NETZEROAnAnalysisofNetZeroTargetsINDIAandLawsAcknowledgementsLeadAuthor:TobyD.CoutureTheresearchandanalysisconductedforthisreportweresupportedbyGIZIndia,incooperationwiththeTUEWASProject.AspecialthankstoJosephThomas,AxelP.Henderson,andAliceGoyerfortheirsupportwithresearchanddataanalysis.Copyright:E3Analytics,November2023DesignandLayout:HotIceCreativeStudioPhotoCredits:1,2:Homesh/AdobeStock;4:JonAndersWiken/AdobeStock;5:Baranov/AdobeStock;8:Zamrznutitonovi/AdobeStock;10:SebastiánHernández/AdobeStock;11:Roxana/AdobeStock;12:disq/AdobeStock;15:andreiuc88/AdobeStock;18:eVEN/AdobeStock;19:Cyril/AdobeStock;20:Deemerwhastudio/AdobeStock;22:Kalyakan/AdobeStock;23:RobertKneschke/AdobeStock;25:Tony/AdobeStock;26:Artinun/AdobeStock;28:АндрейТрубицын/AdobeStock;29:DavidKatz/AdobeStock;30:KeithKlosterman/AdobeStock;38:BorisStroujko/AdobeStock;39:sarath/AdobeStock;42:yurakrasil/AdobeStock;45:JoergBoethling/AlamyStockPhoto;46:BeatricePrève/AdobeStock;50:StéphaneBidouze/AdobeStock;PART1PART2PART3PART4OverviewNetZero:NetZero:PathwaysIndia’sTheoverallobjectiveofthisSettingtheDefinitionstoAchievePathwayreportistoprovideanoverviewStage&DesignNetZerotoNetZeroofNetZerotargets,designconsiderations,andlaws.AsthemomentumtoadoptNetZerotargetsgrows,severalgapsandissuesremain.Thisreportaimstoidentifysomeofthesegapsandhighlightgoodpracticesfornationalandsub-nationalgovernments.ThisreportprovidesaspecialfocusonIndia,whichisexploredingreaterdepthinPart4.04182938NetZero:SettingtheStageWhatarethemainsourcesofanthropogenicgreenhousegasemissions(GHG)worldwide?CarbonDioxide74.4%GLOBALTOTAL17.3%Methane(CH4)(CO2)58.3GtGHGemissionsfromallsourcesinCO2equivalentin202313,656.2%Oxide(N2O)Nitrous52.1%OtherHumanityhasaglobal243GtCO2carbonbudget.TheaimofNetZerolawsandtargetsGlobalcarbonbudgetistokeephumanitywithinundera1.5°Celsiusscenario2thatbudget.36.8GtCO2TheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)concludesthatglobaltemperaturerisemustbekepttounderGlobalannualCO2emissions1.5°Cofwarmingtoavoidtheworsteffectsofclimatechange.in20223Globalaveragetemperaturerisehasalreadyexceeded1.0°C.The“carbonbudget”referstotheamountofCO2emissions2.9GtCO2(orCO2equivalent)humanitycanreleasewhilekeepingtheglobaltemperatureincreasewithinagivenrange.India'sannualemissionsin2022466yearsTimeremainingoncurrenttrendsuntilglobalcarbonbudgetfor1.5°Celsiusisexhausted1WecurrentlyreleaseHumanityisemittingtwicetheGHGemissionsmoreGHGemissionstheEarthcanabsorbthantheearth’sAtthesametime,theabilityofnaturalecosystemsecosystemscanstoreandoceanstocaptureandstorecarbonisbeingdiminishedbyhumanactivity(agriculture,+36.8Gt+15.6Gtdeforestation,oceanpollution,etc.)CO2emissionsTheresultisthatbetween20–30gigatonsofexcessfromfossilfuelsotherGHGemissionsGHGemissionsareaccumulatingeachyearthat(CH4,N2O,etc.)cannotbeabsorbedbynaturalprocesses.11+5.9Gt7landuse&deforestation(LULUCF)66-11Gt-10Gtabsorbedbytheabsorbedbythebiosphere11oceans11Wehave11×more1010GtCO2fossilfuelreservesinthegroundthanreleasedin1850–20001wecanafordtoburn716GtCO28releasedin2000–2021243GtCO2Globalcarbonbudgetundera1.5°Celsiusscenario22755GtReservesthatmuststayinthegroundtoachievea1.5°Celsiusscenario1NetZeroDefinition:WhereEmissions=RemovalsTheterm‘netzero’referstoastateNOWinwhichanactor,suchasacountry,city,orcompany,isnotcontributing40toclimatechange.30Sincethereportingperiodistypicallyannual,theachievementofNetZeroGtC02/year20ConventionalemissionsmustbesustainedeveryyearmitigationinordertoremainNetZero.NETZEROtechniquesIfallcountriesandcompanieswereNet10Carbonremoval,Zero,theneteffectonglobalwarmingincludingnaturewouldbezero;theglobalcarboncycle0protectionwouldbeconsideredinbalance.5,6,9-109NEGATIVEEMISSIONS-202010202020302040205020602070NetZeroisbothagoal,andajourneyTheIPCCformallyusedtheterm‘netzero’attheParisClimateSummitin2015.Althoughconfusionabouttheactualdefinitionofterm“netzero”remains,thetermhasspreadrapidlyandisnowusedbygovernmentsandcompaniesworldwide.5,6,7Around65%ofcountriesgloballyhaveincludedNetZerotargetswithindomesticlegislationornationalpolicydocuments.7NetZerotargetsnowcoverover90%ofglobalGDP.810NetzerolawsLegislationHIGHarestartingtospreadaroundtheworldRegulationNetzerogoalsdifferwidelyintermsoftheirStrategicgoalMEDIUMspecificityandintermsofhowbindingtheyare.ManyNetZerotargetsadoptedtodatearelittlePledgemorethanannouncements.Some,however,havestartedtoadoptNetZerotargetsintolaw.AnnouncementLOW26countrieshavenowpassedlawsembeddingprogresstowardsNetZeroasaNetzeropledgetypeLevelofenforceabilitylegalobligation.21EnshriningaNetZerotargetinlawisconsideredcentraltoitscredibility.1112TotalnumberofadoptedNetZerolaws02018UnitedKingdom2019TherateofadoptionofNetZerolawshasbeenincreasingFrance•NewZealand2020Hungary2021Denmark2022LuxembourgUnitedStatesSwedenMaldives•SpainCanada•Germany•IcelandAustria•IrelandFiji•SouthKoreaNigeriaPortugalColombiaJapanGreeceChileFinlandAustraliaSwitzerland202326NetZerolawshavebeenadoptedtodateOctober20238ThereareseveralpotentialpitfallsinthedefinitionofNetZeroThereareoftenTherearesignificantThereisoftenalackseveralambiguitiesdiscrepanciesofadequatemonitoringinwordinginthecredibilityofandreportingNetZeroclaimsOnechallengeofreachingThelackoftransparencyandinternationalagreementsStudieshavedemonstratedconsistencyinmonitoringonNetZeroisthatrelatedthatNetZeroclaimsvaryprogresstowardsNetZerowordsandtermsoftenwidelyincomplexity,detailhindersanaccurateassessmenthavevaryingdefinitions.andcredibility.Thiscreatesofpledgesandtimelines;majorchallengesregardingfurthermore,theabsenceoftheforecastingofthefutureconsistentreportingstandardsmagnitudeandseverityofinvites”creativeaccounting”globalwarming.12andcanunderminetrustinNetZerotargets.13ThereareseveralpotentialpitfallsinthedefinitionofNetZeroThetimehorizonNetZeroisfrequentlyPromotingNetZerodoesnotmatchignoredinmajornationalriskssupportingpoliticaltermsdecisionscontinuedfossilfueluseCurrentlyover90%ofNetZeroThereareexamplesofDuetotheinclusionofthetargetsaresetfor2050orcountrieswithNetZeroterm‘net’,theterm‘netzero’beyond,whichlieswellbeyondtargetsthat,despitehavingarguablyprovidesimplicitthepoliticalhorizonofthetargets,donotactuallylicensetocontinueburningpartiesandgovernmentofficialsrefertothemwhenmakingfossilfuels,providedthattheadoptingthem.Thisdiscrepancymajordecisions,suchasemissionscreatedcanbeincreasestheriskthatdecisionspermittingcoalminesornewoffsetorstored.10andcommitmentsmadebyoilextraction.governmentstodaywillbeoverturnedorwatered-downbyfuturegovernments.14Thediscussionsurroundingglobalemissionsreductionshasevolvedsignificantlyoverthelast30years199720152021Kyotosummit:TheParisClimateAccordCOP26inGlasgow:Majornewallianceslaunched,Percentageemissions(‘ParisAgreement’)wasincludingtheGlasgowFinancialAllianceforNetZeroreductionswereframed(GFANZ).6ᵗʰIPCCassessmentreportreleased,astheoverridingtarget.adopted,givinganewfocusoncontainingthephrase‘netzeroglobalCO2emissions’.temperatureoutcomes.141992200920192023RioEarthSummit:TheUNsettledonagoalof’stabilisingCopenhagen:newcarbonTheUKwastheCurrentstatus(September2023):atmosphericconcentrationsofgreenhousegasesbudgetandaccountingfirstcountryto149countriesthataretrackedby(GHGs)atalevelcommensuratewithavoidingdangeroussystemsagreedupon(replacingenactNetZerointotheNetZeroTrackerhavesetaNetanthropogenicclimatechange’.percentagereductions).nationallegislation.Zeroorequivalenttarget,leaving50countrieswithouttargets.1515HistoricalemissionsHistoricalemissionstoendof202118arebecomingacontentioustopic32.6%others‘Historicalemissions’referstothecumulativeemissionsanactor(inthiscase,acountry)produceduntiltodaysincethe30.19%6.93%9.66%8.35%3.53%6.52%0.48%1.77%dawnofindustrializationin1750.HistoricalemissionsmakesUSAChinaUKGermanyFranceRussiaIndonesiaIndiaitpossibletocompareeachcountry’soverallcontributiontoglobalclimatechange.Forexample,thehistoricalemissionsoftheUK(10%ofglobalhistoricalemissions)aregreaterthanChina’s(7%).However,China’scurrentshareofglobalGHGemissions(25%)faroutweighsthatoftheUK(1%)(seenextpage).16,17,18Todate,onlyTuvalu,Burundi,andParaguayhaveincludedhistoricalemissionsintheirclimatepledges.1816WhenrankedintermsAnnualemissions(2021)1ofannualemissions,countrieslikeChinaand44.5%Indiarankamongtheotherstop-5largestemitters12.1%25.2%0.9%1.5%0.7%4.0%4.1%7.0%AnnualemissionsprovideasnapshotintimeofUSAChinaUKGermanyFranceRussiaIndonesiaIndiacountries’contributiontoglobalclimatechange.Chinaisnowtheworld’slargestemitter(25.2%ofglobalemissionsin2021),followedbytheUnitedStates(12.1%)andIndia(7%)inthirdplace.Notethattheseemissionsdatacoveremissionsfromproduction,anddonotcapturetheemissionsassociatedwithconsumption.17NetZero:Definitions&DesignNotallNetZerotargetsarecreatedequalMostNetZerotargetsthathavebeenadoptedtodatearebuiltonshakyfoundationsandrelyonunproventechnologiesorapproaches.12InaglobalrankingofNetZeropledgespublishedinthejournalScience,90%ofthepledgeswerefoundtoinspirelittleconfidenceintheireventualachievement.19Under20%ofcountrieshavetargetsthatmeettheminimumproceduralstandardsofrobustnessaccordingtotheUN’sRacetoZero‘startingline’.2019WorkingtowardslegallybindingtargetsisacentralpartofNetZeropledgesTargetsareanessentialcomponentofplanningforaNetZerofuture,butpledgesmustbesubjectedtoscrutiny.Whethertargetsarelegallybindinghasasignificantimpactonthedurabilityandcredibilityofthepolicy.Enshriningtargetsinlawhelpsincreasethelikelihoodoftargetattainment.Ofnationaltargetscurrentlypublishedglobally,only26outof199trackednationshaveadoptedNetZerotargetsthatarelegallybinding.2120TherearemanytermsassociatedwithNetZero5CLIMATENEUTRALCARBONNEGATIVEOFFSETTINGTheactivitiesofanactorhavenoWhencarbonremovalsaregreaterWhenanactorpaysathirdpartytoneteffectontheclimatesystem.thancarbonemissions.Similartotheoffset,orreduce,greenhousegasphrase‘netnegativeemissions’.emissionselsewhere,suchasbyCARBONNEUTRALplantingtrees.SuchoffsetsenableCLIMATEPOSITIVEactorsforwhomitmaybedifficultTheactivitiesofanactorhaveorNETNEGATIVEtomeaningfullyreduceemissionsinnoneteffectonCO2emissions.theshort-term(suchastheaviationTheactor’sresidualemissionsmustAnactor’soverallcontributiontosector)topay(orinvestinprojects)beoffsetbycarbonremovals,GHGis‘betterthan’NetZero,whichtoreduceemissionselsewhere.ornegativeemissionselsewhere.meansthatanactor’sGHGremovalsexceeditsemissionsoverthetime21periodunderconsideration.SectoralBreakdownClearBaselineYearKeycomponentsCarbonSinksClearTargetDateofaNetZerotargetFinanceAnnualReportingMonitoringThereareseveralcorecomponents22ofNetZerotargets.Whatarecarbonremovals,andhowdotheywork?Focusingonimmediateandextensivedecarbonisationiscrucialtolimitglobalwarming.However,manyobserversandscientistsbelievethatpermanentcarbonremovalwillbealsoberequiredtomeetglobalemissionsreductiontargetsandkeeptheglobalcarboncycleinbalance.22ManyglobalNetZeropledgesrelyheavilyontheconceptofcarbonsinks,orcarbonremovals.23CarbonremovalbroadlytakesthreeformsNBSBECCSCCUSNature-BasedBio-EnergyCarbonCapture,SolutionsCarbonCaptureUtilisationandStorageandStorageThisreferstonature’sinherentabilitytoThisreferstotargetedeffortstostoreThisreferstostoringcarbonunderground,storecarbon.Keyelementshereincludecarboninplantorwoodform.Thiscantypicallyinlargecavernsorindepletedoilandreducingdeforestation,plantingtrees,includeincreasingtheuseofwoodasagaswell.Inmostcases,theterm‘utilisation’restoringecosystems,andre-wilding.23buildingmaterial,forinstance.24,25referstothefactthatcarbonisusedin‘EnhancedOilRecovery’,inwhichCO2isinjectedintothegroundtoextractmoreoil.2624TherearenowtoolsKeyelements:AbsoluteavailabletohelpIntensity-basedgovernmentsdesigntheirTargetCoverageetc.ownNetZerotargetsTargetTypeBaseYearScope1TheScience-basedTargetsInitiativehasdevelopedaTargetYear(incl.interimtargets)Scope2comprehensivetoolforsettingNetZerotargets:27CurrentEmissionsbyScopeScope3sciencebasedtargets.org/step-by-step-process#develop-a-targetThistoolincludesastep-by-stepprocessfordesigningandlayingthefoundationsofabindingNetZerotarget.25Emissionsaretypicallysplitinto‘scope’categoriesThesecategoriestendtobeusedtohelpassesscorporateemissions,buttheycanbeusedatthenationallevel.Forbusinesses,NetZeromustcoverScope1,2&3emissions.28Scope1referstotheemissionsgenerateddirectlybyanactor’sownoperations,suchasfuelcombustion,vehicleuse,fugitiveemissions,andmanufacturingprocessesatfactories.Scope2isrelatedtoenergyuseandrepresentsanactor’sdirectemissionsresultingfromthepurchaseofelectricity,heating,cooling,andotherservices.Scope3encompassestheemissionsassociatedwithanactor’sentirevaluechain,andformanufacturersorsuppliersofrawmaterials,itcanbefarlargerthanscope1and2emissions.Scope3includestheproductsthatanactorpurchasesorsells,wastedisposal,travel,aswellasinvestments.26EmissionsbyScopeSCOPE3emissionsgeneratedbyupstreamandDOWNSemployeecommutingdownstreamactivitiesinvestmentsIESofthecompanyUPSTREleasedassetsleasedassetsIESAMIVITACTpurchasedtransport&ACTIVITservices/goodsdistributionMTREAbusinesstravelSCOPE2processingofsoldproductswasteemissionsgeneratedbytheproductionofelectricityandotherenergysourcesuseofsoldproductspurchasedbythecompanyfuel&energyfranchizesrelatedactivitiestransport&SCOPE1endoflifedistributiontreatmentofemissionsdirectlysoldproductscapitalgoodsproducedbycompanyfacilitiesandvehicles27Thebaselineyear30%usedforNetZerotargetsdifferswidelyofdevelopingcountrieshaveA’baselineyear’referstoapointintimethatactsasareferencetosettheirbaselinecomparefutureprogress.29Forexample,NetZerotargetsandprogressyearbetweenintheUKandGermanyaremeasuredagainstabaselineyearof1990.2005–2010UK’starget:toreduceeconomy-wideGHGemissionsbyatleast68%19902005by2030comparedto1990levels,30andtoachieveNetZeroby2050.2010Germany’starget:toreduceemissionsby65%below1990levelsby40%2030,andNetZeroby2045.31Countriestendtochooseabaselineyearintherelativelyrecentpastforofdevelopedwhichcomprehensiveemissions-relateddataareavailable.32countrieshaveSettingabaselineyearhelpsfacilitateannualprogressreporting.set1990astheir28baselineyearPathwaystoAchieveNetZeroHowarecountriesCredibilityparametersplanningtoachieveNetZeroinpractice?6parametersareusedtohelpdescribethecredibilityofacountry’sNetZeroplanAstrategytoachieveNetZeroincludesmanycomponents.Whilethepathwaysvarywidelyfromcountrytocountry,manySectorcommonalitiesexist.Theframeworkpresentedhereadoptsa’buildingblock’Outlinesthesectorsincludedasapproachtohighlightthemaincomponentsofacountry’sNetpartofacountry’sNetZeroplanZerotarget.Itpresentssixkeycredibilityparameters,includingwhethertheNetZerotargetisenshrinedinlaw,andwhetherRemovalsclearaccountabilitymechanismsareinplace.TheframeworkalsoindicateswhetherthecountryexplicitlyplanstorelyonIfanycarbonremovalshavebeencarbonremovalstoachieveitsgoals,ornot.specifiedaspartofaNetZeroplan,theyarementionedhere30Credibilityparameters34WhichsectorshaveWhatcarbonremovalsIndiaspecificsectoraltargets?33havebeenspecified?34NetZerotargetYes–2070PowerNotSpecifiedpublished?IndustryTransportTargetssetinlaw?Declaration/PledgeBuildingScope1,2,and/orNoUrban3specified?AccountabilityNomechanism?Baselineyearstated?Yes–2005GDPpercapita(2022)35Currentannualemissions(2021)36USD$2,3883.9GtCO2eAnnualreporting?Lessthanannual197019801980200020102020203020402050Peakemissions(forecast)372040–204531Ambitious,bestpracticeorverynearbestpracticeLagsinsomeimportantrespectsInadequateoryettobedefinedCredibilityparameters34WhichsectorshaveWhatcarbonremovalsChinaspecificsectoraltargets?38havebeenspecified?34NetZerotargetpublished?Yes–2060EnergyNatureBasedInPolicyAgricultureCCS-BasedTargetssetinlaw?NoNoWasteScope1,2,and/orIndustry3specified?Yes–2005NoreportingGDPpercapita(2022)39Currentannualemissions(2021)38Accountabilitymechanismmechanism?USD$12,72014.2GtCO2eBaselineyearstated?197019801980200020102020203020402050Annualreporting?Peakemissions(forecast)402025–203032Ambitious,bestpracticeorverynearbestpracticeLagsinsomeimportantrespectsInadequateoryettobedefinedCredibilityparameters34WhichsectorshaveWhatcarbonremovalsUnitedKingdomspecificsectoraltargets?41havebeenspecified?1,34NetZerotargetYes–2050TransportNatureBasedpublished?InPolicyNoBuildingsCCS-BasedTargetssetinlaw?YesIndustryInternationalOffsetsScope1,2,and/orYes–1990Allowed3specified?HydrogenLandUseGDPpercapita(2022)42Currentannualemissions(2022)43Accountabilitymechanism?(onlyacommitment,notplan)USD$45,8500.417GtCO2eBaselineyearstated?Annualreporting?Annualreporting197019801980200020102020203020402050Peakemissions(achieved)441972(CO2);2007(countingUKimports)33Ambitious,bestpracticeorverynearbestpracticeLagsinsomeimportantrespectsInadequateoryettobedefinedCredibilityparameters34WhichsectorshaveWhatcarbonremovalsSouthAfricaspecificsectoraltargets?45havebeenspecified?34NetZerotargetYes–2050ElectricityNotSpecifiedpublished?IndustryTargetssetinlaw?Declaration/PledgeTransportScope1,2,and/orNoResidential3specified?AgricultureandForestryAccountabilityNomechanism?Baselineyearstated?NoGDPpercapita(2022)46Currentannualemissions(2021)47(uses2015forsomesectors)USD$6,7760.553GtCO2eAnnualreporting?Lessthanannual197019801980200020102020203020402050Peakemissions(pledged)482020–202534Ambitious,bestpracticeorverynearbestpracticeLagsinsomeimportantrespectsInadequateoryettobedefinedCredibilityparameters34WhichsectorshaveWhatcarbonremovalsIndonesiaspecificsectoraltargets?49havebeenspecified?34NetZerotargetYes–2060LandUse&ForestryNatureBasedpublished?CCS-BasedTransportTargetssetinlaw?Proposed/indiscussionPowerScope1,2,and/orNo3specified?NotSpecified(signedMethaneandCoalExitplansinGlasgowbutnotAccountabilitymechanism?includedinNDC)Baselineyearstated?Yes–2030TransportGDPpercapita(2022)50Currentannualemissions(2021)47(noplanbutthereareinitiatives)USD4,7882.03GtCO2eBuildingsAnnualreporting?Lessthanannual197019801980200020102020203020402050Peakemissions(forecast)51203035Ambitious,bestpracticeorverynearbestpracticeLagsinsomeimportantrespectsInadequateoryettobedefinedCredibilityparameters34WhichsectorshaveWhatcarbonremovalsVietnamspecificsectoraltargets?52havebeenspecified?34NetZerotargetYes–2050BuildingsNatureBasedpublished?InPolicyPowerNoGDPpercapita(2022)53Currentannualemissions(2021)47Targetssetinlaw?NoIndustrialNoAgriculture&LandUseUSD$4,1640.57GtCO2eScope1,2,and/or3specified?WasteTransportAccountabilitymechanism?Baselineyearstated?Annualreporting?Lessthanannual197019801980200020102020203020402050Peakemissions(forecast)542030–203536Ambitious,bestpracticeorverynearbestpracticeLagsinsomeimportantrespectsInadequateoryettobedefinedCredibilityparameters34WhichsectorshaveWhatcarbonremovalsTurkeyspecificsectoraltargets?55havebeenspecified?34NetZerotargetYes–2053Forestry&AgricultureNotSpecifiedpublished?InPolicyTransportNoGDPpercapita(2022)56Currentannualemissions(2021)47Targetssetinlaw?Power/EnergyNotspecifiedIndustryUSD$10,6160.598GtCO2eScope1,2,and/orNoWaste3specified?BuildingsAccountabilitymechanism?Baselineyearstated?Annualreporting?Lessthanannual197019801980200020102020203020402050Peakemissions(forecast)57203837Ambitious,bestpracticeorverynearbestpracticeLagsinsomeimportantrespectsInadequateoryettobedefinedIndia’sPathwaytoNetZeroThereareseveralfactorstoevaluatewhendesigningNetZerotargetsEmissionReductionPotentialCostsactorsFeasibPoliticalFilitySectorChoiceSpeed39Whichsectorsshouldalarge,emerging,andrapidlygrowingcountrylikeIndiatargetfirst?PowerIndustryAgricultureTransportWasteBuildingsENERGYEFFICIENCYEnergyefficiencyiscross-cuttingandtouchesallsectorsofenergyend-use.Energyefficiencyranksamongthemostcost-effectiveofdecarbonizationoptions.58Assuch,energyefficiencyshouldunderpinNetZeroplansandstrategies.40Thepowersector34%PowerSector5%BuildingsneedstoleadIndia’s6%Wastedecarbonisationdrive9%TransportThepowersectorrepresentsover1/3ofIndia’emissions,makingitcentraltoIndia’Breakdownofdecarbonization.59India’sCarbonEmissionsThesecondlargestplayerisagriculture(18%),bySectorfollowedbyindustry,spreadacrossironandsteel(6%),cement(4%),mining,refiningand6%IronandSteel18%Agricultureothers(18%).594%Cement18%Others(Mining,Refining,etc.)Transportmakesup9%,indicatingsignificantpotentialforemissionsreductionhere,particularlyconsideringtheanticipatedriseinmobilityandmobility-relatedservicesinIndia.5941ElectrificationofeverythingisontheriseThepowersectorisnotonlywherethelargestemissionsreductionpotentialexists:itisalsowhereemissionsreductionsareavailableatthelowestcost.Withtheincreasinglypositiveeconomicsofelectrification(heating,cooling,cooking,transport,aswellaspower-to-X),acceleratingprogressinthepowersectorhasapositive“knock-on”effectonthedecarbonizationofothersectors.42Land-useemergingasa9%23%majorchallengeforIndia’sNon-agriculturalForestdecarbonizationplansAreaLandRenewablepowerdeploymentalonecouldtakeupto10millionhectaresby2070(roughlythesizeofPortugal).593%However,co-locationanddual-useispossible,bothforPermanentwindpowerandforsolarpower.Agrivoltaicsenabledual-productionofbothagriculturePasturesandsolarpower.India’s+8millionha/2.6%Windpowercanalsobeeasilyintegratedwithfarming,curentlanduseAditionalforestcoveraswellasgrazingandotherformsofagriculture.308millionhaneededforcarbonsinks43+10millionha/3.25%Incrementallandneededforrenewablepowerplants59%6%AgriculturalBarrenLandLandKeybuildingblocksforachievingNetZeroinIndiaAzero-carbonelectricitystandardinthepowersectorCarbonpricingcouldhelpalignthepricesignalscouldintroducelong-termcertaintyforthesectorandandencouragegreaterefficiencyandlower-carbonhelpdriveemissionsdowninascheduledway.consumptionchoices.CarbonpricingcanalsohelpshelterindustriesagainsttheemergenceofcarbonIndustry:Reductionsofbetween15-35%arepossibleborderadjustmentpolicieslikethoseplannedintheEU.withtoday’stechnologiesintheindustrialsector.IndustryneedstobeencouragedtoleadandsupportedTheelectrificationoftransport,combinedwitheffortsinitsdecarbonizationefforts.60toreducethecarbonintensityofthepowergrid,canproducemajorgains,enablingtransport-relatedAgriculture:improvementsinagriculturecouldyieldemissionstoquicklyplateauandstartdeclining.emissionsreductionsofbetween10-25%.1Two-wheelersandthree-wheelersarealreadyshowingMoreinvestmentisneeded,alongwithmoresupportrapidgrowth;moreinvestmentsinpublictransitandinforfarmerstohelpthemtransition.charginginfrastructureareneeded.44Demandforcoolingisgrowingrapidly.Smartersolutionsareurgentlyneeded.AccordingtotheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA),coolingiscurrentlythefastestgrowingsourceofend-useenergydemandworldwide.61Coolingdemandisprojectedtogrow33-foldby2100.62Inaddition,Indiacurrentlyhasthelargestpopulationthatisatriskofextremeheatworldwide(323million).62Onhotdays,airconditioningrepresentsfully50%ofChina’speakelectricitydemand.IntheMiddleEast,thisfigureisevenhigher,exceeding70%incountrieslikeQatarandSaudiArabia.WhilethefigureinIndiaremainssmall(atunder10%),itisprojectedtogrowrapidlyaslivingstandardsrise.Meanwhile,rapidlyrisingcooling-relatedelectricitydemandisoneoftheleadingcausesofpoweroutagesworldwide.EnsuringthatgrowingcoolingloadsareprimarilysuppliedbyonsitesolarPVand/orwithonsitethermalstoragerepresentsasimpleandcost-effectivewaytoprotectthestabilityofthegrid.45Effortstoincreasecarbonsinks,includingforestprotectionandre-wilding,needtobeexpandedNature-basedsolutionsholdtremendouspotentialtostabilizeglobaltemperatures.Itisestimatedthatnature-basedsolutionslikenatureprotectioncanmeetfully1/3oftheglobalemissionsreductionsneededundertheParisAgreement.63Inaddition,improvedforestprotectioncanprovidebillionsofdollarsinsavingsintermsoffloodprotection.Also,treesandvegetationhavepositiveeffectsoncooling(andreducingtheneedforairconditioning),particularlyincities.Indiashouldestablisharegistryofitscurrentcarbonsinks(forestsandnatureprotectedreserves)andexpandnatureprotectionaspartofitsdecarbonizationplans.Protectingandexpandingexistingforestsisfareasier,cheaper,andmoreeffectivethaninvestinginplantations,whicharepronetodisease,andatgreaterriskofwildfires.6446References1.InformationisBeautiful(October162023),https://informationisbeautiful.net/visualizations/how-many-gigatons-of-co2/2.MCC(August292023),RemainingCarbonBudgethttps://www.mcc-berlin.net/en/research/co2-budget.html;Undera2-degreeCelsiusscenario,thecarbonbudgetisestimatedat998GigatonnesofCO2equivalent.3.CO2Emissionsin2022,InternationalEnergyAgency,https://www.iea.org/reports/co2-emissions-in-20224.Perinchery,A.(November2022),TheWire,https://thewire.in/environment/global-carbon-emissions-on-rise-indias-levels-to-go-up-by-6-in-2022-say-scientists-at-cop275.NetZeroClimate(2023),https://netzeroclimate.org/what-is-net-zero6.UNNetZeroCoalition(2023),https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/net-zero-coalition7.NewClimateInstitute(June2023).NetZeroStocktake,https://newclimate.org/resources/publications/net-zero-stocktake-20238.NetZeroTracker(2022),https://zerotracker.net/analysis/recommendations-and-current-realities9.‘Themeaningofnetzeroandhowtogetitright’,Fankhauseretal(2021),https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-021-01245-w10.WorldResourcesInstitute(2023),https://www.wri.org/insights/net-zero-ghg-emissions-questions-answered#:~:text=What%20Does%20Net%2DZero%20Emissions,process%20known%20as%20carbon%20removal11.GlobalCarbonProject(2022).GlobalCarbonBudget2022,https://www.globalcarbonproject.org/carbonbudget/22/files/GCP_CarbonBudget_2022.pdf12.‘Credibilitygapinnet-zeroclimatetargetsleavesworldathighrisk’,Rogeljetal(2023),https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adg624813.WorldDataLab(2023).WorldEmissionsClock,https://worldemissions.io/14.ParisClimateAccord,(2015),https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf15.NetZeroTracker(2022),https://zerotracker.net/analysis/net-zero-stocktake-202216.‘UKandglobalemissionsandtemperaturetrends’,UKParliament(2021)https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/uk-and-global-emissions-and-temperature-trends/17.‘CumulativeCO₂emissionsbyworldregion’,OurWorldinData(2021),https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cumulative-co2-emissions-region18.‘Fairshare’,ClimateActionTracker(2023),https://climateactiontracker.org/methodology/cat-rating-methodology/fair-share/19.‘Withoutfullyimplementingnet-zeropledges,theworldwillmissclimategoals’,Dunning,ImperialCollegeLondon(2023),https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/245295/without-fully-implementing-netzero-pledges-world/20.NetZeroTracker(2022),https://zerotracker.net/analysis21.ClimateWatch(2023).NetZeroTracker,https://www.climatewatchdata.org/net-zero-tracker22.‘TheNet-ZeroStandardandCarbonRemovals’,ScienceBasedTargetsInitiative(2022),https://sciencebasedtargets.org/news/the-net-zero-standard-and-carbon-removals#:~:text=Climate%20science%20shows%20that%2C%20in,emissions%20that%20cannot%20be%20eliminated23.Nature-basedSolutionsInitiative(2023),https://www.naturebasedsolutionsinitiative.org/what-are-nature-based-solutions24.‘Climatescientists:conceptofnetzeroisadangeroustrap’,Dykeetal,Resilience(2021),https://www.resilience.org/stories/2021-04-22/climate-scientists-concept-of-net-zero-is-a-dangerous-trap/25.‘BECCSdeployment:arealitycheck’,Fajardyetal,ImperialCollegeLondon(2019),https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/grantham-institute/public/publications/briefing-papers/BECCS-deployment---a-reality-check.pdf26.‘What’stheTargetforCarbonSequestrationandHowDoWeGetThere?’,InternationalEnergyForum(2022),https://www.ief.org/news/whats-the-target-for-carbon-sequestration-and-how-do-we-get-there#:~:text=In%20September%202021%20an%20IEF,and%20UN%20Sustainable%20Development%20Goals27.ScienceBasedTargets(2023),https://sciencebasedtargets.org/step-by-step-process#develop-a-target28.‘WhatisNetZeroandwhydoesitmatter?’,FosterandStGeorge,CarbonTrust(2022),https://www.carbontrust.com/news-and-insights/insights/what-is-net-zero-and-why-does-it-matter29.‘WhatdoesanEUCarbonBorderAdjustmentMechanismmeanfortheUK?’,Burkeetal,GranthamResearchInstituteonClimateChangeandtheEnvironment(2021),https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/What-does-an-EU-Carbon-Border-Adjustment-Mechanism-mean-for-the-UK_SUMMARY.pdf30.‘UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland’sNationallyDeterminedContribution’(2022),https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-09/UK%20NDC%20ICTU%202022.pdf31.ClimateActionTracker,Germany(2023),https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/germany/net-zero-targets/32.PhysOrg(2021),‘Howcomenations’climatetargetsdon’tcompare?’,https://phys.org/news/2021-04-nations-climate-dont.html33.ClimateActionTracker(2023),https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/india/net-zero-targets/47References34.NetZeroTracker(2023),https://zerotracker.net/35.WorldBank(2023),GDPpercapita,https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=IN36.Statista(2023),EmissionsinIndia–Statistics&Facts,https://www.statista.com/topics/8881/emissions-in-india/#topicOverview37.Bloomberg(November32021),https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-11-03/india-sees-carbon-emissions-peaking-in-2040-4538.ClimateActionTracker(2023),https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/china/39.WorldBank(2023),GDPpercapita,https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=CN40.CarbonBrief(2022),Guestpost:WhyChinaissettosignificantlyoverachieveits2030climategoals,https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-why-china-is-set-to-significantly-overachieve-its-2030-climate-goals/41.ClimateActionTracker(2023),https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/uk/42.WorldBank(2023),GDPpercapita,https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=GB43.DepartmentforEnergySecurityandNetZero(2023),2022UKgreenhousegasemissionsprovisionalfigures,https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1147372/2022_Provisional_emissions_statistics_report.pdf44.OfficeforNationalStatistics(2019),Thedecouplingofeconomicgrowthfromcarbonemissions:UKevidence,https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/nationalaccounts/uksectoraccounts/compendium/economicreview/october2a019/thedecouplingofeconomicgrowthfromcarbonemissionsukevidence45.ClimateActionTracker(2023),https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/south-africa/46.WorldBank(2023),GDPpercapita,https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=ZA47.OurWorldinData(2023),Greenhousegasemissions,https://ourworldindata.org/greenhouse-gas-emissions48.UNFCCC(2023),SouthA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