Steel-thepermanentmaterialinthecirculareconomy02Steel-thepermanentmaterialinthecirculareconomyIntroductionReduceReuseThecirculareconomyisamoveReducemeansdecreasingtheReuseisusinganobjectorfromlinearbusinessmodels,inamountofmaterial,energy,materialagain,eitherforwhichproductsaremanufacturedwasteandotherresourcesitsoriginalpurposeorforfromrawmaterialsandthenusedtocreatesteel,andasimilarpurpose,withoutdiscardedattheendoftheirreducingtheweightofsteelsignificantlyalteringtheusefullives,tocircularbusinessusedinproducts.physicalformoftheobjectmodels,whereintelligentdesignormaterial.leadstoproductsortheirpartsbeingreused,remanufacturedandRemanufactureRecyclerecycled.RemanufacturingistheMeltingsteelscrapfromTheconceptofthecirculareconomydrivesstandardisedindustrialproductsattheendofoptimalresourceefficiency.Itmakessureprocessofrestoringusedtheirusefullifetocreatethatresourcesareallocatedtoproductssteel-containingproductstonewsteels.Recyclingaltersandservicesinsuchawayastoenableaas-new.thephysicalformofthesustainablefutureforeveryone.steelobjectsothatanewapplicationcanbecreatedAllsteelproductsneedtobedesignedfromtherecycledmaterial.efficientlyandtobedurable,easytoreuseandremanufacture,andultimatelyrecycled.Inawell-structuredcirculareconomy,thesteelindustryhassignificantcompetitiveadvantagesoverothermaterials.Giventheinherentpropertiesofsteel,manyofthecirculareconomyprinciplesarealreadywellestablished.CasestudiesWeareseeingmoreandmoreinitiativesandcompanieshighlightsteel’svalueasacircularmaterial.Visitworldsteel.org/circulareconomyforexamples.Steel-thepermanentmaterialinthecirculareconomy03SteelinthecirculareconomyAmongthemajormaterialsusedAdoptingcircularprinciplesisTheindustryiscontinuingtotoday,steelhasoneofthelowestanintegralpartofindustrialexpanditsofferofadvancedlevelsofGHGemissionspertonneandsocietaltransformationandhigh-strengthsteelswhichofmaterialproduced.However,isanimportantcontributortoreducetheweightofapplications,duetothescaleoftheuseofmeetingthetargetsoftheParisandencouragecirculareconomysteel,theindustrymustreduceitsAgreement.practices.impactandisthereforeexploringanumberofdecarbonisationAsapermanentmaterialwhichForsociety,thebenefitsofapaths.canberecycledoverandovercirculareconomyincludedurableagainwithoutlosingitsproperties,products,localjobs,reducedThereisnosinglesolutionsteelisfundamentaltothecircularemissions,andtheconservationtoreducingGHGemissions.economy.ofrawmaterialsforfuturegenerations.CIRCULARECONOMYBENEFITSAdoptingcircularprinciplesiscrucialApplicationRailCo-productsRawtotacklingallweighttracksenvironmentalimpacts,includingnRawclimatechange.materialsEmissionsreductioREDFACTUREInnovationnservationEnergyCarrialscocomponentsmateUCEREUSEWasteWaterRECSteelEfficiencybeamsCarsMachinetoolsPackagingYCLEANUEnginesREMBuildingsWindturbinesJobsBridgesElectricmotorsroductsDurablep04Steel-thepermanentmaterialinthecirculareconomyReduceDecreasingtheamountofmaterial,energy,wasteandotherresourcesusedtocreatesteelandreducingtheweightofsteelusedinproducts.Integratingtheconceptofdoingmorewithless.ReduceinsteelapplicationsOverthepast50years,thesteelindustryInconstruction,substitutinghigh-hasinvestedinresearchandtechnologystrengthsteelsforregularsteelscantocreatenewgradesofadvancedandachieveaCO2reductionofaround30%ultra-high-strengthsteels.Thesegradesinsteelcolumnsandaround20%inhavereducedconsiderablytheweightofsteelbeamsduetothereducedtonnagemanysteelapplications.ofsteelproductsneededforthesamefunction.Optimisingtheweightofproductsisanintegralpartofacirculareconomy.Whetheritisawindturbine,Byreducingweight,theamountofrawconstructionpanel,avehicle,orasteelmaterialsandenergyusedtocreatethecan,theapplicationofhigh-strengthproductisdecreased,reducingpressuresteelsmeansthatlesssteelisrequiredtoonrawmaterials.providethesamestrengthandfunctionality.Thisalsohasaknock-Lighterweightapplicationswhichtakeoneffectbyreducingtheamountofadvantageofhigh-strengthsteels,suchothermaterialsrequired,forexampleasvehicles,alsoproducefeweremissionsinfoundations.Inaddition,theduringtheusephaseoftheirlife.developmentofbettercoatingsystemsresultsinanextendedservicelifeandhencereducedmaterialdemand.SharingeconomyInasharingeconomy,individualsrentgoodsratherthanownthem.Today,on-demandservices,suchasBlaBlaCarorDiDiinthecaseofmobility,arebecomingincreasinglyappealing.Bymaximisingtheutilityofoneunit(e.g.vehicle)produced,unnecessarymanufacturingcanbeavoidedleadingtoenergyandrawmaterialssavings.Steel’sdurability,strengthandenvironmentaladvantagesinproductshaveavitalroleinthisnew,moresustainableeconomy.Steel-thepermanentmaterialinthecirculareconomy05WEIGHTREDUCTIONBENEFITSJobcreationReduceduseinR&DofrawmaterialsReducedAutomotiveConstructionPackagingReducedemissionstransportimpactHigh-strengthsteelshaveledtoconsiderableweightreductioninawiderangeofapplications.ReducedenergyuseMaterialeciencyReduceduringsteelproductionSince1900theglobalsteelindustryhasrecycledover25billiontonnesofReplacingenergyproducedfromsteel.Thishasreducedironoreconsumptionbyaround33billiontonnes,asfossilfuelswithenergyproducedwellascuttingcoalconsumptionby16billiontonnes.byrenewablesourcesisbecomingincreasinglymoreimportantfortheTheindustryhasalsodramaticallyreducedtheuseofenergy.Producingonesteelindustry.tonneofsteeltodayrequiresjust40%oftheenergyitdidin1960.Overthesameperiod,steelproductionhasincreasednearlytentimes.AnotherareathatthesteelindustryanditscustomersareworkinghardWorldcrudesteelproductioninmilliontonnestoimproveisreducingtheyieldIndexedglobalenergyconsumption/tonneofcrudesteelproductionlossindownstreammanufacturingprocessesbyworkingtogetherwith2,000Mtitscustomers.100%1,800MtAcommondrivetodiminishthe90%1,600Mtpercentageofoffcuts,whichare80%1,400Mtthenre-meltedtomakenewsteel,70%1,200Mtwillleadtogreaterproductivity60%1000Mtaswellasenergyandresource50%800Mtsavings.40%600Mt30%19701980199020002010400Mt20%200Mt10%0Mt0%2020196006Steel-thepermanentmaterialinthecirculareconomyReducethroughmaterialefficiencyToday,materialefficiencyisanintegralpartofthemodernsteelmakingprocess.Ourgoalistouseallrawmaterialstotheirfullcapacity,ensuringzerowastefromsteelmaking.Thisambitionguaranteesthatalmosteveryco-productformedduringsteelmakingisusedinnewproducts.Thisapproachminimisestheamountofwastesenttolandfill,reducesemissions,andpreservesrawmaterials.Thesteelindustryproducesmorethan20differentco-products.Slagisaco-productofthesteelmakingprocesses(electricarcfurnace,blastfurnace,andbasicoxygenfurnace)andcanbeusedtomakearangeofproducts,includingcement,fertilisers,androadstone.Processgasesfromcoke,ironandsteelproductionaretypicallyusedwithinthesteelmakingplant,replacingsteamandelectricity,orexportedtothelocalgrid.Otherco-productssuchasdustareusedfortheirhighmetalliccontent.Waterisrecirculatedwithintheplant,especiallyforcoolingpurposes;around90%ofthewaterusedinsteelmakingiscleanedandeitherreusedorreturnedtoitssource.Thevaluableco-products,includingWasteisanotherareainwhichtheslag,dust,andprocessgasesaresteelindustryhasmadehugegainsfullyutilisedinotherapplicationsoverthepastdecades.Workingwithandindustries,avoidingtheuseofexternalpartners,theindustryhasprimarymaterialssuchascementbeenabletofindmarketsforaroundclinkerorelectricitygeneration.97%ofitssolidandliquidproductionwithonlya3%wastestream.Steel-thepermanentmaterialinthecirculareconomy07MaterialefficiencyinsteelproductionoutputSTEELPRODUCTIONOUTPUTCo-productsSLAG28%SteelDUSTCement69%PROCESSGASESFertilisersRoadstoneWasteOTHERCO-PRODUCTSAsphalt3%ZincIronElectricityHeatingPencilpitchFertilisersPlasticsPaintsThesteelindustryfindsmarketsforaround97%ofitssolidandliquidco-products.08Steel-thepermanentmaterialinthecirculareconomyReuseReuseisusinganobjectormaterialagain,eitherforitsoriginalpurposeorforasimilarpurpose,withoutsignificantlyalteringthephysicalformoftheobjectormaterial.ReuseinsteelThisallowsbothsmall-andlarge-scaleapplicationsproductstoberepurposedforanotherusequicklyandefficientlyoncetheirSteel’sdurabilityenablesmanyinitialuseisfulfilled.productstobereusedattheendoftheirlife.AswellasextendingtheHigh-speedrailtracks,forexample,product’slifespan,reuseavoidsthecanbedesignedsothatoncetheyhaveneedtotransportandre-meltthesteel,beenworntoacertainpointandarenoandtocreatenewproducts.Thishaslongerusableonhigh-speedlines,theysignificantadvantagesforthebecomesuitableforlow-speedtracks.environmentandmaximisestheuseofresources.Inafullycirculareconomy,thereuseofamanufacturedproductisconsideredintheearliestdesignphasesofitscreation.CargocontainersHousingHigh-speedLow-speedrailwaytrackrailwaytrackCable-stayedShort-spanbridgebridgeUSEANDREUSESteel-thepermanentmaterialinthecirculareconomy09USEReuseinbuildingsFUTURESchoolBuildingsareaprimeexampleofwheredesigningforreuseiscriticalifwearetoconserveresources.OfficeModulardesignusingsteelconstructionmethodsanddemountableconnections(screws,bolts)allowsbuildingstoberepurposedquicklyandcosteffectivelywithoutremanufacturing,asneedschange.Forexample,acommunitymightbuildaschooltomeettheneedsofagrowingpopulation.Ascommunityneedschange,theinternalwallscanberemovedtocreateopenspacessuitableforoffices.Decadeslatertheroomscanbere-dividedtocreateretirementunits.Integratingreuseintotheeconomypresentsarangeofnewopportunitiesforconsumersandsteelmakers.RetirementInourcurrentbusinessmodel,buildingsareHometypicallyconstructedwithnewsteelbeamsastheirqualityandstrengthisguaranteedbythesteelmaker.Inaneconomywherereuseiswellestablished,steelcompanieswillcontinuetoexaminenewbusinessmodelsandmayofferservicessuchastestingandrecertifyingusedbeamsbeforetheyarereused.Documentingthechainofcustodywillensurethepartscanbetrackedandthequalityguaranteed.Thisprovidesthebuilderwiththesafetyguaranteetheyrequire,low-costfastremodellingsolutionsforbuildingowners,andasourceofrevenueforthesteelmaker.10Steel-thepermanentmaterialinthecirculareconomyRemanufactureRemanufacturingisthestandardisedindustrialprocessofrestoringusedsteel-containingproductstoas-new.Remanufactureofsteel-containingproductsInatrulycirculareconomy,productsOncerecertified,theapplicationisthenwhichreachtheendoftheirlifeare‘as-new’andcancontinuetobeutilisedrestoredtoas-newconditioninaforlonger.processknownasremanufacturing.AkeylimitationtothegrowthofRemanufacturinginvolvestheremanufacturingisalackofawarenessdisassemblyofaproduct,duringwhichofandconfidenceinremanufacturedeachcomponentisthoroughlycleaned,products.Consumerswhoareusedexaminedfordamage,andeithertothe‘make,useanddispose’linearreconditionedorreplacedwithaneworeconomicmodel,commonindevelopedupgradedpart.economiesmaybereluctanttoadoptremanufacturedgoods.ThereisstillTheproductisthenreassembledandasignificantlackofawarenessofthetestedtoensureperformancetoatsocial,financialandenvironmentalleasttheoriginalspecification.Thebenefitsgeneratedbythisprocess.goalistorestoreanapplicationwhichcanbeofferedwithaguaranteethatisThesteelindustryenablesequivalenttoorbetterthanthatofthemanufacturerstodesigntheirproductsoriginalproduct.withdismantlingandremanufacturinginmind.Remanufacturingdiffersfromrepairing/refurbishing,whichisaprocesslimitedEnsuringthatcomponentsaremodular,tomakingtheproductoperationalasstandardised,andeasytoremoveopposedtothoroughlyrestoringit.meansthattheyaremorelikelytobeRemanufacturingisalreadyinplaceinrepairedorremanufactured.manyindustries,suchasconstructionandfarmmachinery,productionofSteelapplicationstruckandcarengines,electricalmotors,areparticularlydomesticappliances,andwindturbines.wellsuitedtoremanufacturing.Remanufacturingtakesadvantageofthedurabilityofsteelcomponents.Itguaranteesthattheenergyusedtocreatethecomponentsispreserved–asonlythefaultyorworncomponentsarereplacedorreconditioned.Steel-thepermanentmaterialinthecirculareconomy11USEEnd-of-lifeTestingRemanufacturingcansignificantlyextendthelifespanInspectionofsteel-usingproductsSkillesdwnitieudreaDisRemediationansassemblyseorkforceinlocalcommmblyExamplesofbenefits•Returnoninvestmentisincreasedsignificantly•25to50%cheaperforthecustomer•80%energysaving•Substantialconservationofrawmaterials12Steel-thepermanentmaterialinthecirculareconomyRecycleMeltingsteelscrapfromproductsattheendoftheirusefullifetocreatenewsteels.Recyclingaltersthephysicalformofthesteelobjectsothatanewapplicationcanbecreatedfromtherecycledmaterialwhilemaintainingtheinherentpropertiesoftheoriginalsteel.Steelrecycling:AttributesandbenefitsSteelhasbeenrecycledeversinceitwasThisincludespre-consumerscrapfromfirstmade.Allavailablesteelscrapismanufacturingandpost-consumerscraprecycled,overandoveragaintocreatefromsteelproductsattheendoftheirnewsteelproductsinaclosedusefullife.materialloop.AlthoughallavailablesteelscrapisRecycledsteelmaintainstheinherentrecycled,thereisnotenoughscrappropertiesoftheoriginalsteel.Theseavailabletomeetdemandforpropertiescanbemodifiedduringnewsteelproducts.thesteelmakingprocessorthroughmechanicalprocessestocreatethemanyWhilemanysteelproductssuchasthousandsofadvancedandcommoditypackagingandvehicleshaveashorttosteelgradesavailable.Thequalityofthemediumservicelife,large-scaleproductssteelproductcanalsobeimprovedonsuchasbuildingsandbridgesarerecycling.designedtolastfordecadesorcenturies.ThehighvalueofsteelscrapensuresInthefuture,allofthismaterialwillbetheeconomicviabilityofrecycling.Withrecycledtomeetourever-growingneeditsinherentmagneticproperties,steelforlow-carbonsteel.iseasyandaffordabletorecoverfromalmostanywastestream.Thisiswhysteelisthemostrecycledmaterialintheworld.Around680milliontonnes(Mt)ofsteelwererecycledin2021,avoidingoveronebilliontonnesofCO2emissionsthatwouldhavebeenemittedfromtheproductionofvirginsteel.Steel-thepermanentmaterialinthecirculareconomy13Steelis100%recyclable.14Steel-thepermanentmaterialinthecirculareconomyEarthManufacturingPost-coPre-consumerrecyclingUSEIn2021,680milliontonnesnsuofsteelwererecycledmerrecyclingSteelattributesBenefitsofsteelrecyclingInfiniteRawmaterialsOnetonneofsteelrecyclingconservationrecycledsaveswithoutlossonaverage:ofproperties•1,400kgironone•740kgcoal•120kglimestonePermanent70%RecyclingasinglematerialEnergysavingsteelcansaves:•1laundryload,or•1hourTV,or•24hoursofa10wattLEDbulbEasymagneticJobcreationJobsrequiredseparationforscrapcollection,andrecoveryseparationandrecyclingTheWorldSteelAssociation(worldsteel)isoneofthelargestandmostdynamicindustryassociationsintheworld,withmembersineverymajorsteel-producingcountry.worldsteelrepresentssteelproducers,nationalandregionalsteelindustryassociations,andsteelresearchinstitutes.Membersrepresentaround85%ofglobalsteelproduction.©WorldSteelAssociation2023Design:MakeAlias.comSteel-thepermanentmaterialinthecirculareconomy15Steelisinfinitelyrecyclable.
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