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首页文档碳中和资料研究报告产业集群向净零过渡_工业脱碳的国家政策扶持-第二部分（英文版）--世界经济论坛

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Transitioning Industrial
Clusterstowards Net Zero:
National Policy Enablement for
Industrial Decarbonization – Part II
WHITE PAPER
NOVEMBER 2023
In collaboration
with Accenture
Images: Getty Images
© 2023 World Economic Forum. All rights
reserved. No part of this publication may
be reproduced or transmitted in any form
or by any means, including photocopying
and recording, or by any information
storage and retrieval system.
Disclaimer
This document is published by the
World Economic Forum as a contribution
to a project, insight area or interaction.
The findings, interpretations and
conclusions expressed herein are a result
of a collaborative process facilitated and
endorsed by the World Economic Forum
but whose results do not necessarily
represent the views of the World Economic
Forum, nor the entirety of its Members,
Partners or other stakeholders.
Contents
Foreword 3
Executive summary 4
The Transitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Zeroinitiative 6
1 Americas 7
1.1 Brazil 7
2 Europe 11
2.1 Sweden 11
2.2 Portugal 14
3 Asia and Oceania 16
3.1 Brunei Darussalam 16
3.2 Thailand 19
3.3 Malaysia 22
3.4 India 25
3.5 Japan 28
3.6 United Arab Emirates 31
4 Africa 33
4.1 South Africa 33
Conclusion 37
Contributors 38
Endnotes 39
Transitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Zero 2
Foreword
We understand the importance of decarbonization
of industrial clusters in achieving net zero and the
crucial role that regulators and policy-makers play.
Public-private collaboration has reached all-time
highs as technology and policy innovation have
enabled more robust and accelerated growth in
green solutions for industry.
As the Transitioning Industrial Clusters towards
Net Zero initiative expands into new geographies,
we have developed additional comprehensive
analyses of the strategies and actions employed
by multiple federal governments to propel industrial
decarbonization. This analysis complements our
first publication, Transitioning Industrial Clusters
towards Net Zero: National Policy Enablement for
Industrial Decarbonization, by providing a nuanced
and concise overview of an additional 10 countries,
including our first countries from the Middle East
and Africa.
This paper will provide a deep dive into the
contextual reasoning behind the industrial cluster
approach for decarbonization, which has seen
increasing adoption by policy-makers globally.
The analysis supports our initiative community
of 20 industrial clusters, covering 11 countries
across four continents, with a cumulative carbon
emissionsreduction or abatement potential of
626million tonnes.
Thank you to all of those participating in research
and policy analyses for their time and contributions
to this paper.
Miguel G Torreira
Managing Director,
GlobalStrategy, Trading,
Investments and Optimisation
(ATIOS), Accenture
Jörgen Sandström
Head, Transforming
IndustrialEcosystems,
WorldEconomic Forum
Transitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Zero:
National Policy Enablement for Industrial Decarbonization – Part II
October 2023
Transitioning Industrial Clusters towards Net Zero 3
/41
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IncollaborationwithAccentureTransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero:NationalPolicyEnablementforIndustrialDecarbonization–PartIIWHITEPAPERNOVEMBER2023Images:GettyImagesContentsForeword3Executivesummary4TheTransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZeroinitiative61Americas71.1Brazil72Europe112.1Sweden112.2Portugal143AsiaandOceania163.1BruneiDarussalam163.2Thailand193.3Malaysia223.4India253.5Japan283.6UnitedArabEmirates314Africa334.1SouthAfrica33Conclusion37Contributors38Endnotes39DisclaimerThisdocumentispublishedbytheWorldEconomicForumasacontributiontoaproject,insightareaorinteraction.Thefindings,interpretationsandconclusionsexpressedhereinarearesultofacollaborativeprocessfacilitatedandendorsedbytheWorldEconomicForumbutwhoseresultsdonotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsoftheWorldEconomicForum,northeentiretyofitsMembers,Partnersorotherstakeholders.©2023WorldEconomicForum.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem.TransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero2October2023TransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero:NationalPolicyEnablementforIndustrialDecarbonization–PartIIForewordMiguelGTorreiraManagingDirector,JörgenSandströmGlobalStrategy,Trading,Head,TransformingInvestmentsandOptimisationIndustrialEcosystems,(ATIOS),AccentureWorldEconomicForumWeunderstandtheimportanceofdecarbonizationandconciseoverviewofanadditional10countries,ofindustrialclustersinachievingnetzeroandtheincludingourfirstcountriesfromtheMiddleEastcrucialrolethatregulatorsandpolicy-makersplay.andAfrica.Public-privatecollaborationhasreachedall-timehighsastechnologyandpolicyinnovationhaveThispaperwillprovideadeepdiveintotheenabledmorerobustandacceleratedgrowthincontextualreasoningbehindtheindustrialclustergreensolutionsforindustry.approachfordecarbonization,whichhasseenincreasingadoptionbypolicy-makersglobally.AstheTransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsTheanalysissupportsourinitiativecommunityNetZeroinitiativeexpandsintonewgeographies,of20industrialclusters,covering11countrieswehavedevelopedadditionalcomprehensiveacrossfourcontinents,withacumulativecarbonanalysesofthestrategiesandactionsemployedemissionsreductionorabatementpotentialofbymultiplefederalgovernmentstopropelindustrial626milliontonnes.decarbonization.Thisanalysiscomplementsourfirstpublication,TransitioningIndustrialClustersThankyoutoallofthoseparticipatinginresearchtowardsNetZero:NationalPolicyEnablementforandpolicyanalysesfortheirtimeandcontributionsIndustrialDecarbonization,byprovidinganuancedtothispaper.TransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero3ExecutivesummaryStrongcollaborationinpartnershipsisnecessarytonavigatethecomplexthemesforindustrialclustersdecarbonization.Industrialclustershavebecomeafocalpoint3.Broadsetsoffiscalincentivesareinuse,forgovernmentsworldwide,leadingtoariseinincludinggrants,subsidies,guarantees,taxinitiativestotackleindustrialcarbonemissions.incentives,aswellasmultilateralaidfunding.Governmentcommitmentandinstitutionalalignmentserveaskeyenablersforacceleratingaction.4.Inthenearterm,thedecarbonizationofindustriesisdrivenprimarilybytheswitchingItisobservedthatEUpolicies,suchastheCarbonofenergysourcestorenewablesinparallelBorderAdjustmentMechanism(CBAM),haveawiththeelectrificationofindustrialheating,stronginfluenceonindustrialdecarbonizationinsupportedbyarangeofgovernmentothernationsincludingtheUnitedArabEmirates,subsidies,schemes,projects,grantsBrazilandSouthAfrica.AmongcountriesinAsia,andtaxincentives.SignificantbudgetsareJapanandIndiaareleadingintermsofpolicyallocatedtowardsincreasingtheproportionframeworksforhydrogen.Meanwhile,inemergingofcleanenergyinprimaryenergyproductioneconomies,policyframeworksforcarboncapture,throughdirectgovernmentinitiativesorbyutilizationandstorage(CCUS)arestillintheearlyprovidingincentivestoencourageprivatestagesofdevelopment.Withthediversityinpolicysectorparticipation.emphasis,itiscriticaltonotetheimportanceofthelocalcontextineachcountry'stransitionjourney5.AsignificantnumberofnationshaveembarkedandtoreadthispaperwithduerespectandonthedevelopmentofCCUSprojects,asconsiderationofthisdimension.wellastheconversionanduseofblueandgreenhydrogen.TheseinitiativesarefuelledThispaperreviewsthelegislatedpoliciesdrivingbythecollectiveeffortsofboththeprivateindustrialdecarbonizationinaselectionoftenandpublicsectors,whichcollaboratethroughnationsacrosstheAmericas,Europe,Asia-Pacific,partnershipsortakeindividualleadershiprolesMiddleEastandAfrica,aswellastheenablingindrivingtheseprojectsforward.mechanismstopromoteacollaborative,market-orientedindustrialclustersapproach.Acrossthese6.Nationsareadoptingacomprehensivepolicies,analysishasshownthefollowing:approachbyimplementinginitiativestoreduceemissionseffectively,accelerate1.Thereisanoticeabletrendtowardspromotingtheadoptionofelectrificationandcleantheadoptionofrenewableenergysources.energy,andenhanceenergyefficiency.GovernmentsareimplementingdiverseTheyaretailoringtheirpoliciesandinitiativesstrategies,settingmultiplegoalsforvarioustomakeuseoftheiruniquegeographicalrenewableenergysourcessuchasgreenandeconomicadvantages,enablingthemhydrogen,solar,windandbiofuels.Foratopursueindividualizedapproachesinnumberofcountries,includingJapan,India,harnessingthesebenefits.MalaysiaandSouthAfrica,thisapproachaimstoensureacomprehensiveandbalanced7.Thepotentialofcarbonpricingisgainingtransitiontowardscleanerandmoresustainableprominenceinemergingmarkets,withthreeenergysolutions,withobservedemphasisonSouth-EastAsiancountriesannouncingplansenhancingenergysecurityandaccess.forcarbontaxmechanisms.Challengestoimplementationareconcernsaroundthe2.Theprioritizationofrenewablesisalsoreflectedeconomicimpactofcarbonpricing,e.g.intheportionoffundingorfinancialincentivesreducedcompetitivenessandhighenergycosts.allocated,whichinmanycountriesissignificantlyhigherthantheallocationforothersolutionssuchasenergyefficiency,hydrogenandCCUS.TransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero4TABLE1NationalinvestmentinkeydecarbonizationtechnologiesHydrogenCarboncapture,SystemicefficiencyDirectelectrificationutilizationandandcircularityandrenewablestorage(CCUS)heatNationFederalfundingandsupportmeasures(inclusiveofmultilateralfunding)BrazilExploringExploringExploringInvestingSwedenPortugalSeedingInvestingExploringNone1BruneiDarussalamThailandSeedingNoneSeedingExploringMalaysiaIndiaNone2None3None4AmbitionstatedJapanUnitedArabEmiratesAmbitionstatedSeedingExploringExploringSouthAfricaAmbitionstatedInvestingInvestingInvestingInvestingAmbitionstatedInvestingInvestingInvestingInvestingSeedingInvestingInvestingInvestingInvestingInvestingSeeding5NoneExploring5Investing5Notes:1)StatesupportisnotrequiredinSwedenasthishasbeenlong-establishedwithamatureandcompetitivemarket;2)InSeptember2023,theDepartmentofEnergypublishedastudyongreenhydrogenproductioninBrunei;3)BruneiShellPetroleum,ajointventurebetweenShell(50%)andtheBruneiGovernment(50%)isexploringpotentialCCUSsolutionsinBruneiDarussalam;4)In2022,anMoUwassignedbetweenBankIslamBruneiDarussalam(BIBD)andBruneiDarussalamNationalCouncilonClimateChange(BNCCC)tocollaborateinclimatesolutionsincludinginvestmentinenergyconservation;5)InclusiveofmultilateralfundingfromJETP.TABLE2RecognitionoftheimportanceofcarbonpricingNationEmissionstradingschemeCarbontaxBrazilSwedenNoneatpresentNoneatpresentEUEmissionsTradingSystem(EUETS)Yes,carbontaxapplicablefornon-ETSsectorsinclusiveofindustryandhouseholdsandhasbeenprogressivelyincreasingsinceitsintroductioninPortugalEUETS1991.Currenttaxrateis€122pertonneasof2023.BruneiDarussalamCarbontaxfortheaviationsector,applicabletocommercialflightsandThailandNoneatpresent;thecountry’sNationalbusinessflights,inforceJuly2023;taxrateof€2perpassenger.MalaysiaClimateChangePolicyseescarbonpricingasakeylevercontributingtoNoneacarbonreductionof46%.Planstointroducecarbonpricingby2025.Studyingtheintroductionofcarbontaxtoenergy,transportandindustrialsectors(coveringover90%ofThailand’semissions).VoluntaryCarbonMarketAnnouncedplansforcarbontax.GoodandServicesCompensationCess(oncoalproduction),supersedingVoluntaryCarbonMarkettheCleanEnergyCess.Taxrateof$5pertonne(400Indianrupeepertonne)ofcoalproduction.IndiaNoneTaxforclimatechangemitigation(TCCM)inplacesince2012,reforms/revisionsannouncedonholdduetorisingenergypricesin2023.JapanETSplanned;voluntarycapandTCCMtaxrateofabout$2pertonne(289Japaneseyenpertonne).tradeinTokyoMetropolitanCityandSaitamaPrefecture.NoneUnitedArabEmiratesCarboncreditstradingdeskplannedCarbontaxintroducedJune2019;emissionallowances(basictax-free(creditsfromADNOCcarbonmitigationallowancecovering60-75%ofemissions,plusadditionaloffsetsandprojects,tobeavailableasoffsetstoallowances)until2025toeasethetransitionhasledtoloweffectivetaxrate.lowercarbonfootprintofexportstoEU).SouthAfricaNoneTransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero5TheTransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZeroinitiativeCatalysingthedecarbonizationofindustrialclustersglobally.TheTransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetScopeofworkandresearchZeroinitiativeisledbytheWorldEconomicForumapproachincollaborationwithAccentureandtheElectricPowerResearchInstitute(EPRI).TheinitiativeaimsThissecondeditionincludesafourthgeographytoconveneandaccelerateco-locatedindustriesonwiththeinclusionofAfrica.Nationsselectedfortheirnet-zerotransition,makinguseofopportunitiesreviewwithinthesegeographiesweredrivenbothforcollaborativeinvestmentde-risking,cleanenergybytheinterestoftheTransitioningIndustrialClustersmarketcreationandcluster-baseddecarbonization.towardsNetZerocommunityandexpansionplansfortheinitiative.TheinitiativeconvenesindustrialplayersatallstagesofambitiondevelopmentinanimpartialThispaperwasdevelopedthroughathoroughforumtocollaborativelyshapestrategiesandsharereviewofnationalandcollaboration-of-nationslessonslearned.Inparallel,theinitiativecontinueslegislationandotherfederalpublicdocumentation.todevelopthoughtleadershipandincubatebestFurther,inasubsetofgeographies,localexpertspracticesforthesignatoryclusterscommunity.Thiswereinterviewed,oradditionaldesktopresearchpolicyanalysiswillbecomplementedbyafinancingwascompletedtounderstandthepartnership,deepdiveforindustrialclustersinEuropeandpolicy,financeandtechnologystrategiesofselectedemergingeconomies.“flagship”industrialclusters.Theinitiative’s20signatoryclustersaredistributedAsummaryofboththispolicyreviewandflagshipacross11countriesandcontinuetoexpandtonewindustrialclusterprofilingispresentedherein.geographies,includingIndia(withthesupportofBain&Company)andChina.TransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero61Americas1.1BrazilIndustrycontributes34.6%oftotalprimaryenergyconsumption;majorindustrialsfacethechallengeofmeeting2050neutralitytargets.Renewableenergiesaccountfor48%oftheBrazilhascommittedtocarbonneutralitybyprimaryenergydemandinBrazil,yetthecountry2050.However,severalstatesandcities,suchremainsamongthetopfiveglobalcarbonemitters,asSãoPauloandRiodeJaneiro,havepublishedaccountingformorethan3%ofglobalemissionsevenmoreambitiousemissionreductiontargets,in2020.1Mostofitsemissions(46%in2020)aremainlyassociatedwiththeenergytransition.Largerelatedtolandusechange,especiallydeforestationindustrialcompaniescontinuetomakeprogressoftropicalforests.2towardsdecarbonization,boththroughpublishedcommitmentstoreductiontargetsandthroughthedevelopmentofinnovativesustainabilityprojects,whichareestimatedtocreate2millionjobsby2030.FIGURE1IndustrialclusterchallengesandopportunitiesinBrazil61MtCO243%2million60%ofindustrialemissionsareReductionrequiredingreenhouseEstimatednetincreaseofBrazilianconcentratediniron,steelandgas(GHG)emissions(from2005jobsby2030fromtransitioningtocementprocesseslevels)by2030tostayontrackforagreenereconomynetzeroby2050MilliontonnesofcarbondioxideSources:ObservatórioDoClima,EmpresadePesquisaEnergética(EPE);WorldResourcesInstitute.TransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero7Brazil’sapproachtocleanenergyandindustrialdecarbonizationindustrialdecarbonizationinvestments.Beginningwith2010’sNationalPlanonClimateChange,whichcreatedtheBrazil’scleanenergypolicydevelopmentfirstcommitmentstoreduceemissionsanddeforestation,Brazilhasdevelopedaquantified,AlthoughBrazildoesnothaveenablingpoliciestime-bounddecarbonizationpathwayandcontinuesspecifictoindustrialclusters,thereareahostoftoshowprogressandadditionalinvestmentinpublicsectorinitiativesthatcatalyseandsupportscalingthetechnologies,relationshipsandfinancingavailabilitythatwillenableit.FIGURE2BrazilpolicyempoweringindustrialdecarbonizationNationalPlanonPlanforLowCarbonTheBrazilianRenovabio:NationalNationalGuidelinesNationalProgramClimateChangeEconomyinIndustryCommitmenttoPolicyforBiofuelsforClimateNeutralityZeroMethaneCombatingClimateNovember2010June2013Change:EnergyDecember2017February2022March2022ProductionandUseJune2016NationalGuidelinesforClimateNeutrality3Heavyindustry–ProvisionfordirectfinancialsupportforThislandmarkpublicationfromBrazil’sMinistryoftheEnvironmentlaysthefoundationforanresearch,developmentandinnovationofoperationalstrategybywhichBrazilcanachievelow-carbontechnologies.netzeroby2050.Thepublication,segmentedbyresponsibilityandsectoropportunities,laysout–Promotethemitigationoftheoilandgasacomprehensiveseriesofgoalsandenablers,industry’scarbonemissionsthroughtheincludingthosehighlightedbelow.Theguidelinesadoptionofmoreenergy-efficienttechnologiesinenvisionimplementationwouldbeadvancedbytheproductionunits,includingdirectelectrification.wholeofthecountry,includingstate,municipalitiesandcivilsociety.NationalProgrammeZeroMethaneEnergygenerationThe2022NationalProgrammeZeroMethane4–Achieve50%renewableenergiesinthefromtheMinistryoftheEnvironmentaimstoreducemethaneemissionsby30%by2030(fromcompositionoftheenergymatrixand10%2020levels),whichBrazilcommittedtowithoverefficiencygainsintheelectricsectorby2030.100othernationsatCOP26.Theprogrammeproposestoreducemethaneemissionsby–Promotetheuseofenergyfromwaste,encouragingtheconsumptionofbiomethaneandincludingsolidurbanwaste.financingtheconstructionofbiodigestersanddistributioninfrastructure.TransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero8FIGURE3Brazil’slegislativesupportforkeytechnologiesSystemicefficiencyDirectelectrificationCarboncapture,Hydrogenandcircularityandrenewableheatutilizationandstorage(CCUS)–Brazilaimstoincrease–TheBrazilianCommitmentto–Brazilhasannouncedplansto–TheBraziliangovernmentelectricalefficiencyby10%CombatingClimateChangereforest12millionhectaresoflaunchedtheNationalby2030,equivalenttoplansanincreaseofthedegradedareasby2030,theHydrogenProgram,with105terrawatthours(TWh).shareofelectricityinfinalinitiativewillincludeplantingtheobjectivetodeveloptheenergyconsumptionfrom73milliontreesinhopesinhydrogensectorinBraziland–TheNationalProgramme17.2%in2014to19.7%inrestoringcarbon-captureincreaseitscompetitivenessZeroMethaneaimstoreduce2030byusingtheincreaseinforestsandpreventreachingintheglobalrenewablemethaneemissionsbyinvestmentintotheelectricityanecologicaltippingpoint.energymarket.encouragingtheconsumptionsector,whichisexpectedtoofbiomethanefromwasteandreach$9billionby2029.–TheConselhoNacionalde–BrazilianProgramFuelofthefinancingtheconstructionofPolíticaEnergética(CNPE)Futureintendstosupportbiodigestersanddistribution–ThesamedocumentplanshasdevelopedProgramaR&Dprojectsrelatedtogreeninfrastructure.anincreaseoftheshareCombustíveldoFuturotohelphydrogenbyenablinginter-ofvehicleswithelectricfacilitatetheuseofcarbonministerialcollaborationthrough–By2024,theaimistoeliminatepropulsionto1.7%in2025captureandstorage(CCS)theFueloftheFutureTechnicaldumpsitesinthecountryandand4.5%by2030.technologyassociatedwithCommittee(CT-CF).shifttowardsenhancedwastetheproductionofbiofuels.managementpracticesthat–In2022,FueloftheFutureprioritizeenergyefficiencylaunchedaBRL50millionandenvironmentally-friendly(Brazilianreal)publicbidtodisposalmethods.fundandsupportsustainablefuelprojectsfromcompaniesanduniversities.Sources:SwedishEnergyAgency,2021;SecretariadeQualidadeAmbiental;MinistériodoMeioAmbiente,2022;VanderVelde,Bruno,“‘Audacious’reforestationeffortgrowsinBrazil”,Conservation,2023,https://www.conservation.org/blog/audacious-reforestation-effort-grows-in-brazil;EPE,2021;ProgramaNacionaldoHidrogênio,2021;Machado,Nayara,EPBR,2022.TransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero9INDUSTRIALCLUSTERSPOTLIGHT1GreenHydrogenHubinPecém-CearáFIGURE4ConceptofGreenHydrogenHubinPecém-CearáSource:“PecémIndustrialandPortComplexPresentsitsGreenHydrogenHUBattheHydrogenAmericasSummit2022”,HydrogenCentral,10October2022,https://hydrogen-central.com/pecem-industrial-port-complex-presents-green-hydrogen-hub-hydrogen-americas-summit-2022/.Keyindustries:HighlightedemissionsreductioninitiativeRenewables,hydrogen,portandlogisticsThehub,ajointventurebetweentheCearáStateThehubcomprisesthePortofPecémandanindustrialareaGovernmentandthePortofRotterdam,hassecured22totallingover19,000hectares(ha),whichhasthecapacitytomemorandumsofunderstanding(MOUs)fortheproductionproduceupto1.3milliontonnesofgreenhydrogenperyearandexportofgreenhydrogen,ofwhichtwoinvolvingAESby2030.ThehubhasafocusonexporttoEuropeanmarketsandFortescueFutureIndustrieshaveevolvedintopre-viathePortofRotterdamasagreenhydrogenreceivinghub,contracts.Amongthecompanieswhohavesignedtheinadditiontopotentialopportunitiestosupplydomesticend-MOUwithPecémHubincludeEngie,TotalEnergiesanduseandsupportindustrialdecarbonizationintheregion,e.g.Neoenergia,Iberdrola’sBraziliansubsidiary.steelandcementplantsinadjacentindustrialareas.Thehubhighlightsthevalueofpartnershipsbetweencorporatesandisanexampleofcross-bordercollaborationtodelivernewinfrastructurenecessaryforindustrialdecarbonization.TransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero102Europe2.1SwedenSweden’sdecarbonizationeffortswillfocusontheindustrialandtransportsectorstomeet2045goals.Sweden’selectricityandheatingsectorisThedevelopmentofthefossil-freeroadmapswaspredominantlyfossil-free,giventhecountry’searlyoverseenbyFossilFreeSweden,agovernmentadoptionofcarbon-neutralresources.Asaresult,initiativeledbyanationalcoordinator,facilitatingthefocusfordecarbonizationnowrestsontheabottom-upsector-ledeffort,mostlythroughindustryandtransportsectors.industryassociations.ThisspotlightstheimportanceofindustrialassociationsandtheirroleinfacilitatingIn2020,Swedenlaunchedanambitioustargetahighlycollaborativeapproachtowardstheofbecominga“fossil-freewelfarestateby2045”,developmentofsectordecarbonizationroadmaps.targetingnet-zeroemissionsfortheentireeconomy.Foritsindustrialsector,representingabout40%5ofExistingindustrialclustersprovideanestablishedtotalfinalenergyconsumptionandabout30%6ofecosystemforexpandingthescopeofindustrialtotalCO2emissions,thetargetistohavenegativesymbiosisandsupporteconomicvaluecreation.Foremissionsby2045.Thiswouldentailareductioninstance,increasedintegrationoftheenergysystemofmorethan16MtCO2.Twenty-twoindustriesbetweenindustrialfacilitieswithintheStenungsundhavealreadyprovidedroadmapsforgoingfossil-industrialclusteralonecouldrepresentcostsavingsfreeorclimate-neutralby2045viaelectrification,ofapproximatelySEK200million(Swedishkrona)biofuels,circularityandenergyefficiencymeasures.7(around€17.7million).8FIGURE5IndustrialclusterchallengesandopportunitiesinSwedenNETZEROBY60%~10MtCO22045PotentialreductioninemissionsEmissionsfromindustrythatcanfromsteel,chemicalandcementbereducedthroughelectrification,Primarilythroughan85%reductionindustriesinSwedenthroughuseofhydrogenandCCSinemissionsfrom1990levels:theefficiencyandcircularityofindustryistargetingnegativeCO2materialsandenergyemissionsafter2045Sources:StatisticsSweden,Industrialtransitionprogramme,CircularEconomyStrategy,IndustrielleKologi;GovernmentOfficesofSweden,2021.TransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero11Sweden’sapproachtomeetinginJune2022,Swedenreinforceditsindustrialdecarbonizationcommitmentandfocusondecarbonization.Sweden’scleanenergypolicydevelopmentIndustrialclusterspresentsizeableeconomicanddecarbonizationopportunitiesinSwedenTheoilcrisisofthe1970sledSwedentoadopttoachievenationaltargets,primarilythroughlesscarbon-intensivesourcesinitspowersector.expandingthescopeofindustrialsymbiosisBiomassisthemainmodeofdecarbonizationinthewithinestablishedecosystems.​Energy-intensiveheatingandindustrysectorsduetotheprevalenceindustriessuchassteel,cementandconcretehaveofdistrictheatingnetworksandabundantaccessidentifiedelectrificationasoneofthekeymeanstobiomassfromforestry.AttheStockholm+50ofachievingcarbonneutralityintheirrespectiveindustryroadmaps​.FIGURE6SwedenpolicyempoweringindustrialdecarbonizationSwedenclimateIndustriklivetSweden’slong-termStrategyforfossilCircularEconomyIndustryclimateandpolicyframework“IndustrialLeap”strategyforreducingfreecompetitivenessStrategyenergytransitiongreenhousegasJune2017January2018emissionsJune2020July2020March2021December2020Industriklivet“IndustrialLeap”,2018theNextGenerationEUtransformationprogramme.ItissettosupportSweden’salignmentwithnationalThe“IndustrialLeap”9madeavailableatotalofandEuropeannet-zerotargets.€80.6millionin2022,andprojectsthatrununtil2029canbefunded.ThesefundssupportfeasibilityStrategyforfossilfreecompetitiveness,2020studies,research,pilotanddemonstrationprojectsandinvestmentstoreduceGHGemissions,Thispolicyoutlinesroadmapsfor22industriestocontributetopermanentnegativeemissionsandtransitiontofossil-freeorclimate-neutraloperationsbyinfluenceothersectorsofsocietytoachievethe2045.10Itsetsambitioustargetsforindustrialclusters,2045climateneutralitygoals.Supportedareasincludingfortheheatingsectortobecomefossil-ofexplorationincludeimprovingtheefficiencyfreeby2030andthegoalofgenerating3gigawattsofindustrialprocesses,negativeemissionsand(GW)ofelectrolysis-poweredhydrogenby2030,“strategicallyimportant”industrialinitiativesfocusedwithasubsequenttargetof8GWby2045.Manyonnewlow-emissionstechnologieswithapplicationsproposedinitiativesbyFossilFreeSwedenneedoutsideofheavyindustry.ThispolicyispartofthetobeimplementedbeforetheEuropeanHydrogenEuropeanRecoveryandResilienceFacilityaswellasBackboneinfrastructurereachesSwedenby2030.TransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero12FIGURE7Sweden’slegislativesupportforkeytechnologiesSystemicefficiencyDirectelectrificationCCUSHydrogenandcircularityandrenewableheat–ACircularEconomyStrategy–Only2%ofSweden’selectricity–SwedishEnergyAgency–Sweden’sNationalHydrogenhasbeenreleasedformixcomesfromfossilfuels,designatedaNationalCentreStrategy,releasedinAugustSweden,aimingtotransformwithmostoftheelectricityforCCSinDecember2020,2021,highlightsthepotentialproduction,consumptionandgeneratedbyhydropowerresponsibleforplanningandreductionof7.1milliontonnesbusinessmodelstowardsandnuclearpowerandapromotingCCSinSweden.ofCO2eperyearindirectcircularpractices.recentgrowthinmerchantemissionsby2045throughwindpower.Thereisalsoa–Agencyactivelynegotiatingcurrenthydrogenprojectsingrowingnumberofelectricitybilateralstorageagreementstothecountry.transmissionnetworkstoexportcarbondioxidewithoutneighbouringcountrieswithviolatingtheLondonProtocol.–HYBRITisacollaborativearenewable-dominatedprojectbetweenLKAB,SSAB,powersector.andVattenfall,aimingtoproducefossil-freesteelusing–Since2002,residualheatandhydrogen.Theprojectreceivedwastehavebeenusedasfuelsagrantof€143millionfromthetogetherwithbiomassforheatEuropeanUnion’sInnovationsources,indistrictheatingFundin2021.networksaswellasindustry.–H2GreenSteelisapilotplantthatutilizeshydrogenasareducingagentforsteelproduction.Asaprivateventure,itsuccessfullyraised€260millioninSeriesBequityfundinginOctober2022.Sources:SwedishStrategyforCircularEconomy,2020;NationalCentreforCCS;FossilfrittSverige;HYBRIT;H2GreenSteel,2022.INDUSTRIALCLUSTERSPOTLIGHTIndustryParkofSwedenKeyindustries:IPOSestimatesannualavoidedemissionsof120,000tonnesElectricity,naturalgas,ammonia,waterofCO2fortheclusteritself,inadditiontoavoidedemissionsof1,600,000tonnesofCO2forthenearbycityofHelsingborg.InIndustryParkofSweden(IPOS)11isalong-standingexample2016,IPOSwasawardedtheEUSustainableEnergyAward.ofindustrialsymbiosisinSweden,demonstratingthevaluetothesiteandnearbycitythroughthecircularityofmaterialsHighlightedemissionsreductioninitiativeandenergy.Six-hundred-gigawatthours(GWh)equivalentofexcessheatChemicalbusinesseshavebeenoperatingonthesitesinceissentfromthesulphuricacidplanttotheenergycentre.1872.WasteheatfromthesulphuricacidplantwasusedTheplantaloneaccountsfor90%oftheexcessheatsenttoforthedistrictheatnetworkofHelsingborgcityasearlyastheenergycentrethatprovidesallheatingneededinIPOS,1974andeelfarmingin1982.aswellasaround35%oftheheatingneedsofthecityofHelsingborg.TheEnergyCentralalsoproduces50GWhofelectricityperyear,whichisusedbyIPOSandaccountsforapproximately30%ofelectricitydemand.TransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero132.2PortugalThePortugueseindustrialsectorisrapidlymovingforwardtoreduceitsemissionsby30%toachieveGHGemissionstargetsby2030.ThelatestdatafromthePortugueseEnvironmentandhasallocatedcapitaltosupportthedevelopmentAgencyshowthatPortugalismeetingitsoftheseprojects.WithaccesstoEuropeanfundingprogressivereductiontargetsforGHGemissions.tofurtherincreasefrom2025,PortugalshouldseeGHGemissionswithoutlanduse,land-usechangeitsPortugueseRecoveryandResiliencePlanpayandforestry(LULUCF)totalledaround56.5MtCO2offinitssupportforrenewablegasproductionandequivalent(MtCO2e)in2021,2.8%lessthanthedecarbonization.Thegovernmentplanstoallocatepreviousyearand34.8%lessthanin2005.12€185milliontowardsgreenhydrogenproductionand€715milliontowardsdecarbonizationofindustryPortugalhasmadesignificantprogressinitsnet-from2021-2029.13Effortstodecarbonizeindustryzeroambitions,drivenbygovernmentfundinginandmovetowardsamoresustainablefuturewillgreenhydrogeninitiativesanddecarbonizationofdrivesignificanteconomicandenvironmentalimpacttheindustrialsector.Thegovernmentseesindustrialasrenewableenergiesareprojectedby2050toclustersasanopportunitytoscaleuprenewablegasmeetemissionsneutralitygoals.FIGURE8IndustrialclusterchallengesandopportunitiesinPortugal35-40%65%€185millionTheindustrialsectormustreduceEnergydependencyfromotherFundsallocatedtotheproductionnationsshouldbelimitedto65%ofgreenhydrogenfortheyearsemissionsby35-40%toachieveby2030,notablydownfromthe2021-202974%registeredin2019theoverallGHGtargetfor2030Sources:RepúblicaPortuguesa,2019;PortugalEnergia;InternationalEnergyAgency(IEA),2021.Portugal’sapproachtoproactivestepstomakecatalysingfundingindustrialdecarbonizationaccessibleinthemarketplace.TherearenonationalfundingmechanismsforcarbonPortugal’scleanenergypolicydevelopmentcaptureinvestmentsyet,butincreasingsupportforhydrogen,renewablegasandindustrialThePortuguesegovernmenthasalignedwithdecarbonizationhasbeenprovidedbythetheParisAgreementandembracedambitiousNationalEnergyandClimatePlan(PNEC),withEuropeanemissionsreductiongoals,takingfinancialsupportthroughthePortugueseRecoveryandResiliencePlan.TransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero14FIGURE9PortugalpolicyempoweringindustrialdecarbonizationRoadmapforCarbonNationalEnergyNationalStrategyPortuguesePortugal2030Neutrality2050andClimatePlanforHydrogenRecoveryandNovember2021(RNC2050)2021-2030(PNEC2030)ResiliencePlanAugust2020June2019December2019April2021PortugueseRecoveryandResiliencePlan(PRRP)decarbonization.ThePRRPexecutionisunderway,with10%ofthefundscommittedtoenergyThePortugueseRecoveryandResiliencePlantransitionalreadyhavingbeendistributed.(PRRP)14isanationwideprogrammeuntil2026thatwillimplementasetofreformsandinvestmentsSelectedtechnologydemonstrationprojectstobe(€16.6billion),allowingthecountrytoresumefundedwithinthehydrogenandrenewablegasessustainedeconomicgrowth.ThePRRPhighlightsallocationincludeelectrolysis,thermochemical/theinvestmentof€3.06billioninenergytransition,hydrothermal,biogasenrichmentandmethanation.with€370millioninhydrogenandrenewables,Furthertohydrogenmarketmaturity,atargetofofwhich€185millionareallocatedtohydrogen264megawatts(MW)inrenewablegasproductionandrenewablegases,and€715millioninindustrycapacitywasdefined.FIGURE10Portugal’slegislativesupportforkeytechnologiesSystemicefficiencyDirectelectrificationCCUSHydrogenandcircularityandrenewableheat–Afundof€715millionisbeing–ThePNEC2030setsagoalfor–Nationalfinancingmechanisms–€185millionwillbelaunchedthroughthePRRP47%ofthetotalshareoftheinPortugaldonotcurrentlyinvestedthrough2025in(component11)topromoteenergysystemtoberenewablesupportinvestmentsincarbonprojectsfocusedonthesystemicefficiency,electrificationgenerationby2030.captureandgovernmentdevelopmentandtestingofandadaptationofindustrialroadmapsatpresentdonotnewtechnologiessuchasequipmenttohydrogen.–ThePNEC2030includeindustrialcarbonelectrolysis,thermochemicalemphasizestheneedcapturesolutions.andhydrothermalprocesses,–Thefunds,allocatedfrom2021forelectrifyingbuildings,biologicalprocesses,biogasto2025,willbedistributedtransportandindustry.enrichmentfromanaerobicbasedonprojects'GHGdigestionofbiomassmaterialsreductioncapacity.Theywillbe(excludingbiogasproduction),equallyallocatedamongsmall,andmethanation.mediumandlargeprojects(morethan€25million),with–Grantsfortheseprojectsaregrantscappedat€10million.cappedat€15million.–IndustrydecarbonizationwillbesupportedbyfundsfromPortugal2030,whichwillbecomeavailableoncePRRPfundsareexhausted.Sources:RepúblicaPortuguesa,2021;RecuperarPortugal;IEA,2022.TransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero153AsiaandOceania3.1BruneiDarussalamIndustrialprocessesarethesecondlargestcontributortoBrunei’semissionsin2020,whichisheavilyrepresentedbytheoilandgassector.AspartofitsNationalClimateChangePolicy,emissionsarisingfrompowergenerationarelargelyBruneihascommittedtoa50%emissionsduetoindustrialsectoroperations.16reductionby2035andhasannouncedanet-zerotargetby2050.15About35%ofBrunei’stotal2020Theoilandgasindustryisamajorcontributoremissionscanbedirectlyattributedtoindustrialtothecountry’sexportsofgoodsandservices,processes(largelycementmanufacturingandaccountingforabout60.5%oftotalgrossnaturalgasprocessing)and39%oftotal2020domesticproduct(GDP)inthelast10years.17FIGURE11IndustrialclusterchallengesandopportunitiesinBrunei99%30%25%ShareofelectricitygenerationfromTargetpowergenerationAnnualsavingsinnaturalgasconsumptionviapowergenerationnaturalgasin2019(~1%fromoil,proportionfromrenewablesbyatfullsolarcapacity(900MW)lessthan~0.5%fromsolar)2035,tobeprimarilyfulfilledbyTransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero16solarphotovoltaics(PV)Sources:InternationalEnergyAgency(IEA);Reuters;Accenture.Brunei’sapproachtoinstallationsandenergyefficiencyimprovementsindustrialdecarbonizationacrossthenation’sindustrialsectors.FromthelaunchoftheEnergyWhitePapertotheSustainableBrunei’scleanenergypolicydevelopmentEnergyDivision’sGuidebookonSolarPVRooftopandNetMeteringProgramme,orProtokolHijaucreatingTomeetthenation’s50%emissionsreductionguidelinesforreforestation,properwastedisposalby2035goal,Bruneihasputforwardsupportingandefficientenergyusage;thenationiscontinuingtolegislationtorapidlyincreasetheuptakeofsolartrackforwardwiththesupportoftheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN)neighbours.FIGURE12BruneipolicyempoweringindustrialdecarbonizationEnergyWhiteBruneiNationallyNationalClimateProtokolHijauStandardandSolarPVRooftopPaperDarussalam’sDeterminedChangePolicy2021LabellingOrderandNet-meteringSecondNationalContributionProgramme2014Communication20202021202020222017NationalClimateChangePolicy,2020TheBNCCPhasdefined10keydecarbonizationstrategiesfortheenergytransitionandlow-carbonTheBruneiDarussalamNationalCouncilonClimateeconomytodelivera50%emissionsreductionfromChange(BNCCC),andBruneiClimateChangethebusiness-as-usual(BAU)scenarioby2035.Secretariat(BNCCS)launchedthenation’sfirstclimatechangepolicy,theBruneiDarussalamKeydecarbonizationstrategiesincludeincreasingNationalClimateChangePolicy(BNCCP),18onthetotalshareinpowergenerationfromrenewables25July2020.Thepolicyisguidedbytheprinciplesby30%and100MWsolarPVinstallationby2025,ofachievingWawasanBrunei2035andpromotingcarbonpricing,increasingcarbonsinks,salesBruneiDarussalam’seconomicsecurity,sustainabilityofelectricvehicles,powermanagement,wasteandprosperitythroughalow-carbonapproach.management,etc.POLICYSPOTLIGHTthusboostingdomesticdemandforlow-carbontechnologies.BruneiisworkingcloselytodevelopCarbonpricinginBNCCPthislegislationwiththeASEANCentreforEnergyandneighbouringstateslikeSingapore.CarbonpricingisoneoftheBNCCP’smainstrategiestoachievetheoutlinedtargets,19withacarbonpricingmechanismplannedforimplementationby2025.Thiswillencourageemissionsreductionfromindustrialclusters,TransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero17FIGURE13Brunei’slegislativesupportforkeytechnologiesSystemicefficiencyDirectelectrificationCCUSHydrogenandcircularityandrenewableheat–Energywhitepaperhighlights–TheBNCCPhasdefined10–TheBNCCPanticipatesa–Noneatpresent,Departmentimportanceofgreenkeystrategiesfortheenergy46%reductioninemissionsofEnergy(previouslyknownindustrywhichpromotestransitionandlow-carbonthroughimposingapriceonasMinistryofEnergy)inBruneisustainablemethodsofeconomytodelivera50%carbonemissionsfromcarbon-Darussalamsupportedpilotproductionandconsumption,emissionsreductionfromBAUintensiveindustries(allsectors)hydrogenexportprojectati.e.energyefficient,low-scenarioby2035.andpowerutilities.SPARK(seeindustrialclustercarbonandminimizewastespotlightonpage18).withlesspollution.–30%ofthetotalshareinpowergenerationexpectedfrom–10%reductioninemissionsrenewablesand100MWsolarfromelectricitybymanagingPVinstallationby2025.powerefficiency.Sources:“TowardsaLowCarbonandClimate-resilientBruneiDarussalam”,BruneiDarussalamNationalCouncilonClimateChange,3July2023,https://climatechange.gov.bn/SitePages/Pages/Home.aspx#page=1;MinistryofEnergy,2022;MinistryofNaturalResourcesandEnvironment.INDUSTRIALCLUSTERSPOTLIGHTSungaiLiangIndustrialPark(SPARK)Keyindustries:–BruneiFertilizerIndustriesisoneofSouth-EastAsia’sEnergy,chemicalslargestfertilizerplants,withaproductioncapacityofover1.3milliontonnesofureaperannum.21SungaiLiangIndustrialPark(SPARK)wasdevelopedtoexploreeconomicdiversificationopportunitieswithaHighlightedemissionsreductioninitiativeholisticvaluefocusasthenationseekstodiversifyfromitsstrongrelianceonupstreamoilandgas.Majormulti-In2020,theworld’sfirstinternationalhydrogenexportusingnationalcorporationsandindustrieswithoperationsinchemicalcarrierswassetupbetweenBruneiandJapanasSPARKinclude:partofademonstrationprojectthatconvertedhydrogenfromBrunei’snaturalgassupplytomethylcyclohexane(MCH)–TotalEnergies’onshoregasprocessingplantwithanforshippingtoJapan,whereitisusedasfuelattheMizueaverageprocessingcapacityof50,000barrelsofoilpowerstationownedbyToaOilCompany.equivalentperday(boe/d).ThedemonstrationoperationwasstartedbytheAdvanced–BruneiMethanolCompany,ajointventurebetweenHydrogenEnergyChainAssociationforTechnologyMitsubishiGasChemicalCompany,ItochuCorporationDevelopment(AHEAD)withsubsidiesfromtheNewEnergyandBruneiGovernment-ownedcompanyMirkhasandIndustrialTechnologyDevelopmentOrganization(NEDO).SdnBhd,hasadailymethanolproductioncapacityCorporatesparticipatinginthedemonstrationincludeof2500milliontonnes.20MitsubishiCorp,Mitsui,ChiyodaandNYKLine.Atfulloperation,thesystemwillsupport210tonnesoftransportedhydrogenperyear.22Cross-industrycollaborationwasakeyenablerofthisdemonstrationofhydrogenexport.TransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero183.2ThailandRapidindustrializationhasledto10%annualgrowthinemissions,Thailandmustfacilitateindustrialdecarbonizationtomaintaincompetitiveness.ThailandboastsarobustindustrialclusterTheIndustrialEstateAuthorityofThailand(IEAT),aecosystemandcontinuestoimplementgovernmentbodyundertheMinistryofIndustry,isincreasinglypowerfulfederalinitiativeswiththetaskedwiththedevelopmentandmanagementofaimoffacilitatingmoresustainableindustrialindustrialestateseitherinagovernment-anchoreddevelopmenttoachievenetzeroby2065.WithprogrammeorthroughajointventurewithprivateindustrialCO2emissionsrepresenting30%partners.In2010,theIEATinstitutedanintegratedofThailand’stotal,the66industrialestatesinsustainabilityprogramme–Eco-IndustrialTownThailand–withmoreinthedevelopmentand(EIT)–todrivesustainabilityinindustrialestates.planningphases–willbekeytodrivingreductionThisprogrammecurrentlyfocusesoncircularinindustrialGHGcontributions.economyandwastemanagement,energyefficiencyanddrivingreusetotransformindustrialestatesintosustainableindustrialcommunities.FIGURE14IndustrialclusterchallengesandopportunitiesinThailand46%20%20%ShareofindustrialsectorintotalTargetshareofrenewableenergyTargetreductioninGHGelectricityconsumptionin2021inpowergenerationby2037emissionsby2030Sources:EnergyPolicyandPlanningOffice;AsiaPacificEnergyTransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero19Thailand’sapproachtowhenthe“sufficiencyeconomy”philosophywasindustrialdecarbonizationincorporatedaspartofitsnationalstrategy.ThailandhasastrongindustrialclusterecosystemThailand’scleanenergypolicydevelopmentbuthasnotfederallylegislatedsupportforindustrialdecarbonizationsince2018,emphasizingAnarrativeonsustainabilityhasbeenpresentalackofpublishedspecificandmeasurableinThailand’spolicyplanningsincethe1970senvironmentaltargets.FIGURE15ThailandpolicyempoweringindustrialdecarbonizationEcoIndustrialTownTheTwelfthNational20-yearsNationalPowerDevelopmentThailand4.0Thailand’sLong-TermProgrammeEconomicandSocialStrategy2018-2037plan(PDP2018-2037)NationalStrategyLowGreenhouseGasDevelopmentPlanEmissionDevelopment20102017-20212018Strategy2022Thailand’sLong-Term-LowEmissionEco-IndustrialTownprogramme,2010DevelopmentStrategy,2022TheEco-IndustrialTown(EIT)programme,24Thailand’sLongTerm-LowEmissionDevelopmentlaunchedbytheIndustrialEstateAuthorityofStrategy(LT-LEDS)23submittedtotheUnitedThailand(IEAT)in2010,isanintegratedprogrammeNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangethataimstotransformindustrialestatesinto(UNFCCC)inNovember2022,outlinesahigh-levelsustainableindustrialcommunities.IndustrialestatespathwaytodecarbonizationofpowergenerationaredefinedinThailandasindustrialareasdevelopedthatwouldbecoveredintheNationalEnergyPlanandmanagedbytheIEAT,whichcentrallyfacilitatesthatisbeingdrafted.Thispublicationisslatedforallintegratedservicessuchasapprovals/licensinglaunchin2023(notyetlaunchedatthetimeofandutilityservicesforoperations.reporting).TheLT-LEDSalsooutlinesthestrategyfordecarbonizingthecountry’smanufacturingandTheGreenIndustryProgrammeisanaccreditationindustrialsector,whichfocusesonenergyefficiencyprogrammeundertheEITforindustrialcompaniesandelectrificationofprocessesinthenextdecade.committedtocreatingsustainableoperations.ThepathwayseesCCUSoperationalizationbyAccreditedcompaniesarepromotedthrougharound2040,followedbytheuseofhydrogengovernmentchannelsandbenefitfromtheMinistrycloserto2045towardscarbondioxideneutralityofIndustry’sfinancialsupportprogrammesbasedby2050andeventuallynet-zerogreenhousegasonthelevel(1-5)ofaccreditationachieved.emissionsby2065.Compellingbenefitstobeachievedthroughaccreditationincludewaiversofoperationalpermittingfees,reducednumberofauditsandahostoftaxexemptions.TransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero20FIGURE16Thailand’slegislativesupportforkeytechnologiesSystemicefficiencyDirectelectrificationCCUSHydrogenandcircularityandrenewableheat–Thailandhasformulatedthe–TheAlternativeEnergy–Thailand’supdatedNational–IntheAlternativeEnergyEnergyEfficiencyPlan(EEP)DevelopmentPlantargetstoEnergyPlan2022,whichDevelopmentPlan,hydrogenandanactionplan,whichincreasetheproportionofiscurrentlybeingdraftedisisincludedaspartofthespecifiesatargetof30%renewableandalternativeexpectedtooutlineCCUSas“alternativefuels”categoryenergyintensityreductionenergyintheformofelectricity,oneofthestrategiestoreachwithasettargetgoaloffromBAUby2037.heatandbiofuelsoffinalenergynet-zeroby2065.10kilotonnesofoilequivalentconsumptionby30%in2037.(KTOE)intotalby2036.–Relevantcoremeasures–State-ownednationaloiltoindustrialclusters–TheEnergyConservationcompanyPTTisgearingupto–In2022,PTTsignedanMOUincludeenergyefficiency(ENCON)Fund,establisheddevelopThailand’sfirstCCSwithSaudiArabia’sAramcotoimprovements,mandatoryunderthe1992EnergyprojectatArthitoffshoregasstrengthenenergycooperationapplicationoftheEnergyConservationandPromotionfield.TheprojectiscurrentlyincludingblueandgreenEfficiencyResourceStandard,Actisthegovernment’sintheprocessofpreliminaryhydrogenandvariouscleansoftloanprovisionsforenergykeyfinancialmechanismtofront-endengineeringandenergyinitiatives.efficiencyimprovements.supportenergyefficiencydesign(pre-FEED)studyandandrenewableenergyisexpectedtocommencedevelopment.ThefundCCSoperationsby2026.issourcedfromataxonallpetroleumsoldinthecountry.In2020,abudgetofTHB2billion(Thaibaht)fromENCONwasallocatedtosupporteligibleenergyefficiencyandrenewableenergyprojects.Sources:MinistryofEnergy,ThailandAlternateEnergyDevelopmentPlan2018,2018,https://policy.asiapacificenergy.org/node/4351;MinistryofEnergy,ThailandEnergyEfficiencyPlan2018,2018,https://policy.asiapacificenergy.org/node/4352;“EnconallotsB2bnbudget”,BangkokPost,27August2020,https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/1975255/encon-allots-b2bn-budget;PTTEP,PTTEPinitiatesThailand'sfirstCCSproject,pushingtowardsNetZeroGreenhouseGasEmissions[Pressrelease],6June2022,https://www.pttep.com/en/Newsandnmedia/Mediacorner/Pressreleases/Pttep-Initiates-Thailand-First-Ccs-Project-Pushing-Towards-Net-Zero-Green-House-Gas-Emissions.aspx.INDUSTRIALCLUSTERSPOTLIGHTEasternEconomicCorridorandSmartParkIndustrialEstate25Keyindustries:Thailand4.0policytoservehigh-techor“S-Curve”Robotics,medicalequipment,aviation,industriesalongsideincreasedsolarandbatterystorageaerospace,electricvehicles(EVs),smartcapacity.Theindustrialestateisexpectedtocontributeelectronics,robotics,biotechnologyTHB53billion($1.5billion)toThailand’sGDPandseedcreationof7,500jobs.TheEasternEconomicCorridor(EEC)isaninitiativeoftheThailandgovernmenttorevitalizethecountry’straditionalHighlightedemissionsreductioninitiativeindustrialregionontheeastcoast,coveringthreeprovincesofRayong,ChonburiandChachoengsaowiththeaimofApeer-to-peerenergytradingsystemisbeingimplementedrealizingtransformativedevelopmentandsocialuplift.incollaborationwithplatformproviderPowerLedger26toenablerenewableenergytradingfromsolarpanelsinstalledWithintheEEC,theSmartParkIndustrialEstateisbeingonindustrialfacilitieswithinthepark.Builtonanautonomousdevelopedasasustainableindustrialestateunderthefinancialsettlementsystemandsecurebankinginterface,thesystemremovesbarrierstoparticipationintheindustrialcluster’scleanenergymarket.TransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero213.3Malaysia23%Malaysia’scarbonemissionscomefromtheindustrialsector,whichreliesonanenergymixof94%fossil-fuel-basedgeneration.TheNationalEnergyTransitionRoadmap(NETR)Otherstakeholders,suchasstategovernmentslaunchedinJuly2023setsanambitioustargetandtheprivatesector,arealsoacceleratingof70%renewableenergyby2050.TheNewenergytransitionefforts.TheSarawakstateIndustrialMasterPlan2030,launchedinSeptembergovernmentaspirestoembarkonthehydrogen2023,hasidentifiedthepushfornetzeroasaeconomywithuptothreehydrogenplantsinmissionforthecountry’smanufacturingsectorovertheirpipeline,whilestate-ownedenergycompanythenextfewyearsoutto2030.RecognizingthePETRONAShaspioneeredCCSdevelopmentabundantrenewablespotentialinMalaysia,policiesinMalaysiathroughthedevelopmentofthefocusedonrenewableshavebeenperiodicallyKasawariCCSprojectthatwillpotentiallyreduceapproved,includingtheLargeScaleSolarCO2emissionsby3.7milliontonnesannuallycompetitivebiddingprogramme.by2025-2026.FIGURE17IndustrialclusterchallengesandopportunitiesinMalaysia2723%94%40MtoftotalCO2emissionsareofelectricitygenerationisAnnualCO2emissionsreductionfromtheindustrialsectorin2035comparedtobasecaseifpredominantlyfossil-fuelCCUSandhydrogentechnologybased,splitacross65%coalareadoptedand29%gasSources:Accenture;SuruhanjayaTenagaEnergyCommission.Malaysia’sapproachtoemissionsandcleanenergypoliciesacrossmultipleindustrialdecarbonizationnationalpolicydocumentsinrecentyears.ThefederalgovernmentaimstobalancetheenergyMalaysia’scleanenergypolicydevelopmentsectorasacatalystforsocioeconomicgrowthwhilemeetinglow-carbonaspirationsby2040,TheMalaysiangovernmenthasacceleratedthewhichimpactsenvironmentalsustainabilityandpushforitssustainabilityagenda,releasinglowenergyoptimizationatindustrialclusters.TransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero22FIGURE18MalaysiapolicyempoweringindustrialdecarbonizationRenewableGreenTechnologyMalaysiaTwelfthNationalEnergyNationalEnergyNewIndustrialEnergyActMasterPlanRenewableMalaysiaPlanPolicy2022-2040TransitionMasterPlan2030Malaysia2017-2030EnergyRoadmapRoadmap2011202220222022201720212023NewIndustrialMasterPlan2030Malaysia’seconomyandtopositionMalaysiaasaregionalleaderinSouth-EastAsia’senergyTheNewIndustrialMasterPlan2030(NIMP)28transition.TheNETRidentifiestenflagshipprojectsprovidesstrategicdirectiontothecountry’sunderNETR’ssixenergytransitionlevers.manufacturingsector.TheNIMPadoptsamissions-basedapproachtotransformthemanufacturing–Energyefficiencysectorinapushtowardsincreasedeconomiccomplexityandresilience,underpinnedbydigital–Renewableenergytechnologyandsustainability.Thefourmissionsare:–Hydrogen–Advanceeconomiccomplexity–Bioenergy–Techupforadigitalnation–Greenmobility–Pushfornetzero–CCUS–Safeguardeconomicsecurity.WithNETR,thegovernmentaimstoopenupTheNIMP2030identifiesfournewgrowthareasthatinvestmentopportunitiesbetweenRM435billionarerelevanttoindustrialclusters’decarbonization:toRM1.85trillionby2050andcatalysehydrogenandCCSdevelopmentpathsinSarawak.The–AdvancedmaterialsNETRflagshipprojectsrelevanttoindustrialdecarbonizationinclude:–Electricvehicles–IntegratedRenewableEnergyZone:Large-scale–Renewableenergysustainabledevelopmentcomprising1GWsolarPV,industrialpark,zero-carboncityanddata–CCUS.centre.ItisestimatedthatRM95billion(Malaysianringgit)of–SarawakHydrogenHub:Implementationofthreeinvestments,predominantlyfromtheprivatesector,greenhydrogenplantswithinthenexttwoyears,wouldneedtobemobilizedoverthenextsevencollaboratingwithstrategicpartnersledbytheyearsforNIMP2030.Intermsofpublicfunding,SarawakStateGovernmentthroughtheSarawakthegovernmenthasearmarkedRM8.2billionEconomicDevelopmentCorporation(SEDC).fortheimplementationofNIMPactionplans.TheimplementationofNIMPcallsforclosecoordination–CCSforindustry:TheMinistryofEconomyledbetweengovernmentandindustryplayers,facilitatedtheefforttodeveloppoliciesandregulatoryviatheNIMP2030SteeringCommittee.frameworkforcarboncapture,includingtransboundarycarbonmovement;PETRONASNationalEnergyTransitionRoadmapCCSprojectsforKasawariandLangLebahgasfields,expectedtobeoperationalearliestbyTheNationalEnergyTransitionRoadmap(NETR)292026and2028,respectively.aimstodriveafundamentaltransformationofTransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero23NationalEnergyPolicy2022-2040opportunitiesinlinewithitsLowCarbonNationAspiration2040,servingasaprioritysteppingstoneTheNationalEnergyPolicy2022-2040(NEP)30towardsnet-zeroGHGemissionsby2050.outlinesMalaysia’skeyprioritiesfortheenergysectorintheyearsahead.ItindicatesthefederalKeyNEPend-statevisionhighlightsincludeaffordablegovernment’sfocusontheenergysectorasaandreliableaccesstoenergy,aleadpositionincatalystforGDPgrowthandjobcreationwhileenvironmentalsustainabilityandgreeneconomyinoutliningenergytransitionandgreeneconomyASEANandcontinuousefficientuseofenergy.FIGURE19Malaysia’slegislativesupportforkeytechnologiesSystemicefficiencyDirectelectrificationCCUSHydrogenandcircularityandrenewableheat–EnergyAuditConditional–GreenTechnologyFinancing–TheNationalEnergyTransition–TheSarawakStateGrant(2021-2025):AnenergyScheme(GTFS)3.0:ARoadmaphasannouncedGovernmenthasexpressedefficiencyprogrammeunderMR2billionschemetodirectlyplanstodeveloppoliciesaspirationtoembarkintothe12thMalaysiaPlanthatassistinovercomingfinancialandframeworkforcarbonthehydrogeneconomyasitprovidesgrantsuptoMRbarrierstorenewableenergycaptureprojects,whichwouldhasabundantresourcesin100,000fortheindustrialadoption;opentosectorsinalsocovertransboundaryhydropowerthatcansupportsectortoconductanenergyenergy,water,buildingandcarbonmovement.theeconomy.Thislaystheauditandreducetheirtownships,transport,wastefoundationforfederalpolicy-energyOPEX.andmanufacturing.makerstodeveloppoliciestoencouragehydrogen–GreenInvestmentTaxproductionacrossthecountry.Allowance(GITA)andGreenIncomeTaxExemption(GITE):–AnactionplanintheNEPIncometaxallowanceoralsosignalsfocusinunlockingexemptionsequivalenttoopportunitiesandlong-term70%ofstatutoryincomeforcompetitiveadvantageintherenewableenergyprojectsenergyhydrogeneconomy.forcompaniesseekingtoacquirequalifyinggreentechnologyassets(undertheMyHIJAUDirectory).Sources:SustainableEnergyDevelopmentAuthority(SEDA);GTSFMalaysianGreenTechnologyandClimateChangeCorporation(MGTC);MGTC;MinistryofEconomy.INDUSTRIALCLUSTERSPOTLIGHTPengerangRegionalHubKeyindustries:supportedbyassociateddecarbonizationfacilitiesandOilandgassystems.Thisincludesaco-generationplantof1.3GWcapacity(naturalgas)equippedwithheatrecoverysteamPengerangisaregionalhubfortheoilandgasindustry,generators,solarplantswith400MWcapacityplannedforthewiththreecomplexes,PETRONASPengerangIntegratednextfiveyears,andimplementationoftheEnergyandLossComplex(PIC),PengerangIndustrialPark(PIP)andManagementSystem.DIALOGPengerangDeepWaterTerminal(PDT),spanningover8,000acres.31Meanwhile,thePIP,spanning790acres,supportsindustriesintheoilandgassector.PIPhasanallocatedright-of-wayforThePIC,a6,200-acrecomplex,isdrivenbytheRefinerypiperacks,whichenablesthepotentialexchangeofenergyandPetrochemicalIntegratedDevelopment(RAPID)projectandmaterialsbetweenPIPandPDTfacilities,whichcouldenhancecircularityandotherresourcesynergies.TransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero243.4IndiaIndiahascommittedtonetzeroby2070,emphasizinganequitabletransition,balancinggrowthambitionsandlimitingemissions.AlthoughthecountryhascomparativelylowcarbonIndiahascommittedtoreducingitsemissionsemissionspercapitaglobally,itremainsthethirdintensityby45%by2030,belowits2005baselinelargestemitterofCO2intheworldafterChinaandthelevels.ThecountryaimstoreinforceitselectricityUS,witharound31%ofemissionsattributedtothenetworktosupportgreenenergytechnologies,growingindustrialeconomy.Thecountryhasbeenimprovefuelefficiencyandtransportsystems,aggressivelyintegratingrenewablesacrosssectorsincorporatedemandsidemanagement,promotetoachieve500GWofnon-fossilfuel-basedelectricitymaterialefficiency,investandcarryoutenergy-installedcapacityby2030.Atthesametime,Indiatransition-relatedresearch,andstrengthenacknowledgestheneedfornewtechnologiesandinternationalcooperationtoincreaseaccesstocarbonabatementmechanismstoreachitstargetfinancingandknow-howtoachievedecarbonizationofreducingCO2emissionsby50%by2050.inasustainablemanner.FIGURE20IndustrialclusterchallengesandopportunitiesinIndia1.60gigatonnes$70billionCombinedCO2emissionsfromtheindustrialandofinvestmentsinIndiasince2014electricitysectors,accountingforapproximatelytoachievethetargetofinstalled60%ofIndia’stotalemissionsin2020capacityofrenewablesby2030Sources:NITIAayog,2022;IndiaBrandEquityFoundation2023.India’sapproachtoareasoffinance,technologytransferandcapacityindustrialdecarbonizationbuildingtofacilitateefficientenergyecosystems.Tobalancethecountry’sgrowthambitionswithIndia’scleanenergypolicydevelopmenttheresponsibilitiesofdecarbonization,thecountryhasprioritizedenergyefficiency,cleanertransport,India’sapproachtoalong-termlow-carbonandgreeningofheavyindustriesprimarilythroughdevelopmentstrategyhingesonconsiderationsrenewableenergy,greenhydrogenandcarbonsuchassupportfromdevelopedeconomiesincreditmechanisms.TransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero25FIGURE21IndiapolicyempoweringindustrialdecarbonizationNationalActionPlanNationalMissionforGreenOpenAccessTheEnergyNationalPolicyNationalGreenonClimateChangeEnhancedEnergyRulesandRegulationsConservationonBiofuelsHydrogenMissionEfficiency(Amendment)Bill(Amendments)October2008June2022September2022August2021December2022June2022NationalMissionforEnhancedEnergy4.FrameworkforEnergyEfficiencyEconomicEfficiency(NMEEE)Development(FEEED):Developmentoffiscalinstrumentstopromoteenergyefficiency.TheTheNMEEE32isoneoftheeightnationalmissionsframeworkcoversrisk-sharingmechanismsforundertheNationalActionPlanonClimateChangeparticipatingfinancialinstitutions.(NAPCC)andtargetsdecarbonizationinindustriesthroughenergyefficiencymeasures.ItaimstoNationalPolicyonBiofuels(2022amendments)strengthenmarketsthroughtheimplementationofinnovativebusinessmodelsthatpromotecarbonTheNationalPolicyonBiofuels(2022amendments)footprintreductionforenergy-intensiveindustries.publishedbytheMinistryofPetroleumandNaturalTheNMEEEconsistsoffourinitiativestoenhanceGasaimstoachieve20%ethanolblendinginpetrolenergyefficiency:by2025-26,aheadofpreviouslysettargetsby2030.Thepolicyalsosetsatargetof5%blending1.Perform,achieveandtrade(PAT)scheme:ofbiodieselindieselanddirectsaleofbiodieselbyAnenergyefficiencycredittradingschemefor2030.Insupportofthebiofueltargets,thepolicyindustries.TheEnergyConservation(Amendment)hasexpandedthescopeofrawmaterialfeedstockBillof2022strengthenstheprinciplesofPATbyproductiontoincludebiomass,starch-containingempoweringthecentralgovernmenttospecifymaterials,algaeandseaweed.Intermsoffinancialacarboncredittradingscheme.incentives,allocationswouldbeprovidedbytheDepartmentofFoodandPublicDistributionfor2.Markettransformationforenergysettingupethanoldistilleriesofvariousfeedstocks.efficiency(MTEE):Promotetheuseofenergy-efficientequipmentthroughinnovationandThepolicyismeanttopromotetheuseofcostreduction.domesticenergysourcesintheformofbiofuels,whichcouldaidinsustainabilitygoalsandenhance3.EnergyEfficiencyFinancingPlatformthecountry’senergysecuritybyreducingreliance(EEFP):Platformtoconnectprojectdevelopersonfossilfuelimports.implementingenergyefficiencyprogramsandfinancialinstitutions(FIs).TransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero26FIGURE22India’slegislativesupportforkeytechnologiesSystemicefficiencyDirectelectrificationCCUSHydrogenandcircularityandrenewableheat–TheMinistryofNewand–Indiahastargetedincreasingits–WhiletheGovernmentof–In2023,thegovernmentRenewableEnergyispromotingrenewablescapacityto500GWIndiahasyettodeveloppublishedtheNationalGreensettingup"wastetoenergy"by2030withaimstomeetlegislationsforcarboncapture,HydrogenMission,whichprojectsforgeneratingbiogas/50%ofitsenergyrequirementsitacknowledgestheroleofaimstosetouttheactionbio-compressednaturalgas/fromrenewables.IndustriesareCCUSinthecountry'sjourneyplanforbuildingIndia'sgreenbiogas-basedpowerfromexpectedtobeamajorofftakertonetzeroby2070.hydrogenecosystem.industrialwasteandotherastheyconsumeabout50%ofsources.TheministryhasthepowerproducedinIndia.–TheMinistryofPetroleumand–Undertheplan,India'sgreenearmarkedINR8.6billionNaturalGasisdevelopingthehydrogenproductioncapacity(Indianrupee)forprovisionof–TheMinistryofPowerhas2030roadmapforCCUSforisexpectedtoreachatleastfinancialassistancetoprojectmandatedrenewablepurchasetheoilandgassectorinIndia.5millionmetrictonnes(MMT)developers,allocatedbasedobligation(RPO)forpowerperannumby2030,withontheplannedinstalleddistributioncompaniespotentialtoreach10MMTcapacityoftheplants.(DISCOMs)atapproximatelyperannumwithgrowthof44%(ofthetotalenergyexportmarkets.consumed)by2030.Energystorageobligationsareset–Theproductioncapacityat4%(ofthetotalenergytargetedby2030islikelytouseconsumed)by2030,andareover$96billion(INR8trillion)subjecttomeetingminimumintotalinvestmentsandcreatethresholdof85%storedover600,000jobs.energyfromrenewablesources,onanannualbasis.Sources:MinistryofNewandRenewableEnergy;MinistryofPower.TransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero273.5JapanDecarbonizingindustrialclustersiscriticalforJapan’scarbonneutralityasheavy-emittingindustriesaccountfor67%ofcarbonemissions.Toachievecarbonneutralityby2050andthe2030extensionoftheoperationallifetime,aswellasthegoalof46%GHGemissionsreductionfrom2013materializationofareplacementplan,arealsoonthelevels,33Japanisdramaticallychangingitsenergynationalagenda,withsafetyasatoppriority.35andindustriallandscape,aimingforavirtuouscycleofenvironmentalandeconomicgrowth.Hydrogenandammoniawillplayakeyroleindecarbonizinghard-to-abatesectorslikesteelRenewablesandnuclearpowerareimportantnotandchemicals,aswellastheelectricitysector.Japanonlyfordecarbonization,butalsoforenergysecurityexpectstointroduce3milliontonnesofhydrogeninJapan,anislandnationwithanenergyself-equivalent(MtH2e)by2030and20MtH2eby2050.36sufficiencyrateofonly11%today.34ToincreasethecontributionofrenewablesinthepowermixtoTosupportrenewables,nuclearpowerandhydrogen/36-38%by2030,thegovernmentistakingammonia,aswellasotherpriorityareassuchasmeasuressuchaspromotinglarge-scaleoffshoreenergyefficiencyandCCUS,thegovernmentiswindprojectsandacceleratingpowergridupgrades.committedtomobilizingallavailablepolicytools,Steadyrestartsofidlenuclearpowerplantsandtheincludingsubsidies,financeandregulations.FIGURE23IndustrialclusterchallengesandopportunitiesinJapan~704MtCO2~20MtH2e~JPY17.4-19.7trillionCombinedCO2emissionsfromtheTargetannualsupplyofhydrogenindustrial,electricityandoilrefiningandammoniaby2050,whichisEstimatedtotalinvestmentrequiredtosectors,accountingfor67%oftenfoldgreaterthantodayachievecarbonneutralityinthesteelandtotalJapaneseemissionsin2020chemicalsectorsby2050(JPY10trillionandJPY7.4-9.7trillion,respectively)JapaneseyenSources:GreenhouseGasInventoryOfficeofJapan(GIO),partofNationalInstituteforEnvironmentalStudies(NIES),CenterforGlobalEnvironmentalResearch(CGER),EarthSystemDivision(ESD),andNationalInstituteforEnvironmentalStudies(NIES),2023;MinistryofEconomy,TradeandIndustry2023;JapanIronandSteelFederation,2022;JapanChemicalIndustryAssociation,2022.Japan’sapproachtoheat,wasteplastics)andasthetestbedfornascentindustrialdecarbonizationtechnologies.37,38Therearemorethan70localcouncilsatportsandindustrialcomplexesallJapan’scleanenergypolicydevelopmentoverJapanwherepublicandprivatestakeholdersdiscusspathwaystowardsnetzero.39InthisTheJapanesegovernmenthaslaunchedinitiativeslandscape,effectivecollaborationinpartnershipsisfocusingonthedecarbonizationofindustrialcriticaltoprogressingsuchdiscussions.complexesandports,recognizingtheirpotentialasthehubsforlow-emissionenergyandcircularWithavarietyofpolicymeasures,includingsubsidies,materials(e.g.hydrogen/ammonia,CO2,recycledfinancialassistanceandregulations,Japan’sindustryissteadilymovingtowardsdecarbonization.TransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero28FIGURE24JapanpolicyempoweringindustrialdecarbonizationGreenGrowthThe6thStrategicGlobalWarmingTheLong-CleanEnergyBasicPolicyforBasicHydrogenStrategyThroughEnergyPlanCountermeasureTermStrategyStrategy:theRealizationStrategy:2023AchievingCarbonPlanundertheParisInterimReportofGXRevisionNeutralityin20502021AgreementUpdated202120222023June202320212021The6thStrategicEnergyPlanresourcesinthepowergenerationmixisexpectedtoincreasefromaround24%in2019The6thStrategicEnergyPlan,40approvedbythe(18%renewables+6%nuclear)toapproximatelycabinetinOctober2021,setsoutapathforenergy59%in2030(36-38%renewables+20-22%policytoachievecarbonneutralityby2050andnuclear+1%hydrogen/ammonia).the46%GHGreductiongoalby2030(from2013levels).ItoutlinesthepolicyapproachtoovercomeBasicPolicyfortheRealizationofGXthecountry’sstructuralchallengesintheenergysupplyanddemand,guidedbythegovernment’sTheBasicPolicyfortheRealizationofGX,41basicstancetowardsenergycalled“S+3EapprovedbythecabinetinFebruary2023,setsout(safety,energysecurity,economicefficiencyandJapan’sapproachtowardsthegreentransformationenvironment)”.Thekeypolicyactionsby2030,(GX),definedasaninitiativetoshifttheindustriallookingaheadto2050,include:andsocialstructuresthathavebeenfossilenergy-centredsincetheIndustrialRevolutiontobecome–Expandingrenewableenergythroughmeasurescleanenergy-centred.suchassettingpromotionzonesforsolarandwind,introducingafeed-inpremiumThepolicyalsooutlinesafinancialpolicypackage(FIP)schemeforthemarketintegration,andtoacceleratetheinvestmentrequiredfortheincreasingthegridcapacity.GX,estimatedatoverJPY150trillioninthenextdecade,incombinedprivateandpublicfunding.–ProceedingwiththerestartofnuclearpowerThepackageconsistsof:plantsthatarecompliantwiththenewregulatorystandards.–Supportingup-frontinvestmentthroughissuanceoftheGXEconomyTransitionBonds–Phasingoutinefficientthermalpowerplants(provisionalname)worthJPY20trillionintheandpromotinghydrogen/ammoniaco-firingnext10years.andCCUSwhilemaintaininganappropriatelyresilientthermalpowerportfolio.–Introducingacarbonpricingschemeconsistingofanemissionstradingsystem(ETS)anda–Positioninghydrogen/ammoniaasnewresources“carbonsurcharge”,whichfossilfuelimportersandacceleratingthecommercializationofanwillbecharged.internationalsupplychainaswellasdomesticproductionusingsurplusrenewablepower.–Implementing“blendedfinance”,throughwhichapublicinstitutionmitigatestherisksthatprivateAsanambitiousoutlookforenergysupplyfinancierscannottolerate,inadditiontofurtheranddemandin2030,theshareofnon-fossilpromotinggreenandtransitionfinance.TransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero29FIGURE25Japan’slegislativesupportforkeytechnologiesSystemicefficiencyDirectelectrificationCCUSHydrogenandcircularityandrenewableheat–Underthe2022Revised–Varioussubsidiesandtax–TheRoadmapforCarbon–TheBasicHydrogenStrategyEnergyConservationAct,breakschemesareinplaceRecyclingTechnologies(revised2023),setsfourtargetslargeenergyconsumersforrenewables,includingspecifiesgoals,challenges,includingintroducing12MthaveanobligationtosubmitJPY169billionfromtheandtimeframesforCO2ofhydrogenperyearby2040medium-tolong-termplansGreenInnovationFundtoutilizationtechnologies.IninJapan,reducinghydrogenandperiodicreportsonthelowerthecostofoffshoreaddition,theFinalReportonsupplycosttoJPY30pertransitiontonon-fossilenergy,windanddevelopnext-CCSLong-termRoadmapsetsnormalcubicmetre(Nm3)byandthegovernmentsuggestsgenerationsolarcells.outthegovernment’stargets2030,Japanesecompaniestargetsforthefivetopenergy-tocommencefull-scaleCCS(includingpartmanufacturers)consumingindustries(steel,–Therecentshiftfromtheoperationsby2030andrealizedeploying15GWofchemical,cement,paperfeed-intariff(FIT)totheFIPthestorageof120-240MtCO2electrolysersby2030globally,andvehicles).schemeisexpectedtolowerperyearby2050,suggestingattractingpublicandprivatethetotalelectricitycosttheneedforpublicsupportandinvestmentsintohydrogenandthroughthemarketintegrationthedevelopmentoflawsaboutammoniasupplychain.ofrenewables.Tofurtherissuessuchassafetyrulesanduserenewablepotential,theoperators’responsibilities.governmentwillacceleratetheupgradeofpowergrid.–TheGreenInnovationFundallocatesJPY513billionfor–ToacceleratetheprojectR&Danddemonstrationofformationofoffshorewind,thevariousCCUtechnologies.governmentselectsprojectdevelopersthroughpubliccallsfordesignatedpromotionzones.Startingfrom2023,apublicinstitution,JapanOrganizationforMetalsandEnergySecurity(JOGMEC),willconducttheassessmentofseabedandwindconditionsofcandidatesites,toavoidredundantinvestmentsbyprivatedevelopers.Sources:MinistryofEconomy,TradeandIndustry,2023;AgencyforNaturalResourcesandEnergy,2021;CabinetSecretariat,2023.TransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero303.6UnitedArabEmiratesThepathtocarbonneutralityfortheUnitedArabEmiratesrequiresconcertedeffortstodecarbonizeitsindustrialandelectricitysector.TheUnitedArabEmiratesgovernmentispromotingNationaltargetsalongsideemirate-specifictargetslarge-scalesolarprojectsandimprovingenergyandcommitmentswillguidetheachievementoftheefficiencyacrosskeyareaslikepublictransport,realUnitedArabEmirates’carbonneutralityby2050.estateandprivateconsumption.TheUnitedArabAbuDhabiquadrupleditsrenewableenergyportfolioEmirates’commitmenttodecreaseitsrelianceoninthepastdecadewithcommitmentsof$20billion.fossilfuelsisalsoreflectedintheimportanceofthedevelopmentofapeacefulnuclearenergysectortoTheUnitedArabEmiratesgovernmenthasalsocomplementitsnet-zerostrategy.placedemphasisoncarboncapturereductioninitiativesalongsidehydrogenasakeyelementintheirpathtonetzero.42FIGURE26IndustrialclusterchallengesandopportunitiesintheUnitedArabEmirates82%95%$20billionoftheUnitedArabEmirates’ofenergydemandismetallocatedtofund15GWofnewcarbonemissionscomefrombyfossilfuels,comprisingrenewableenergyprojects,fromelectricitygenerationandindustrygas,oilandcoal$100billioncleanenergypartnershipbetweentheUnitedArabEmiratesandtheUnitedStates(PACE).Source:“U.S.,UAEsay$20billioninvestmenttofund15gwinnewcleanenergy”,Reuters,15January2023,https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/us-uae-say-20-billion-investment-fund-15-gw-new-clean-energy-2023-01-15/.TheUnitedArabEmirates’thereareamultitudeofpoliciesandinitiativesapproachtoindustrialthatsupporttheshifttocleanenergysourcesdecarbonizationanddecarbonizationoftheindustrialsector.Thefoundationforasustainablefuturewaslaidin2012TheUnitedArabEmirates’cleanenergywiththeGreenEconomyInitiative,whichsetthepolicydevelopmentUnitedArabEmirates’firstpoliciesandprogrammesintheareasofenergy,environmentandinvestment.TheUnitedArabEmiratesdoesnothaveanSincethen,theUnitedArabEmirateshasactionplanspecifictoindustrialclusters,however,proactivelyenactedlegislationsupportingtheirlargercommitments.TransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero31FIGURE27UnitedArabEmiratespolicyempoweringindustrialdecarbonizationDubaiCleanEnergyUAENetZero2050UAECircularUAEHydrogenUAEEnergyStrategy20502021EconomyPolicyLeadershipRoadmapStrategy20502015202120212023UAEEnergyStrategy2050by2035.Onthedemandside,thestrategyaimstodecreaseenergydemandby40%fromenergy-Thestrategysetstargetstoincreasetheshareintensivesectorsby2050witheffortsonenergyofcleanenergyinthecountry’senergymix,efficiencylikeretrofittingbuildingsandimprovingenhanceenergyefficiencyandreducecarbonindustrialprocesses.emissions.43Onthesupplyside,thestrategyaimsforanenergymixthatincorporatesrenewable,Additionally,thestrategyoutlines2031targetsfornuclear,greenandtransitionalenergysourcestolow-carbonhydrogentoreduceemissionsinhard-satisfytheUnitedArabEmirates’economicandto-abatesectorsby25%,withhydrogenproductionenvironmentalobjectives.Toachieveitsrenewableof1.4milliontonnesperannum(MTPA).TheUnitedenergytargets,thestrategyincludesagoalof30%ArabEmiratesaimstoestablishahydrogenR&Dcleanenergycapacityby2030,increasingto35%centreandtwohydrogenoasesinthecountry.FIGURE28TheUnitedArabEmirates’legislativesupportforkeytechnologiesSystemicefficiencyDirectelectrificationCCUSHydrogenandcircularityandrenewableheat–TheIntegratedWaste–UndertheDubaiCleanEnergy–ADNOC,anenergygroup–AbuDhabiHydrogenAlliance,ManagementStrategy2021-Strategy2050,thegovernmentownedbytheAbuDhabicomprisedofADNOC,2041isintendedtopromoteissettinguptheMohammadgovernmentplanstoincreaseMubadalaandADQ,willinnovationinwastemanagementbinRashidAlMaktoumSolaritsCO2capturecapacitytopromotelow-carbongreenwithabudgetof$20.28billion.Park,withaplannedcapacityapproximately5milliontonnesandbluehydrogeninemergingof5,000MWby2030.peryearby2030,anincreasemarketsanddevelopa–TheRasAlKhaimahEnergyofover500%.hydrogeneconomyintheEfficiencyandRenewables–TheAbuDhabiDepartmentUnitedArabEmirates.Strategy2040outlinestheofEnergyintroducedthe–TheUnitedArabEmiratesemirate'sapproachtoenergyCleanEnergyCertificatesgovernmentisinvolvedin–TheUnitedArabEmiratesefficiency,whichaimsminimumSchemewhichallowsobtaininginternationaleffortstopromotelaunchedtheHydrogensavingsacrosskeyresourcesatradeablecertificationofCCUSviaitsmembershipLeadershipRoadmapasalikewaterandelectricity.theenergysourceusedbyinCarbonSequestrationcomprehensivenationalplantoanybusinessoroperationinLeadershipForum.supportdomesticlow-carbon–DubaiGreenBuildingAbuDhabi.industries,contributetotheSpecificationsandStandards,nation'snet-zeroambition.whichaimtoenhancetheperformanceofbuildingsbydecreasingtheiruseofenergy,waterandmaterials.Sources:MinistryofEconomy,TradeandIndustry,2023;AgencyforNaturalTransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero32ResourcesandEnergy,2021;PresidentialClimateCommission,2023;MinistryofLand,Infrastructure,TransportandTourism,2020.4Africa4.1SouthAfricaSouthAfricahasbeguntodevelopstrongmomentumontheir“justenergytransition”journeytonet-zeroGHGemissions.SouthAfricahascommittedtoajustenergytransition:Thecountryiscurrentlyfacinganenergycrisis“ensuringthatthelivesandcommunitiesthataretiedlargelyduetotheissuesfacingthestate-ownedtohigh-emittingenergyindustriesarenotleftbehindelectricityutility,Eskom,whichhasresultedinintheshifttowardsalowemissionseconomy”.44ongoingblackoutslastingaslongas12hoursaday.ThesituationhasservedasacatalystforThecountryisworkingtowardsanet-zeroGHGshiftinginvestmentandprocurementofrenewableemissionsgoalby2050,whichhasnotyetbeenenergyforthecountry,whichisexpectedtogrowsignedintolaw.Thecountry’sindustrialsectorhasaupto46%ofSouthAfrica’sinstalledelectricityrelativelyhighemissionsintensity(morethandoublecapacityby2030.47BuildingagreenhydrogentheG20average),45largelydrivenbycoalelectricity,economyhasalsobecomeafocusofboththewhichdominatesthecountry’spowermixatovergovernmentandprivatesector.80%ofelectricitygeneratedin2022.46FIGURE29IndustrialclusterchallengesandopportunitiesinSouthAfrica40%350-420MtCO2e$8.5billionPercentageofdirectandindirectGHGemissionstargetby2030,FundsallocatedtoSouthAfricaunderrepresentinga13-27%reductiontheJustEnergyTransitionPartnershipemissionsofenergy-relatedrelativeto2020GHGemissionssignedatCOP26,primarilyflaggedforinfrastructureforelectricity,newenergyCO2emissionarefromthevehiclesandgreenhydrogensectorsindustrialsectorSources:ClimateTransparency,2021;RepublicofSouthAfrica,2021;ThePresidencyRepublicofSouthAfrica,2022.TransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero33SouthAfrica’sapproachtopoliciesandinitiativesaimedatpromotingtheindustrialdecarbonizationadoptionofcleanenergysourcesandreducingcarbonemissionsintheindustrialsector.TheSouthAfrica’scleanenergypolicydevelopmentgovernmentofSouthAfricahasprioritizedthetransformationoftheelectricitysectorbyAlthoughSouthAfricalacksaspecificactionplantransitioningfromcoaltorenewableenergyforindustrialclusters,ithasimplementedvarioussources.Additionally,fundshavebeenallocatedfortheadvancementofgreenhydrogentechnologies.FIGURE30SouthAfricapolicyempoweringindustrialdecarbonizationCarbonTaxAct,2019IntegratedSouthAfrica’sLowHydrogenSocietySouthAfrica’sSouthAfrica’sJust2019ResourcePlanEmissionDevelopmentRoadmapforSouthNationallyDeterminedEnergyTransitionStrategy2050Africa2021ContributionUnderInvestmentPlan2019theParisAgreement2020202120222021JustEnergyTransitionInvestmentPlanHydrogenSocietyRoadmapforSouthAfricaTheJustEnergyTransitionInvestmentPlan48BoththepublicandprivatesectorinSouthAfricasignedatCOP26bythegovernmentsofSouthhaveambitionsforthecountrytobecomealeaderAfrica,France,Germany,theUK,theUSandingreenhydrogenproduction.theEU“setsoutthescaleofneedandtheinvestmentsrequiredtosupportthedecarbonizationIn2021,thecabinetapprovedtheHydrogenSocietycommitmentsmadebytheGovernmentofSouthRoadmapforSouthAfrica,whichwasdevelopedbyAfrica”.TheplanstipulatestheallocationofthetheDepartmentofScienceandInnovation.Itserves$8.5billionthathasbeenpledgedandisprimarilyasanationalframeworktofacilitatetheintegrationearmarkedforelectricityinfrastructure–namely,ofhydrogen-relatedtechnologiesinvarioussectorscoaldecommissioningandnewsolar,windandoftheeconomy,ultimatelyseekingtostimulatehydroprojects–($6.9billion/81%),greenhydrogenlocaldemandandbuildaviableexportmarketfor($500million/6%),andnewenergyvehiclesrenewable(green)hydrogen.($200million/2%).Theremaining11%($900million)issplitacrossplanningandimplementationcapacity,Thedocumentdetails70prioritizedactions,eachskillsdevelopment,economicdiversificationandtobechampionedbyakeynationalgovernmentinnovation,andsocialinvestmentandinclusion.department,acrosssixhigh-leveloutcomes:Italsodetailsthebroader$98.7billionthatis1.Decarbonizationofheavy-dutytransportrequiredforprioritizedinvestmentsacrosselectricity,newenergyvehicles(NEVs),andgreenhydrogen2.Decarbonizationofenergy-intensiveindustrysectorstoachievethejusttransition.Theplan(cement,steel,mining,refineries)underscorestheroleofmultilateralenergytransitionfundingindecarbonizingemergingeconomies.3.Enhancedandgreenpowersector(mainandmicro-grids)TransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero344.CentreofExcellenceinManufacturingforTheimplementationoftheroadmapisexpectedhydrogenproductsandfuelcellcomponentstocontributetothegoalofajustandinclusivenet-zerocarboneconomicgrowthforsocietalwell-5.CreatinganexportmarketforSouthAfricanbeingby2050.OperationalizationoftheplanwillbegreenhydrogenguidedbytheGreenHydrogenCommercialisationStrategy,whichiscurrentlyunderfinalreviewby6.IncreasetheroleofhydrogenintheSouththecabinet.Africanenergysysteminlinewiththemovetowardsanet-zeroeconomy.FIGURE31SouthAfrica’slegislativesupportforkeytechnologiesSystemicefficiencyDirectelectrificationCCUSHydrogenandcircularityandrenewableheat–TheNationalEnergyEfficiency–TheRenewableIndependent–Noneatpresent.Theprivate–TheHydrogenSocietyRoadmapStrategy(post-2015)seeksPowerProducerProgrammesectorisexploringpotentialforSouthAfrica,publishedintopromoteenergyefficiencywasestablishedin2011withofcarboncapturesolutions2021,details70actionstoacrosssectorsthroughpolicythegoalofaddingadditionalfordecarbonizationofenergybetakenbyvariousnationalandfiscalincentives.TheelectricitycapacitytoSouthintensiveindustries(seegovernmentdepartmentsinexpectedimpactforindustryAfrica’sgridthroughprivateindustrialclusterspotlightsupportofdevelopingandsectoris15%reductioninsectorinvestmentinrenewableonpage36).deployinghydrogenandenergyconsumptionby2030.energy.Itisacompetitivehydrogen-relatedtechnologiestenderprocesswhichauctionsinthecountry.–InFebruary2022,thenewrenewableelectricityFinanceMinisterannouncedcapacityinbidwindows,in–TheGreenHydrogenanextensionoftheEnergywhichwinningprojectsareCommercialisationStrategy,EfficiencyTaxCredit(sectionawardedlong-termpowercurrentlyunderfinalreview12L)through31Decemberpurchaseagreements(morebythecabinetandexpected2025,throughwhichenergythan20years).tobeapprovedinlate2023,efficiencyinitiativescandetailshowtheHydrogengeneratetaxdeductionsof–In2022,thegovernmentSocietyRoadmapcanbe95centsperkilowatthourannouncedtheremovalofoperationalized,listskey(kWh)(orequivalent)ofenergy-licensingrequirementsforopportunitiesforlocalizationefficiencysavings.privatepowergenerationandmanufacturing,andsystemsofanycapacity,furtherprovidesguidanceonpolicies,facilitatingthedevelopmentincentivesandfinancing.ofutility-scale,embeddedrenewablegenerationprojects.–InFebruary2023,theFinanceMinisterannouncedanexpandedtaxincentive(section12BofSouthAfrica’sIncomeTaxAct)forbusinessesforrenewableenergyprojects.Businessesarenowabletoclaima125%deductioninthefirstyearforarenewableenergyproject(wind,concentratedsolar,hydropower,biomassandphotovoltaicprojects)withnothresholdsongenerationcapacity,oninvestmentsbroughtintouseforthefirsttimebetween1March2023and28February2025.Sources:DepartmentofEnergy,2013;SouthAfricanGovernment;ThePresidencyRepublicofSouthAfrica,2022;DepartmentofForestry,FisheriesandtheEnvironment,2022;SouthAfricanGovernmentNewsAgency,2023;TheDepartmentofTrade,IndustryandCompetition,2022;DepartmentofScienceandInnovation,2021.TransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero35INDUSTRIALCLUSTERSPOTLIGHTVaalIndustrialClusterTheVaalregionisthebirthplaceofindustrialisationinSouthThiswillbecomplementedbyeffortstodevelopnewAfricaandacentreofheavyindustry,manufacturingandskillsintheregion,attractadditionalmanufacturingcapacityengineering.Severalindustrialcompaniesinchemicals,steel,todrivejobdevelopment,encourageeconomicgrowth,manufacturingandoilrefineryindustries,alongwithseveralandultimatelyimprovethelivesofthoseinnearbypublicsectorplayersandfunders,areworkingtodevelopcommunities.SeveralbilateralMOUshavealreadybeenaVaalEnergyTransitionIndustrialCluster.Thecluster’ssignedbypartners,includinganMOUforcarboncapturegoalwillbetoco-developdecarbonizationprojectssuchfromthesteelmanufacturerandusebyachemicalsaswastewaterrecycling,renewableenergygenerationandcompanyasacarbonfeedstock,anexamplethatpaveselectrificationofheatingprocesses,theproductionofgreenthewayforthecross-clustercollaborationthatwilltakehydrogen,andthecaptureanduseofcarbon.placeinthenearfuture.TransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero36ConclusionBeyondnationalpledges,governmentsmustplay–Carbonpricinghasanimportantroleinanactiveroleinacceleratingtheshifttowardsmobilizinginvestmentsintoindustrialclusters’netzero.Governmentscanstrategicallyguidedecarbonizationandcouldhaveflow-onprivatesectorinvestmentstowardsindustrialimpactsonindustrialdecarbonizationinotherdecarbonizationsolutions.Whilepromotingthesegeographies.Forexample,Brazilisspurringinvestments,theymustalsoensurethatthebroaderinvestmentsinpotentialhydrogenexporthubsbenefitsforthecommunityarenotoverlooked(toEurope)andcatalysingthedevelopmentofduringthetransition.Sixkeythemeshaveemergednet-zeroindustrialclusters.whenconsideringindustrialdecarbonization:–Industrialclustersareenablersofstrengthened–Governmentsshouldcontinuetofocustheirprivate-publiccollaborationandcross-industryeffortsondevelopingandimplementingpartnershipsarecoreelementsthatsupportcomprehensivepolicyframeworksandpackageseffortstodeploysharedinfrastructureandlow-thatsupportthetransition.Thedevelopmentofcarbonecosystemsatscale,drivingsignificantstandardsandspecificationsthatenablecross-regionalimpact.InJapan,thegovernmentbordercollaborationshouldalsobeaccelerated.isfocusingeffortsonportsandindustrialForexample,mandatessuchasBrazil’sbiofuelscomplexesthroughpublic-privatecollaborationtargetandIndia’sRPOforpowerdistributiontodrivethecleanenergytransitionduetotheircompaniesat44%forrenewableenergy.potentialashubsforlow-emissionenergyandcircularmaterials.–Theseincentivesaimtoencourageprivatesectorparticipationandincludeavarietyofpolicytools–Finally,greenenergytransitionaryplansthatbeyondjustpublicfunding,suchasmandatesintegrateexistingassetswithdecarbonizationandtariffs.Thisenablesthecreationofholisticsolutionscouldprovideapathtoacceleratevaluechainsthatincubateinnovationandthetransitiontonetzero.Linkagesandacceleratescaleddeploymentofdecarbonizationintegrationoftheseassetsintoconversiontechnologies.Forexample,inSouthAfrica,plans,suchasretrofittingorrepurposingoldbusinessesdeployingrenewablescanclaimtaxinfrastructurewithnewgreeninfrastructure,incentivesallowing125%deductioninthefirstcouldavoidthecumulatingofstrandedassetsyear.Inaddition,theRenewableIndependentandassociatednegativeimpactsoneconomiesPowerProducerProgrammealsoprovidesandcommunities.Forexample,EnergiasdeopportunitiesforbusinessestoenterintoPortugal’s(EDP)repurposingofacoalpowercompetitivebidstosecurepowerpurchaseplantforgreenhydrogenproductionby2025inagreements,drivingprivateinvestmentsforSinesCluster,Portugal.49renewablegenerationprojects.TransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero37ContributorsWorldEconomicForumAccentureCharlesPaciniBridgetCostosoCoenManager,TransformingIndustrialEcosystemsManagementConsultingAnalystCarmenLohDirector,StrategyandSustainabilityAdamOngManagementConsultant,S&CGlobalNetwork,UtilitiesAcknowledgementsShwetaJadhavManager,S&CNordicRenewablesandUtilitiesThecontributorswouldalsoliketothankthefollowingindividualsfortheirinputsandsupportZenonKripkiforthewhitepaper:ManagementConsultantWorldEconomicForumKiyotoshiMiyauchiStrategyConsultantJoannaKolomanskaFormerManager,TransformingIndustrialSuchetanaPalEcosystems,2018-2023StrategyConsultantEllaYutongLinPayalSaxenaActingLead,ProgrammingandCommunicationsManagementConsultingAnalyst,S&CGlobalNetwork,UtilitiesMetadelMengestuProgrammeCoordinator,IndustrialTransformationBain&CompanyProgramme,Energy,MaterialsAnubhavMishraAccentureSeniorAssociateConsultantYagoCavalcanteProductionStrategyConsultantPhoebeBarkerAnanyaChaudhuryDesigner,StudioMikoManagementConsultant,S&CGlobalNetwork,UtilitiesLaurenceDenmarkCreativeDirector,StudioMikoCatarinaDiasGomezStrategyAnalystMarthaHowlettEditor,StudioMikoFranciscoDiasPereiraStrategyManagerKenIshizawaSeniorManager,ResourcesTransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero38Endnotes1.EmpresadePesquisaEnergética,RelatórioSíntese,2021,https://www.epe.gov.br/sites-pt/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/PublicacoesArquivos/publicacao-601/topico-588/BEN_S%C3%ADntese_2021_PT.pdf.2.SystemforEstimatingGreenhouseGasEmissions,AnálisedasemissõesbrasileirasdegasesdeefeitoestufaesuasimplicaçõesparaasmetasclimáticasdoBrasil1970-2020,2021,https://www.oc.eco.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/OC_03_relatorio_2021_FINAL.pdf.3.MinistériodoMeioAmbiente,Diretrizparaumaestratégianacionalparaneutralidadeclimática,2022,https://www.gov.br/mma/pt-br/assuntos/climaozoniodesertificacao/clima/diretrizes-para-uma-estrategia-nacional-para-neutralidade-climatica_.pdf.4.MinistériodoMeioAmbiente,ProgramaNacionalMetanoZero,2022,https://www.gov.br/mma/pt-br/assuntos/climaozoniodesertificacao/ProgramaMetanoZero.pdf.5.SwedishEnergyAgency,EnergyinSweden2022:Anoverview,2022.6.Thisnumberhasbeencomputedusing–“GreenhousegasemissionsfromSweden’seconomyincreasedin2021”,StatisticsSweden,12May2022,https://www.scb.se/en/finding-statistics/statistics-by-subject-area/environment/environmental-accounts-and-sustainable-development/system-of-environmental-and-economic-accounts/pong/statistical-news/environmental-accounts---emissions-to-air-q4-2021/#:~:text=Total%20greenhouse%20gas%20emissions%20from,GDP%20increased%20by%204.8%20percent.7.FossilFreeSweden,Roadmapforfossilfreecompetitiveness:Summaries2018-2020,2020,https://fossilfrittsverige.se/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Sammanfattning_Webb_ENG_2020.pdf.8.“IndustrialSymbiosisinSweden”,LinköpingUniversity,n.d.,http://www.industriellekologi.se/symbiosis/stenungsund.html.9.“TheIndustrialLeap”,SwedishEnergyAgency,27January2023,https://www.energimyndigheten.se/en/innovations-r--d/energyintensive-industry/the-industrial-leap/.10.FossilFreeSweden,Strategyforfossilfreecompetitiveness,2021,https://fossilfrittsverige.se/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Hydrogen_strategy_for-_fossil_free_competitiveness_ENG.pdf.11.“IndustryParkofSweden”,GreenCluster,https://www.greenclustercy.org/industry-park-sweden.html.12.AgenciaPortuguesadoAmbiente,InventárioNacionaldeEmissões2023,2023,https://apambiente.pt/sites/default/files/_Clima/Inventarios/20230421/20230315MemoEmissoes2023.pdf.13.RepúblicaPortuguesa,RecuperarPortugal,Construindoofuture:PlanodeRecuperaçãoeResiliência,2021,https://recuperarportugal.gov.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/PRR.pdf.14.Ibid.15.BruneiDarussalamNationalCouncilonClimateChange,BruneiDarussalamNationalClimateChangePolicy,2021,http://www.mod.gov.bn/Shared%20Documents/BCCS/Brunei%20National%20Climate%20Change%20Policy.pdf.16.“EmissionsDatabaseforGlobalAtmosphericResearch–CountryFactSheet:Brunei”,EuropeanCommission,https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/country_profile/BRN.17.MinistryofFinanceandEconomy,BruneiDarussalam,TowardsaDynamicandSustainableEconomy:EconomicBlueprintforBruneiDarussalam,2020,https://www.mofe.gov.bn/Shared%20Documents/OTHERS/banner/Brunei%20Darussalam’s%20Economic%20Blueprint.pdf.18.BruneiDarussalamNationalCouncilonClimateChange,BruneiDarussalamNationalClimateChangePolicy,2021,http://www.mod.gov.bn/Shared%20Documents/BCCS/Brunei%20National%20Climate%20Change%20Policy.pdf.19.“WorkshoponCarbonPricingPoliciesforBruneiDarussalam”,ASEANCentreforEnergy,22September2021,https://aseanenergy.org/workshop-on-carbon-pricing-policies-for-brunei-darussalam/.20.“CompanyProfile”,BruneiMethanol,n.d.,https://www.brunei-methanol.com/company-profile.21.“BruneiFertilizerIndustries”,BruneiFertilizerIndustries,n.d.,https://www.bfi.com.bn/.22.NYKLine,World’sFirstGlobalHydrogenSupplyChainDemonstrationProjectStartsinEarnest[Pressrelease],26June2020,https://www.nyk.com/english/news/2020/20200625_01.html.23.MinistryofNaturalResourcesandEnvironment,Thailand’sLongTerm-LowEmissionDevelopmentStrategy,2022,https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Thailand%20LT-LEDS%20%28Revised%20Version%29_08Nov2022.pdf.24.“ThailandEcoDevelopmentPolicy”,IndustrialEstateAuthorityofThailand,2023,https://eco.ieat.go.th/th/development-policy.25.Apisitniran,Lamonphet,“IEATlookstoSmartParktoserveEECS-curvesectors”,BangkokPost,5October2021,https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/2192635/ieat-looks-to-smart-park-to-serve-eec-s-curve-sectors.26.“BCPGSignsMOUToProvideSmartEnergyInfrastructureInThailandSmartPark,UsingthePowerledgerPlatform”,Powerledger,8February2018,https://www.powerledger.io/media/bcpg-signs-mou-to-provide-smart-energy-infrastructure-in-thailand-smart-park-using-the-power-ledger-platform.27.Accenture,SystemValueAnalysisMalaysia,2022,https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_System_Value_Analysis_Malaysia_2022.pdf.TransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero3928.EconomicPlanningUnit,PrimeMinister’sDepartment,NationalEnergyPolicy2022-2040,2022,https://www.ekonomi.gov.my/sites/default/files/2022-09/National_Energy_Policy_2022-2040.pdf.29.Ibid.30.Ibid.31.LiTiing,ChaiandLim,Angeline,“ThePengerangIntegratedComplex”,PETRONAS,2October2021,https://www.petronas.com/flow/technology/pengerang-integrated-complex;JohorCorporation,EndlessGrowthOpportunities:JCorpIndustrialParks,n.d.,https://d2av87rmal5htu.cloudfront.net/tpm/files/e0/e0074077-0e8e-4629-af6a-9daab229586b.pdf;“PenerangDeepwaterTerminals”,DIALOG,n.d.,https://www.dialogasia.com/pengerang-deepwater-terminals.32.MinistryofPower,NationalMissionforEnhancedEnergyEfficiency[Pressrelease],2021,https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1744431.33.GreenhouseGasInventoryOfficeofJapan(GIO),CenterforGlobalEnvironmentalResearch(CGER),EarthSystemDivision(ESD),andNationalInstituteforEnvironmentalStudies(NIES),NationalGreenhouseGasInventoryReportofJapan(NIR),2023,https://www.nies.go.jp/gio/en/archive/nir/jqjm1000001v3csj-att/NIR-JPN-2023-v3.0_gioweb.pdf.34.InternationalRenewableEnergyAgency(IRENA),EnergyProfile:Japan,n.d.,https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Statistics/Statistical_Profiles/Asia/Japan_Asia_RE_SP.pdf.35.CabinetSecretariat,GX実現に向けた基本方針（案）～今後10年を見据えたロードマップ～,2022,https://www.cas.go.jp/jp/seisaku/gx_jikkou_kaigi/dai5/siryou1.pdf.36.MinistryofEconomy,TradeandIndustry,AdvisoryCommitteeforNaturalResourcesandEnergyConservationandNewEnergySubcommitteeHydrogenPolicySubcommittee/ResourcesandFuelsSubcommitteeAmmoniaandOtherDecarbonizedFuelPolicySubcommitteeJointMeetingInterimReport,2023,https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/enecho/shoene_shinene/suiso_seisaku/pdf/20230104_1.pdf.37.MinistryofEconomy,TradeandIndustry,Arrangementofissuesfortherealizationofacarbon-neutralindustrialcomplex,2022,https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/energy_environment/carbon_neutral_complex/20220324_report.html.38.“CarbonNeutralPort(CNP)Initiative”,MinistryofLand,Infrastructure,TransportandTourism,2008,https://www.mlit.go.jp/en/kowan/kowan_fr4_000011.html.39.MinistryofLand,Infrastructure,TransportandTourism,RecentMovementsConcerningtheFormationofCNP,etc.,2023,https://www.mlit.go.jp/kowan/content/001586144.pdf.40.MinistryofEconomy,TradeandIndustry,StrategicEnergyPlan,2021,https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/category/others/basic_plan/pdf/strategic_energy_plan.pdf.41.CabinetSecretariat,GX実現に向けた基本方針（案）～今後10年を見据えたロードマップ～,2022,https://www.cas.go.jp/jp/seisaku/gx_jikkou_kaigi/dai5/siryou1.pdf.42.“Environmentandenergy”,UnitedArabEmirates,2023,https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/strategies-initiatives-and-awards/strategies-plans-and-visions/environment-and-energy;“UAEEnergyDiversification”,EmbassyoftheUnitesArabEmirates,https://www.uae-embassy.org/discover-uae/climate-and-energy/uae-energy-diversification.43.“UAENationalEnergyStrategy2050:PresentationforCEMLongTermEnergyScenarios“,UnitedArabEmiratesMinistryofEnergy&Industry,n.d.,https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Webinars/UAE-Presentation_LTES.pdf?la=en%26hash=7AB6DF56E17BE7CE5841CF5015DA9BE55F10C919.44.“JustEnergyTransition”,PresidentialClimateCommission,n.d.,https://www.climatecommission.org.za/just-energy-transition.45.ClimateTransparency,SouthAfrica–ClimateTransparencyReport:ComparingG20ClimateActionTowardsNetZero,2021,https://www.climate-transparency.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/CT2021SouthAfrica.pdf.46.Pierce,WarrickandMoniqueLeRoux,Statisticsofutility-scalepowergenerationinSouthAfrica,CSIREnergyCentre,2023,https://www.csir.co.za/sites/default/files/Documents/Statistics%20of%20power%20in%20SA%202022-CSIR-%5BFINAL%5D.pdf.47.DepartmentofMineralResourcesandEnergy,IntegratedResourcePlan2019,2019,https://www.energy.gov.za/irp/2019/IRP-2019.pdf.48.“SouthAfrica’sJustEnergyTransitionInvestmentPlan”,PresidentialClimateCommission,2023,https://www.climatecommission.org.za/south-africas-jet-ip.49.Goncalves,Sergio,“EDPtotransformSinescoalplantintohydrogenhubby2025”,Reuters,14October2021,https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/edp-transform-sines-coal-plant-into-hydrogen-hub-by-2025-2021-10-14/#:~:text=LISBON%2C%20Oct%2014%20(Reuters),first%20production%20expected%20by%202025.TransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero40TheWorldEconomicForum,committedtoimprovingthestateoftheworld,istheInternationalOrganizationforPublic-PrivateCooperation.TheForumengagestheforemostpolitical,businessandotherleadersofsocietytoshapeglobal,regionalandindustryagendas.WorldEconomicForum91–93routedelaCapiteCH-1223Cologny/GenevaSwitzerlandTel.:+41(0)228691212Fax:+41(0)227862744contact@weforum.orgwww.weforum.org
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