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www.concept.co.nz

Offshore wind industry capability mapping study

Prepared for Taranaki Offshore Partnership

October 2023

About Concept Consulting Group Ltd

We have been providing useful, high-quality advice and analysis for more than 20 years. Our roots are in the electricity sector and our practice has grown from

there. We have developed deep expertise across the wider energy sector, and in environmental and resource economics. We have also translated our skills to

assignments in telecommunications and water infrastructure.

Our directors have all held senior executive roles in the energy sector, and our team has a breadth of policy, regulatory, economic analysis, strategy, modelling,

forecasting and reporting expertise. Our clients include large users, suppliers, regulators and governments. Our practical experience and range of skills means

we can tackle difficult problems and provide advice you can use.

For more information, please visit www.concept.co.nz.

Disclaimer

Except as expressly provided for in our engagement terms, Concept and its staff shall not, and do not, accept any liability for errors or omissions in this report

or for any consequences of reliance on its content, conclusions or any material, correspondence of any form or discussions, arising out of or associated with its

preparation.

The analysis and opinions set out in this report reflect Concept’s best professional judgement at the time of writing. Concept shall not be liable for, and expressly

excludes in advance any liability to update the analysis or information contained in this report after the date of the report, whether or not it has an effect on

the findings and conclusions contained in the report.

This report remains subject to any other qualifications or limitations set out in the engagement terms.

No part of this report may be published without prior written approval of Concept.

Concept Consulting Group Limited

Contents

Executive Summary ..................................................................................... 5

Planning phase of offshore wind projects .............................................. 5

Build phase of offshore wind projects .................................................... 6

Operational phase of offshore wind projects ......................................... 7

Induced jobs in operational phase ...................................................... 8

Possible areas for future research/action .............................................. 9

• Helping local supply chains to prepare and be efficient ................. 9

• Facilitating collaboration between local and overseas companies 9

• Helping workers to develop the relevant skills ............................... 9

• Addressing particular hurdles faced by Māori supplier organisations

and whānau. ........................................................................................... 9

1 Purpose and research approach ....................................................... 10

1.1 Purpose ..................................................................................... 10

1.2 Decarbonisation driving development of renewables .............. 10

1.3 Research approach.................................................................... 11

1.4 Information sources and survey ............................................... 12

1.5 Reference scenario ................................................................... 12

1.6 What this study does not cover ................................................ 13

1.7 Caveats ...................................................................................... 13

1.8 Acknowledgments ..................................................................... 14

1.9 Structure of this report ............................................................. 14

2 Offshore wind projects – overview ................................................... 16

2.1 Main elements of an offshore wind farm ................................. 16

2.2 Life-cycle for offshore wind development ................................ 16

2.3 Work requirements over project life cycle ............................... 17

3 Activity in planning phase of a wind project ..................................... 18

3.1 Overview of activities in planning phase .................................. 18

3.2 Estimated work/jobs in wind farm planning phase .................. 18

3.3 Scope for domestic involvement in planning work ................... 21

3.3.1 Physical environmental studies ......................................... 21

3.3.2 Ecological studies .............................................................. 22

3.3.3 Analysis of cultural, social and environmental impacts .... 22

3.3.4 Regulatory consenting ...................................................... 22

3.3.5 Engineering design ............................................................ 22

3.3.6 Commercial analysis .......................................................... 23

3.3.7 Summary of capabilities in planning phase ....................... 23

4 Activity in the build phase of a wind project .................................... 25

4.1 Overview ................................................................................... 25

4.2 Manufacture of components for an offshore wind farm .......... 25

4.3 Scope for domestic involvement in manufacturing work ......... 26

4.3.1 Nacelle and rotor components supply .............................. 27

4.3.2 Tower and transition piece supply .................................... 27

4.3.3 Foundations supply ........................................................... 28

4.3.4 Array and export cable supply .......................................... 28

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www.concept.co.nzOffshorewindindustrycapabilitymappingstudyPreparedforTaranakiOffshorePartnershipOctober20231AboutConceptConsultingGroupLtdWehavebeenprovidinguseful,high-qualityadviceandanalysisformorethan20years.Ourrootsareintheelectricitysectorandourpracticehasgrownfromthere.Wehavedevelopeddeepexpertiseacrossthewiderenergysector,andinenvironmentalandresourceeconomics.Wehavealsotranslatedourskillstoassignmentsintelecommunicationsandwaterinfrastructure.Ourdirectorshaveallheldseniorexecutiverolesintheenergysector,andourteamhasabreadthofpolicy,regulatory,economicanalysis,strategy,modelling,forecastingandreportingexpertise.Ourclientsincludelargeusers,suppliers,regulatorsandgovernments.Ourpracticalexperienceandrangeofskillsmeanswecantackledifficultproblemsandprovideadviceyoucanuse.Formoreinformation,pleasevisitwww.concept.co.nz.DisclaimerExceptasexpresslyprovidedforinourengagementterms,Conceptanditsstaffshallnot,anddonot,acceptanyliabilityforerrorsoromissionsinthisreportorforanyconsequencesofrelianceonitscontent,conclusionsoranymaterial,correspondenceofanyformordiscussions,arisingoutoforassociatedwithitspreparation.TheanalysisandopinionssetoutinthisreportreflectConcept’sbestprofessionaljudgementatthetimeofwriting.Conceptshallnotbeliablefor,andexpresslyexcludesinadvanceanyliabilitytoupdatetheanalysisorinformationcontainedinthisreportafterthedateofthereport,whetherornotithasaneffectonthefindingsandconclusionscontainedinthereport.Thisreportremainssubjecttoanyotherqualificationsorlimitationssetoutintheengagementterms.NopartofthisreportmaybepublishedwithoutpriorwrittenapprovalofConcept.©Copyright2023ConceptConsultingGroupLimitedAllrightsreserved2Contents2Offshorewindprojects–overview...................................................162.1Mainelementsofanoffshorewindfarm.................................16ExecutiveSummary.....................................................................................52.2Life-cycleforoffshorewinddevelopment................................16Planningphaseofoffshorewindprojects..............................................52.3Workrequirementsoverprojectlifecycle...............................17Buildphaseofoffshorewindprojects....................................................6Operationalphaseofoffshorewindprojects.........................................73Activityinplanningphaseofawindproject.....................................18Inducedjobsinoperationalphase......................................................83.1Overviewofactivitiesinplanningphase..................................18Possibleareasforfutureresearch/action..............................................93.2Estimatedwork/jobsinwindfarmplanningphase..................18•Helpinglocalsupplychainstoprepareandbeefficient.................93.3Scopefordomesticinvolvementinplanningwork...................21•Facilitatingcollaborationbetweenlocalandoverseascompanies93.3.1Physicalenvironmentalstudies.........................................21•Helpingworkerstodeveloptherelevantskills...............................93.3.2Ecologicalstudies..............................................................22•AddressingparticularhurdlesfacedbyMāorisupplierorganisations3.3.3Analysisofcultural,socialandenvironmentalimpacts....22andwhānau............................................................................................93.3.4Regulatoryconsenting......................................................223.3.5Engineeringdesign............................................................221Purposeandresearchapproach.......................................................103.3.6Commercialanalysis..........................................................231.1Purpose.....................................................................................103.3.7Summaryofcapabilitiesinplanningphase.......................231.2Decarbonisationdrivingdevelopmentofrenewables..............101.3Researchapproach....................................................................114Activityinthebuildphaseofawindproject....................................251.4Informationsourcesandsurvey...............................................124.1Overview...................................................................................251.5Referencescenario...................................................................124.2Manufactureofcomponentsforanoffshorewindfarm..........251.6Whatthisstudydoesnotcover................................................134.3Scopefordomesticinvolvementinmanufacturingwork.........261.7Caveats......................................................................................134.3.1Nacelleandrotorcomponentssupply..............................271.8Acknowledgments.....................................................................144.3.2Towerandtransitionpiecesupply....................................271.9Structureofthisreport.............................................................144.3.3Foundationssupply...........................................................284.3.4Arrayandexportcablesupply..........................................284.3.5Offshoresubstationsupply...............................................295.5.2IndirectO&Mpositions.....................................................414.3.6Onshoreinfrastructuresupply..........................................294.3.7Summaryofcapabilitiesinmanufacturingsub-phase......295.5.3Summaryofcapabilitiesinoperationalphase..................424.4Installationandconnectionofanoffshorewindfarm.............314.5Scopefordomesticinvolvementininstallationwork..............315.6Inducedjobsinoperationalphase............................................444.5.1Turbineandfoundationinstallation.................................314.5.2Arrayandexportcableinstallation...................................325.7Cross-checkofO&Mjobestimateswithotherstudies............444.5.3Offshoresubstationinstallation........................................334.5.4Onshorefacilities..............................................................335.8Overalljobsgeneratedintheoperationalphase......................464.5.5Summaryofcapabilitiesininstallationsub-phase...........335Activityinoperationalphaseofawindproject................................356Areasforpossiblefutureresearch....................................................475.1O&Mphaselastsfor30+years.................................................355.2LocationimportantforO&Mservicehubs...............................356.1Helplocalsupplychainstoprepareandbeefficient................475.3Direct,indirectandinducedwork.............................................355.3.1FurtherinformationonthedirectO&Mjobs...................396.2Facilitatecollaborationbetweenlocalandoverseascompanies5.4Indirectjobs/workinoperationalphase...................................40475.5Scopefordomesticinvolvementinoperationalwork..............415.5.1DirectO&Mpositions........................................................416.3Helpworkerstodeveloprelevantskills....................................486.4AddresshurdlesfacedbyMāori...............................................496.5Localcontentrequirements......................................................50AppendixA:Top-downestimatesforjobs............................................52AppendixB:Direct,indirectandinducedjobestimatesforoperationalphase54AppendixC:Surveysummary................................................................554ExecutiveSummaryWecollectedinformationforthestudyfrommanysources,includingmeetingsinTaranakiandanonlineforum.InformationonorganisationalThisreportsetsouttheresultsofanIndustryCapabilityMappingstudyintocapabilitieswascollectedfromaweb-basedsurveyandindustryresearch.offshorewindfarming(OWF)inAotearoaNewZealand.ThisstudyMorethan100organisationsorgroupstookpartintheprocess.addressesthefollowingquestions:Photosuppliedby:CopenhagenOffshorePartners1.Whatactivitiesareneededtoplan,buildandoperateanoffshorewindfarm?Planningphaseofoffshorewindprojects2.WhatcapabilitiesexistinAotearoaNewZealandtoundertaketheTheplanningphase1ofanoffshorewindprojectinvolveseverythingactivitiessetoutinitem1?neededtodecideiftheprojectshouldgoahead.Thisincludesstudyingtheimpactonlocalcommunities,theseabed,ecology,anddesigningtheOffshorewindprojectshaveafour-stagelife-cycleasshowninFigure1.engineeringaspects.Overall,wethinkthatplanningfora1,000MWprojectwouldcreateabout210person-yearsofwork.2Figure1:StagesofanoffshorewindfarmTheestimatedshareofactivityamongworktypesisshowninFigure2.PlanBuildOperateRemove/2A“person-yearofwork”isoneFTE(fulltimeequivalent)foroneyear.Forexample,10person-yearsofworkcouldbeonepersonworkingfortenyears,orRepower20peopleworkingpart(half)timeforayear.3-5years3-4years30+years~2years5Thisreportgivesanideaofhowmanyjobscouldbeavailableduringallphasesofaproject.However,wehavefocussedmoreontheoperationsphasebecauseitlastsfor30yearsormoreandwouldgeneratethemostongoingjobs.Tohelpmakethisstudytangible,wehaveusedanexampleofanoffshorewindprojectinSouthTaranakiwithinitialcapacityof1,000MWthatcanbelaterincreasedto2,000MW(seeReferenceScenarioinsection1.5).1Thisanalysisassumesprocurementactivities(suchasdevelopingspecificationsandnegotiatingcontractswithsuppliers)areincludedintheplanningphase.Figure2:TypesofTwyopreksneoefdwedorinktihneppllaannnniinnggpphhaaseseBuildphaseofoffshorewindprojectsEnvironmentalstudiesThebuildphaseofanoffshorewindprojectincludesconstructingalltheCoastalstudiespartsforthewindfarmandtheninstallingthemattheprojectsite.WindanalysisSeabedstudiesPhotosuppliedby:CopenhagenOffshorePartners,VineyardProjectProjectdevelopmentEngineeringdesignAltogether,makingthepartsfora1,000MWwindfarmispredictedtocreateabout8,500person-yearsofwork.Installingandconnectingthesewindjobs.xlsxpartswouldaddanother1,600person-years.TheestimatedshareofactivityamongmajorcomponentsisshowninSource:ConceptestimatebasedonIRENA(2018)Figure3.Weexpectthatmostoftherequiredworkcouldbeundertakenby6organisationswithinAotearoaNewZealandassummarisedinTable1.Table1:ScopefordomesticinvolvementinplanningworkCategoryPotentialforsupplyfromsourcesinAotearoaNZPhysicalenvironmentstudiesMostlyhighHighEcologicalstudiesHighAnalysisofcultural,social&environimpactsNotassessedMostlyhighRegulatoryconsentingHighEngineeringdesignandprocurementCommercialanalysissurveyandresearchdatabase.xlsxMoreinformationonworkintheplanningphaseofoffshorewindprojectsissetoutinChapter3.Figure3:ComponentlevelbreakdownofworkTable2:Scopefordomesticinvolvementinmanufacturingsub-phase3ManufacturingactivityInstallationactivityCategoryPotentialforsupplyfromsourcesinAotearoaNZNacelle&rotor-supplyAppearsunlikelyNacelleFoundationTowerandtransitionpiece-supplyRotorSubstationMaybepracticalforsomeelementsTowerCablingFoundation-supplyAppearsunlikelyCablingTurbineArrayandexportcable-supplyFoundationArraycablelayingMaybepracticalforsomeelementsSubstationGridconnectionOffshoresubstation-supplyMaybepracticalforsomeelementsOnshoreinfrastructure-supplyMostlyhighsurveyandresearchdatabase.xlsxTable3:Scopefordomesticinvolvementininstallationsub-phasewindjobs.xlsxCategoryPotentialforsupplyfromsourcesinAotearoaNZNacelle&rotor-installMaybepracticalforsomeelementsSource:ConceptestimatesbasedonIRENA(2018)Towerandtransitionpiece-installMaybepracticalforsomeelementsMaybepracticalforsomeelementsThemanufactureandinstallationofoffshorewindturbinesneedsspecialFoundation-installMaybepracticalforsomeelementsequipmentandknowledge.Becauseofthis,somecomponentswouldArrayandexportcable-installMaybepracticalforsomeelementsprobablyneedtocomefromoutsideAotearoaNewZealand.MostlyhighOffshoresubstation-installHowever,somepartsorservicescouldbeprovidedhereandthereareOnshoreinfrastructure-installopportunitiesforsignificantlocalsupportduringtheinstallationphase.Forexample,localorganisationsarelikelytobewell-placedtoconstructsurveyandresearchdatabase.xlsxonshorefacilitiessuchasaportforday-to-dayoperationsandaconnectiontothenationalgrid.Moreinformationonthemanufacturingandinstallationsub-phasesforoffshorewindprojectscanbefoundinChapter4.AsummaryofthescopefordomesticinvolvementinthemanufacturingandinstallationphasesissetoutinTable2andTable3.OperationalphaseofoffshorewindprojectsOffshorewindfarmsusuallyoperateforaround30years,orevenlongeriftheyarerepowered.Theoperationalphaseisexpectedtocreatethemostlocaljobsbecauseofthenatureofitsactivitiesandlongduration.3ForthepurposesofcomparingcategoriesinFigure3,Table2andTable3,turbine=nacelle&rotor&tower,andthetransitionpieceispartofthetower.7AsummaryofourassessmentissetoutinTable4.Table4:ScopefordomesticinvolvementinO&MworkPhotosuppliedby:CopenhagenOffshorePartners,VineyardProjectCategoryPotentialforsupplyfromsourcesinAotearoaNZInitsoperationalphaseweestimatethata1,000MWprojectwouldCoreoperationHighgeneratearound3,900person-yearsofwork.SomeofthesepeoplewouldCoremaintenanceHighworkdirectlyonthingslikefixingwindturbines,whileotherswouldshareAviation,port&offshoreservicesHightheirtimewithotherprojectsorjobs,suchashelicoptercrews.Consumables,generalservicesHighInspection,certification&environmonitoringHighInfulltimeequivalentterms,thedirectandindirectworkequatestoFacilitiesmanagement,andassocservicesHigharound125rolesfora1,000MWproject.HumanresourcesHighMajormaintenance-turbinesMostofthepeopleworkingduringtheoperationalphasewouldlikelybeMajormaintenance-balanceofplantMixedfromthelocalarea.ThisisbecausetheserolesrequirepeopleonanTransportandwarehousingMixedongoingbasis,andforthemtobephysicallyavailabletoservicetheHighoffshorewindfarm.surveyandresearchdatabase.xlsxThekeyexceptionwhereoutsidesupportmaybeneededissometypesofmajormaintenancework.ThesesortsoftaskscomeupeveryfiveyearsorInducedjobsinoperationalphasesoandneedspecialskillsorequipment.However,majormaintenanceInadditiontojobsworkingonanoffshoreprojectitself,theoperationalworkisexpectedtoalsogeneratedemandforlocalorganisationsinareasphaseisexpectedtocreateso-calledinducedjobs.wheredomesticsupplyisfeasible.Thesearejobsgeneratedinthelocalareabytheadditionalspendingpowerofpeopleworkingontheprojectonanongoingbasis.Anexamplewouldbetheadditionalworkersneededinalocalsupermarket.Forthe1,000MWreferenceprojectweexpectaround60FTEworthofinducedjobs.Intotal,weexpecta1,000MWoffshoreprojecttogeneratearound190FTEjobsand5,800person-yearsofworkintheregionwheretheprojectislocated.Theestimatedimpactforeachtypeofworkinperson-yeartermsisshowninFigure4.8Figure4:Person-yearsofworkinoperationalphase(1,000MWproject)DuringthisstudywehavealsoidentifiedsomeareaswhereactioncouldbebeneficialtohelpincreasethelocalbenefitsfromanoffshorewindSource:Conceptestimatesindustry.Asnotedearlier,theReferenceCaseisbasedonaninitialprojectsizeofInbroadtermstheseinclude:1,000MWthatissubsequentlyexpandedto2,000MW.Weexpecta2,000MWoffshorewindprojecttogenerateapproximately9,900person-years•Helpinglocalsupplychainstoprepareandbeefficientofworkinitsoperationalphase,whichequatestoaround320FTEjobs.•FacilitatingcollaborationbetweenlocalandoverseascompaniesWehavecomparedourestimatestointernationaldatainothersimilar•Helpingworkerstodeveloptherelevantskillsstudies.Thiscomparisonsuggeststhatourestimatesmaybeonthe•AddressingparticularhurdlesfacedbyMāorisupplierconservativeside(i.e.morejobsmaybegeneratedinpracticethanindicatedbyConcept’sestimates.)organisationsandwhānau.Theseissuesarediscussedfurtherinsection6alongwithsuggestionsforPossibleareasforfutureresearch/actionfutureresearch.Thisstudyisfocussedonestimatingthescaleofjobandsupplieropportunitiesfromanoffshorewindindustry.9Whatisoffshorewindgeneration?1PurposeandresearchapproachOnshorewindfarmingwillbefamiliartomanyNewZealanderswithexistingwindfarmsoperatingfromtheWaikatoregiontoSouthland.1.1PurposeOffshorewindfarmingisverysimilartoonshorewindfarminginmanyrespects.InbothcasesgeneratorturbinesconvertwindenergyintoelectricitywhichisthenThisreportdescribestheresultsofanIndustryCapabilityMappingstudyinjectedontothenationalgridforusebyhouseholdsandbusinessesacrosstheofoffshorewindfarming(OWF)inAotearoaNewZealand.Thisstudycountry.addressesthefollowingquestions:Source:TaranakiOffshorePartnership1.Whatactivitiesareneededtoplan,buildandoperateanoffshorewindfarm?Thekeydifferencesbetweenonshoreandoffshorewindfarmsare:•Offshorelocationscanhavebetterconditionsforwindgenerationdueto2.WhatcapabilitiesexistinAotearoaNewZealandtoundertaketheactivitiesidentifiedinitem1?moresteadyandhigheraveragewindspeeds•OffshorelocationsmakeiteasiertouselargerturbineswhichhavehighWhilethisreportscanstheentirelifecycleforanoffshorewindfarm,itfocusesmainlyontheoperationalphasebecausethatstageenduresfor30efficiency.Bycontrast,itcanbechallengingtodeployverylargeturbinesyearsormoreandwouldgeneratethemostongoinglocaljobs.onshorebecauseofthedifficultiesoftransportingcomponentsonroadstoprojectsites.Thisreportalsoidentifiesinhighleveltermssomeareaswhereactions•Offshorelocationsraisefewerconcernsaboutvisualimpactsbecausethecouldbetakentoliftcapabilitiesandensuremorelocalbenefitcanbeturbinescanbelocatedwelloffshore.obtainedfromdevelopmentofanoffshorewindindustryinAotearoaNewZealand.1.2DecarbonisationdrivingdevelopmentofrenewablesTherearenooffshorewindfarmsinAotearoaNewZealandatpresent,butanumberofdevelopersareactivelyconsideringpotentialoffshorewindprojectswithinitialoperationtargetedaround2030.Offshorewindgenerationbeganin1991andhasgrownsteadilysincethen.In2021,anadditional58,000MWofoffshorewindcapacitywasinstalled10accordingtotheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA).4CapacityadditionsareAsarenewableenergysource,offshorewindisexpectedtoplayakeyroleexpectedtoincreasefurtherincomingyears.indecarbonisation.ThisisillustratedbyFigure5.ThelefthandpanelshowsIEAprojectionsoftotalinstalledcapacityforoffshorewindinEuropeandThemaindriverforthisgrowthisthepressingneedtodecarbonisetheAsia.Anincreaseofroughly2,500%isprojectedovertheperiodbetweenworld’senergysupplies.2020and2040.Figure5:ProjectedgrowthinwindgenerationTurningtoNewZealand,windgeneration(onshoreand/oroffshore)isalsoexpectedtoplayakeyroleindecarbonisationwithmuchofthegrowthinPrPorjeocjteecdtegdroowfftshhionroeffwshinodreProjPercotejedcgtreodwtNhZinwNiZnwdindnewsupplyexpectedtocomefromthissource.Theisreflectedinthewindggeenneerraatitoionn(GW)genergaetinoenr(aTtWiohn/year)righthandpanelofFigure5whichshowsarecentprojectionofwindgeneration.5Aroughlyten-foldincreaseisprojectedinwindgeneration25025between2020and2050.200201.3ResearchapproachGW15AnapproachthatisoftenusedinstudiesofthistypeistoreviewtheTWh/yearinternationalliteraturetoidentifykeyindustryratios,andthenapplythem150inthelocalcontexttoderivejobestimates.Wecallthisa‘top-down’approach.10010Thisapproachhastheadvantageofnotrequiringextensivelocaldataand505analysis,andalsofacilitatescomparisonsacrossstudies.However,theratiosfrominternationalstudiesofpreviousprojectsmaynotnecessarily020302040-20352050applytoupcominglocalprojects.Thisapproachthereforeneedstobe20202020appliedwithsomecare.EuropeAsiaThealternative‘bottom-up’approachstartsbyidentifyingthetypesofworkthatneedtobeperformedinawindfarmproject.ThisinformationisSource:InternationalEnergyAgency2019,STEPSSource:ElectricityAuthorityMarketDevelopmentthenusedtodeveloppositionsummariesforspecificroles.Becausethisscenario(alternativescenariohasmoregrowth)AdvisoryGroup2022,Referencecase+Tiwaiapproachstartswithmoregranularinformation,itshouldprovideamoredemand5ThechartshowswindgenerationanddoesnotspecifywhetheritisonshoreorSources:InternationalEnergyAgency2019,STEPSscenario(alternativescenariohasmoregrowth,ElectricityAuthorityMarketoffshore.DevelopmentAdvisoryGroup2022,Referencecase+Tiwaidemand114www.iea.org/reports/wind-electricity.accuratepictureofthejobandworkopportunities.However,itismoreInformationnotspecifictoAotearoaNewZealandwasmainlygatheredresourceintensivetoapplyandworksbestforrolesthatarededicatedtofromindustryreportsandacademicpapers.Thesesourcesarelistedintheaparticularproject.referencesectionattheendofthereport.Forthisstudywehaveusedbothtop-downandbottom-upapproachesto1.5Referencescenarioestimatejobopportunities,reflectingthefactthateachhasstrengthsandweaknesses.Inparticular,wehaveusedbothapproachesfortheTomakethisstudymoretangible,itisbasedaroundanotionalwindoperationalphaseofawindprojectdevelopment,giventhatstageistheprojectintheSouthTaranakiBight(theso-calledReferenceScenario).mainfocusofthisstudy.Figure6:WindprojectusedasReferenceScenarioWehavealsoundertakenqualitativeanalysisforallphasesofawindSource:ConceOptffesshtoimreaWteinbdasFeadrmonrTeagrioannaaknidOpffoshssoirbelePaprotnrtelroschaiptigornasphicprojectdevelopment.UseofspecificprojectparametersallowsustomoreaccuratelyestimateTable5:Researchmethodsthenumbersofstaffrequiredforawinddevelopmentinitsoperationalphase.ThisisbecausewehavespecificestimatesforthenumberofPhaseofwindprojectTop-downBottom-upQualitativeturbinesandtraveldistancesforcrewtransfervesselsetc.developmentQuantitativeQuantitative12PlanningManufactureInstallationOperation&maintenance1.4InformationsourcesandsurveyMuchoftheinformationspecifictoAotearoaNewZealandisbasedonasurveycarriedoutforthisstudy.Surveydatawasaugmentedbyinformationgatheredfromworkshops,hui,bilateralstakeholderdiscussionsanddesktopresearch.AsummaryofsurveyresponsesiscontainedinAppendixC:.ThekeyparametersoftheReferenceScenarioaresetoutinTable6.•Estimatesofjobs/workrequiredtoupgradeothercivilinfrastructureifthatisrequired,suchasdevelopmentofnewTable6:Referencescenariospecificationshousingforworkers.PhaseofwindprojectStage•Estimatesofjobs/workopportunitiesassociatedwiththeuseofdevelopmenttheelectricitygeneratedbyanoffshorewinddevelopment.12TotalMWcapacity1.7CaveatsCommissioningyear1,0002,000TurbinecountTherewillalwaysbeadegreeofuncertaintywhenseekingtopredicttheTurbinesize2030-future.Toreflecttheuncertainties,wehavegenerallyexpressednumericalWaterdepthestimatesintheformofranges.TheserangesareintendedtocapturetheFoundations60-70120-140likelyrangeofpossibleoutcomes.MaintenancestrategyRegularmaintenance~15MWWenotethatAotearoaNewZealanddoesnotcurrentlyhavearegulatoryHeavymaintenanceregimetoallowforthedevelopmentofoffshorerenewableenergy~25-50mgeneration.TheGovernmenthastakenaninprincipledecisiontoproceedwithafeasibilitypermittingapproachforthefeasibilityphaseofoffshoreMonopilewindfarmprojectsandiscurrentlyconsideringthedesignofregulationfortheconstruction,operation,anddecommissioningphasesofoffshorewindShore-basedvessels&helicopterback-upfarmprojects.6UsingvesselsbasedinPāteaSomeaspectsoftheworkneededtodevelopanoffshorewindprojectwillbeaffectedbytheformofaregulatoryregime(especiallyintheplanningUsingvesselsfromNewPlymouthphase).ForthisreportwehaveassumedthatAotearoaNewZealandadoptsaregimethatisbroadlysimilartothatapplyinginothercountries.1.6WhatthisstudydoesnotcoverItisimportanttonotethatthisisanareaofuncertainty.TimeandresourceconstraintsmeanthatthisreportcannotcovereveryFinally,wenotethisstudyestimatesthejobopportunitiesgeneratedbyaspectofanoffshorewinddevelopment.Inthiscontext,itisimportanttotheoffshorewindprojectdescribedintheReferenceScenario.Thesenotethatthestudydoesnotinclude:https://www.mbie.govt.nz/dmsdocument/26913-developing-a-regulatory-•Estimatesofjobs/workrequiredtoupgradeportfacilitiestoframework-for-offshore-renewable-energy-pdf.supportanoffshorewinddevelopment.Inparticular,ourestimatesdonotincludetheworkthatwouldbeneededto13upgradeportfacilitiesatPāteaandNewPlymouth.•Estimatesofjobs/workrequiredtoupgradetheelectricitytransmissiongrid.6Seehttps://www.mbie.govt.nz/dmsdocument/25828-enabling-investment-in-offshore-renewable-energyandestimatesareframedagainstacounterfactualwherenosuchdevelopmentIwi/organisationReferencegroupparticipantsoccurs.7NgāruahineTeUrauraNganekoNgaaRauruMikeNeho,ReneeBradley1.8AcknowledgmentsNgātiRuanuiGrahamYoung,NicolaCooganTaranakiRegionalSkillsCharlotteLittlewoodWegreatlyappreciatethetechnicalinputandinformationreceivedfromLeadershipGroupthesponsorsofthisstudy,TaranakiOffshorePartnership(TOP)andNewTaranakiChamberofCommerceArunChaudhariZealandTradeandEnterprise.Inparticular,TOPfacilitatedaccesstoTaranakiiwiMarkWipateneinformationontheStaroftheSouthoffshorewindprojectinVictoriaandTeAtiawaJoshuaHitchcocktheresultsfromanexternalstudyintooperationandmaintenanceTePukenga,WesternInstituteofAllieHemara-Wahanui,KyleHallrequirementsforapotentialoffshorewinddevelopmentinTaranaki.TheseTechnologysourceswereinvaluableinputtingfleshonthebonesinmanyareasofourWorleyPhilipFurr,PaulMinchinstudy.VentureTaranakiAnneProbert,VickiFairley,MattLambInaddition,wewishtorecordoursincereappreciationfortheengagementsupportprovidedbyAraAke,especiallyinorganisingandrunningtheOuraccompanying“OffshoreWindJobsGuide"drawsextensivelyfromaworkshopsinTaranakiandfacilitatinginformationgatheringfromindustry.similardocumentpreparedfortheStaroftheSouthoffshorewindprojectinVictoria,Australia.WegreatlyappreciateandacknowledgetheWealsowishtoacknowledgetheveryusefulguidanceprovidedbytheassistanceprovidedbytheStaroftheSouthproject.ReferenceGroupestablishedtohelpsupportthisstudy.TheReferenceGroupmemberswere:Havingrecordedtheseacknowledgements,wemustemphasisethatthisreportreflectstheviewsofConceptandshouldnotbeconstruedasIwi/organisationReferencegroupparticipantsrepresentingtheviewsofanyoftheaboveparties.Likewise,wearesolelyAraAkeCristianoMarantes,JonathanYoung,responsibleforanyerrorsoromissions.CarolineGunnCopenhagenOffshorePartnersGiacomoCaleffi,SarahO’Donnell1.9StructureofthisreportEnergySkillsAotearoaDianneMason,ShereeLongETūSavage,StefanFreeman,JenNatoliThisreportisstructuredasfollows:NZSuperFundBrendonJonesNZTradeandEnterpriseHaydenMackenzie,WillPerriam7Inpractice,othercounterfactualcasescouldberelevant,suchasdevelopmentofalternativeprojects.14•Chapter2providesanoverviewoftheworkrequiredinallstagesofanoffshorewindproject•Chapter3providesmoredetailontheplanningphaseofanoffshorewindfarm,theworkrequiredandpotentialcapabilitiesinAotearoaNewZealand•Chapter4providesmoredetailonthebuildphaseofanoffshorewindfarm,theworkrequiredandpotentialcapabilitiesinAotearoaNewZealand•Chapter5providesmoredetailontheoperationalphaseofanoffshorewindfarm,theworkrequiredandpotentialcapabilitiesinAotearoaNewZealand•Chapter6describespossibleareasforfurtherresearch.152Offshorewindprojects–overview2.2Life-cycleforoffshorewinddevelopment2.1MainelementsofanoffshorewindfarmThelife-cycleforanoffshorewindprojecthasfourbroadstages,whichintotalcanexceed30years.ThefourbroadstagesareshowninFigure8.Figure7showsthemaincomponentsofanoffshorewindfarm.Electricityisgeneratedbywindturbinegenerators(WTGs).EachWTGconsistsofaFigure8:Stagesofanoffshorewindfarmrotor(madeupofahubandblades)connectedtoanelectricalgeneratorwithinanacelle.ThenacelleandrotorassemblycanswiveldependingonPlanBuildOperateRemove/winddirectionandismountedonatower.Thetowersthemselvesmaybefixedtotheseabed(asinthediagram)orRepoweronafloatingstructurewhichistetheredtotheseabed.ElectricityfromeachWTGiscollectedviaanetworkofcablesandsenttosubstations3-5years3-4years30+years~2yearsbeforebeinginjectedontothenationalgrid.Figure7:MaincomponentsofoffshorewindfarmForthisstudywehavefocussedontheoperationandmaintenance(O&M)stagebecauseitproducedthemostlonger-termjobs.ForthisphaseweSource:IRENA(2018)haveusedbothtop-downandbottom-upanalysis.Wehavealsolookedattheplanandbuildphasesofawindfarmdevelopment.Forthesephaseswehavemainlyusedatop-downanalysistoestimatejobopportunities.Thefinalphaseforanoffshorewindfarmisthedecommissioningand/orrepoweringoftheproject.Wehavenotanalysedthisphaseindetailbecauseitissofarintothefuture.Forexample,offshoreprojectscurrentlybeingplannedinNewZealandwouldlikelyfacerepower/decommissiondecisionsaroundtheyear2060(assumingtheyproceedaround2030).Furthermore,experiencewithonshorewindsuggeststhatifoffshorewindprojectsaredevelopedinNewZealand,theyarelikelytoberepoweredat16theendoftheirlivesbecauseitmakessensetore-utilisesiteswiththebesttheremaybeopportunitiesforlocalinputinsomecategoriesaswindresources.8discussedinsection4.•O&Mactivityisthenextlargestcategoryofwork,accountingforRepoweringwouldmeanpre-existinginfrastructureisdismantledandaround26%ofthetotal.Itisalsotheworkwiththelongestrecycled.Newturbineswouldthenbeinstalledtoreplacethepre-existingduration–i.e.itgeneratesongoingjobs.Becauseofthisattributeequipment.Establishedpathwaysalreadyexisttorecyclemetalswhichitiscoveredinsomedetailinchapter5.makeupthemajorityofwindfarmcomponents.Historically,ithasbeen•Theremainingactivities(planning,installingandmoredifficulttorecyclecompositecomponentssuchasblades.However,decommissioning)accountforaround17%oftotal.recentdevelopmentsmeanthatrecyclingofthesecomponentshasalsobecomeviable.9Figure9:Person-yearsofworkCooncveeprt-limfeid--cayscelefor1000MWproject2.3Workrequirementsoverprojectlifecycle4,000Figure9showstheestimatedworkrequiredforthe1,000MWwindproject3,500intheReferenceScenariooveritslife-cycle(thederivationoftheestimatesisexplainedinlatersectionsofthisreport).Person-yearsofwork3,000Planning2,500ManufactureThechartincludesdirectandindirectworkbutexcludesinducedwork.The2,000Install&connectverticalbarsshowestimatesofworkrequirementsexpressedintermsof1,500Operateandmaintainperson-years.DecommissionKeyobservationsfromFigure9include:1,000•Theworkprofilehasasubstantialspikeintheearlyyearsforthe500planandbuildphases.ThisisfollowedbydecadesofrelativelysteadyworkrequiredintheO&Mstage.-12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637•ManufactureofequipmentisexpectedtobethesinglelargestYearafterprojectstartcategoryofwork,accountingforaround57%ofthetotal.Aswediscusslater,muchofthisislikelytooccuroverseas.Nonetheless,windjobs.xlsxSource:ConceptestimatesThefollowingchaptersexploreeachofthesephasesinmoredetail.8Seehttps://windeurope.org/newsroom/press-releases/repowering-europes-9Forexampleseewww.up-to-us.veolia.com/en/recycling/recycling-used-wind-wind-farms-is-a-win-win-win/.turbine-bladesandrequest.pdf(siemensgamesa.com).173ActivityinplanningphaseofawindprojectPhotosuppliedby:CopenhagenOffshorePartners3.1OverviewofactivitiesinplanningphaseInaggregate,weestimatethattheplanningphase(includingprocurementactivitypriortofinalinvestmentdecision)wouldrequirearound210Theplanningphaseforanoffshorewindprojectincludesalloftheactivitiesperson-yearsofactivity.Theestimatedshareofactivityamongworktypesneededtomakeafinaldecisiononwhethertoproceed(theso-calledfinalisshowninFigure10.investmentdecision).Thisphaseincludesthework:Environmental,coastal,windandseabedstudiesaccountforaroundhalfoftotalactivity.Alloftheseactivitieshaveaheavytechnicalcomponent•Obtainingtheconsentsneededtobuildandoperateaprojectfromforthegatheringandanalysisofsite-specificdata.therelevantauthoritiesThebalanceofactivityrelatestoengineeringdesignandprojectdevelopment.Thelattercategoryreferstotaskssuchasapplyingfor•Examiningtheimpactofadevelopmentonaffectedpartiessuchasmanawhenuaandlocalcommunitiesanddevelopingplansto11SeeAppendixA:forfurtherinformation.addressanyconcerns18•Assessingtheeffectofadevelopmentonthenaturalenvironmentanddevelopingplanstoaddressanyadverseeffects•Designingthewindfarmitself•Toprocuretheplant,equipmentandservicesneededtoconstructanoffshorewindfarm.10Thisincludesthepreparationofspecificationdocuments,engagementwithpotentialsuppliers,andthenegotiationoffinalcontracts.•Analysingthefinancialfeasibilityoftheproject,includingitsprojectedgenerationoutput,revenuesandcostsoveritslifespan.3.2Estimatedwork/jobsinwindfarmplanningphaseAsdiscussedinsection1.1theplanningphaseofawindfarmdevelopmentisnotthemainfocusofthisreport.Forthatreasonwehavecompiledatop-downestimateofthework/jobsforthisphaseratherthanabottom-upestimate.1110Somestepsintheprocurementprocessmayoccurafterafinalinvestmentdecision.Forsimplicitywehaveincludedprocurementintheplanningphase.consentsfromrelevantauthorities,negotiatingwithpotentialcomponentTable8showsmoreinformationonthetypesofworkthatwouldbesuppliers,purchasersofelectricity,financiersandinsurersetc.requiredintheplanningphase.Figure10:ActivitieTsyipnepslaonfnwinogrpkhianseplanningphaseEnvironmentalstudiesCoastalstudiesWindanalysisSeabedstudiesProjectdevelopmentEngineeringdesignwindjobs.xlsxSource:ConceptestimatebasedonIRENA(2018)Table7setsoutinformationontheplanningphaseintabularform.Table7:WorkrequiredforplanningphaseTypesofworkPerson-daysPerson-yearsShareEnvironmentalstudies3,887188%Coastalstudies2,592126%Windanalysis3,240157%Seabedstudies7,77835Projectdevelopment12,2345517%Engineeringdesign6,0122726%Total46,69121113%100%windjobs.xlsxSource:ConceptestimatesbasedonIRENA(2018)19Table8:ActivitiesinplanningstageofwindfarmprojectCategoryTypesofactivityExamplesofwhatisinvolvedPhysicalGeotechnicalsurveyStudiestoassessthecompositionoftheseabed.environmentMultibeambathymetryMeasurementofthedepthofwater.Usedtomapthetopologyoftheseafloor.studiesTopology/boomeranalysisGeologicalstructureoftheseabedforfoundationdesignetc.WindresourceassessmentandoceandynamicsUsingmast-based/LiDARsystemstocollectdataonwindspeedanddirection,andoceanconditions.EcologicalstudiesBenthicfloraandfauna(theseabed)Methodsinclude:Marinemammals•videography,photography,passiveacousticmonitoring,radiotelemetryAnalysisofSeabirds•trawlsurveys,purseseining,gillorsetnets,aerialsurveys,intertidalkaimoanacultural,socialFishandsquidandOnshorespeciessurveysenvironmental•interviewswithfishers,underwaterclubsetcimpactsofwindCulturalimpactassessmentfarmSocialimpactstudiesEngagingwithmanawhenuaiwionawindfarm’spotentialeffects.RegulatoryHabitatimpact(onshore)Determiningwhetheraregioncontainsanyareasofarchaeologicalsignificance.consentingHabitatimpact(offshore)Identifyingsocialeffects(eg,visualimpactstudyandmarinetrafficstudy.)WaterqualityeffectsAssessingimpactonhabitatduetoinfrastructureandoperations(eg,vesselsandturbinesinteractingwithmarinemammals.)PreparingandprogressingapplicationsforprojectAssessingsedimentdispersalfromconstructionactivities.consentswithrelevantauthoritiesIdentifyingeffectofprojectonpeopleandtheenvironment.Engagingwithstakeholderstodiscusseffectsandaddressanypotentialconcerns.EngineeringWindfarmdesignEngineeringdesignofalloffshorewindfarmcomponents.designConstructionplanning,transmission,andlogisticsScopinglogisticsofmajorcomponentsandportcapabilities,transmissionOperationandmaintenance(O&M)planningconnection.CommercialDetailingO&Mschedules,staff,andlogistics.analysisAnalysethecosts,andbenefitsandcommercialrisksofadevelopmentModellingofwindgenerationoutput(volumes).Analysisofprojectrevenues.Analysisofprojectcostsandtaxation.Analysisoffinancingoptions.203.3ScopefordomesticinvolvementinplanningworkExampleofFloatingLiDARForeachcategoryofactivityinTable8wehaveassessedthescopeforFloatingLiDARbuoyscanbeusedtogatherhighlyaccuratewindresourceandsupplybypeople/organisationsinAotearoaNewZealand.Whilethisothermetoceandataforoffshorewinddevelopments.TaranakiOffshoreassessmentisinevitablysomewhatsubjective,wehavesoughttoapplyaPartnershipispreparingtodeployafloatingLiDARintheTaranakiBightinconsistentapproachacrosscategoriesandproviders.Keyinformationmid-2023.Itisexpectedtoremainatseauntilatleastmid-2024.sourcesthathavebeenusedasinputsforourassessmentinclude:ThefloatingLiDARisbeingsuppliedandmanagedbyAkrocean,aspecialistfirm,basedinFrance.ThefloatingLiDARsupplierhaspartneredwithalocal•Desktopresearchofbusinessdirectoriesetc,pastprojectsetc.firm,NewZealandOffshoreServices(NZOS),toprovidelocalsupportfor•InformationgatheredfromworkshopsinTaranakiandonlinewithonshoreandoffshorelogisticsforthisproject.NZOSmanagementandtechniciansbasedinTaranakiwillreceiveLiDARandpotentialsupplierssite-specifictrainingfromAkrocean.Theywillprovidesupportforthe•InformationprovidedbyReferenceGroupmembersinstallationanddeinstallationprocessesandthenwillcarryoutscheduled•Informationprovidedbyrespondentstoasurveyofpotentialmaintenance,suchasreplacementofconsumablesandcheckingofsensors.Thelocaltechnicianswillalsobeavailabletoassistifanyunscheduledsuppliers.maintenanceisrequired.3.3.1PhysicalenvironmentalstudiesPhotosuppliedbyTaranakiOffshorePartnershipWeexpectmostoftherequiredcapabilitiesinthiscategorycanbeaccessedwithinTaranakiorelsewhereinAotearoaNewZealand.Inpart,thisisduetothecross-overbetweentherequirementsforoffshorewindandtheoilandgasindustries.Forexample,bothhaveaneedforoffshoregeotechnicalandbathymetricsurveys.Asfarasweareaware,thekeyexceptionforphysicalenvironmentalstudiesisthecollectionofhigh-resolutionwindandmetoceandatafromfloatingLiDARequipment.Weunderstandtheequipmentitselfandthedataprocessingcapabilityneedtobesourcedfromoverseas.Havingsaidthat,deploymentofLiDARequipmentwouldcreateopportunitiesforlocalsupportproviders(seebox).Overallweassesscapabilityinthissegmenttobemostlyhigh.213.3.2EcologicalstudiesAswithearliercategories,someworkmaybeneededtodeepenlocalWeexpectmostoftherequiredcapabilitiesinthiscategorycanbecapacityinareaswheretherehasbeenlimitedactivityinthepast,foraccessedwithinTaranaki(orelsewhereinAotearoaNewZealand).Again,exampleincreasingthecapacitytoassessculturalimpacts.Moregenerally,thisispartlyduetocross-oversbetweentherequirementsforoffshorewenotethattherecouldbebenefitsfromworkingwithlocalsupplierswindandotherexistingindustrieswithinthecountry,suchasonshorewindbecausetheseorganisationswillhaveabetterunderstandingofissuesonwhichalsorequiresavianstudies.thegroundthanpotentialserviceprovidersfromoutsidethearea.Havingmadethisobservation,someworkmaybeneededtoscaleuplocalcapacityinareaswheretherehasbeenlimiteddemandinthepast.ForOverall,weassesscapabilityinthissegmenttobehigh.example,someworkmaybeneededtoscaleupcapacitytoundertakemarinemammalsurveys.3.3.4RegulatoryconsentingOverall,weassesscapabilityinthissegmenttobehigh.Wehavenotassessedthiscategorybecausearegulatoryregimeforoffshorewindhasnotbeenestablished(seesection1.7).HavingmadethisPhotosuppliedby:CopenhagenOffshorePartners,StaroftheSouthProjectpoint,iftheregimeissimilartothatinothercountries,weexpectmostoftherequiredcapabilitieswouldbeabletobeprovidedbyorganisations3.3.3Analysisofcultural,socialandenvironmentalimpactswithinTaranakiorelsewhereinAotearoaNewZealand.WeexpectmostoftherequiredcapabilitiesinthiscategorycanbeaccessedwithinTaranakiorelsewhereinAotearoaNewZealand.3.3.5EngineeringdesignWeexpectsomeoftherequiredcapabilitiesinthiscategorycanbeaccessedwithinTaranakiorelsewhereinAotearoaNewZealand.Thisreflectsthestrongcross-overbetweentheengineeringrequirementsforoffshorewindandsomeotherindustries,especiallyoffshoreoilandgasproduction.Havingmadethisobservation,someengineeringissueswillrequireknowledgethatishighlyspecifictooffshorewind.Forexample,theoptimisationofwindfarmlayoutsisaspecialistskillset.Itisdifficulttoassesswhetherlocalengineeringfirmswillseektoaddressthesetypesofgapsthroughpartnershipswithoverseasfirms,orstaffrecruitmentordevelopment,orothermeans.Overallweassesscapabilityinthissegmenttobemostlyhigh.22Weneedtoemphasisethatthelistofpotentialprovidersisnotexhaustiveordefinitive.Theremaybepotentialprovidersthatarenotlisted.Conversely,listingdoesnotguaranteethatanamedorganisationhasallofthenecessarycapabilitiesorisnecessarilyinterestedinofferingtherelevantservices/products.Photosuppliedby:CopenhagenOffshorePartners,LiDARdeploymentinTaranakiregion3.3.6CommercialanalysisDevelopersarelikelytousein-houseresourcestoundertakemostofthecommercialanalysisforanoffshorewinddevelopment.Totheextentthattheyneedexternalassistance,itislikelytofocusonareassuchastaxationauditservices,draftingoflegaldocuments.WeexpectthatorganisationswithinTaranakiandelsewhereinAotearoaNewZealandshouldhavethecapabilitytoprovidethoseservices.Overall,weassesscapabilityinthissegmenttobehigh.3.3.7SummaryofcapabilitiesinplanningphaseTable9showsoursummarisedassessmentforeachmajorareaoftheplanningphase,including:•thepotentialfordomesticprovisionofservices/productsineacharea•anindicativelistofthepotentialproviders.23Table9:PotentialforlocalactivityinplanningstageCategoryPotentialforsupplyfromsourcesinCommentsExamplesofpotentialprovidersPhysicalenvironmentstudiesAotearoaNZMostlyhighLocalorganisationsappeartohaveskills/equipmentneededforDiscoveryMarineLtd,ENGEO,FugroNZ,KingstonOffshore,Landpro,NewEcologicalstudiesmostoftherequiredareas.SomespecialistareaswillneedoverseasPlymouthUnderwater,NZOffshoreServices,NIWA,Oceanum,OffshoreAnalysisofcultural,socialandHighinput(e.g.LiDAR)butthesealsohavepotentialopportunitiesforandCoastalEngineering,Seaworks,SouthernExpress,Underwaterenvironmentalimpactsofwindfarmlocalsupport.SolutionsRegulatoryconsentingLocalorganisationsappeartohaveexpertiseneededformostofCawthronInstitute,Iwigroups,MartinCawthornAssoc,KaitiakiCollective,therequiredareas.SomespecialistareasmaybenefitfromKessels&Assoc,NIWA,ToitūEnvirocaredevelopment,marinemammalsurveys.Localorganisationsappeartohaveexpertiseneededformost(orBoffaMiskell,Clough&Assoc,Iwigroups,NIWA,MaricoMarine,MitchellHighall)oftherequiredareas.DayshNotassessedasconsentingregimenotyetdefined.BCDGroup,BoffaMiskell,MitchellDaysh,PlanzConsultants,MajorlawfirmsNotassessedEngineeringdesignandprocurementMostlyhighLocalorganisationsappeartohaveexpertiseneededformostofAurecon,BureauVeritas,COWI,FugroNZ,Jacobs,KentPLC,Logicamms,Hightherequiredareas.SomespecialistareasmayneedoverseasinputWoodBECA,Worley,WSPCommercialanalysissuchaswinddataanalysis.surveyandresearchdatabase.xlsxLocalorganisationsappeartohaveexpertiseneededtosupportBellGully,BuddleFindlay,MinterEllison,RussellMcVeigh,Simpsondevelopers.Grierson,Deloitte,EY,KPMG,PWC,andothermajoraccountingandlawfirms244Activityinthebuildphaseofawindproject4.2Manufactureofcomponentsforanoffshorewindfarm4.1OverviewInaggregate,themanufactureofwindfarmcomponentsisestimatedtorequirearound8,500person-yearsofactivity.TheestimatedshareofThisbuildphaseforanoffshorewindprojectincludesalloftheactivitiesactivityamongmajorcomponentsisshowninFigure11.fromthefinalinvestmentdecisionthroughtotheinitialcommencementThesinglelargestcategoryisworkonfoundationswhichaccountsforofoperations.around36%oftotalactivity.Thenextlargestinorderarethemanufactureofnacelles(27%),rotors(14%)andtowers(10%).ThebalanceofplantThisphaseincludes:accountsfor14%.ItisimportanttonotethatthesesharesreflecttheresultsreportedinIRENA(2018).ThesharesfortheReferenceProject•Manufacturingthecomponentsneededtobuildanoffshorewindcouldbedifferent.Forexample,theworkneededforfoundationswillbefarm,suchaswindturbinegenerators(WTGs),foundationsandaffectedbywaterdepth,seabedconditionsandchoiceoffoundationtype.transitionpiecesfortowers,cablingtoconveypowertoshoreandsub-stations.Figure11:ManufacWturoinrkgianctmiviatynbuyfamcatujorrincogmpphoanseent•TransportingcomponentsfromfactoriestothelocationoftheNacelleproject.RotorTower•Installingfoundations,WTGsandsubstations.Cabling•LayingcablesandconnectingWTGsandsubstationstothegrid.FoundationSubstationMuchofthisworkrequiresspecialisedequipmentorexpertise.Forthisreason,alargeproportionofmanufacturingandinstallationactivityiswindjobs.xlsxlikelytobeundertakenbyorganisationsbasedoutsideAotearoaNewZealand.Source:ConceptestimatesbasedonIRENA(2018)Thisobservationisnotuniquetooffshorewind.ItappliesequallytoTable10setsouttheinformationonworkinthemanufacturingphaseinonshorewindturbinesandotherelectricitygenerationtechnologiessuchtabularform.asgeothermalplant.Nonetheless,theremaybesomeareaswherelocalmanufacturecouldbeviable.25Weprovideanoverviewofthemanufacturingandinstallationprocessesformajorwindfarmcomponentsinsections4.2and4.4,respectively.Insections4.3and4.5wediscusstheareaswherelocalisedsupplymaybeviableand/orlikely.Table10:Workrequiredformanufacturingsub-phaseFigure12:MaincomponentsofoffshorewindturbineComponentPerson-daysPerson-yearsShareNacelleNacelle510,8722,31227%andRotor255,4321,15614%rotorTower182,95882810%Cabling52,0742363%Source:AdaptedfromNREL(2020)Foundation680,1213,07736%Substation197,31589311%Total8,501100%1,878,771windjobs.xlsxSource:ConceptestimatesbasedonIRENA(2018)TowerTransitionpiece4.3ScopefordomesticinvolvementinmanufacturingworkMonopileForeachcategoryofactivityinTable12wehaveassessedthescopeforinvolvementbypeople/organisationsinAotearoaNewZealand.Keyinformationsourcesusedasinputsinclude:•InformationprovidedbyReferenceGroupmembers•Desktopresearchofbusinessdirectoriesetc,pastprojectsetc.•InformationgatheredfromworkshopsinTaranakiandonlinewithpotentialsuppliers•Informationprovidedbyrespondentstoasurveyofpotentialsuppliers.264.3.1NacelleandrotorcomponentssupplyTransitionpiecesaretypicallyplacedbetweentowersandthefoundations.AotearoaNewZealanddoesnotmanufacturenacellesorrotorTransitionpieceshaveaboatlandingwhichconsistsofapairofstrongcomponentsforlarge-scalewindturbinegenerators,andallexistingparallelverticalbeams(knownas"bumperbars").CrewtransfervesselsonshoreWTGsweremadeoverseas.12manoeuvrertopresstheirbowsectionagainstthebumperbars.ServicepersonnelcanthenstepacrosstoaladderlocatedbetweenthebumperInprinciple,domesticmanufacturingofmajorWTGcomponentsmightbebars,andgainaccesstothemainworkplatformandtheturbine.encouragedbyintroducinglocalcontentrequirements.However,thatThemainworkplatformislargeenoughtoallowthestorageofgearandwouldalmostcertainlyraisecostsandthereforemakewinddevelopmentsconsumablesandmayincludeacranefortransferringitemstoandfromlesslikelytooccur.crewtransfervessels.Themainworkplatformissurroundedbyguardrailsandhaslightsandnon-slipdeckingtoprovideasafeworkingenvironment.AfurtherimpedimentfordomesticmanufacturingofmajorWTGcomponentsisthatexportsaleswouldalsoberequiredtojustifyPhotosuppliedby:CopenhagenOffshorePartners,Vineyardmanufacturinginvestment.However,localwindturbinemanufacturerswouldbeatacostdisadvantageinexportmarketsbecauseofthecountry’s13.Seehttps://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy20osti/75698.pdfremotelocationandthelargetransportcostsforwindturbinecomponentsduetotheirsizeandspecialisedrequirements.27Thesefactorssuggestthatdomesticmanufactureofthenacelleandrotorcomponentsisunlikelytobepractical.4.3.2TowerandtransitionpiecesupplyTowersareformedfromsteelplatesthatarerolledandweldedintocans,thatarethenjoinedbymoreweldstoformlongertaperingtubes.Platethicknessesvarywithinatowertooptimiseweightandstrength.Theindicativerangeofplatethicknessesfora15MWturbineis55mmatthetowermonopilejointand25mmatthehubjunction.1312Anexceptionmaybethe0.5MWWindflowTechnologyturbinesinstalledin2006nearPalmerstonNorth.Theseturbineshavesincebeenovertakenbymuchlargermachines.WeunderstandthatthemanufactureofcansfortowersandtransitionMoregenerally,foundationswilltypicallyincludeaJ-tube14whichprovidespieceshasbecomehighlyautomatedincountrieswheretheyaremade.Ittheentrypointforthearraycable.ThisisacylinderwithacurvedendlikeseemsunlikelythatlocalmanufacturewouldbecompetitivegiventhealetterJ.Thisallowsthearraycabletocurvesmoothlyasittransitionsrequiredinvestmentinspecialisedequipment.Thatwaspresumablyonebetweenrunninghorizontallyontheseabedandverticallyinthetower.ofthereasonsthattowersforallrecentonshorefarmshavebeenJ-tubesrequirelessspecialisedequipmenttomanufacturethanmonopilesimported.orjacketsandlocalsupplymaypotentiallybepractical.However,theremaybepotentialforsometowerand/ortransitionpieceProjectPhotosuppliedby:CopenhagenOffshorePartners,ChangfangandXidaoproject,Taiwancomponentstobemanufacturedlocallyatreasonablecost,suchasplatformsandaccessladders.However,thiswouldrequireamoredetailed4.3.4Arrayandexportcablesupplyanalysistoassessandisbeyondthescopeofthisstudy.Arraycablesconnectindividualturbinestoanoffshoresubstationandoperateatmediumvoltages(typically33kVto66kV).Exportcables4.3.3Foundationssupplyconnectoffshoresubstationstoshore-basedfacilitiesandoperateathighForthereferencecasewehaveassumedmonopilefoundations.Thevoltages(above66kV).manufacturingprocessfortheseisverysimilartothatfortowers,andhencedomesticmanufacturingappearsverychallenging.Analternativetomonopileswouldbejacketfoundations.Jacketsarestructureswithmultiplelegs(commonlyfour)whicharediagonallybracedandsupportaplatform.Itappearsunlikelythatthelocalmanufactureofjacket-basedfoundationswouldbeeconomic.Thesearelargestructuresthatneedtobefabricatedandassembledclosetoaport.AotearoaNewZealanddoesnothavefacilitiessuitableforthistypeofactivitybecausethereisinsufficientdemandtojustifythenecessaryinvestment.Inthiscontext,wenotethatthejacketsusedforoilandgasplatformslocatedofftheTaranakicoasthaveallbeenfabricatedinoverseasyards.14Insomecases,I-tubesmaybepreferred.Theseperformasimilarfunction.28NewZealandhassomecablemanufacturingcapabilityincludingafacility4.3.6OnshoreinfrastructuresupplylocatedinTaranaki.ThisisreportedtobeabletomakecableswithratingsAnoffshorewindprojectwouldneedonshoreinfrastructureincludingtheupto33kV15butisnotclearwhetherthisincludesthemanufactureofshore-crossingforexportcables,anonshoresubstationandthesubmarinecables.operationalbase.Asnotedearlier,thiswouldlikelyincludeportfacilitiesfromwhichcrewtransfervesselswouldoperate.TodeterminewhetherlocalmanufactureofsuitablyratedsubseacablesiseconomicwouldrequiredetailedinformationandanalysisandisbeyondWeexpectthatdomesticsupplierswouldbecapableofmanufacturingthescopeofthisstudy.However,theremaybepotentialforlocalmanyofthecomponentsrequiredfortheonshoreinfrastructure.Thisismanufacturingofarraycablesand(lesslikely)exportcables.becausethosecivilconstructioncomponentshavestrongsynergieswithotherindustries.Asfarasweareaware,theonlymajorexceptionswould4.3.5Offshoresubstationsupplybeitemssuchastheonshoresubstationtransformers.Offshoresubstationscontaintransformersthatconvertpowerfromeachturbinetoahighervoltagefortransmissiontoshore.Substationsalso4.3.7Summaryofcapabilitiesinmanufacturingsub-phasecontainswitchgearandothermonitoringandsafety-relatedequipment.Table11showsoursummarisedassessmentforeachmajorareaoftheTheycanbemountedonamonopileorjacketfoundation(seecommentsmanufacturingsub-phase,including:insection4.3.3).•thepotentialfordomesticprovisionofservices/productsineachareaWhilethereissomemanufacturingoftransformersinAotearoaNew•anindicativelistofthepotentialproviders.Zealand,weunderstandthisisfocussedonthetypeofequipmentneededforelectricitydistributionnetworkswhicharemuchsmallerthantheWeneedtoemphasisethatthelistofpotentialprovidersisnotexhaustiveequipmentrequiredforpowergeneration.Localmanufactureoftheordefinitive.Theremaybepotentialprovidersthatarenotlisted.transformersforoffshoresubstationsthereforeappearsunlikelytobeConversely,listingdoesnotguaranteethatanamedorganisationhasallofpractical.thenecessarycapabilitiesorisnecessarilyinterestedinofferingtherelevantservices/products.However,localfabrication/manufactureofsomeothercomponentsmaybefeasible.Forexample,thesecouldincludecableequipment,crewaccommodation,emergencysystems,decking,helipad,boatlandingsystem,etc.15Seehttps://www.nexans.co.nz/en/Company/What-we-do.html29Table11:Potentialforlocalactivityinmanufacturingsub-phaseCategoryPotentialforsupplyfromsourcesinCommentsExamplesofpotentialprovidersNacelle&rotor-supplyAotearoaNZManufacturerequiresspecialisedexpertiseandequipmentN.A.AppearsunlikelyTowerandtransitionpiece-supplyMaybepracticalforsomeelementsDomesticmanufactureofsomesub-componentsmaypotentiallybeBrightwaterSteel,DialogFitzroy,Eastbridge,Steel&Tube,Steelcraftpractical-e.g.platforms,J-tubes,boatlandingsManufacturerequiresspecialisedexpertiseandequipmentN.A.Foundation-supplyAppearsunlikelyDomesticmanufactureofsomecomponentsmaypotentiallybeNexans,SchneiderElectricpractical-e.g.arraycablesArrayandexportcable-supplyMaybepracticalforsomeelementsOffshoresubstation-supplyMaybepracticalforsomeelementsManufactureofmanysubstationcomponnentsrequiresspecialisedBrightwaterSteel,DialogFitzroy,Eastbridge,Steel&Tube,SteelcraftOnshoreinfrastructure-supplyMostlyhighexpertiseandequipment(e.g.largetransformers)butfabricationofsomecomponentslocallymaybefeasible,e.g.sometop-sideCrouchers,Downer,Fletchers,HighTensileReinforcing,MECOEngineering,componentsSchneiderElectric,WellsLocalorganisationsappeartohaveexpertiseneededtosupportdevelopers.surveyandresearchdatabase.xlsx304.4InstallationandconnectionofanoffshorewindfarmTable12:Workrequiredforinstall&connectsub-phaseInaggregate,installationandconnectionofwindfarmcomponentsisComponentPerson-daysPerson-yearsShareestimatedtorequirearound1,600person-yearsofactivity.TheestimatedFoundation98,99144828%shareofactivityamongmajorcomponentsisshowninFigure13.Substation29,3001338%Cabling77,77535222%Figure13:ComponWenotrlkevienlbinrestaakldlo&wncoonfninestcatllpahtiaosne&connectionworkTurbine77,08434922%Arraycablelaying70,60231920%FoundationGridconnection2,123101%Total355,874100%Substation1,610windjobs.xlsxCablingSource:ConceptestimatesbasedonIRENA(2018)Turbine4.5ScopefordomesticinvolvementininstallationworkArraycablelayingForeachcategoryofactivityinTable12wehaveassessedthescopeforGridconnectioninvolvementbypeople/organisationsinAotearoaNewZealand.Theresultsaresummarisedbelow.windjobs.xlsx4.5.1TurbineandfoundationinstallationSource:ConceptestimatesbasedonIRENA(2018)Theinstallationprocessbeginswithtransportingcomponentstoaconstructionport.Theportprovidesalocationforstorageofcomponents,Aswithmanufacturing,thesinglelargestcategoryisinstallationworkforpre-assemblywork,andabaseforperiodswhenweatherorseaconditionsfoundationswhichaccountsforaround28%oftotalactivity.Thenextareunsuitableforinstallationwork.largestinorderareinstallationofturbines(22%),cablingtoshore(22%)andarraycablelaying(20%).Thebalanceisforsubstationsandgridconnection.Again,itisimportanttonotethatthesesharesreflecttheresultsreportedinIRENA(2018)andmaynotnecessarilyapplyfortheReferenceScenario.Table12setsouttheinformationonworkintheinstallationandconnectionphaseintabularform.31Photosuppliedby:CopenhagenOffshorePartners,ChangfangandXidaoproject,Taiwanbeenbroughtintothecountryforoffshoredrillingcampaignsorwellwork-overs.Foundationinstallationisexpectedtorequireajack-upvessel(whichmayalsobeusedforturbines)orafloatingheavyliftvessel.Ineithercase,theWhilethemaininstallationvesselsarelikelytobesourcedfromvesselwouldbefittedwithinstallationequipment(suchasahammerandinternationalproviders,theturbineandfoundationinstallationworkisanvilsystem).Thesevesselswouldneedtohaveaheavyliftcapacity.Forlikelytogeneratedemandforport-andassociatedmarine-relatedservicesexample,anindividualmonopileisexpectedtoweigh1,300tonnesorfromlocalproviders.Thisincludesactivitiessuchasharbour-sidestorage,more.16pilotageservices,guardandsupportvessels,diversand/orremoteoperatedvehiclesforunderwaterinspections,andon-shoresupportsuchTherearenovesselsbasedinAotearoaNewZealandthatmeettheseasaccommodationandcatering.specialisedrequirements,andweexpectthatasuitablevesselwouldneedtobecontractedfromaninternationalprovider.Similarconsiderations4.5.2Arrayandexportcableinstallationapplyintheoilandgasindustry,wherespecialisedvesselsorrigshaveArrayandexportcableinstallationmayusethesamevesselsandequipment,buttherearesomedifferences.Arraycablelayingvesselsneed16SeeNREL(2020).tobemanoeuvrablebutdonotneedsuchhighcarryingcapacity.Exportcablelayingvesselsaregenerallylargertocarrythefulllengthofanexportcable.Cablesaretypicallyburiedtoprotectthemfromdamage.Burialcanoccurwhencablesarelaidbyusingacableplough,whichcreatesatrenchinwhichthecablelies.Alternatively,cablescanbeburiedlaterusingaremoteoperatedtrenchingvehicleorotherequipmenttocreatechannelinwhichthecablewilllie.Weunderstandthereissomelocalcapabilitytolaysubmarinepowercables.17Thissuggeststhatlocalorganisationsmaybeabletolayarraycablesand(possibly)thelargerexportcables.However,moreinformationwouldbeneededonthecablelayingrequirementsandpotentiallocalcapabilitiestomakeafullerassessment.17Forexampleseewww.seaworks.co.nz/sectors/submarine-cables32Moregenerally,evenifspecialisedvesselsfromoutsideAotearoaNewZealandarerequiredforcablelaying,theremaybeopportunitiesforlocalorganisationstoprovidesupport,forexamplewithpre-laysurveysorclearancework,guardvesselsetc.4.5.3OffshoresubstationinstallationInstallationofoffshoresubstationsraisessimilarissuestotheinstallationoffoundationsandturbines.Ourobservationsarethereforethesameforinstallationofthosecomponents(seesection4.5.1).4.5.4OnshorefacilitiesInstallationrequirementsforonshorefacilitieshavemoresynergieswithotherexistingindustriesinAotearoaNewZealand.Forthisreasonweexpectlocalcapabilitywillbeabletoaddressmostoralloftheneedsinrelationtoashorecrossingfortheexportcable(includinghorizontaldrillingifrequired),anonshoresubstation,andoperationalfacilities.4.5.5Summaryofcapabilitiesininstallationsub-phaseTable13showsoursummarisedassessmentforeachmajorareaoftheinstallationsub-phase,including:•thepotentialfordomesticprovisionofservices/productsineacharea•anindicativelistofthepotentialproviders.Weneedtoemphasisethatthelistofpotentialprovidersisnotexhaustiveordefinitive.Theremaybepotentialprovidersthatarenotlisted.Conversely,listingdoesnotguaranteethatanamedorganisationhasallofthenecessarycapabilitiesorisnecessarilyinterestedinofferingtherelevantservices/products.33Table13:Potentialforlocalactivityininstallationsub-phaseCategoryPotentialforsupplyfromsourcesinCommentsExamplesofpotentialprovidersNacelle&rotor-installAotearoaNZNZDiving&Salvage,NZOffshoreServices,OceanOffshoreMaritimeTowerandtransitionpiece-installSpecialistvesselsfromoffshorewouldbeneededforinstallation,ServicesLtd,PLERentals,PortTaranakiLtd,SeaworksMaybepracticalforsomeelementsbutcontractorswillneedalocalconstructionportandassociatedFoundation-installsupportservicesNZDiving&Salvage,NZOffshoreServices,OceanOffshoreMaritimeArrayandexportcable-installMaybepracticalforsomeelementsServicesLtd,PLERentals,PortTaranakiLtd,SeaworksSpecialistvesselsfromoffshorewouldbeneededforinstallation,MaybepracticalforsomeelementsbutcontractorswillneedalocalconstructionportandassociatedNZDiving&Salvage,NZOffshoreServices,OceanOffshoreMaritimesupportservicesServicesLtd,PLERentals,PortTaranakiLtd,SeaworksMaybepracticalforsomeelementsSpecialistvesselsfromoffshorewouldbeneededforinstallation,NZDiving&Salvage,NZOffshoreServices,OceanOffshoreMaritimebutcontractorswillneedalocalconstructionportandassociatedServicesLtd,PLERentals,PortTaranakiLtd,SeaworkssupportservicesDomesticinstallationofsomesub-componentsmaypotentiallybepractical-e.g.arraycablesOffshoresubstation-installMaybepracticalforsomeelementsSpecialistvesselsfromoffshorewouldbeneededforinstallation,NZDiving&Salvage,NZOffshoreServices,OceanOffshoreMaritimeOnshoreinfrastructure-installMostlyhighbutcontractorswillneedalocalconstructionportandassociatedServicesLtd,PLERentals,PortTaranakiLtd,SeaworkssupportservicesCrouchers,Downer,Fletchers,MECOEngineering,SchneiderElectric,LocalorganisationslikleytohaverequiredcapabilitiesWellssurveyandresearchdatabase.xlsx345Activityinoperationalphaseofawindduration.Majormaintenancewouldalsoincludethereplacementprojectofanylargerwindturbinecomponents(suchasblades)ifthatweretoberequired.5.1O&Mphaselastsfor30+yearsItisdesirableforthehubprovidingregularO&Mservicestobelocatedwithinashortdistanceofawindfarmitservices.ThisislesscriticalforOffshorewindfarmsrequireservicingtooptimisetheirelectricityperiodicheaviermaintenanceactivities,thoughproximityisstillbeneficial.generationoutput,ensuresafeoperation,andmaintainthephysicalAsnotedinsection1.3,theReferenceScenarioforthisstudyisbasedonaintegrityoftheirplantandequipment.ThisworkiscommonlyreferredtoprojectintheSouthTaranakiBightthatisassumedtobeservicedfromoperationsandmaintenanceservicesor‘O&M’forshort.Pātea(forregularO&M)andNewPlymouth(forheaviermaintenance).WindfarmshavealongdesignlifeandtheO&MphaseislikelytorunforPhotosuppliedby:CopenhagenOffshorePartners,CrewTransferVesselatVejaMateProjectaround30years.Indeed,ifawindfarmisrepowered(whichseemslikelygiventheincentivestocontinuetoutilisesiteswithhighqualitywindDevelopmentactivitywouldberequiredatbothports(especiallyPātea)resources)theoperationalperiodwouldbeevenlonger.forthisscenariotoberealised.Portdevelopmentworkisnotincludedinthejobestimatesinthisreport.5.2LocationimportantforO&Mservicehubs5.3Direct,indirectandinducedworkO&Mservicesfallintothreebroadcategories:Thisreportdistinguishesthreecategoriesofwork/jobs:•Regularoperations–thiscoverstheongoingrunningoftheoffshorewindfarmasanelectricitygenerator.Itincludesthe35interfacewiththeelectricitymarketandgrid,andtheplanning/schedulingofallongoingactivities.•Regularmaintenanceservices–thiscoversalloftheregularandongoingmaintenancesuchasturbine/towerinspections,oilsampling/changes;changestoUPS(uninterruptiblepowersupply)batteries;serviceandinspectionsofwindturbinesafetyequipment,nacellecrane,servicelift,HVsystem,blades,troubleshootingandpreventiverepairs.•Majormaintenance–thisworkinvolvesmorespecialisedequipment/personnelthanregularO&Mservices.Thistypeofworkisexpectedtooccuronacyclewithroughlyfive-year•Direct–thisisactivitythatisexpectedtobededicatedtoaspecifictranslationbetweenperson-yearsandworkersdoesnotapply.Foroffshorewindproject.Forexample,staffwhoperformregularexample,aworkrequirementofonepersonfor30years,andaworkservicingofthewindturbinesinaspecificprojectwouldberequirementof30workersforoneyearwouldbothgenerate30person-performingdirectjobs.yearsofwork.•Indirect–thisisactivityforawindfarmproject,butitisperformedWehavecompiledbottom-upestimatesofthedirectjobsforthebypersonnelwhoalsoworkonotherprojectsorforotherReferenceScenariobasedonmultipleinformationsources.Theseinclude:industries.Anexamplewouldbepilotsofhelicopterswhotransferprojectstafftoaproject’soffshoreturbines,butwhoalsoprovide•Studiesofjobimpactsforoffshorewindprojectsinothercountriesservicestootherorganisations.•SpecificinformationaboutjobsfortheproposedStaroftheSouth•Induced–thisisworkthatisnotlinkeddirectlytoanoffshorewindoffshorewindfarmprojectinVictoriaproject,butwhichisgeneratedbythespendingpowerofpeople•Knowledgeofoperationalstructuresforonshorewindfarmsinwhoaredirectlyandindirectlyemployedbytheproject.Forexample,staffatasupermarketsellinggroceriestoprojectNewZealand(totheextentthisisrelevant).personnelwouldbeperforminginducedwork/jobs.Inaddition,wehavedrawnonarecentstudypreparedforTaranakiThesecategorieshavebeenusedinsomeotherstudiesintooffshorewind.OffshorePartnershipbyaninternationalconsultancyspecialisinginHowever,wenotethatthelinebetweencategoriescandifferbetweenprovidingadviceonoperationsandassetmaintenanceforrenewablestudies.Forexample,personnelforcrewtransfervesselscouldbegenerationprojects.consideredasdirectorindirectjobs,dependingonwhethertheyarededicatedtooneprojectorprovideservicestomultipleprojects.ThisWehaveusedthesesourcestocompilebottom-upestimatesofdirectjobsmeansthatcomparisonsacrossstudiesneedtobeinterpretedwithcare.fortheReferenceScenarioproject.Theestimateassumestheprojectisrunonastand-alonebasis,anditthereforeincludesafewrolestoprovideWehaveestimatedthevolumeofwork/jobsgeneratedbyanoffshoresupportservices,suchasfinanceandlegalservices.Italsoincludesstaffingwindprojectintermsofperson-years.18Eachperson-yearisequivalenttoforcrewtransfervessels,asweassumethattwovesselswouldbeafull-timejobforonepersonforayear.Havingsaidthat,aone-to-onededicatedtotheproject.1918Inaddition,wereportperson-daysinsometables.Thesearecomputedonthehavemorecrewsthanboats.Theadditionalcoverrequirementisexpectedtobeassumptionthatthereare221workingdaysonaverageineachperson-year.around0.5ofacrew,butcrewincrementsmustbewholenumbers.Wehave19Toensurehighlevelsofgeneratoravailability,wehaveassumedanoperatingassumedathree-crewstructuremeaningatotalCTVcomplementofninestructurewithtwocrewtransfervesselsandthreepersonnelperboat.Toprovidepersonnel.coverforplannedandunplannedleave,trainingetc.forcrews,itisnecessaryto36Inaggregate,weestimatethataround70fulltimeequivalents(FTE)directforsomeroles.Thatwouldincreasenotionalheadcountbutnotthecountjobswouldbegeneratedfora1,000MWwindfarm.Thecorrespondinginfulltimeequivalent(FTE)terms.estimateforthesecondstageoftheproject(with2,000MWintotalcapacity)is120FTEjobs.Thelargerprojectrequiresmorepersonneltoundertaketheoperationalandmaintenancefunctions,butothersupportrolesarenotexpectedtoscaleproportionallywithwindfarmcapacity(e.g.thefinanceroles).Photosuppliedby:CopenhagenOffshorePartners,VejaMateProjectThefunctionalbreakdownofthevariousrolesforthe1,000MWwindfarmissetoutinFigure14.Notethatthisisnotanorganisationchartinthetraditionalsenseanddoesnotindicatereportinghierarchies.RatheritisintendedtoprovideinformationonthetypesofrolesneededforcoreO&Mservicesandtheirbroadfunctionalareas.Thenumbersshownonthechartassumethateachoftherolesisperformedbyafull-timeemployee.Wenotethatjob-sharingmightoccur37Figure14:CoreO&Mservices–estimatedstaffingfor1,000MWReferenceScenarioprojectCorestaffingfor1GWwindfarm=~70FTEGeneralManager(1)Operations(8)MarineLogistics(11)OnshoreLogisticsMteServices(25)Engineering(9)Support(6)(10)SiteManagement(2)MarinePlanning&ContractWindTurbineAssetIntegrityCommunityRelationsCoordination(2)ManagementTechniciansManager/Specialists/Regulatory(2)PerformanceAnalysisCTVcrew(Master,PlanningManager/ElectricalTechniciansQHSEHumanResources(2)(2)Engineer,SpecialistsMate/Deckhand3x3)SystemDispatch/Procurement/SupplyMechanicalandQualityManagerFinance/Admin(2)MarketcoordinatorContractsHydraulicTechnicians(4)Warehousing,PortRopeAccessServicesTechniciansSource:Conceptestimatesbasedonanalysisofmultipledatasources.Figuresandpositionsareindicative.Somerolescouldbetrainees/apprentices.385.3.1FurtherinformationonthedirectO&MjobsThedescriptionsalsoindicatethephasesofaprojectlifecycleforwhichApositiondescriptionforeachdirectroleissetoutintheaccompanyingeachroleisneeded.ThedescriptionshavebeenprovidedtohelpprovideJobsGuide.ThesedescriptionsdrawheavilyontheequivalentdocumentamoreconcretesenseofthetypesofrolesthattheO&MphaseofanpublishedfortheproposedStaroftheSouthprojectinAustralia.offshorewindfarmswouldgenerate.Figure15showsanexampleofapositiondescription,inthiscaseforawindTheJobsGuidealsoincludesasummaryofthelikelyqualifications/entryturbinetechnician.pathwaysforeachposition.Theserangebetweensecondaryschoolthroughtotradeortertiaryqualifications.AsummaryofthisinformationFigure15:ExampleofpositiondescriptionforcorerolesisprovidedinFigure16.WindTurbineTechnicianFigure16:DirectjobsandindicativequalificationsLocationOffshoreTasksandResponsibilitiesWorkenvironmentSiteWorkAreaWindturbinegeneratorsAWindTurbineTechnicianformsanintegralpartoftheoperationsandTypicalemployerLeadcontractororsubcontractormaintenanceteamandistypicallyrequiredtocompleteroutineApplicableprojectphaseOperationsmaintenancechecks,diagnosefaults,andensuretheturbinesarerunningatpeakcapacity.Inadditiontothis,WindTurbineTechniciansareoftenrequiredtoassistinlargecomponentreplacementsandtroubleshootissues.ExampleCompetencies•Tradequalification,electrical,mechanical,orequivalentskillsetfromanotherheavyindustryhighlydesirable•DoggingandRiggingcertifications•FirstAidLevel2(NZQAStandard6400)Qualifications••ICRuArTreAnrtoGpWeaOccBeasssiccSeartfiefitcyaTtiroanindinegsi(rBaSbTle)–OffshoreCertification•CurrentHUET(1-daycourse)•CurrentOGUKMedicalandChesterStepTestdesirable•E-learningtrainingforserviceliftmodel(thistrainingisdesirablebutwillbedependentontheturbinesinstalled•Experienceinahighlydisciplinedindustrysuchasaviation,military,automotive,power,miningoroilandgasExperience•Experienceinoffshoreoronshorewindhighlydesirablebutnotessential•ExperienceinaworkingatheightsrolehighlyregardedSkillsand•Mechanicalskills,withtheabilitytorepairmechanical,hydraulic,braking,andelectricalsystemsofthewindturbinesknowledge•Abilitytodocumentandreportonallworkactivitiesincludingrepairs,testing,andinspections•TroubleshootingskillswiththeabilitytodiagnosefaultsandproblemsolvePhysical•Physicalcapabilitytoworkatheights,workandcrawlinconfinedspacesandliftheavyitemsRequirements••AAbbiilliittyyttoowpaosrskOoGffUshKoMreeodnicaalraengdulCahrerostteartiSotnerpoTsetesrtPersonal•StrongcommunicationskillsandinterpersonalskillsAttributes•Safetyfocused,withtheabilitytopromoteandadheretoasafety-firstworkculture•Abilitytoworkwithvariouscontractorandsubcontractorgroupsincludingdifferentcultures/nationalitiesThepositiondescriptionsprovideinformationonwhereeachroleislocated(onshoreoroffshore),thepotentialemployer(owner,leadcontractor,sub-contractor),maintasksandresponsibilities,andexamplesofcompetenciesrequiredforeachrole.39JobserviceExamples5.4Indirectjobs/workinoperationalphasecategory(notAsdiscussedinsection5.3,indirectjobsrefertopositionsneededforanexhaustive)offshorewindfarm,butwhicharenotexpectedtobededicatedtooneproject.Examplesofjobs/workinthiscategoryarelistedinTable14.MajorPeriodicrefurbishment/replacementofmajormaintenancecomponentsforturbinesorplantToestimatethevolumeofindirectworkassociatedwitha1,000MWTable14:ExamplesofindirectO&Mjobs/workproject,wehaveusedtwoapproaches.Thefirstdrawsonthebottom-upstudycarriedoutforTaranakiOffshorePartnershipbytheinternationalJobserviceExamplesoperationsandassetmanagementspecialistnotedearlier.Thatstudycategory(notHelicopter,diving,remoteoperatedvehicles,indicatedahigh-levelestimateofaround43rolesengagedtoprovideharbour,wharfage,pilotage,navigationservices,exhaustive)metoceanforecasts,emergencyservicesetcindirectservices.20ThisequatestoaratioofdirecttoindirectjobsofaboutIT,comms,corrosioncontrolproducts,fuels,Aviation,portandlubricants,power,personalprotectiveequipment0.6.provisionandtestingetcoffshoreservicesCertification/testingofcranes,vehicles,crewThesecondapproachwastoestimatearatioofdirecttoindirectjobsintransfervessels,toolsandequipmentetc,ensurefrompublishedinternationalstudiesandapplythattothedirectjobConsumables,compliancewithconsentsetcestimatesnotedinsection5.5.1.Amongthestudiesweidentified,theregeneralservicesMaintenanceforonshorestructures/facilities,wasawiderangeinthedirecttoindirectjobsratio.21Inpartthisislikelytomonitoringofoperationalsites,firedetection,reflectdifferencesacrossstudiesintheproportionofservicesthatareEnvironmental,cleaning,catering,vehicleandvesselmaintenance,sharedacrossprojects(notingthisaffectswhetheraroleisclassifiedasinspection,wastemanagementservicesetcdirectorindirect).HigherratiosareexpectedinstudieswhereoffshorecertificationRecruitmentandtraining,egGWOcourseswindwaswell-establishedandtherewasmoreextensivesharingofFacilitiesFreighttooperationalsites,vehiclehire,oversizedcontractedservices(andthereforemoresharedroles).management&loads,storageetcsupportHumanresourcesWedonotexpectthoseconditionstobeapplicableinNewZealand,givenLandtransporttheearlystageofdevelopmentofoffshorewindinthiscountry.Weandwarehousingthereforefocusedonthestudieswhichreportratiosthatarebelowthe20Thereportactuallyhadaslightlyhigherfigureforindirectjobsbecauseexcludedpersonnelwillbededicatedtotheproject.Theyarethereforecountedasdirectstaffforcrewtransfervesselsontheassumptionthesewouldbeexternallyjobs.contractedonasharedbasis.Wehaveinsteadassumedcrewtransfervessel21SeeAppendixB:formoreinformation.40medianratiolevel.AmongtheseeightstudiesthemeanreportedindirectNotwithstandingthataninternationalmanufacturermayberesponsibletodirectjobsratiowas1.0.forturbinemaintenanceservicesinthewarrantyperiod,weexpectmostregularmaintenancerolestobefilledbylocallyengagedstaff.SuchstaffInthelightoftheabove,wehaveadoptedarangeof0.6to1.0asthecouldbeemployedbyanoriginalequipmentmanufacturerorviaaexpectedratioofdirecttoindirectjobs.Weexpecttheseratioswouldsubcontractor.Weexpectthemajorityofpersonneltobelocallyengagedapplyforthe1,000MWand2,000MWcasesintheReferenceScenario.becauseofthehighercostsandlogisticalissuesthatamanufacturerwouldfaceifitsoughttofillsuchrolesusingoffshore-basedworkersonafly-FortheReferenceScenario,thisimpliesapproximately43to70FTEsinin/fly-outbasis.indirectjobsforthe1,000MWwindfarm,and73to120FTEsforthe2,000MWwindfarm.ExperienceinNewZealandwithonshorewindandothergenerationtypessupportstheviewthatmostpersonnelundertakingregularandongoing5.5Scopefordomesticinvolvementinoperationalworkmaintenanceworkwillbelocallyengaged.Forexample,atthetimeofwritingbothofthemajorsuppliersofonshoreturbinesinAotearoaNewForeachmajortypeofactivityintheoperationalphase,wehaveassessedZealand(SiemensGamesaandVestas)wereadvertisingtofillwindturbinethescopeforinvolvementbypeople/organisationsinAotearoaNewtechnicianpositionswithlocalstaff.22Zealand.Theresultsaresummarisedbelow.5.5.2IndirectO&Mpositions5.5.1DirectO&MpositionsWeexpectmuchoftheindirectO&MworklistedinTable14couldbeAllofthedirectO&Mrolesareexpectedtoberequiredforthe30+yearundertakenbylocallyengagedpersonnel.Thisisbecauseitrequiresskillsoperationallifeoftheproject.Forthisreason,weexpectalloftheserolesandexpertisethatisalreadyavailableandinuse.Inparticular,thereistobeperformedbypersonnelintheregionwheretheprojectislocated.significantoverlapintheskillsrequiredforoffshorewindandtheoilandTherolescouldbeemployedbyaprojectowner,aleadcontractorgasindustry,suchasinmarineservices.(engagedbytheowner)orasub-contractor(engagedbyaleadcontractor).ThemainareawhereoverseassupportmayberequiredismajorInthiscontext,wenotethatitiscommonformanufacturersofwindmaintenanceactivity.Someofthisisexpectedtorequireturbinestoberesponsibleformaintenanceservicesrelatingtotheturbinesexpertise/equipmentthatwouldbeneededinfrequentlyandcouldthemselvesduringtheinitialwarrantyperiod.TheexactdurationandthereforebeuneconomictomaintaininAotearoaNewZealand.Majorscopeofwarrantieswouldbeamatterfornegotiationbetweenprojectmaintenancealsoincludesthereplacementofanymajorcomponents–developersandmanufacturers,butweunderstandfive-to-tenyearinitialwarrantyperiodsarenotuncommonforoffshoreturbines.harapaki-wind-farm-at-siemens-gamesa-3578403713/?originalSubdomain=nz(bothdownloaded4June2023).22Seehttps://careers.vestas.com/job/Palmerston-North-Service-Technician-NZ-MWT/826636801/andhttps://www.linkedin.com/jobs/view/service-technician-41suchasbladesorgeneratorunits.Specialisedmarinecraneswouldbeneededforthistypeofworkwhichareunlikelytobeavailabledomestically.Anotherareawherespecialisedskillsmaybeneedediscablerepairsand/orretrenching.Weunderstandcablerepairsarenotuncommonwithoffshorewindfarms.Asnotedinsection4.5.2,itappearsthatsomecapabilitytoundertakeworkonsubmarinecablesdoescurrentlyexistinAotearoaNewZealand.Forthisreason,thistypeofmajormaintenanceactivitymaybefeasibleusinglocalresources.However,furtherinformationwouldbeneededtomakeadefinitiveassessmentandthatliesoutsidethescopeofthisreport.5.5.3SummaryofcapabilitiesinoperationalphaseTable15showsoursummarisedassessmentforeachmajorareaoftheoperationalphase,including:•thepotentialfordomesticprovisionofservices/productsineacharea•anindicativelistofthepotentialproviders.Weneedtoemphasisethatthelistofpotentialprovidersisnotexhaustiveordefinitive.Theremaybepotentialprovidersthatarenotlisted.Conversely,listingdoesnotguaranteethatanamedorganisationhasallofthenecessarycapabilitiesorisnecessarilyinterestedinofferingtherelevantservices/products.42Table15:PotentialforlocalactivityinoperationalphaseDirectCategoryPotentialforsupplyfromsourcesinCommentsExamplesofpotentialprovidersCoreoperationAotearoaNZCoremaintenanceHighCoversinterfacewithelectricitymarket,forecasting,planning,Expectlocalworkforcetoperformmostofthework-eitherforprojectAviation,port&offshoreservicesHighinteractionswithlocalstakeholders,customers,suppliersetc.owner,turbinesupplierorsub-contractorCoversregularandtroubleshootingmaintenanceactivities,Expectlocalworkforcetoperformmostofthework-eitherforprojectConsumables,generalservicesHighconditionmonitoring,etc.owner,turbinesupplierorsub-contractorHarbour,wharfage,pilotageservices,navigation,metoceanAdvancedFlight,GCHAviation,KingstonOffshore,MidwestHelicopters,Highforecasts.SignificantmarinesupportneededforoffshoreO&MNewPlymouthUnderwater,NZOffshoreServices,OceanInfinity,PHIactivitiesInternationalNZ,Seaworks,SouthernExpress,UnderwaterSolutionsExpectlocalorganisationstobeabletosupplymostgeneralABIndustries,Blackwoods,CleanlineTasman,Duramach,NZSafety,One,services/products-e.g.IT,lubricants,safetyequipmentOnlineCommunications,Resene,Sika,SparkExpectlocalorganisationstobeabletosupplymostservicesArikiMarine,BureauVeritas,DynamicRatings,Elcon,SGSInspection,certificationandenvironmentalHighExpectlocalorganisationstobeabletosupplymostservicesDieselMarine,localaccomandcateringorganisations,OCS,Serco,TIS,monitoringHighWestCoastMarineHighIndirectFacilitiesmanagement,cateringandMixedCoversrecruitmentandtraining,e.g.GWOcourses.ExpectlocalAtlantic21,AtlasProfessionals,HainesAttract,NESGlobal,TePukenga,accom,vehicle&CTVmaintenanceMixedorganisationstoprovidemostservices,supplementedbyperiodicVerticalHorizonz,WoodTrainingHighoverseassupportforspecialisedskillsHumanresourcesCoversgeneralmaintenancesupport-tosupplementthededicatedDynamech,ISS,SRGGlobalAssetServicesNZ,turbinesuppliersworkforce.LikelytoneedtodrawoninternationalsuppliersforMajormaintenanceservices-turbinesperiodic(~5years)heavymaintenance.Electrix,Electronet,Northpower,PringleBeleski&Assoc,Seaworks,Localorganisationsmayhavecapabilitytoservicefoundations(e.g.Ventia,turbinesuppliersMajormaintenanceservices-balanceofcorrosionmngt),andpossiblysomeaspectsofcableandsubstationplantrepairs.However,overseassupportlikelytoberequiredforheavymaintenanceworksuchastransformerreplacementTransportandwarehousingTransportationofequipment(includingoversizedloads)byroad,Agtrans,ISOLtd,SmithCraneServices,SymonsGroup,TitoTransportsurveyandresearchdatabase.xlsxandstorageservices.Expectlocalorganisationstoperformmostofthiswork435.6InducedjobsinoperationalphaseApplyingtheseratiosyieldsestimatesof32to89FTEinducedjobsfora1,000MWwindfarmproject,and55to152FTEinducedjobsforthe2,000Alloftheprecedingdiscussionfocussedondirectandindirectjobs/workinMWwindfarmproject.theoperationalphase,i.e.personnelworkingforthewindprojectasFinally,alloftheinducedjobsareexpectedtobeundertakenbypeopleinemployeesorcontractors.theregionwheretheprojectislocated.Asdiscussedinsection5.3inducedjobsarerolesgeneratedbythePhotosuppliedby:CopenhagenOffshorePartners,VejaMateProjectspendingofpeopleemployedinthedirectandindirectO&Mjobs.Forexample,itwouldincludeapersonworkinginsupermarketwhosells5.7Cross-checkofO&Mjobestimateswithotherstudiesgroceriestosomeoneemployedbythewindproject(directlyorviaanO&Mserviceprovider).Similarly,buildersandcontractorswhorepairTocross-checkourO&MjobestimateswecomparedthemtofiguresinhousesoccupiedbyworkersemployedtoprovideO&Mservicestotheoverseasstudies.Becauseofthedifferencesacrossstudies,thewindprojectwouldfallintotheinducedjobcategory.23comparisonwasdoneatanaggregatejobslevelandconvertedintoFTEjobsperMWofinstalledwindfarmcapacity.Forthisstudyisnotpracticaltoestimatetheinducedjobsusingabottom-upapproach.Instead,wehaveusedoverseasstudiesofoffshorewindtoestimatetheratioofinducedjobstojobsindirectandindirectroles.Thelogicforfocussingonthisratioisthatinducedjobsarelikelytobestronglyassociatedwiththelevelofspendingbytheworkersundertakingdirectandindirectjobs,whichinturniscloselylinkedtonumberofsuchworkers.Theratioreportedacrossdifferentoverseasstudiesrangedbetween0.22and0.70,withamedianvalueof0.52.Forthisstudy,wehaveadoptedalowerrangevalueof0.29(basedonthe20thpercentileofvaluesinoverseasstudies)andahighervalueof0.63(basedonthe80thpercentilevalue).24Wehaveappliedthesesameratiosforthe1,000MWand2,000MWcasesintheReferenceScenario.23Obviouslyforboththegroceryworkerandbuilders,someproportionoftheir24SeeAppendixB:formoreinformation.jobwouldbecountedasinducedbythepresenceofthewindproject.44Figure17:Comparisonofjobestimatesacrossstudies(FTE/MW)Figure17showstheresultsofthiscomparisoningraphicalform.ThebarsDirect+Indirect+InducedJobs(FTE/MW)showresultsforindividualstudies/projects.TheorangedottedlinesshowConcept’sestimatesfora1,000MWwindfarmexpressedinFTE/MWZammit&Miles2013terms.Keyobservationsfromthechartare:Tegenetal.2015a•Thereisafairlywiderangeofvaluesreportedininternationalstudies,bothfortotalFTE/MWandinthebreakdownofthoseSondes&JeanChristophe2018btotalsbetweendirect,indirectandinducedjobs.AWEA2020b•Concept’sestimatedFTE/MWrangeisatthebottomendoftherangeofvaluesreportedininternationalstudies.Tegenetal.2015dWethinkthewiderangeofvaluesreportedininternationalstudiespartlyTegenetal.2015breflectsdifferencesindefinitionsandmethodologyacrossstudies.ItwillalsolikelyreflectphysicaldifferencesintheunderlyingprojectscoveredbyTegenetal.2015ceachstudy.AWEA2020aDirectPhotosuppliedby:CopenhagenOffshorePartners,offshoresubstationatVejaMateProjectIndirectBVG2012Induced45Sondes&JeanChristophe2018aReferencescenarioestimatedrangeOxfordEconomics2010c=0.14to0.23FTE/MWOxfordEconomics2010b0.200.400.600.801.001.201.401.601.80OxfordEconomics2010aOxfordEconomics2010windjobs.xlsx-Source:Conceptanalysisofoverseasstudies.Seeappendixformoreinformation.Inparticular,thenumberofO&MjobsislikelytobemorecloselylinkedtoThetablealsoshowsthesameresultsexpressedintermsofperson-yearsthenumberofturbinesinaprojectthanthewindfarm’soverallMWofwork.Arguably,thisisthemoremeaningfulyardstickastheO&Mphasecapacity.AstechnologyhasimprovedandturbineshavegrowninMWisexpectedtorunfor30+years.Weestimatethata1,000MWprojectcapacity,thiswillhavealteredthenumberofFTEsrequiredandmaywouldgeneratearound4,500to7,100person-yearsofworkduringitscontributetothespreadofresults.Anotherdifferencemaybetheoperationallifespan.variationindistancesbetweenserviceportsandwindfarms,notingthatgreaterdistanceswilltypicallyincreaseFTErequirementsduetolongerAsnotedinsection1.3theReferenceCaseisbasedonaninitialprojectsizetraveltimes.of1,000MWwhichissubsequentlyexpandedto2,000MW.Table17showstheresultsforthecaseofa2,000MWoffshorewindfarm.Overall,theinternationaldatasuggeststhattheConceptestimatesmaybeA2,000MWoffshorewindprojectisexpectedtogeneratebetweenontheconservativeside(i.e.morejobsmaybegeneratedinpracticethanapproximately250and390fulltimeequivalentjobsinitsoperationalindicatedbyConcept’sestimates).phase.Thisequatestoaround7,700to12,100person-yearsofworkduringitsoperationallifespan.5.8OveralljobsgeneratedintheoperationalphaseTable17:Person-yearsofworkoverprojectlifespanTable16providesabreakdownofConcept’sFTEestimatesofjobscreatedforeachcategory(direct,indirect,induced).Itshowsthata1,000MWFTEequivalentsineachyearofoperationoffshorewindprojectisexpectedtogeneratebetweenapproximately150and230fulltimeequivalentjobsinitsoperationalphase.2GWOffshoreWindProjectDirectIndirectInducedTotalConcept-lowerestimate55248Concept-centralestimate12073104320Concept-higherestimate152392Table16:FTEjobsinoperationalphasefor1,000MWwindproject120962GWOffshoreWindProjectInducedTotalConcept-lowerestimate1201201,7167,694Concept-centralestimate3,2119,921Concept-higherestimatePersonyearsofworkoverprojectlife4,70712,147FTEequivalentsineachyearofoperationDirectIndirect1GWOffshoreWindProjectDirectIndirectInducedTotal3,7202,259Concept-lowerestimate32145Concept-centralestimate7043601873,7202,989Concept-higherestimate8922970563,7203,7201GWOffshoreWindProjectInducedTotalConcept-lowerestimate70701,0014,488windjobs.xlsxConcept-centralestimate1,8735,787Concept-higherestimatePersonyearsofworkoverprojectlife2,7467,086DirectIndirectSource:Conceptanalysis2,1701,3182,1701,7442,1702,170windjobs.xlsxSource:Conceptanalysis466Areasforpossiblefutureresearchproducts/servicesthatdeveloperswouldneedtobuildandsupportanoffshorewindindustry.Thisreportfocusesontwoquestions:However,mostlocalsuppliersarelikelytoneedmorespecificinformation1.Whatactivitiesareneededtoplan,buildandoperateanoffshoretoproperlyassesstheopportunitiesandpreparethemselves.windfarm?Potentialexamplesthatcouldfallintothecategoryofsharingmorespecific2.WhatcapabilitiesexistinAotearoaNewZealandtoundertaketheinformationaretransitionpiecesub-componentsandarraycablesasactivitiessetoutinitem1?discussedinsections4.3.2and4.3.4.Adistinctbutrelatedquestionis:whatactionscouldbetakentohelp6.2FacilitatecollaborationbetweenlocalandoverseasAotearoaNewZealandtomaximisetheopportunitiesfromdevelopmentofcompaniesanoffshorewindindustry?Asdiscussedearlierinthisreport,asizeableportionofthewindturbineWhilethisquestionisnotthefocusofthisstudy,inthischapterweoffermanufacturingandinstallationworkislikelytobeundertakenbyoverseassomehigh-levelsuggestionsforfurtherwork.organisationsgiventhespecialisedskills/equipmentrequired.However,evenwhereoverseassuppliersareneededtheremaybeopportunitiesfor6.1Helplocalsupplychainstoprepareandbeefficientlocalorganisationstocollaborate,especiallyforinstallationwork.OrganisationsinAotearoaNewZealandwillbebetterplacedtosupplyAfactorwhichcouldhindersuchcollaborationisoffshoresuppliers’lackofproducts/servicestoanoffshorewindindustryiftheyhavesufficientfamiliaritywithlocalorganisationsandtheircapabilities.Ineffect,thisisnoticeoffutureopportunitiesandcanplanahead.Advancenoticewillbethemirrorimageofthechallengedescribedinsection6.1.particularlyrelevantintheearlystagesoftheindustrywhenoffshorewindiscompletelynewtothecountry.Toaddressthisissue,weseemeritindevelopingandmaintainingadatabaseoflocalorganisationswhocouldsupplyrelevantProspectivedevelopers(and/orgovernmentagencies)canhelplocalservices/productsintotheoffshorewindsector.Theresultsfromtheorganisationstopreparebyprovidinginformationaboutlikelyfuturesurveyconductedaspartofthisreportcouldserveasastartingpointforneedsandthetimingofprojects.Thiswouldhelplocalsupplierstoassesssuchadatabase.thescaleofopportunities,investintrainingand/orequipmentwhereitmakessense,andgatherinformationneededtodemonstratetheirTohaveongoingbenefit,itwouldneedtobeupdatedovertime.Possiblecapabilities.candidatestomaintainadatabaseincludewinddevelopers,umbrellabodies(suchastheNewZealandWindEnergyAssociationorasimilarThisstudycanbeviewedasaninitialstepinthispathwaybecauseitbody),localbusinessordevelopmentgroups(suchasBusinessNewprovidespotentialsupplierswithsomehigh-levelinformationonthe47Zealand,TaranakiChamberofCommerce,orVentureTaranaki)oraDesirablequalificationsRolesgovernmentsupportedagency(suchasAraAkeorNewZealandTradeandGlobalWindOrganisation(GWO)BasicWindturbinetechniciansEnterprise).TechnicalTrainingHelicopterUnderwaterEscapeTrainingOffshorestaff6.3Helpworkerstodeveloprelevantskills(HUET)HighVoltagecertificationsWindturbinetechniciansManyoftherolescreatedbyanoffshorewindindustrywouldrequireInshore/domesticmaritimequalificationsCrewtransfervesselstaffskilledpersonnel.AnindicationofthequalificationsrequiredfortheIRATARopeAccessCertificationWindturbinetechniciansoperationalphasestaffissetoutinTable18(seetheaccompanyingJobsISO9001,ISO14001andISO45001QHSEstaffGuideformoreinformation).InternalAuditorTrainingMinimumCIP-2CertifiedCoatingInspectorWindturbinetechniciansTable18:IndicativelistofqualificationsandrolesPermittoWorkTrainingWindturbinetechniciansNewZealandGMDSSradiooperatorSiteadministratorsDesirablequalificationsRolescertificateOccupationaldivingCOC(CertificateofDiversWindfarmmaintenanceCertificatelevel4WindturbinetechniciansCompetence)andADASTradeCertificatesWindturbinetechniciansNZQAStandard6400(Firstaidlevel2)MultipleoperationalrolesWeldingCertificateWindturbinetechniciansDivingmedicalclearanceDHMSDiversWorkingatHeightscertificateWindturbinetechniciansBasicOffshoreSafetyInductionandMultipleoperationalrolesEmergencyTraining(BOSIET)OneimportantpotentialsourceforskilledworkersistheoilandgasMaritimeNZMedicalClearanceCrewtransfervesselstaffindustrybecauseofthesignificantcross-overbetweentheskillsrequiredCertificateofSafetyTraining(fullcourse)-Multipleoperationalrolesinthetwoindustries.Forexample,a2019studyfoundthatmorethan85%STCWRegIV/1ofoccupationalrolesintheoilandgasindustryhadsomeskillsoverlapChesterStepTestMultipleoperationalrolesConfinedSpaceEntryCertificateWindturbinetechniciansDoggingandRiggingCertificationsWindturbinetechniciansNZFullDriversLicenseMostrolesElevatedWorkPlatform(EWP)certificationWindturbinetechniciansGlobalWindOrganisation(GWO)BasicWindturbinetechniciansSafetyTraining(BST)GlobalWindOrganisationBladeRepairWindturbinetechniciansTrainingCertificate48withoffshorewind.25Anotherpotentialsourceofskilledworkersistheemploymentopportunitiesintheoperationalphaseforrangatahi(youngonshorewindindustry.Inbothcases,totheextentthatanyadditionalpeople).specificoffshorewindtrainingisrequiredforthesetypesofworkers,itcouldpossiblybeprovidedon-the-joborbymicro-credentialcourses.Ofcourse,Māoriarenotuniqueinthedesiretocapitaliseonopportunitiesfromdevelopmentofanoffshorewindindustry.However,asnotedbyMoregenerally,itwillbeimportanttoensurethattrainingisavailableformanystakeholders,Māoriorganisationsandindividualsoftenfacepeoplelookingtoentertheoffshorewindindustry.TheJobsGuidelistsadditionalhurdlestoparticipationwhencomparedtothegeneralpotentialqualificationrequirementsandpotentialtrainingproviders,butpopulation.Impedimentscanincludefactorssuchaspooraccesstoitisonlyindicative.Forexample,itdoesnotincludeanyinformationontheinformationnetworks,perceivedcapacitygaps,and/orshorttrainingthatoffshorewindoperatorsorturbinemaintenancefirmsmaybeorganisationaltrack-records.Theproposalssetoutinsections6.1to6.3abletooffer.Thiscouldincludeinitiativessuchason-the-jobtraining,areunlikelytodirectlyaddressthesehurdles.apprenticeships,sponsoredstudy,andoverseastrainingarrangedviaaffiliatesorpartners.Weareawareofsomeexistinginitiatives/groupsworkingtoenhancethecapacityofMāoriorganisationstobenefitfrombusinessopportunitiesWethinktherewouldbemeritindevelopingamorecomprehensivemoregenerally.Theseinclude:inventoryoftheskills/qualificationsrequiredbypeopleworkinginanoffshorewindindustry,andtheorganisationsthatcouldprovidetraining•Amotai–anationalorganisationworkingwithgovernment,tomeetthoserequirements.corporateandIwiorganisationstofacilitateprocurementopportunitiesandfosterconnectionswithMāoriandPasifika6.4AddresshurdlesfacedbyMāoribusinesses26RepresentativesofiwiandotherMāoriorganisationscontactedaspartof•HeTorongaPakihikiTaranaki–aMāoriBusinessNetworkinthisstudywerekeenlyinterestedintheopportunitiesthatcouldbeTaranaki27generatedbyanoffshorewindindustryinAotearoaNewZealand.•Kōtuiātehono–theMāoriReferenceGroupfortheConstructionTheareasofinterestincludedthepotentialsupplyofservices/productstoSectorAccord.ThisgroupaimstodrivedeliveryandadviceonhowwindprojectsbyMāori-ownedoraffiliatedorganisations,throughtotheAccordcanuplifttheMāoriconstructioneconomy.2825For18%ofoccupationstherewasinsufficientdatatomakeanassessment.See26Seehttps://amotai.nz/aboutOffshoreWindEnergyAustralia,July2021,BlueEconomyCooperativeResearch27Seehttps://htpkt.maori.nz/Centre.(FriendsoftheEarth;GlobalWitnessandGreenerJobsAlliance,2019).28Seewww.constructionaccord.nz/news/news-stories/new-operating-model-for-construction-accord/49•Whāriki–anorganisationcommittedtodevelopingtheMāoriTheUnitedKingdomappearstohaveadoptedanintermediateapproach,economy.29withasectortargetfor2030agreedwiththeindustry,butnoformallocalcontentrequirementsonindividualprojects.WearenotinapositiontoassesswhethertheseinitiativesorgroupswouldenableMāoritofullycapitaliseontheopportunitiespresentedbyanOverall,theWorldBankconcludedthat“experienceinmarkets,suchasinoffshorewindindustry.However,giventheimportanceofthisissue,weFranceandTaiwan,hasshownthatlocalcontentrequirements(LCRs)tendsuggestthatitwarrantsfurtherconsideration.toreducecompetition,increasecostandrisk,andslowmarketdevelopment”.31TheWorldBanksuggestedthatmeasurestostrengthen6.5Localcontentrequirementsthelocalsupplychainwereabetteralternativetomandatorylocalcontentrules.Somecountriesrequireoffshorewinddevelopmentstomeeta‘localcontentrequirement’,forexampleasaconditionofbeingawardedWehavenotexaminedthemeritsofthealternativeapproachesindetail.developmentconsents.However,thepointsmadebytheWorldBankareworthconsidering,especiallyaslocalcontentrequirementsseemtohavehadmixedresultsArecentWorldBankreportonoffshorewindincludedasectionontheeveninadvancedmanufacturingeconomiessuchasTaiwanandFrance.internationalexperiencewithlocalcontentrequirements.30Thestudynotedthatsomecountrieshaveadoptedstrictminimumlocalcontentlevelsaspartoftheprojectconsentingprocess.Forexample,Taiwan’sauthoritiesinitiallyimposedstrictlocalcontentrequirementsinsomeareas.Thisledtotheestablishmentoflocalsupplyinthoseareas,butthisappearstohaveimposedcostpenaltyanditisuncleariflocalsupplywillbesustainedwithoutongoingsupport.Franceappearstohavefollowedaparallelapproachwithsimilarresults.AttheotherendofthespectrumtheWorldBanknotedthattheNetherlandsawardsprojectrightsbasedsolelyoncostsandfeasibility.TheDutchgovernmentclaimedthatacombinationofcompetitionandlackoflocalcontentrequirementshasproducedsignificantcostsavings.29Seewww.whariki.co.nz/about-us31Ibid,p.12.30SeeWorldBank(2021b),p.24.50ReferencesNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory(2020).IEAWindTCPTask37DefinitionoftheIEAWind15-MegawattOffshoreReferenceWindTurbineAmericanWindEnergyAssociation(2020).U.S.OffshoreWindPowerTechnicalReport.https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy20osti/75698.pdfEconomicImpactAssessment.CitedinGaido(2021).OxfordEconomics.(2010).AnalysisoftheEmploymentEffectsoftheElectricityAuthorityMarketDevelopmentAdvisoryGroup2022).PriceOperationandMaintenanceofOffshoreWindParksintheUK.discoveryunder100%renewableelectricitysupplyIssuesDiscussionPaper.https://www.oxfordeconomics.com/publication/open/24009CitedinReportpublishedbytheNewZealandElectricityAuthority.Gaido(2021).BVGAssociatesLimited(2012).UKcontentanalysisofRobinRiggOffshoreSondès,K.,&JeanChristophe,M.(2018).CanOffshoreWindEnergyBeaWindFarmoperationsandmaintenance.CitedinGaido(2021).LeverforJobCreationinFrance?SomeInsightsfromaLocalCaseStudy.EnvironmentalModelingandAssessment,23(3),203–227.Gaido,GermanPerez(2021).OffshorewindinTaranakiAssessmentofhttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-017-9580-4CitedinGaido(2021).potentialregionallong-termemploymentandexpenditures,ResearchReportsubmittedforMastersThesisatTheUniversityofAuckland.Tegen,S.,Keyser,D.,Flores-Espino,F.,Miles,J.,Zammit,D.,&Loomis,D.(2015).OffshoreWindJobsandEconomicDevelopmentImpactsintheInternationalRenewableEnergyAgency(2018).RenewableEnergyUnitedStates:FourRegionalScenariosGreatLakesWindNetwork.Benefits:LeveragingLocalCapacityforOffshoreWind,IRENA,AbuDhabiwww.nrel.gov/publications.CitedinGaido(2021).InternationalEnergyAgency(2019).OffshoreWindOutlook2019.WindTaranakiOffshorePartnership(2023).BackgroundmaterialandgraphicalEnergyOutlookSpecialReport.https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-information,https://taranakioffshorewind.co.nz/about/electricityWorldBank(2021a).OffshoreWindRoadmapforVietnam,OffshoreWindInternationalEnergyAgency(2021),Renewables2021AnalysisandDevelopmentProgramreport,WashingtonDC.forecastto2026.https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-electricityWorldBankGroup(2021b).KeyFactorsforSuccessfulDevelopmentofMinistryofBusiness,InnovationandEmployment(2022).EnablingOffshoreWindinEmergingMarkets.ESMAP,WorldBank,Washington,DC.InvestmentinOffshoreRenewableEnergyDiscussionDocument.https://www.mbie.govt.nz/dmsdocument/25828-enabling-investment-in-Zammit,D.,&Miles,J.(2013).Potentialeconomicimpactsfromoffshoreoffshore-renewable-energywindintheUnitedStates-TheSoutheastRegion.CitedinGaido(2021).51AppendixA:Top-downestimatesforjobs•Capturesacross-sectionofinternationalexperience,notjustdataaboutEuropeanconditions.ThisisimportantasEuropehasawell-Asdiscussedinsection1.4wehavepreparedbottom-upestimatesofjobsdevelopedecosystemforoffshorewindfarmdevelopment,fortheO&Mphaseofanoffshorewindproject.Forotherphases(i.e.whereasNewZealandisatamuchearlierstageintheindustryplanning,buildinganddecommissioning/repowering)wehavecompiledevolution.top-downestimatesbasedonareviewofinternationalsources.WehavealsocomparedIRENA’stop-downprojectionsforO&MjobswithThemostusefulsourcewehaveidentifiedforthelatterpurposeistheourownbottom-upestimatesforthatcategoryofactivity.TheIRENARenewableEnergyBenefits32studypublishedbytheInternationalestimatesalignreasonablywellwithourdataaftermakinganadjustmentRenewableEnergyAgency(IRENA)in2018.toaccountforthedifferenceinwindturbinesize.IRENA’sstudywascompiledusinginformationgatheredthroughTheabovefactorsgiveussomeconfidencethattheIRENAinformationinternationalsurveysandinterviewswithoffshorewindindustryexpertsprovidesreasonablehigh-levelguidanceregardingjobopportunitiesforandareviewofpublishedresearch.Datawassourcedfromprojectvariousstagesinthedevelopmentofoffshorewindprojects.developers,componentmanufacturers,serviceproviders,energyauthoritiesandnationalandglobalassociationsforwindandrenewableWealsoconsideredwhethertorelymainlyontheIRENAstudyortrytoenergy.build-upacompositebasedonmultiplestudies.WeconcludedthatitisbettertousetheIRENAreportbecauseappliesacommonmethodologyWeconsiderthattheIRENAreportisamongthemostusefulforourworkanddefinitionsacrossallaspectsofitsanalysis.Incontrast,acompositebecauseit:approachhasthesignificantriskofmixingapplesandoranges.•Focusesexclusivelyonoffshorewind(someotherstudiesmixdataHavingmadethesepoints,wehavemadeonesignificantadjustmenttotheforonshoreandoffshoreprojects)resultsintheIRENA(2018).Thatstudysetoutestimatesforanotional500MWoffshorewindfarmdevelopment–i.e.50%ofthesizeofthe•WascompletedrelativelyrecentlywhereassomeotherstudiesaredevelopmentintheReferenceScenario.becomingquitedated.RecentdataisimportantbecausetheindustryhasevolvedsignificantlysincetheinitialprojectsintheItistemptingtosimplydoublethework/jobestimatesintheIRENAreport1990sandearly2000s.togenerateestimatesfortheReferenceScenario.However,wethinkthat32IRENA(2018),RenewableEnergyBenefits:LeveragingLocalCapacityfor52OffshoreWind,IRENA,AbuDhabi:ThisishenceforthreferredtoastheIRENA2018report.wouldlikelyover-estimatethejobs/workbecauseactivityisnotnecessarilyTable19:Work/jobestimatesforphasesof1,000MWprojectproportionaltotheMWcapacityofanoffshorewindprojectinallareas.Forexample,theactivityrequiredtoobtainconsents,electricitysalePerson-yearsLowerestimateMid-estimateHigherestimateagreementsandsuppliercontractswillbeaffectedbythecomplexityofaPlanning108162216project,andnotjustitsMWcapacity.Similarly,someactivities(e.g.Procure335066foundationdesignwork)willbemorecloselyrelatedtothenumberofManufactureturbinesthanoverallwindfarmMWcapacity.33GiventhesesortsofInstall&connect5,6678,50111,335factors,wetreatadoublingoftheIRENAfiguresasanupperestimateforOperateandmaintain1,0741,6102,147jobs/workassociatedwitha1,000MWproject.Decommission3,4883,9144,340TotalAttheotherendofthescale,wetreattheIRENAestimatewithoutany441661882adjustmentsasthelowerestimate.Thisimplicitlyassumesthatactivitywindjobs.xlsx10,81014,89818,986doesnotchangebetweena500MWand1,000MWproject.Thisislikelytobeanunder-estimate.However,wenotethattheIRENAstudyappearsSource:Conceptestimatestoassume8MWturbines34implyingaround63turbines.Thatisverysimilartothenumberofturbinesassumedinstage1oftheReferencewhichprovidesabreakdownofjobsalsoreferstoa500MWprojectbutdoesnotScenario.TotheextentthatthenumberofturbinesisakeydriverofindicateturbinesizeinMW/unit.work/jobs,therawIRENAfigureswouldnotnecessarilybeanunder-estimate.53Ourcentralestimateistheaverageoftheupperandlowerestimates.TheIRENA-basedestimateshavebeenadoptedforallstagesofawindfarmprojectexceptforO&Mactivities.Forthatphaseweadoptedbottom-upestimatesasdescribedinChapter5.Asummaryofthelower-,mid-andupper-estimatesissetoutinTable19.33Largerturbineswouldrequiremoresubstantialfoundationsbuttherewouldbefewerofthemtodesign.34Thereisareferencetoa500MWprojectusing8MWturbinesinFigure2.4ofIRENA(2018)whichprovidesacostbreakdown.ThenextsectioninthereportAppendixB:Direct,indirectandinducedjobestimatesforoperationalphaseSourceDirectIndirectDirect+InducedTotalRatioofRatioofOxfordEconomics20100.280.08indirect0.080.44indirecttoinducedtoOxfordEconomics2010c0.250.080.100.43direct+indirectOxfordEconomics2010b0.200.080.360.080.36directOxfordEconomics2010a0.180.080.330.070.3329%22%Konigetal.20160.110.060.28-0.1732%29%Sondes&JeanChristophe2018a0.400.310.260.321.0340%29%Glassonetal.20200.150.370.17-0.5244%27%AWEA2020b0.140.350.710.290.7852%AWEA2020a0.140.410.520.280.8378%45%BVG20120.140.520.490.361.02247%Tegenetal.2015b0.070.420.550.260.75250%59%Tegenetal.2015d0.090.680.660.431.20293%51%Tegenetal.2015a0.080.880.490.671.63371%54%Sondes&JeanChristophe2018b0.080.900.770.681.66600%53%Zammit&Miles20130.080.900.960.691.67756%56%Tegenetal.2015c0.070.790.980.441.3070%0.981100%69%windjobs.xlsx0.861125%70%1125%51%1129%Thetableshowsidentifiedstudiesthatcontainedestimatesfordirect,indirectandinducedjobsintheoperationalphasesofanoffshorewindproject.SomeotherstudiessuchasIRENA2018containedestimatesfordirectandindirectjobs,butnotinducedjobs.54AppendixC:SurveysummaryThelargestgroupingofrespondentswereprofessionalservicesConceptusedanonlinesurveytooltocollectinformationfrompotentialorganisations,followedbyprovidersoffacilitiessupportservices.Asupplierstoanoffshorewindindustry.Responseswerereceivedfrom88individualparties(responseswerereceivedfromdifferentindividualsbreakdownofallcategoriesofserviceprovidertypesisshowninFigure19.withinsomesingleorganisations–thesewerereconciledtoavoidapparentOrganisationaltypeofsurveyrespondentsduplicationwhenanalysingdata).Organisationsvariedfromverysmall(1-2people)throughtothosewithmanyhundredsofemployees.Figure19:OrganisationaltypeofsurveyrespondentsThechartsbelowrecordthenumberofrespondentsexpressinginterestin228Construction,Installation,CommissioningProviderprovidingvariousservices.Thedifferencesinscaleacrossrespondents336EngineeringDesignandProcurement(EPC)Contractorshouldbeborneinmindwheninterpretingthecharts.Fabrication/Manufacturing9FacilitySupportServicesAsshownbyFigure18,mostofthesurveyrespondentshadoperationalMaintenanceServicesProviderfootprintsinTaranakioroperatednationwide.2ProductorSystemSupplier/Agent3ProfessionalServicesProviderOperationalfootprintofsurveyrespondents5OtherFigure18:Operationalfootprintofsurveyrespondentssurveyanddatabase.xlsxSource:Conceptanalysisofsurveyresponses.OperatinginTaranaki3946OperatingoutsideTaranakiOperatingnationwide3surveyanddatabase.xlsxSource:Conceptanalysisofsurveyresponses.55Surveyrespondentswereinvitedtoindicatetheirlevelofproviderinterest•Limitedreadiness-someexperienceinothersectorsbutacross41differentservicesub-types.35Thesesub-typesweregroupedintosignificantpreparation(e.g.plantinvestment)requiredtoservethefiveservicecategories,andthelevelofinterestineachcategoryisoffshorewindindustry.showninFigure20.•Moderatereadiness-extensiverelevantexperienceandonlyThischartshowsasignificantlevelofinterestacrossallcategories,butlimitedpreparation(e.g.cross-training)requiredtoserveoffshoreespeciallyprofessionalservices,constructionrelatedservices,andwindindustry.operationsandmaintenanceservices.•Fullreadiness-currentlyprovidingthiscategoryofNumberofrespondentsinterestedinprovidingserviceproduct/servicetoothersectors.Figure20:Respondentsinterestedinptryopviedsingservicesub-typesFigure21showsthenumberofrespondentsineachreadinessratingfor9998Professionalserviceseachoftheservicesub-types.AviationandmarineKeyobservationsinclude:44Construct,installandconnect146Operationandmaintenanceservices•Manyrespondentsassessedthemselvesasfullyready(shownasgreenbars)•Asubstantialnumberofrespondentsassessedthemselvesashavingmoderatereadiness(shownasamberbars)•Relativelyfewresponseswererecordedfrompartiesindicatingtheyhadlimitedreadiness.surveyanddatabase.xlsxSource:Conceptanalysisofsurveyresponses.Notesomeprovidersexpressedinterestinprovidingmultipleservicesub-types,e.g.marineandportservices.Hencethenumberofpositiveresponsesexceedsthenumberofindividualrespondents.Whererespondentsindicatedaninterestinprovidingaservicesub-type,theywereaskedtoratetheirreadinessbasedonthefollowingcriteria:35Forexample,theaviationandmarineservicecategoryincludeshelicopter,marinelogistics,divingandsubseainspection,andportservices.56Figure21:Service/supplycategoriesandlevelofreadinessService/supplycategoriesandreadinessOthernotelsewherespecified5101520Fullreadiness30WasteremovalandrecyclingservicesModeratereadinessLandscapingservices,arborist,vegetationmaintenance&suppliesegplants,quarryproductsLimitedreadiness57Accommodation,warehousingetc25TrainingservicesHRservices,recruitment,labourhireHealthandsafetyequipmentandPPE,inspections,medicalsupportLandtransportservices,vehiclehire,oversizedloadsetcEmergencymanagement&responsessystemsFuel(Diesel)bulksupply/bunkering/maintenanceFiredetection/preventionsystems,passive,potable,foamFacilitymaintenance,carpentry,electrical,security,cleaning,pestcontrolConditionmonitoring,non-destructivetesting/testing/inspectionservices,dronesWindTurbineGeneratorOperation&Maintenance(O&M)Navigation,lightingandwindturbineIDandlocationsystemsComms/IT/LAN,WLAN,Fibre,radio,access/securitysystems,CCTVCivilworks-earthmoving/excavation,roadbuilding,drainage,pads,trenches,maintenanceCrane/lifting/transferequipment&servicesSupervisoryControl&DataAcquisition(SCADA),control&protectionsystemsSurfacecoatings,anodes,cathodicprotectionandcorrosioncontrolTools&consumables,lubricants,planthire,warehousing,storage,laydownOn/offshoreMedium/HighVoltagecablemanufactureandinstall,repairandaccessoriesLowvoltageauxsystemslighting,power,cabling,lightningprotectionsystems,groundingHigh/mediumvoltageelectricaltransmission&distributionequipment/protectionsystemsAuxsystems,cleanwater,coolingwater,drains,oilseparators,airsystem,miscpumpsFabricatedsteelcomponents(egladders,rails,platforms,grating,kickplates,stairsetc)Structuralconcrete,pre-castitemsStructuralsteelsupply,fabrication,weldingservicesWindTurbineGeneratorInstallation&CommissioningWindTurbineGeneratorFoundations/PilingDivingservices&subseaworkinspection/servicesegremotelyoperatedvehiclePortservices,infrastructure,operationsMarineservicevesselsupply,operations,maintenance&associatedequipment&servicesHelicopterservicesetcConsenting/planners/compliancemonitoringservicesLand&property,surveyservices,stakeholderengagement,legalservicesetcEnvironmentalandculturalexperttechnicalstudies/testing/monitoringMeteorologicalandoceanographyservices,monitoringequipment,modelling,forecastingOnshoregeotechservicesOffshoregeotechservicesBuildingdesign,construction,maintenanceservices,HVAC,portablewater,sanitaryProfessionalengineeringservices-general0NumberofsurveyresponsesSource:Conceptanalysisofsurveyresponses.StartYourFinance起点财经，网罗天下报告

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