofallavailablefinancialsources.47StakeholderInstitutionDivisionResponsibilitiesgroupNationalPlatformforTheSendaiFrameworkforDisasterRiskReductionCSOsDisasterRiskReductionstressestheneedforbettergovernanceofrisk,inwhich(DRR)thestatehastheprimaryroleinreducingdisasterrisk.BuildingresiliencetodisastersalsobringstogethertheOperationalProtectionandresponsibilitiesofmanysectors,stakeholdersandlevelsofRescueHeadquartergovernance.Forensuringeffectivecoordinationandaction,nationallevelgovernancemechanismsgatheringPublicWorksnationalSendaifocalpointsarekey.InMontenegro,thisisAdministrationtheNationalPlatformforDisasterRiskReduction(DRR)composedofthefollowingentities:MinistryofInterior,RedCrossofMontenegroMinistryofDefence,MinistryofSustainableDevelopmentResourceEnvironmentalandTourism,MinistryofAgricultureandRuralCommunityDevelopment,MinistryofHealth,MinistryofScience,CentreforBirdProtectionInstituteofFirstAid,InstituteforPublicHealth,RedCrossandResearchofofMontenegro,HydrometeorologyandSeismologyMontenegroInstitute,AgencyforEnvironmentalProtectionandtheChamberofCommerceofCentreforEcotoxicologicalResearch.MontenegroDinaricArcParksResponsibleforrescueandriskmanagement,disasterprotectionandemergencyremediationmanagement.ThisGreenHomeenablesunifiedprevention,preparednessandresponsetonatural,technical,technological,andotherdisasters.Performstechnicalactivitiesrelatedtoconstruction,reconstruction,rehabilitationandrenovationofprimarytechnicalinfrastructure,buildingsofstateauthorities,health,education,cultureandsports,andcomplexesandbuildingsinattractivetouristlocationsandotherfacilitieswhicharefinancedbythestateSpecialresponsibilitiesincaseofarmedconflict,epidemics,ecologicalandothernaturaldisasters.Akeystakeholderthatsupportstransformationalchangestowardsagreenereconomyandsustainabledevelopmentthroughawarenessraisingandregulatory/policyreforms.ThisPodgoricabasedCSOhasalreadyimplementedmorethan40projectsinanimalandwildlifeprotection,biodiversity,educationontheenvironmentandsustainabledevelopment,natureconservation,sustainableandeco-tourism.RepresentstheinterestsofallentrepreneursfortheeconomicandoveralldevelopmentofMontenegro.Thisnetworkconsistsof90protectedareasinAlbania,BosniaandHerzegovina,Montenegro,Croatia,Kosovo,Macedonia,SloveniaandSerbia.Podgorica-basedCSOincludes400members.Itsworkisrelatedtoairquality,airpollution,animalprotectionandwildlifebiodiversity,certificationandlabelling,energyand/renewables,energyefficiency,educationontheenvironmentandsustainabledevelopment,environmentallegislation,natureconservation,sustainabledevelopment,greenconsumption,sustainableandeco-tourism,urbanenvironment,wasteissues,andwaterissues.48StakeholderInstitutionDivisionResponsibilitiesgroupMedCEM26:RaisesawarenessonecosystemsintheAdriaticSea,PublicMediterraneanCentreforcoastalregionandSkadarLake.ImplementsactivitiesenterprisesEnvironmentalMonitoringrelatedtomanagement,applicationofknowledgeandinSutomore(Montenegro)provisionoftechnicalsupportinfieldofnatureconservation,datacollection,analysisandpresentationofMontenegrinEmployers’informationrelatedtoecologyandsustainableAssociationdevelopment.Nautilus,KotorContributestoimprovementofthebusinessclimateandGreensofMontenegroeliminationofbusinessbarriersprovidingawidevarietyof(CSOZeleniCrneGore)servicestoitsmembers.CentreforEcotoxicologicalThisCSOdealswithanimalprotection,wildlife,researchbiodiversity,andenvironmentaleducation,educationforsustainabledevelopmentandwaterissues.PROCONSomeactivitiesincludetheorganisationofinternationalVODACOMexpertmeetings(e.g.,EnergyintheEcologicalState)androundtables(e.g.,SustainableDevelopmentinNationalParksofMontenegro,PlaceandRoleofSmallHydroelectricPowerMontenegroStationsinMontenegro,TechnologiesandTreatmentofSolidWaste),organisationofclean-upactivitiesforLongPublicEnterpriseforBeachinUlcinj,BreznicariverbedinPljevlja,etc.,CoastalZoneManagementdevelopmentoftheprojectideaEcoAgroTouristVillageBijela-Savnik;developmentofaconceptdesignonEcologicalProtectionofLakeBiogradsko.Dealswiththeanalysisofsoil,sediments,surfacewater,groundwater,seawater,wastewateranddrinkingwater,andfishforexport,monitoringofair,ionisingradiation,noise,vibrationandradonpollution.Inchargeofmanaginginternationallyfinancedprojectsconcerningmunicipalservicesandenvironmentalprotection,providinglogisticalsupporttomunicipalities.Projectimplementationbody;thisisajointserviceandcoordinationcompanyforWaterandWasteWaterServicesfortheMontenegrinCoastandtheMunicipalityofCetinje,establishedinMarch2005,bytheGovernmentofMontenegroandtheMunicipalitiesofBar,Tivat,HercegNovi,BudvaandKotor.InstitutionincludesallfivenationalparksinMontenegro(BiogradskaGora,Durmitor,Lovćen,ProkletijeandLakeSkadar).ItisamemberoftheEuropeanFederationofNationalParks-EUROPARC.Responsibleformonitoringthebathingwaterqualityonbeaches,internationalcooperationandparticipationininternationalprojects,promotionofenvironmentalprotection,participationandcooperationwithlocalmunicipalitiesandnationalagenciesinmanagementofprotectedareasandotherenvironmentalissues.49AnnexII:ProjectscomplementarytoNbSNameLeadLocationResourceDescriptionCommentsOrganisandationadditionalresourcesEnhancingMAVASalinasinActionAimstorestoredamagedhabitats,theGIZULCINJActionencouragesustainablewateruseandMorethanconservationreducetheimpactsofwaterabstraction,200,000ofcoastalWWFShkodra/CapacitypollutionandcoastaldevelopmentonpeoplewillwetlandsGreenSkadarbuildingwetlandsandrelatedmarinehabitatsbybenefitfromHomeLakeActionbuildingcapacityforeffectivethePreservingmanagementandplanningprocesses,implementabiodiversityBiogradskraisingawarenessoftheimportanceandtionoftheandsharingaGoravalueofcoastalwetlands,anddevelopedresponsibilityNationaldemonstratinglocalsolutionsindifferentProgrammeParkcontexts.OnepilotsiteinMontenegro.ofProtectedMeasuresAreasforNationalConservationandsustainableuseofforLakesNatureandbiodiversityatLakesPrespa,OhridandShkodra/SkPeopleShkodra/Skadar.Thelakes’naturaladarand(PA4NP)resourcesaremanagedonaPrespa.transboundarybasisandincomplianceTogetherforwithEUenvironmentalandbiodiversityFurthersustainableprotectiontargets.Theprojectfocusesoninformationforestsfouractionfields:sustainablefisheries,availabletransboundarycooperation,biodiversityhere.conservationandtransboundarywaterresourcesmanagementinlinewiththeFundedbyEUWFD.CapacitybuildingliesatthetheMinistrycoreoftheproject’smission.ofAgricultureFour-yearprogrammefundedbySidaisandRurallayingthefoundationfortheengagementDevelopmeoflocalcommunitiesinthemanagementofprotectedareas.Itwillintroduceexamplesofhowprotectedareascangeneratesocialandeconomicbenefitsincooperationwiththelocalcommunity.TheseexampleswillbetakenfromthefieldworkofWWFAdriaandtheirpartnersinBosniaandHerzegovina(UnaandSutjeskaNationalParks),Kosovo(Germiaprotectedarea),Montenegro(BiogradskaGoraNationalPark)andSerbia(FruškaGora,DjerdapandTaraNationalParks,GornjePodunavljeStrictNatureReserve,andtheAvalaprotectedlandscape).Eachfieldprojectwillbringnewexperience;fromnewtourismproductsandnewbusinesspotentialstoeducationandbearmonitoringandwatching.Sustainableforestmanagementmeansmanagingforestsandforestlandinsuchawayastopreservebiodiversity,whilekeepingtheproductivity,regeneration,vitalityandpotentialofforestsatalevelthatwouldmeettheenvironmental,50NameLeadLocationResourceDescriptionCommentsOrganisPerformingShkodra/ActioneconomicandsocialneedsofpresentandtheationSkadarActionandfuturegenerations,bothlocallyandIntegratedLakeatthenationallevel.InordertomanageadditionalEnvironmentGreenforestssustainably,seriousattentionalHomeTaramustbefocusedonreducingillegalresourcesManagementRiver,activitiesinforestry,butalsothePlanatlocalGreenMojkovacvulnerabilityofforeststofires,climatentandlastslevelintheHomechangeandirrationaluseofforest7monthsShkodraandresources.Themainobjectiveofthe(AugustLakeKolasinprojectistosupportsustainableforest2020toEcosystemmunicipalimanagementthroughnetworkingandMarchjointactionofallstakeholders:2021).Protectiontiesinstitutions,privateforestowners,civilandsocietyandcitizens.preservationofthewaterThefinalgoaloftheprojectistodevelopandnaturalamanagementplanandmonitoringresourcesofprogrammeforLakeSkadar.theTaraRiverAimedatidentifyingandassessingthehydro-morphologicalstateoftheTaraRiverandimplementationofmeasuresforcontrollingpollutionandrevitalisingnaturalcharacteristicsandprotectionofthefishfund,withinitsflowinMontenegro(146km).Theprojectaimstoimprovethestatusofdegradedwatercourses,improvecapacitiesandprotectthenativefisheryintheareaofMojkovacandKolasinmunicipalities,andtostrengthenawarenessamongthelocalpopulationabouttheimportanceofpreservingthewaterandsustainableuseofriverresources.51NameLeadLocationResourceDescriptionCommentsOrganisandationadditionalresourcesTogetherforGreenNationalCapacityTheoverallobjectiveoftheprojectistoBetterHomebuildingempowerthecivilsocietyinMontenegroClimateSavaandtoinfluencetheEUapproximationWorldDrinaActionprocessthroughstrengtheningpublicSavaandBankRiversparticipationindecision-makingintheDrinaRiversCapacityfieldofclimatechange.ThespecificCorridorsFAONationalbuildingobjectiveistobuildthecapacitiesofIntegratedCSOsinMontenegrotobeactiveplayersDevelopmentintheapproximationprocessesandtoProjectinfluencepoliciesrelatedtoclimatechangethroughcapacitybuildingsupportWaterforsmallerCSOswithafocusonclimateResourcechange,energyandsustainableStrategiesdevelopment.TheprojectplanstoandDroughtimprovethecapacityofenvironmentalAlleviationinCSOsinpolicydevelopment,policyWesternresearchandpublicadvocacy(fortheBalkancontributiontotheEUintegrationprocessAgricultureinthefieldofclimatechange)aswellas(WATERWEtoincreasethelegitimacyofCSOsonB)climatechangeandenergypolicyandenhancedialoguewithnationalstakeholders(nationalandlocalgovernments,experts,businessandmedia).ThedevelopmentobjectiveoftheSavaGuidelinesandDrinaRiversCorridorsIntegratedavailableDevelopmentProgrammeistoimprovehere.floodprotectionandenabletransboundarywatercooperationintheSavaandDrinaRiversCorridors.Theprojectconsistsoffourcomponents,willbeimplementedovera10-yearperiod,organisedintwophases.Thesub-projectsinMontenegrowillbemanagedbyaProjectImplementationUnitwithintheMinistryofAgricultureandRuralDevelopment.TheprojectpromotedtheinstitutionalmainstreamingandstrengtheningofcapacitiesintheagriculturesectorwithregardtoDRRandCCAattheregional,nationalandmunicipalitylevels.Awarenesswasraised,capacitiesenhancedandinformationandknowledgesharedamongthedifferentstakeholders.Specifically,thiswasachievedby:(i)developingtechnicalcapacitiesandtoolsforbetterplanningandimplementationofriskreductionmeasuresinagriculture,(ii)harmonisingthepost-disasterneedsassessmentmethodology,includingassessmentofdamageandlosses,withinternational52NameLeadLocationResourceDescriptionCommentsOrganisandEcoandProkletijeCapacitystandards,and(iii)identifying,testingOutdoorationMountainbuildingandvalidatinggoodpracticesforDRRinadditionalTourismagriculturethatcanhelptoreducetheresourcesActionsofEuropeasimpactoffloods,landslidesanddroughts,theBalkannGreensuchastheuseofcroprotation,Alpsintercropping,agroforestry,mulching,Beltdripirrigation,aswellaslandscapeandecosysteminterventions.Threetrainingsessionsonbiodiversitywereorganisedformountainguidestofamiliariseparticipantswithforestspecies,andlargecarnivoreslikebrownbearsandwolves.Guideswerealsointroducedtobirdspeciesandtheimportantaspectsofbirdwatchingasoneofthemostpopularactivitiesoftouristsinthatarea.Thetrainingwasalsoanopportunityforthelocalmountainguidestorecognisethepotentialtocreatedifferenttourismproductsandattractanewtargetaudienceoftourists.MakingCitiesUNISDRMunicipaliCapacityBysigninguptothiscampaign,CetinjeResilienttyofbuildingcanexpecttofurtherraiseawarenessatCampaignthenational(andinternational)level,toCetinjepromptmoresupportandfinancialinvestmentinDRRandCCAmeasures.Thiscansecurebettercoordinationbetweenthenationalandlocallevelanddirectlytranslateintopracticalimplementation.GreenCitiesEBRDPodgoricaActionPodgoricawillbeabletostrategicallyGIZaddressthecity’sneedsforsustainableCCAthroughDrinRiverCapacityandgreengrowth.TheplanwilladdressTransboundaBasinbuildingthemostpressingclimatechangeandryFloodRiskenvironmentalchallenges,includingManagementpublicbuildingenergyefficiency,urbanintheroadsandlighting,urbantransport,waterWesternandwastewater,andimproveenergyandBalkansresourceefficiencyandpromoteclimatechangeadaptationinordertoreducelocalpollution.TheprojectfocusesontheDrinaRiverBasinandsupportsinstitutionsatnationalandlocallevelsinAlbania,Kosovo,MontenegroandNorthMacedonia.Transboundaryfloodriskmanagementisstrengthenedwithregardtoclimatechange.Theprojectcurrentlyactsinthreekeyareas:FloodHazardandRiskMapping,EarlyWarning,andInstitutionaldevelopment.53NameLeadLocationResourceDescriptionCommentsOrganisActionandsafEarthInternatioTransnationaladvancedmanagementationnaloflanduseriskthroughlandslideadditionalsusceptibilitymapsdesign.LedbytheresourcesECCroatianGeologicalSurvey,safEarthdevelopedanonlinelandslidesusceptibilitymapping(LSM)systemthatallowsanypotentialoroccurringdisasterstobemappedinrealtime.54INTERNATIONALUNIONFORCONSERVATIONOFNATURERegionalOfficeforEasternEuropeandCentralAsia(ECARO)Japanska3511073Belgrade,SerbiaTel+381112272411www.iucn.org/regions/eastern-europe-and-central-asiawww.iucn.org/resources/publications
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