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Ecosystems of Hope

Maricé Leal and Mark D Spalding

Cartography by Kate Longley-Wood with: Toby An,

Dominic Andradi-Brown, Yasmin Arquiza, Emma Barnes,

Mark Beeston, Sophie Benbow, Anete Berzina-Rodrigo,

Nadia Bood, Chris Brown, Pete Bunting, Clint Cameron,

Steven Canty, Emma Cummings-Krueger, Farid Dahdouh-

Guebas, Arin de Hoog, Alison Debney, María Claudia

Díazgranados, Karen Douthwaite, Yasmine Gatt, Leah

Glass, María José González-Bernat, Emily Goodwin, Ajay

Govale, Kerry Grimm, James Hardcastle, Tom Hengl,

Lammert Hilarides, Swati Hingorani, Jennifer Howard,

Vannhi Huynh, Kathiresan Kandasamy, Kate Kincaid,

Emily Landis, Joe Shing Yip Lee, Kate Longley-Wood,

Valeria López Portillo, Catherine Lovelock, Richard Lucas,

Mazzella Maniwavie, Enrico Marone, Stephen Martinelli,

Tania Maxwell, Laura Michie, Nicholas Murray, Gilbert

Muvunankiko, Emily Owen, Leandro Parente, Maria

Potouroglou, Jurgenne Primavera, Maksudur Rahman,

J. Alexandra Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Sarai Rodríguez,

Victoria Romero, Ake Rosenqvist, Carole Saint-Laurent,

Alix Sauve, Lisa Schindler Murray, Christopher Sheridan,

Paula Cristina Sierra-Correa, Lindsey Smart, Neil Stein,

Hilary Stevens, Leo Thom, Bara Top, Marcos Valderrábano,

Celine van Bijsterveldt, Rowana Walton, Elizabeth Wamba,

Dominic Wodehouse, Thomas Worthington, Martin

Zimmer, Philine zu Ermgassen

Map credits

Administrative boundaries used in the basemaps are

provided by GADM (Global Administrative Areas)

version 3.6.

The Global Mangrove Alliance

The Global Mangrove Alliance is currently coordinated

by members Conservation International, The International

Union for the Conservation of Nature,

The Nature Conservancy, Wetlands International and

World Wildlife Fund.

Special thanks are offered to the UN Climate Convention

High Level Champions Mr. Nigel Topping and Dr. Mahmoud

Mohieldin, and to the following funders:

The designations employed and the presentation of

material in this work do not imply the expression of

any opinion on the part of the Global Mangrove

Alliance or any of its members concerning the legal status

of any country, territory, or area or of its authorities, or

concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

Suggested Citation: Leal, Maricé and Spalding, Mark D

(editors), 2022 The State of the World’s Mangroves 2022.

Global Mangrove Alliance.

Cover image: Persian Gulf, Iran

Designed and produced by Yoke www.yokedesign.studio

For further information:

www.mangrovealliance.org and

www.globalmangrovewatch.org

Contact:

contact@mangrovealliance.org

membership@mangrovealliance.org

Contents

1 Introduction 01–14

1.1 Foreword

1.2 Executive summary

1.3 Setting the scene

2 The state of mangroves 15–42

2.1 The world of mangroves

2.2 Changes & losses

2.3 Beyond the forests

2.4 Storing carbon

2.5 Mangrove sheries

2.6 Assessing the threat to mangroves

4 Progress and policy 63–82

4.1 Mangrove recognition on the world stage

4.2 The role of mangroves in climate & biodiversity

4.3 Progress in protection

4.4 Global Mangrove Watch

4.5 GMA national chapters

5 Meet our members 83–90

6 Final words 91–92

3 A focus on restoration 43–62

3.1 Restoration opportunities

3.2 Restoration guidelines

3.3 Tools for scaling & success

3.4 Including local ecological knowledge in mangrove

conservation & restoration

The State of the World’s Mangroves 2022

The State of the World’s Mangroves 2022 Introduction

1.1

Foreword

Prepared by the High Level Champions appointed under UN Climate Convention:

Building resilience to climate change

Healthy mangrove ecosystems are critical for global climate action – playing a key role in

carbon storage and in building resilience to a rapidly warming world.

Mangroves stabilize coastlines, reduce erosion, foster biodiversity growth and protect

coastal communities by building their adaptive capacity and making them more resilient

to the impacts of climate change, such as sea-level rise, storms and coastal erosion,

Mangroves prevent more than US$65 billion in property damages and reduce ood risk

to some 15 million people every year.

Beyond coastal protection, mangroves also help secure livelihoods and food security for

communities around the world. They provide a critical home and breeding ground for

sea creatures such as sh, oysters crabs and shrimps.

Additionally, mangroves sequester carbon at up to four times the rate of terrestrial

forests, making them indispensable allies in the race to a net zero world. The return

of restorable areas could support sequestration and ensure the maintenance of 0.35

gigatonnes (350 million megagrams) of carbon, stored in both aboveground biomass

and soil carbon.

There is a need for acceleration

Despite some progress in recent years, actions must

be scaled up to turn the tide on conserving and restoring

these vital trees to put a stop to severe depletion of

mangrove forests.

To contribute to delivering on the goals set by the

Race to Zero and Race to Resilience, we are committed

to mobilize action that supports the work of the Global

Mangrove Alliance (GMA) to ensure that mangrove

conservation, restoration and management is delivered

at pace and at scale.

The GMA, a Partner of the Race to Resilience, represents

a remarkable worldwide collaboration between NGOs,

governments, academics and communities, sharing

information, experience, opportunities and funding in

order to accelerate action on conservation and restoring

mangroves beyond what any one country or organization

can do alone. The GMA is a catalyst for accelerating

change and building a host of opportunities for coastal

communities and biodiversity around the planet.

The UN Climate Change High Level Champions are

working closely with the GMA as we approach COP27.

Our aim is to raise global ambition on mangrove

conservation and, in particular, to unlock public, private

and philanthropic nance, at scale, that complements

state action on the conservation and restoration of

mangrove ecosystems.

Evidence to compel stakeholders to act

Last year, the GMA released the inaugural State of the

World’s Mangroves report. This year, the report provides

an update on continued progress as well as new research

and tools. Once again, the GMA has brought together

leading experts in mangroves and climate to provide a

clear vision and path to put mangroves at the forefront

of climate adaptation and mitigation actions.

Although covering a relatively small area of our planet,

the report outlines the mammoth potential of mangroves,

not only on a global scale, but in their signicance for

people and entire communities that depend on them.

The science and gures in this report provide undeniable

evidence that we hope will compel stakeholders to

act immediately and mobilize capital where current

commitments fall short.

This scientic report is clear: if we want to implement

the promises made at COP26 and raise the level of

ambition to meet the Paris Agreement, we must look

to mangroves. The adaptive capacity and resilience of

millions of people living on the coasts depend on it.

Mangroves

stabilize coastlines,

reduce erosion, foster

biodiversity growth

and protect coastal

communities.

Nigel Topping

(COP26 High Level Climate Champion)

Dr. Mahmoud Mohieldin

(COP27 High Level Climate Champion)

The State of the World’s Mangroves 2022

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EcosystemsofHopeTheStateoftheWorld’sMangroves2022IntroductionTheStateoftheWorld’sMangroves2022ContentsMaricéLealandMarkDSpaldingMapcredits1Introduction01–144Progressandpolicy63–82CartographybyKateLongley-Woodwith:TobyAn,Administrativeboundariesusedinthebasemapsare1.1Foreword4.1MangroverecognitionontheworldstageDominicAndradi-Brown,YasminArquiza,EmmaBarnes,providedbyGADM(GlobalAdministrativeAreas)1.2ExecutivesummaryMarkBeeston,SophieBenbow,AneteBerzina-Rodrigo,version3.6.1.3Settingthescene4.2Theroleofmangrovesinclimate&biodiversityNadiaBood,ChrisBrown,PeteBunting,ClintCameron,StevenCanty,EmmaCummings-Krueger,FaridDahdouh-TheGlobalMangroveAlliance4.3ProgressinprotectionGuebas,ArindeHoog,AlisonDebney,MaríaClaudiaDíazgranados,KarenDouthwaite,YasmineGatt,LeahTheGlobalMangroveAllianceiscurrentlycoordinated4.4GlobalMangroveWatchGlass,MaríaJoséGonzález-Bernat,EmilyGoodwin,AjaybymembersConservationInternational,TheInternationalGovale,KerryGrimm,JamesHardcastle,TomHengl,UnionfortheConservationofNature,2Thestateofmangroves15–424.5GMAnationalchaptersLammertHilarides,SwatiHingorani,JenniferHoward,TheNatureConservancy,WetlandsInternationalandVannhiHuynh,KathiresanKandasamy,KateKincaid,WorldWildlifeFund.2.1Theworldofmangroves5Meetourmembers83–90EmilyLandis,JoeShingYipLee,KateLongley-Wood,2.2Changes&lossesValeriaLópezPortillo,CatherineLovelock,RichardLucas,SpecialthanksareofferedtotheUNClimateConvention2.3Beyondtheforests6Finalwords91–92MazzellaManiwavie,EnricoMarone,StephenMartinelli,HighLevelChampionsMr.NigelToppingandDr.Mahmoud2.4StoringcarbonTaniaMaxwell,LauraMichie,NicholasMurray,GilbertMohieldin,andtothefollowingfunders:2.5MangrovefisheriesMuvunankiko,EmilyOwen,LeandroParente,Maria2.6AssessingthethreattomangrovesPotouroglou,JurgennePrimavera,MaksudurRahman,ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofJ.AlexandraRodríguez-Rodríguez,SaraiRodríguez,materialinthisworkdonotimplytheexpressionofVictoriaRomero,AkeRosenqvist,CaroleSaint-Laurent,anyopiniononthepartoftheGlobalMangroveAlixSauve,LisaSchindlerMurray,ChristopherSheridan,AllianceoranyofitsmembersconcerningthelegalstatusPaulaCristinaSierra-Correa,LindseySmart,NeilStein,ofanycountry,territory,orareaorofitsauthorities,orHilaryStevens,LeoThom,BaraTop,MarcosValderrábano,concerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.CelinevanBijsterveldt,RowanaWalton,ElizabethWamba,DominicWodehouse,ThomasWorthington,MartinZimmer,PhilinezuErmgassen©IUCN,MangrovesfortheFutureSuggestedCitation:Leal,MaricéandSpalding,MarkD(editors),2022TheStateoftheWorld’sMangroves2022.GlobalMangroveAlliance.Coverimage:PersianGulf,Iran3Afocusonrestoration43–62©SaeedHadipoorsalestani,TNCPhotoContestDesignedandproducedbyYokewww.yokedesign.studio3.1RestorationopportunitiesForfurtherinformation:3.2Restorationguidelineswww.mangrovealliance.organd3.3Toolsforscaling&successwww.globalmangrovewatch.org3.4IncludinglocalecologicalknowledgeinmangroveContact:conservation&restorationcontact@mangrovealliance.orgmembership@mangrovealliance.orgTheStateoftheWorld’sMangroves2022ThereisaneedforaccelerationMangrovesstabilizecoastlines,1.1Despitesomeprogressinrecentyears,actionsmustreduceerosion,fosterbescaleduptoturnthetideonconservingandrestoringbiodiversitygrowthForewordthesevitaltreestoputastoptoseveredepletionofandprotectcoastalmangroveforests.PreparedbytheHighLevelChampionsappointedunderUNClimateConvention:communities.TocontributetodeliveringonthegoalssetbytheNigelToppingDr.MahmoudMohieldinRacetoZeroandRacetoResilience,wearecommittedAlthoughcoveringarelativelysmallareaofourplanet,tomobilizeactionthatsupportstheworkoftheGlobalthereportoutlinesthemammothpotentialofmangroves,(COP26HighLevelClimateChampion)(COP27HighLevelClimateChampion)MangroveAlliance(GMA)toensurethatmangrovenotonlyonaglobalscale,butintheirsignificanceforconservation,restorationandmanagementisdeliveredpeopleandentirecommunitiesthatdependonthem.Buildingresiliencetoclimatechangeatpaceandatscale.ThescienceandfiguresinthisreportprovideundeniableevidencethatwehopewillcompelstakeholderstoHealthymangroveecosystemsarecriticalforglobalclimateaction–playingakeyroleinTheGMA,aPartneroftheRacetoResilience,representsactimmediatelyandmobilizecapitalwherecurrentcarbonstorageandinbuildingresiliencetoarapidlywarmingworld.aremarkableworldwidecollaborationbetweenNGOs,commitmentsfallshort.governments,academicsandcommunities,sharingMangrovesstabilizecoastlines,reduceerosion,fosterbiodiversitygrowthandprotectinformation,experience,opportunitiesandfundinginThisscientificreportisclear:ifwewanttoimplementcoastalcommunitiesbybuildingtheiradaptivecapacityandmakingthemmoreresilientordertoaccelerateactiononconservationandrestoringthepromisesmadeatCOP26andraisetheleveloftotheimpactsofclimatechange,suchassea-levelrise,stormsandcoastalerosion,mangrovesbeyondwhatanyonecountryororganizationambitiontomeettheParisAgreement,wemustlookMangrovespreventmorethanUS$65billioninpropertydamagesandreducefloodriskcandoalone.TheGMAisacatalystforacceleratingtomangroves.Theadaptivecapacityandresilienceoftosome15millionpeopleeveryyear.changeandbuildingahostofopportunitiesforcoastalmillionsofpeoplelivingonthecoastsdependonit.communitiesandbiodiversityaroundtheplanet.Beyondcoastalprotection,mangrovesalsohelpsecurelivelihoodsandfoodsecurityforcommunitiesaroundtheworld.TheyprovideacriticalhomeandbreedinggroundforTheUNClimateChangeHighLevelChampionsareseacreaturessuchasfish,oysterscrabsandshrimps.workingcloselywiththeGMAasweapproachCOP27.OuraimistoraiseglobalambitiononmangroveAdditionally,mangrovessequestercarbonatuptofourtimestherateofterrestrialconservationand,inparticular,tounlockpublic,privateforests,makingthemindispensablealliesintheracetoanetzeroworld.Thereturnandphilanthropicfinance,atscale,thatcomplementsofrestorableareascouldsupportsequestrationandensurethemaintenanceof0.35stateactionontheconservationandrestorationofgigatonnes(350millionmegagrams)ofcarbon,storedinbothabovegroundbiomassmangroveecosystems.andsoilcarbon.EvidencetocompelstakeholderstoactLastyear,theGMAreleasedtheinauguralStateoftheWorld’sMangrovesreport.Thisyear,thereportprovidesanupdateoncontinuedprogressaswellasnewresearchandtools.Onceagain,theGMAhasbroughttogetherleadingexpertsinmangrovesandclimatetoprovideaclearvisionandpathtoputmangrovesattheforefrontofclimateadaptationandmitigationactions.12TheStateoftheWorld’sMangroves2022Haltinglossmeansbringinglossestozeroby2030,equatingto168km2ofavoidedlossofmangroves.1.2Restoringhalfreferstotherecordedlosses(since1996),andequatestosome4,092km2ofrestoration.ExecutivesummaryDoublingprotectionreferstotheareaofmangrovesthatMangrovesandcoralreefsinaremanagedinprotectedareasorhaveequivalentlevelsTanzania,criticalresourcesforEcosystemsworthinvestinginofprotection,equatingtoafurther40%ofmangroves,coastalpeoples©MarkSpaldingor61,000km2securedforalong-termfutureby2030.Mangrovesarenowwidelyvalued,fortheirbiodiversityandfortheircontributiontohumansociety,bothlocallyandglobally.TheGlobalMangroveAlliance(GMA)isstrivingThestateofmangrovestoincreasevisibilityoftheseessentialecosystemsandtosetambitiousgoalsfortheirconservationandrestoration.CentraltothisreportarethenewlycompletedglobalLossesarelikelydrivenbyacombinationofdirectOurinauguralpublication,TheStateoftheWorld’sMangroves2021highlightedmapsfromtheGlobalMangroveWatch(GMW)team,humanimpactssuchasclearanceandconversion,butremarkablenewscienceanddescribedcriticalpolicyapproachesandon-the-groundofferingmoreextensiveandmorereliablemapsthanalsobyhardertomanagechangesdrivenbyerosionoractionsformangroveconservation.InsodoingithelpedtoincreaseGMAmembership,before,updatedto2020.Thenewmapsshow147,000km2inundationorstorms.tocatalyzefurtherconservationactivities,andtounlocknewfundingopportunitiesforofmangrovesglobally,anapparentincreaseonpreviousmangroverestoration.Thisyear,ourreporthighlightstheGMAmembersanddescribesestimates,butbasedonimprovedmapsratherthanDevelopingabettermeasureofthethreatstotherevisedgoalsofourAlliance.Wedescribeimportantnewresearchfindingsandrealgains.mangrovesindifferentplacesprovidesatoolforpolicydevelopments.Wealsoshineaspotlightonmangroverestoration,includingeffectivemanagement,andsotherearegrowingmovesresearch,tools,andstoriesfromthefield.ThesamemapsallowchangestobedetectedovertodevelopthreatcategorizationsundertheframeworkTheGlobalMangroveAlliancehasgeneratedarevisedgoalfor2030,toensurethetime.Theyindicatelossesof11,700km2since1996,oftheIUCNRedListofEcosystems(RLE).Inthisreportwelong-termsecurityofmangrovesandthepeoplewhodependonthem.Itcanbebutalsoconsiderablegains,mainlyinrivermouthsandhighlightwherethisapproachhasalreadybeenappliedsummarizedinsixwords:deltas,leadingtoanestimateofnetlosssince1996oftomangrovesfromcontinentaltolocalscales,andwe5,245km2.Ratesoflosshavealsogreatlydiminished,highlightthecallsforaglobalassessment.Haltloss,restorehalf,doubleprotection.withaveragedlossesoverthelastdecadeofjust66km2or0.04%ofallmangrovesperyear.Thedynamicnatureofmangrovesisalsohighlightedby3independentresearchonGlobalTidalWetlandsChangewhichhaslookedatchangeovertimeinmangroves,mudflats,andtidalmarshes.Inmanycasesapparentlossesofoneparticularecosystemrepresenttransitionstoanotherecosystem.Recognizingtheinterconnectedness,indeedtheinterdependence,ofcoastalecosystemsmaygreatlyhelpourabilitytomanagethemmoreholistically,andtoincreasetheirresilience.MangrovesofCentralandNorthThenewmangrovemapsprovideabaselineforAmericafromtheGMWonlineportalupdatedmodelsofcarbonstorageinbothabovegroundbiomassandmangrovesoil.Theseupdatesconfirmtheimportanceofmangrovesascarbonstoreswhile4TheStateoftheWorld’sMangroves2022highlightingtheenormousspatialvariationinthisvalue.TheGMWmapadecisiontreestructure.BroadlyithighlightsthreeTheyhavealsobeenusedtoshowthatrestorationofhasbeenthebasiskeystages:pre-implementation(funding,planningandlossessince1996couldsafeguardcarboninsoilandandstartingpointofidentifyinggoals),implementation(usingbestpractices,abovegroundbiomassequivalentto1.27gigatonsofCO2.muchoftheanalysesandtargetinglocalneeds),andpost-implementationthathaveprovidedus(monitoringandlearning).Anotherkeybenefitfrommangrovesistheproductionsuchvaluableinsightsofcommerciallyimportantfish,crustaceansandmolluscs.Inparalleltotheseguidelines,otherGMAsupportedLastyear’sreporthighlightedthat4.1millionfishersintotheworldofworkisdevelopingaMangroveRestorationTrackerdependonmangroves.Inanewmodelpresentedhere,mangroves.Tool(MRTT).Withinputfromover80practitionersanditisestimatedthatmangrovessupporttheproductionofscientists,thistoolwillencourageandsupportrestorationnearly600billionyoungofshrimpandfishspecies,practitionerstotrackvitalinformationacrossthelifetimeaswellas100billionindividualsofcrabsandbivalves.ofaproject.Itwillfurtherenablelearningandinformationexchangebetweenpractitioners,facilitatingAfocusonrestorationthescalingupofrestorationeffortstomeetambitiousglobaltargets.Asidefromprotectingmangroves,restorationEqually,restorationisnotalwayseasy,althoughprovidesanopportunitytoregainlostbenefitstocoastalourunderstandingonhowtorestorehasCattleegret,Jamaica©TimCalvercommunitiesandbeyond.Notalllostmangrovesaregreatlyimproved.restorable:somelieinareaswherethethreatscannotAnotherprojectsupportedbytheGMAwillbeabereversed.ThenewmapofmangroverestorationpotentialsetofguidelinestosupporttheutilizationofLocaldescribedherebuildsontheGMWextentandEcologicalKnowledge(LEK)inmangroveconservation4.1millionfishersbenefitfromthechangemaps,identifyingallareasoflossfrom1996andrestoration.Localpeoplesoftenhaveadeepproductionofbillionsofyoungfisheachyearto2020,andfromthesedeterminingthoseareasunderstandingandanunparalleledhistoricalknowledgeinthemangroves.AcehProvince,Indonesiathatarerestorable,atotalof8,183km2,withparticularoftheirmangroves,andcanprovidevitallocalcontextto©JunaidiHanafiah,TNCPhotoContestconcentrationsofsuchareasinSoutheastAsia.researchonanimals,plants,andinteractionsbetweenhumansandtheenvironment.Themodelfurtherpresentsa“restorability”scoredeterminedbythelikelyeaseofrestorationintheseProgressandpolicyareas,and,usingtheothermodels,enablesthepredictionoflikelybenefitsofrestorationintermsThedeterminationtosafeguardmangrovesisgrowingatofcarbonandfisheriesbenefits.alllevelsfrominternationaltolocal.CoastalecosystemsarecentralinmanyglobalforumssuchastherecentRestorationeffortshavefailedinmanyplaces,butGlasgowClimatePactand2022UNOceanConference.suchfailuresareusuallypreventableifscience-basedReliable,broad-scalescienceofthetypedescribedheremethodsareimplemented.TheGMA,togetherwithprovidesabedrockandabaselineinencouragingandtheInternationalBlueCarbonInitiative,iscurrentlysupportingsuchpolicydevelopment.developingaguideformangroverestorationfeaturing6MangroveseedlingsreadyforarestorationprojectinHaiti©TimCalver5TheStateoftheWorld’sMangroves2022Atthesametime,allpracticalimplementationofTheGMAisanofficialimplementinginitiativeoftheAnothernewfeaturewillsoonallowuserstoLocalknowledgeformangroveconservationandrestorationdependsUNDecadeonEcosystemRestoration,workingtoraisedrawaroundareasofinterestandtogeneratemangroverestorationonactionontheground,andlegalframeworksandambitiononmangroverestorationandtrackandmonitorassociatedstatistics,openingthedoorformanagementapproachesmustbetailoredtoalocalprogressthroughtheGlobalMangroveWatch.monitoringofspecificprojectsites.ElizabethWamba(WetlandsInternational)context.Heretoo,thesupportiveworkoftheGMA,inprovidingtools,modelsandcase-studiesisvitalinTheGMAisalsosupportingmoreambitiousgoalsTheGMAcontinuestobearapidlygrowingTheMatondoniTarazakWomen’sGroupinenablingplanning,implementation,andreporting.formangroveprotection.Almost42%oftheworld’sallianceofkeypartnersandpractitioners,LamuCounty,Kenyaestablishedamangrovemangrovesarealreadyinprotectedareas,buttheirenablingremarkableworkforthefutureofnurseryin2021.AlthoughtheyhavesoldSoonwewillbeenteringtheUNFCCCGlobalStocktakevalueisenoughtomeritstrongercommitments.Theremangrovesatallscales.Matchingthisgrowth,seedlingsforrestorationtotwostakeholders,process,wherebycountrieswillreportontheirprogressarealsodisparities:someimportantmangrovecountriestheGMAhasdevelopedanewinitiative,theyknowthatthisalonewillnotguaranteetowardsmeetingtheirgoalstowardsachievingtheParisprotectinglessthan5%oftheirmangroves,andsomewiththecreationofNationalGMAChapterssuccessfulrestoration.Agreementandwherenewambitionsmaybeset.SeveralexistingprotectedareasarepoorlymanagedandfailtothatbringtogetherGMAmembersandlocalGMAmemberswereinvolvedindevelopingaguidancepreventmangrovelossanddegradation.partnersonthegroundininterestedcountries.Trainingisessentialtohelpclarifydocumenttohelpcountriestranslatehowocean-relevantThecollectivevoiceofaGMAnationalchaptermisconceptionsaboutmangroverestoration.actionscancontributetotheStocktakeprocess.Similarly,FutureambitionfromtheGMAtodoubleprotectioncanhavemoreinfluenceonnationalandlocalWorkingwiththeMangroveActionProjecttheGMAhasbeenapartnerindevelopingaguidanceincludestheneedtorecognizeandincludeOtherEffectivepolicies,aswellasalargerimpactthroughandWetlandsInternational,theWomen’sGroupdocumentformangroveinclusionintothePost-2020Area-BasedConservationMeasures(OECMs)thatcanjointstrategiesandprojects,andincreasedhaveundergonetraininginCommunity-BasedGlobalBiodiversityFramework.offerdefactoprotectionalongsidemoretraditionalopportunitiesforfundraising.ThenationalEcologicalMangroveRestoration(CBEMR)protectedareas.chaptersalsobenefitfromaccesstotheGMAtechniques.ThesehelpenhancebiophysicalandTwomajorUNDecadesrunthrough2030:theUNresourcesandteamofexperts.socioeconomicconditions,andthenallownatureDecadeonEcosystemRestorationandtheotheronTheonlineGMWplatformisbeingcontinuallyimprovedtodotherest.ThismethodhelpstooptimizeOceanScienceforSustainableDevelopment.tosupportallthoseinterestedinmangroves,andMangrovesarevitalecosystems.Inthisreviewspecies-to-sitematching,leadingtobetternewtoolshavebeendevelopedthatmayaidpolicyweoffermultiplepointsofhope:decliningrestorationoutcomes.Seethefullstoryhere.developmentandtrackingprogress.Inrelationtothelosses,betterunderstandingofvalues,avisionGlobalStocktakeprocess,forexample,userscannowforrestoration,growingpoliticalcommitments,Image:AbdulrahmanLalicheckingsalinitylevelsseewhichprotectedareasintheircountriescontainandeverstrongerpartnershipsandalliances.asMwanahamisiJillolooksonmangroves,andthisdatacanbepairedwiththechangeandlossdata.Thetidehasyettoturn,butwebelieveitwill.8Thebenefitswillbeglobal,andtheywillreachTheforthcomingClimateandPolicyDashboardwillalsobeyondmangroves–supportingthegrowingdisplaypolicydata,illustratinghowmangroverestorationeffortstohaltirreversibleclimatechange,andandconservationcouldhelpindividualcountriestomeetthewiderbiodiversitycrisis.Itisessentialtokeypolicygoals.Thiswillincludealistofthecountries’maintainthemomentumandtokeepgrowingNDCtargetsformitigationandadaptation,alongsideoureffortsandcollaborations.Togetherweareinformationonthemitigationpotentialofdifferentmakinggreatstrides.managementactions.TheplatformalsoincludesaMangroveTreeSpecieswidgetshowingthemangrovespeciesnativetoeachcountry.MangroveSideEventatCOP23inBonn©DominikKetz7TheStateoftheWorld’sMangroves2022Introduction1.3UnitedforconservationStrand1:HaltLossSettingRecognisingboththeirimportanceandtheirRatesofmangroveslosshavealreadyslowedthesceneresilience,communities,governments,socialnetworks,considerablyinrecentyears.Thispresentsanopportuneandnon-profitsareincreasinglyinvestinginthemomenttoraiseourambition.WhilewecanaspiretoMarkSpalding(TNC)opportunitiesthatmangrovespresent.haltalllosses,ourtargetreferstodirect,andthereforeMariceLeal(TNC)directlymanageable,human-drivenloss.UnitingmanyoftheseeffortsistheGlobalMangroveEcosystemsofhopeAlliance,aremarkableworldwidecollaborationunitingItisestimatedthathuman-drivenlossrepresents62%NGOswithgovernments,academicsandcommunitiesoftotallosses1.Overthedecadefrom2010to2020,someInthisrapidlychangingworld,mangrovesareecosystemsofhope.Whilerecenthistorybysharinginformation,experience,opportunities600km2ofmangroveswerelost,andwecanestimatethathasseenvastlosses,impactingmillionsofpeopleandlargeareasofcriticalbiodiversity,andfunding.373km2ofthiswasduetodirecthumanimpacts.thingsarechanging.Ratesofmangrovelosshavedecreaseddramatically,whileourknowledgeoftheirTheGMArepresentsaphase-shiftinconservationTobringsuchlossestozeroby2030weneedtostarttovalueandimportancehasshiftedfromabroadsenseofimportancetoaveryrealopportunitiesformangroves.Withourglobalvision,reducelossratesnow.Assumingalinearrateofreductionandquantifiedinventory.Mangrovesarenotonlyplacesofgreatbeautyofferingweareprovidingacatalystforacceleratingchangeandinhumandrivenlosses,thiswouldsaveapproximatelyopportunitiesforsolaceoradventuretolocalpeoplesandtravellers,theyarealsobuildingahostofopportunitiesforcoastalpeoplesand168km2bytheendof2030.fishfactories,carbonstoresandseawalls.biodiversityaroundtheworld.Now,over40%ofremainingmangrovesareformallyprotectedforconservationGoalforavoidedloss:purposes,andeffortstorestoremangroveshavesurged,alongwiththetoolsandTheGlobalMangroveAlliance–knowledgetosupportsuchrestorationefforts.agoalforthefutureofmangroves168km2by2030Mangrovesarealsoremarkablyresilientandopportunistic.Givetheseecosystemshalfachanceandthey’lltakeit–rapidlysettlingonnewlydepositedcoastalIn2022,theGMAreviseditsGoal,anambitiousplanforSomeofthehighestlossescomefromSoutheastAsia,settlements,orrecolonizingformerstrongholdswhenevertheyareturningthetablesontheworld’smangroves.Theplanandtheseareaswillpresentconsiderablechallenges.Atre-connectedtotheshiftingtides.containsthreecriticalstrandstobeachievedby2030:thesametime,theyrepresentsomeofthemostdiversemangroveecosystemsonEarth,actingasrichproviders91.Haltloss.Reducenetmangrovelossesdrivenbytocoastalpopulations.directhumanactionstozeroWhilethisgoalfocusesonpreventingfurtherdirectloss,2.Restorehalf.Putbackmangrovestocoveratleastinrecognizingthatmangrovesaredynamicecosystems,halfofallrecentlosswealsodrawattentiontothepossibilityofmakingfurthergainsasmangrovesnaturallycolonizenewlocations2.3.Doubleprotection.Ensurelong-termsecureAnysuchgainsofferadditionalitytothegainsmadeprotectionisincreasedfrom40%to80%ofbyhaltinglossesofremainingcover.remainingmangrovesAchievingthesegoalswillgenerateconsiderablebenefitsforpeopleacrosstheplanet,whilenewandongoingstudiesbyGMApartnersandresearchersareallowingustoconstantlyimproveourabilitytoassessthese.1Goldberg,L.,D.Lagomasino,N.Thomas,andT.Fatoyinbo.2020.Globaldeclinesinhuman-drivenmangroveloss.GlobalChangeBiology26:5844–5855.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gcb.152752D.Lagomasino,T.Fatoyinbo,S.Lee,E.Feliciano,C.Trettin,A.Shapiro,M.M.Mangora,Measuringmangrovecarbonlossandgainindeltas,EnvironmentalResearchLetters14(2)(2019)025002.10.1088/1748-9326/aaf0de.10LocalmentendmangroveseedlingsinanurseryattheRioStrand3:Doubleprotection…andinreturnPlatanoBiosphereReserve,Honduras.©NicoleBalloffetWith42%oftheworld’smangrovescurrentlyinprotectedMangrovesareprovidersoffood,security,areas,mangrovesarealreadywellcoveredcomparedtoincome,andleisurebenefits,whilealsohostingmanyotherecosystems.However,theurgencytohaltvaststocksofcarbon,actingashighlyeffectivealllossisfundamental.Oneofthekeyapproachestocarbonsinks.preventfurtherlossistheincorporationofmangrovesintopermanentformsofprotection.TheseincludeWhenconsideringthechallengesofhaltingtraditionalprotectedareas,butalsoOtherEffectivelossesandrestoringvastareasitisvaluableArea-basedConservationMeasures(OECMs),whichtothinkofthebenefitsthatwillcomefromcouldencompassindigenouslandsandareasofmeetingtheGMAgoals.sustainableusewheremangrovesareprotectedfromclear-fellingandconversion.Ifweassumeglobalaveragevalues,theavoidedlossof168km2oflossby2030will:Strand2:RestoreHalfGoalfordoublingprotection:Managingmangroves,•Avoid0.026gTCO2emissions3fromSenegaltoBeninOver11,700km2ofmangroveshavebeenlostsinceSecureafurther1996,theyearthatsetsthebaselineforourdefinition61,000km2under•Securethecontinuedsupplyof800,000,000BaraTop(IUCN)of“recent”loss.HowevernotallofthesemangrovesconservationcommerciallyimportantfishandshellfishThePAPBioEUfunded‘Mangroveforestarerestorable:weexcludeareasthathavechangedtomeasureseveryyearmanagementfromSenegaltoBenin’projectopenwaterorurbanuseaseffectivelyunrestorable.isworkingin9coastalcountriesinWestAfrica,RestorationimpactsarenotimmediateandledbyIUCNwithWetlandsInternationalandApproximately8,183km2areconsideredrestorablebenefitsaccrueasrestoredsystemsmature.5Deltasasimplementingpartners.andthegoalseekstorestorehalfofthisareaby2030.OurvisionforbenefitsisthusaprojectedvisionTheprojecthasprovidedsmallgrants–Thisisadeeplyambitiousgoal.Eventhoughthetargetwhereweestimatethattherestorationofatotalof€10m–tolocalpartnersformangroveexcludeseffectivelyunrestorableareas,thechallenge4,092km2ofmangrovewill:restoration,alternativelivelihoodsandtraining.ofrestorationintheremainingareasislikelytobeInaddition,theprojectpromotesdraftinghighlyvariable.•Avoidfurtheremissionsfromsoilandorrevisionofcoastalprotectedareaswitheventuallyleadtothesecuringofcombinedmangroves,andorganizesexchangevisitsGoalforrestoration:biomassandsoilcarbonofsome0.635gTbetweenstakeholders,culturalvisitsandCO2equiveducationalevents.4,092km2by2030•ProvideadditionalhabitatwhichwillImage:MangrovesinSaloumDelta,SenegalNewworkbyWorthingtonandcolleagues(seesectiongenerateover25billioncommerciallyPhoto:LammertHilarides3.1)nonethelessshowsthatthereisenormouspotentialimportantfishandshellfisheveryyearforrestoration,bothbyestimatingtherestorability,and12byhighlightingtheconsiderablesidebenefitsforlocal3Thenumbersforcarbonaresimpletotalsofcarbonthatpopulationsandtheglobalcommunity.wouldbecontainedinmangroveecosystems.Inalmostallcaseswhatreplacesmangroves,includingareasfor11potentialrestoration,stillcontaincarbon,althoughinmuchlowerconcentrationsthaninmangroveecosystems.PulauDuaNatureReserve,Java,Indonesia©MarkSpalding,TNCTheStateoftheWorld’sMangroves2022ConservationAboveandbeyondthebenefitsfromcarboncapturingTheStateoftheWorld’sandfisherieswillbebenefitsfromcoastalprotection,Mangroves2022Whilenotallunprotectedmangrovesarethreatenedsecuringlives,infrastructure,andeconomicsecurity.Thewithloss,itremainsvaluabletoaccountforthesecurityglobalvaluesofannualfloodriskreductionfor15millionIn2022,ourknowledgeofmangrovesprovidedbylongtermconservationcommitments.peopleandover$65billionworthofproperty4givesomecontinuestosurge,andtheopportunitytoAgain,usingglobalaverageestimatesdoublingtheindicationofhowsuchvaluesplayout,althoughcurrentinvestinthesecriticalecosystemsisbeingcurrentprotectedareacoveragewouldincreasethemodelsareinsufficienttogeneratemoreexactvaluesrapidlystrengthened.long-termsecurityof:fromspecificlocationsorrestorationactions.Inthispublicationwehighlightthelatest•9.14gTofCO2equivalentinformationontheglobalextentofmangroves,withagreatlyenhancedandupdatedglobal•Commercialfishproductivityequivalentto291billionmapprovidedbyGlobalMangroveWatch.commerciallyimportantfishandshellfisheveryyearLinkedtosuchinformation,ourunderstandingofvaluesisalsoenhanced,includinganewProtectedmangrovesfromabove,carbonmapandanewestimateoffisheriesCompetitionforconservationColombia©MarianaRivera-Uribe,enhancement.MangrovePhotographyAwards2021EmmaBarnes(WWF)Restorationisacriticalfocusofthisvolume,4P.Menéndez,I.J.Losada,S.Torres-Ortega,S.Narayan,M.W.Beck,TheGlobalFloodProtectionBenefitsofMangroves,ScientificReports10(1)(2020)andnewmapsandtoolsarerapidlyimprovingCommunitiesinnorthernMadagascar4404.10.1038/s41598-020-61136-6.ourunderstandingofwhatcanbedone,anddependontheirmarineresourcesandwhereitcanbestbedone.Ourpartnershipssoarespearheadinglocalmanagement.13withtheGMAhavesupportedallofthisworkTheMIEZAKAcommunityorganizationinandrepresentcriticalchannelsforthediffusionAmbolikapikyvillage,Ambanjadistrict,hasandapplicationofeverythingwearelearning.donesowellmanagingtheirmangroves–Thisincludesthesharingofscience,butequallyprovidingconservationtraining,andpromotingthecriticalpeer-to-peercommunicationswheresustainablelivelihoods,suchasbeekeepingpractitionersonthegroundcanaccessthe–thattheycamefirstoutof36otherlocalexperienceofothersanywhereintheworld.organizationsin‘Fagnoesa’,acommunitymanagementcompetitionsupportedbyWWF.Policyopportunitiescontinuetoexpand.Likewise,economicandmarket-basedtoolsWiththeirgrandprizespeedboat,themaybegintotransformfutureinterventionscommunitygrouphasimprovedpatrolstoprotectorexpandtheworld’smangroveoftheirlocalmangrovesandcanbetterheritage.Thepathisclearandexciting,butweensuresustainableresourceuse.Meanwhile,needtocontinueourfocus,maintainourdrive,engagementandinterestinconservingandseizeopportunitieswheretheyoccur.mangroveecosystemshasgrownacrosstheregionasaresultofthecompetition.Image:FinalistsduringtheawardceremonywithVOIMiezakaPhoto:MialisoaRaharimamama,WWFMadagascar14TheStateoftheWorld’sMangroves20222.Thestateofmangroves2.1NorthernGulfofPapuaTheworldofMangrovesalongtheMangrovesinpartofthemangrovesMozambiqueChannelCentralWesternPacificPeteBunting(AberystwythUniversity),AkeRosenqvist(soloEO),MozambiquePapuaNewGuineaLammertHilarides(WetlandsInternational),RichardLucas(AberystwythUniversity)MadagascarSolomonIslandsMangroveforestsareformedbytreesFigure1.Theglobalextentofmangroves,2020.thathaveadaptedtoliveinthewarmintertidalareasoftheworldwherever16watersaresufficientlycalmandwheretherearesufficientsedimentstosetdownroots.Thesediverseforestsarefoundworld-wideacrossthetropicsandsubtropics,growingindeltas,estuaries,lagoonsandshelteredshoresinawidebeltaroundtheplanet,andareofcriticalimportancetobiodiversityandtopeople.15TheStateoftheWorld’sMangroves20222.ThestateofmangrovesAmajorupdatetotheMangrovesaroundtheworldMappingaccuracyAnessentialresourceextentofglobalmangrovesThemostextensiveareaofmangrovesisfoundinOriginallypublishedin2018andupdatedin2022,theTheGMWmapprovidesanessentialresourceIn2022,anupdatedviewofthedistributionSoutheastAsia,withIndonesiaalonecomprisingoneGMWmapsweregeneratedfromsatellitesensordatasupportingourunderstandingofmangrovedistributionofmangroveforestswasreleasedintheGlobalfifthoftheglobaltotal(Figure2).Together,Indonesia,atapproximately25mresolution.Byusingthesameandhowthisischangingovertime.ItalsoprovidesMangroveWatch(GMW)Version3.0.ThismapBrazil,Australia,MexicoandNigeriahostalmosthalfsatellitesensortypesandapplyingaconsistentglobalastartingpointforahostofotherstudiesfocusedonincludesadetailedhistoricalcensus,andshowsoftheworld’smangroves.classificationapproach,themapsallowforcomparisonunderstandingmangrovesintermsoftheirbenefitssome147,000km2ofmangroves1in2020.betweenregionsandcountries,andovertime.Throughatopeople,andhowhumanactivitiesareimpactingBycontrast,manysmallislandnationshaverigorousassessmentprocess,theestimatedaccuracyofmangroves.Thisnewestimateissome11,000km2morecomparativelysmallorisolatedareasofmangrove,the2010baselinehasbeendeterminedas95%.Thismapthantheestimatefor2016describedinthe2021butinallplaces,mangrovesprovideessentialecosystemrepresentsthemostcomplete,reliableanduptodateThisincludespositiveinfluencesthroughsustainableStateoftheWorld’sMangroves(whichwasbasedservicesandplayakeyroleinmaintainingthelocalspatialrepresentationofglobalmangroveextent2.management,protection,orrestoration,ornegativeonGMWversion2.0),althoughthisapparentchangeecosystemintegrity.impactssuchaslossesthroughdeforestationorurbanrepresentsimprovementstothemapratherthanObservationnotesexpansion,themesthatareexploredinlatersections.anincreaseintheextentofmangroves.Now,mangrovesthatweremissingfromthepreviousversionareWhilstaglobalmap,thereisregionalvariabilityintheTheimportanceofuserfeedbackincorporated–notablyinBangladesh,Benin,Colombia,accuracyofthemangrovemaps,withthisattributedFiji,India,Indonesia,NigeriaandtheUSA–aswelltomangrovesbeinglessdistinctfromotheraquaticTheimprovementsintheGMWVersion3.0mapscanassmallerareas,particularlycertainsmallislandstates.intertidalhabitatssuchassaltmarshesorrainforests.beattributedtouseofamorespatiallycompleteEarthLikewise,thereissomelossofaccuracyinspatiallyobservationdataset.complexandheterogeneouslandscapes,includingthosefragmentedbyaquaculturedevelopment.However,userfeedbackhasalsobeencriticalinhelpingtoimprovethemaps.Localknowledgeofaregionhas22,827North&CentralAmerica&theCaribbeanGLOBALbeenkeytoidentifyingareasmissed,poorlydefined,20,378SouthAmericaMANGROVEorincorrectlyidentifiedasmangroves.Tocontinue21,715West&CentralAfricaEXTENT2020improvementofGMWmappingproducts,wewelcome7,630alluserfeedback.285East&SouthernAfrica147,359(KM2)9,549MiddleEast48,222SouthAsia228SoutheastAsia10,467EastAsia6,058Australia&NewZealandPacificIslandsFigure2.Estimatedglobalmangroveextentfor2020(KM2)1147,359km2in2020(Figure2),witha95thconfidenceintervalof127,925–168,895km2(Buntingetal.,2022b).Mangrovefielddata2Bunting,P.,A.Rosenqvist,L.Hilarides,R.M.Lucas,andN.Thomas.2022.GlobalMangroveWatch:Updated2010MangroveForestExtent(v2.5).collectionanddronetrainingRemoteSensing14:1034.inSenegalaspartoftheBunting,P.,A.Rosenqvist,L.Hilarides,R.M.Lucas,N.Thomas,T.Tadono,T.A.Worthington,M.Spalding,N.J.Murray,andL.-M.Rebelo.2022.GlobalMangroveWatchAfricaMangroveExtentChange1996-2020:GlobalMangroveWatchVersion3.0.RemoteSensing14:3657.Project©LammertHilaridesBunting,P.,A.Rosenqvist,R.M.Lucas,L.-M.Rebelo,L.Hilarides,N.Thomas,A.Hardy,T.Itoh,M.Shimada,andC.M.Finlayson.2018.TheGlobalMangroveWatch—ANew2010GlobalBaselineofMangroveExtent.RemoteSensing10:1669.18GreatestnetCurrently,11annualglobalextentmapslosseswereincoversingleyearsfrom1996to2020(Table1).SoutheastAsia(4.8%)Overall,thetotalmangroveareawasestimatedandNorthandCentraltobe152,604km2in1996,decreasingtoAmericaandThe147,359km2in2020–anetlossofCaribbean(4.7%).5,245km2(3.4%).1MangrovesareincreasinginBetween1996and2010,theaveragelossMangrovesinMexicosomeareas,includingthroughratewasestimatedtobe327km2(0.21%)restoration.Saloum,Senegalperannum,fallingto66km2(0.04%)perValeriaLópezPortillo,SaraiRodríguez©LammertHilaridesyearbetween2010and2020.(WRIMexico)WRIMexico’sRE3COworksinpartnership2.2DynamicecosystemsPriorto1996,it’sthoughtthattherateofwiththeSmallGrantsProgramme,withchangewassignificantlyhigher(Table1)2,financingfromHSBC.ChangesMangroveecosystemsshowgreatdynamism,rapidlyalthoughglobalestimatesofmangroveextentRE3COisaidingcommunity-drivenmangrove&lossescolonizingnewsediments,butalsosometimesgivingwayarelesscertainatthistime.InformationrestorationacrossthreekeysitesinMexico,toforcesofnaturesuchasstormsandcoastalerosion.priorto1996islargelybasedonindividualpromotingsustainableecosystemmanagementPeteBunting(AberystwythUniversity)Suchchangeshavebeengreatlyincreasedbytheimpactcountryestimates,derivedfromdifferentactionsthatsupporttheeconomicAkeRosenqvist(soloEO)ofhumansclearingmangrovesandmodifyingcoastlinesmethodologies2.developmentoflocalcommunities,ecosystemLammertHilarides(WetlandsInternational)overvastareasfordecades,evencenturies.healthandincreasedcarbonstorage.RichardLucas(AberystwythUniversity)TheUNFoodandAgricultureOrganizationTheinitiativeseekstoidentifykeylessonsandUnderstandingthesechangesisavitalcomponentof(FAO)providedglobalestimatesof198,090km2modelsthatwillservetoscaletherestorationofdecision-makingforthefuture,helpingwithconservation,lossfor1980(26%),and163,610km2for1990mangrovesinotherregionsofthecountry,thusrestorationplanning,anddecidinginterventionstohalt(10%)2,withthenetextentlossdecreasingfromcontributingtothefulfillmentofnationalgoalsfurtherlosses.TheGMWVersion3.0mapshavebeenapproximately2%peryearinthe1980sandofrestoration,adaptationandmitigationofgeneratedasaseriesofmaps–notasinglesnapshot–1.4%peryearfrom1980to1996.theimpactsofclimatechange.enablingchangestobedetectedovertime.Photo:SaraiRodríguezGainsandlosses20Behindthesenetlossesarecomplexchanges,includinggains.Mangrovesareoftenopportunistic,andchangescanoccurrelativelyfast.Whileasmallpartofthesegainsmaybeduetorestorationprojects,itseemslikelythatmanyarenaturalgains.Further,onlysomeareinareaswheremangroveshadpreviouslybeenlost.1Totalloss–definedasthesumofallareasthathadmangroveatanypointpriorto2020butdidnothavemangrovein2020–ismorethandoublethis,orsome11,700km2,anumberthatismaskedinthenetlossstatisticsduetotheverydynamicnatureofmangrovesandwithmanylossesoffsetbyconsiderablegainsinmanyotherareas.2FAO.2007.Theworld’smangroves1980-2005.AthematicstudypreparedintheframeworkoftheGlobalForestResourcesAssessment2005.153,ForestryDepartment,FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO),Rome.TheStateoftheWorld’sMangroves20222.ThestateofmangrovesThegreatestgainsappeartobeassociatedwithriverGlobaldisparitiesDegradedmangrovesadjacenttoafertilizerplantinmouthsanddeltassuchastheAmazoninBrazil,theIndonesia.©BudiYuwono,TNCPhotoContest2022IndragiriRiverinSumatraandtheAmacuraDeltainAcrosstheirrange,mangrovechangesareVenezuela,wheretherehasbeenextensiveinlandnotuniform.ThegreatestlosseshaveoccurredinAdeadmangroveforestresultingdeforestation,generatingwidespreadsedimentationatSoutheastAsia,whichlost2,457km2(4.8%)ofmangrovesfrombeingcutofffromwaterthecoasttobecolonizedbymangroves.Whilethelossesfrom1996–2020,drivenbycommoditiesdevelopment,circulationbyaroadandrailroad,inextenthavedecelerated,thehealthofremainingparticularlyaquaculture1.NorthandCentralAmericaSaltRiver,Jamaica©TimCalvermangroveregionshasnotbeenconsidered.TheNigerandtheCaribbeanalsosawsignificantmangroveloss,Delta,forinstance,experiencedsignificantdegradationofwitherosionandextremeeventslikecyclonesbeing22mangrovesyettheyarestillrepresentedinthemap.majordriversbehindtotallossesof1,122km2(4.7%)3.RegionFAO2GMWv3.04FAOFAO19962007200820092010201520162017201820192020~1980~199022,75722,88522,91322,827North&Central29,50825,92223,94923,43823,16723,09422,94722,72822,684America&the20,33120,37720,39520,378Caribbean22,22320,73320,51620,27420,21020,21920,20520,20020,25121,81221,80521,79321,71522,09022,03821,93721,94721,93121,90621,8167,6907,7037,6907,630SouthAmerica2852872902859,6799,7159,6609,549West&Central27,06024,8547,9027,8097,7337,7217,7087,6997,68147,95347,98348,04648,222Africa9,6429,42223323023022855749934433833132730829228410,45110,49710,51810,467UrbanandindustrialexpansionEast&Southern6,0696,0726,0706,058alongmanycoasts,suchasBahrain,Africa147,554147,605147,359hasledtolargereductionsinmangrovearea©MarkSpaldingMiddleEastSouthAsia12,89311,4339,8189,7239,6479,6239,5969,6169,661SoutheastAsia63,89355,19150,67949,25448,66448,57248,44148,11647,965EastAsia350291257237231226224228232Australia&New14,86014,81010,94510,75210,61810,61810,56210,47810,426Zealand6,9546,0956,1046,1106,1076,1066,0986,0826,070PacificIslandsTotal187,940169,250152,604149,973148,645148,453148,020147,345147,070147,260Table1.Estimatedglobalmangroveextentoverfourdecadesinkm2.NotethattheFAOfiguresarebasedonmixedsourcesandcannotbeconsideredfullyreliable.3Goldberg,L.,Lagomasino,D.,Thomas,N.,Fatoyinbo,T.,2020.Globaldeclinesinhuman-drivenmangroveloss.GlobalChangeBiology26,5844–5855.https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15275.4Bunting,P.,A.Rosenqvist,L.Hilarides,R.M.Lucas,N.Thomas,T.Tadono,T.A.Worthington,M.Spalding,N.J.Murray,andL.-M.Rebelo.2022.GlobalMangroveExtentChange1996-2020:GlobalMangroveWatchVersion3.0.RemoteSensing14:3657.TheStateoftheWorld’sMangroves20222.ThestateofmangrovesLayeringdataovertimeThecurrentGMWdatasetconsistsofannualmapsbasedonhistoricalsatellitedata,recordingpastchangesusinga0consistentapproach.Priortothisdate,historical-1000estimateswereprovidedbytheFAO(Table1)butthesewereobtainedfrommultiplesources-2000andwere,atbest,indicativeonly.-3000Asignificantamountofchangeisthought-4000tohaveoccurredpriorto1996,andtherefore-5000effortshouldfocusonimprovementstoprovidemorecertainty.Understandingthe-6000200020052010201520201995differentreasonsforchangewillhelptosupporton-goingconservationefforts.Figure3.Cumulativenetchange.LOSS20072008200920102015201620171996201920202018Figure5.MangrovelossesovertimeattheheadoftheGulfofBoni,SouthSulawesi,Indonesia.GAIN20161996201720072018200820192009202020102015%CHANGE1996–202050–99%Loss10–49%Loss2–9%Loss.1–1.9%LossMinimalChange100%Loss2–9%Gain10–49%Gain50–99%Gain≥100%Gain.1–1.9%GainFigure4.Netchangeinmangroveareafrom1996to2020.Figure6.ExtensivemangrovegainshavebeenrecordedonislandmarginsintheAmazonDelta.2324TheStateoftheWorld’sMangroves20222.Thestateofmangroves2.3MangrovesBeyondtheforestsFreshwaterMarshesNicholasMurray(JamesCookUniversity),LindseySmart(TNC),ThomasWorthington(UniversityofCambridge)RiversMangrovesneverexistinisolation.Ever-changingenvironmentsSeagrassTheyareoftenfoundinterconnectedwithothertidalwetlandsystems,CoastalwetlandscanplayacriticalroleintrappingCoralaswellaswithnearbyterrestrial,freshwaterandholdingsediments,enablingtheformationofnewReefsandmarinehabitats,includingcoralreefsandhabitats.Thissameprocesscanensurethatadjacentseagrassbeds.Thedistributionsofalloftheseoffshorewatersareclearer,enablingseagrassandcoralCOASTALhabitatsareinfluencedbyacombinationofreefstothrive.Likewise,coralreefscanprotectshoresECOSYSTEMterrestrial,coastalandmarineprocesses,andfromwaveaction,enablingcoastalwetlandstoestablishextensivebiologicalandphysicallinkagesbuildeveninrelativelyhighenergycoastalareas.OffshoreTYPEScomplexinterdependentrelationshipsbetweenspeciesfromshrimptoparrotfishusecoastalmudflatsthem.Gettingagraspoftheseconnections,andandmangrovesasnurserygrounds,withtheiryoungthedynamicsthatexistbetweenecosystems,ismigratingtocoralreefsandoffshorewatersasbecomingafocusofglobal-scaleresearch.theymature.Suchsystemsarenotstatic:changesinriversedimentTidalMarshesTidalFlatsfluxcanleadtochangesindeltastructure,aprocesswhichcanresultinshiftsbetweenmangroveecosystems,CoastalForestsShallowShelvesmudflatsandtidalmarshes.Similarly,assealevelsrise,theextentofsaltwaterexposureincreases,facilitatingFigure7.Representativeexamplesofcoastalecosystemtypes.thelandwardmovementofmoresalt-tolerantwetlandPhotos:MarkSpalding,TNCspecies.Emergingeffortstomonitorthesetidalwetlandtransitionsarecriticaltobetterunderstandtheneteffectsofglobalenvironmentalchangeonhighlydynamiccoastalecosystems.NurseSharksandseagrassincoastal26watersattheExumaCaysLandandSeaPark,Bahamas.Credit:©JeffYonoverTheStateoftheWorld’sMangroves2022ThedynamicdistributionoftidalwetlandsEverytidalwetland‘pixel’detectedtohavebeenlostorAdynamicworldgainedwasassignedtoanecosystem,enablingusersParallelingthemappingofmangroves,otherworkistounderstand(i)wheretidalwetlandshavebeenlostTheGlobalTidalWetlandChangeanalysisrapidlyadvancingforglobalmappingofcoralreefs,tidalorgainedoverthistimespan,(ii)thetypesofwetlandhashighlightedthehighlydynamicnatureofflatsandtidalmarshes.ThenewGlobalTidalWetlandsecosystemsbeinglostorgained,and(iii)thetimingtheworld’stidalwetlands.WhilemorethanChangeanalysisfocusesonthreetidalwetlands–tidalofthesechanges.Theanalysisprovidesthemost13,700km2oftidalwetlandswerelostovermarshes,tidalflatsandmangroves–andthetransitionsinformation-richdatarecordofchangesofEarth’sthestudyperiod,mostoftheselosseswerebetweenthemovertime1.tidalwetlandstodate.offsetbynearbygainsofsome9,700km2ofnewtidalwetlands.Utilizingmorethan1.1millionimagesfromtheLandsatArchivefrom1999to2019,theanalysisdetectedandLossesandgainstendtoco-occur,oftenincharacterizedchangesinwetlandsover20years.placesrapidlychangingduetolarge-scaleprocesses,suchaslargedeltas,oralongFigure8.TheGlobalTidalWetlandChangeAnalysisusedalargevolumeoftrainingdatapointstodeveloppredictivealgorithmsdescribingthecoastlinesthathavebeentransformedbyHenMpoanoofEsiama,Ghanalikelihoodthatanyparticular30mpixelwasacoastalwetland.HereinCornerInlet,Victoria,Australiasuchwetlandpixelscouldincludemangrove,extensivehumanactivities,suchasinEasttidalmarshormudflats.Subsequentgeoprocessinggivesasimilarindicationof‘likelihood’ofwhichofthesesystemsanylocationwouldlikelybe.andSoutheastAsia.GilbertMuvunankiko(GlobalRestorationInitiative,WRI),NeilStein(Terramatch,WRI)1Murray,N.J.,T.A.Worthington,P.Bunting,S.Duce,V.Hagger,C.E.Lovelock,R.Lucas,M.Saunders,M.Sheaves,M.Spalding,N.J.Waltham,Unsurprisingly,mangrovessufferedtheWithsupportfromTerraFundforAFR100,andM.B.Lyons.2022.High-resolutionmappingoflossesandgainsofEarth’stidalwetlands.Science,376(6594),744-749.greatestnetlossesglobally,confirmingtheandinpartnershipwithlocalcommunities,concerninglossestimatesfirstquantifiednon-profitorganizationHenMpoanois27byGlobalMangroveWatch.Ofthethreerestoringmorethan50hectaresofdegradedecosystemsassessed,tidalflatsweremangroveforestsinsouthwesternGhana.showntobethemostdynamic,withalargeTheseeffortswillsupportthelivelihoodsofproportionoflossesoffsetbygainsnearby.morethan12,000coastalresidents,improvingtheabundanceanddiversityoffinfishandTransitionsbetweenecosystemswereashellfish,andenhancingcoastalprotectionandparticularinterest:over20years,nearly2%climateresilience.Localcommunitiesalsorelyoftheworld’stidalwetlandsswitchedbetweenonmangrovesforfuelwoodanddyeforwetlandtypes(6,700km2),whichisgreaterthanfishingnets.theirglobalnetloss.ThesewerepredominantlyImage:HenMpoanotransitionsfromnon-vegetatedtidalflatPhoto:DanielDokuNiiNorteyecosystemstomangrovesorsaltmarshesandaretypicallyindicativeofchangingphysicaland28climaticfactors,suchassealevel,temperatureandrainfall.TheStateoftheWorld’sMangroves2022TheimplicationsofchangeWorkingtogetherAsingleecosystemviewcouldleadtounnecessaryconcerns,ortoinappropriatemanagementinterventions.TheGlobalTidalWetlandchangeanalysisCalculationsofecosystemserviceswhichinfluencepolicyandinvestmentsmaysimilarlybemisleadingiftheyonlyprovidescriticalinsightsintothedynamismaccountforsingleecosystems.Byconsideringthesesystemstogether,andbyincludingtheabilityfortidalwetlandstoandtheinterconnectednessofcoastalandundergotransitionsinplanningandmanagement,wecouldincreaseopportunitiesforconservationsuccess,allowingtidalecosystems.thesesystemstoself-regulate,andincreasingtheirresiliencetopressuressuchassealevelrise.Rapidprogressisalsobeingadvancedinour02TIDALWETLANDunderstandingofthepatternsandthevaluessea4soCiety01LOSS/GAINofothercoastalecosystems,suchastheAllenCoralAtlas,butmoreworkisneededMartinZimmer(ZMT)Lossondevelopingholisticapproaches.sea4soCietycoordinatescarbonGainWeneedtobeabletocombineandsharesequestrationresearchwithstakeholdersinresearchapproachesinordertodevelopaGermany,ColombiaandMalaysia.TheirmainFigure9.Tidalwetlandmorejoined-upvisionoftheseecosystemsactivityistocomparethebluecarbonstocksinchangeintheeasterninrelationtooneanother.coastalvegetatedecosystems(CVE:mangroveSundarbans,MeghnaRiverforests,saltmarshes,seagrassbeds,kelpinBangladeshfrom1999Openaccessdatasharingshouldbeaforests),andtheco-benefitsandpotentialrisksto2019.minimumstandard,butbuildingcommon(ecological,economicandsocietal)ofdatastandards,collaborativemodels,andexpandingcurrentCVE.commontoolsfordataexplorationandanalyseswillonlystrengthenouropportunitiessea4soCietyaimstodevelopsustainable,toconserve,restoreandsustainablymanageecologicallyfeasible,societallyacceptable,thesecriticalecosystems.NOROOMFORIMAGECREDITS0102legallysouPnLdEAaSnEdCeAtNhiWcaElRlyEaVIpEpWroCvOePdYconceptsTYPEOFLOSS/GAINYEAROFLOSSforfosteringthecapacityofCVEtocontribute2004toclimatechangemitigationandadaptation.TidalFlatMangroveTidalMarsh2016200720102013Currentlyfocusingonbackgrounddata,2019sea4soCietywillimplementfindingsintoconcreteprojectsof(re)establishingFigure10.Newtidalwetlandsincludeareasofmudflat,Figure11.Patternsoflossshowingsteadyprogressionofsea4soCiety©CarolinaHortúaRomeromangrovesandotherCVEinasecondtidalmarshandmangrove.lossover3-yeartimeintervals.(Gainsinthesameareaareprojectphasein2024–2027.showninpaleblue).Photo:CarolinaHortúaRomero2930TheStateOfTheWorld’sMangroves20222.4DuetotheThelivingbiomassofmangroveforestscanlargeamountofcarbonbeveryhigh,especiallyinthewettropicsStoringcarbon©IUCN,MangrovesfortheFuturestoredinmangroves,TaniaL.Maxwell(UniversityofCambridge),PeteBunting(AberystwythUniversity),itiscrucialtoconserveTomHengl(EnvirometriX/OpenGeoHub),LeandroParente(EnvirometriX/OpenGeoHub)thecurrentareasinordertopreventfuturepotentialCO2emissions.Criticallong-termcarbonstoresEstimatingcarbonstorageandproductionglobally,(SOC)stocks(t/ha)toa1metredepthwereestimatedusingup-to-datemangroveextentmapsandimprovedusingtheapproachofSandermanetal.(2018)4whereLikeallvegetatedsystemsonEarth,mangrovesmethods,isessentialtobetterunderstandthevalueofpriorestimatesofsoilcarbonwerederivedfromthecapturecarbonfromtheatmosphereforgrowth.thisecosystem.SuchinformationcansupportfutureglobalSoilGrids250modelandthesewererefinedPartofthiscarbonisstoredinlivingbiomass-leaves,climatescenariotesting,enablemoreobjectiveclimateusingvariablessuchastotalsuspendedsedimentloadtrunksandroots-andpartissequesteredinthesoil.changemitigationinterventions,likeprotectionandandLandsatsurfacereflectance.Anewglobalmapofrestoration,andprovideanimportantdataresourcemangrovesoilcarbon,witharevisedmethodologyandDeadmangrovematerialdecomposesveryslowlyforthoseworkinginmangroves.agreatlyincreasednumberofsoilsampledatasets,isduetowaterloggingofthesoilswiththetidesandcurrentlyunderdevelopmentandwillbereleasedbythusaccumulationofcarboninthesoilisaprocessAnupdatetoourcarbonknowledgetheendof2022.thatoccursoverhundredsorthousandsofyears.Additionally,soilcarboncanbebuiltupbymangroveUsingthenewGMWv3.0mangrovemap2,anupdateTotalmangrovecarbonwasestimatedusingtherootswhichtrapadditionalsuspendedorganictotheabovegroundcarbonandsoilcarbonestimatenationalAGBandSOCaveragesderivedfromregionsmatterinthewaterduringtidalflooding.providedinthepreviouseditionoftheStateofthethatweremangrovesthroughouttheGMWv3.0timeWorld’sMangroveshasbeendeveloped.series(1996–2020).TheseaverageswerethenmultipliedLargelyduetothiswaterloggedsoilenvironment,bytheGMW2020extenttoderivethenationalandmangrovesareestimatedtoholduptofourtimesAbovegroundcarbonmeasurementswereestimatedglobalcarbontotals.AnysuchnumbersaresubjecttotheamountofcarbonassomeotherforestedusingthemethodofSimardetal.,3wheretheShuttleuncertainty,withmuchhigheruncertaintyaroundsoilecosystems1,suchastemperateandborealforests.RadarTopographyMission(SRTM)elevationmodelcarbonestimates,andsuchuncertaintycanbeexploredwasusedtoestimatemangroveheightsandallometricintheoriginalsources4,5.Pneumatophoresprotrudingfromtheequationswereusedtoestimatetheabovegroundwaterlogged,carbon-richmudswhichbiomass(AGB).Additionally,thesoilorganiccarbontypifymangrovesoils©AnaGrillo1Donato,D.C.,J.B.Kauffman,D.Murdiyarso,S.Kurnianto,M.Stidham,andM.Kanninen.2011.Mangrovesamongthemostcarbon-richforestsin4SandermanJ,HenglT,FiskeG,SolvikK,AdameMF,BensonL,BukoskiJJ,CarnellP,Cifuentes-JaraM,DonatoD,DuncanC,EidEM,ErmgassenPz,thetropics.NatureGeoscience.2011;4(5):293-7.EwersC,GlassL,GressS,JardineSL,JonesT,MacreadieP,NsomboEN,RahmanMM,SandersC,SpaldingM,LandisE.Aglobalmapofmangrove2BuntingP,RosenqvistA,HilaridesL,LucasRM,ThomasN,TadonoT,WorthingtonTA,SpaldingM,MurrayNJ,RebeloL-M.GlobalMangroveExtentforestsoilcarbonat30mspatialresolution.EnvironmentalResearchLetters.2018;13:12Change1996–2020:GlobalMangroveWatchVersion3.0.RemoteSensing.2022;14(15):3657.5Hengl,T.,MacMillan,R.A.,(2019).PredictiveSoilMappingwithR.OpenGeoHubfoundation,Wageningen,theNetherlands,370pages,3SimardM,FatoyinboL,SmetankaC,Rivera-MonroyVH,Castañeda-MoyaE,ThomasN,VanderStockenT.Mangrovecanopyheightgloballyrelatedwww.soilmapper.org,ISBN:978-0-359-30635-0.toprecipitation,temperatureandcyclonefrequency.NatureGeoscience.2019;12(1):40-53231TheStateoftheWorld’sMangroves20222.ThestateofmangrovesReasonsforvariablecarbonconcentrationsCrucialconservationFivecountrieshold50%ofthetotalworldmangroveNigeria’srichsoilcarbonplacesitthirdintheglobalWorld-wide,mangroveforestsstoresome6.23(+/-2.3)Inparallel,therevisedmangroverestorationpotentialcarbon:Indonesia,Brazil,Nigeria,Australia,andMexicorankings,althoughbothAustraliaandMexicohavegigatonnesofcarbon,equivalentto22.86gigatonnesofmap(seesection3.1)estimatesthatover8,183km2could(seeFigure12).Thisismainlyduetotheirlargemangroveconsiderablymoremangrovesbyarea.Similarly,whileCO2,with87%ofthatbeingsoilcarbon.Thelossofevenberestoredtomangroves.Whilecarbonburialprocessesareas,howevervariationsincarbonconcentrationsMadagascarandMozambiquehavemangroveareasjust1%ofremainingmangrovescouldleadtothelosstaketime,thiscouldmeansecuringfuturestorageofanbetweenregionsisalsostronglyinfluencedbysimilartothePhilippines,theyhavemuchlowercarbonof0.23gigatonsofCO2equivalent,equatingtoover520estimated1.27gigatonsofCO2equivalent.environmentalconditions,suchasbetweenthewetconcentrations,resultingintheirhavingaround40%millionbarrelsofoil,ortheannualemissionsof49milliontropicsandthetemperateandaridregions.Inthisway,lessoftheamountofstoredcarbon(seeFigure13).carsintheUSA.Duetothelargeamountofcarbonstoredinmangroves,itiscrucialtopreventfuturepotentialCO2emissionsandtoconserveremainingmangroves.UnitedStatesThailandVietnamFijiContinentContinentSurinameBrazilAfricaAfricaAmericasAsiaOceaniaIndonesiaAmericasPhilippinesMadagascarGuineaNicaraguaAsiaColombiaOceaniaSolomonHondurasPakistanKenyaCambodiaIslandsBahamasEcuadorSierraLeoneTanzaniaSenegalIndiaGuinea-BissauMozambiquePanamaCubaVenezuelaCameroonGabonBangladeshTotalcarbon(milliontonnes)MalaysiaPapuaNewGuineaMyanmarNigeriaAustraliaMexicoFigure12.Treemapchartofcarbonbycountryandcontinentwithareasscaledtototalcarbon.Area(hectares)33Figure13.Totalmangrovecarbonstocks(millionsoftonnes)plottedagainsttotalmangrovearea,bycountryandcontinent.34MangrovesprovideacriticalfoodMangrovesareacriticalecosystemforMangrovesasfishfactoriesMangrovewormssourceforresidentsofMousunibothfishandfisheries.ThecomplexIsland,intheIndianSundarbansthree-dimensionalhabitattheycreateAnewanalysisforjust37commerciallyimportantMazzellaManiwavie(TNC)©SimonRawles,WWFsustainstheproductionofcommerciallyimportantmangrove–affiliatedspecies(fish,crustaceansandOnWorldMangroveDayin2021,TNCfish,crustaceansandmolluscsthatsupportsanmolluscs)estimatesthat,insomeplaces,mangrovesworkedcloselywiththelocalcommunityin2.5estimated4.1millionsmallscalefishersglobally.cansupporttheproductionofover70individualsDogura,PapuaNewGuinea,toplantcloseTheyprovideanimportantsourceofproteinperm2ofmangroveseveryyear.Thismodelwasto1,000seedlingsattheirmangroveMangroveinmanytropicalcoastalcommunities,aswelldevelopedusingfield-deriveddensitiesoftheserehabilitationsite.fisheriesasbeingthefoundationforseveralhighvaluespeciesforwhichmangrovesareknowntoplayAtotalareaof3.1hectaresofdegradedcommercialfisheries.animportantrole,andaccountedfordifferencesmangrovewasidentifiedandmappedPhilinezuErmgassen(UniversityofEdinburgh)resultingfromenvironmentalfactorssuchasforrehabilitation.ThomasWorthington(UniversityofCambridge)Mangrovessupportrichfoodwebs.Acrossthediversemangrovegeomorphicsetting,salinity,temperatureTheyfoundthatthemostsignificantdrivergeomorphologicalsettingsinwhichmangrovesarefound,andprimaryproductivity1.formangrovedestructionattheDogurasiteistheytrapsedimentsandinputcarbonandnutrientsintowormharvestingforfishingbait.Bloodwormsthesurroundingsystem.Thissubstrate,combinedwithWhenmappedontothe2020GlobalMangrovearegatheredbycuttingattheabovegroundthecomplexrootstructuresofthetreesthemselves,Watchextent,themodelestimatesthatthepresencerootsofmainlytheRhizophoraspeciesofwhicharetypicallyovergrownwithmolluscsandalgae,ofmangrovesworld-widesupportstheproductionmangroveanddiggingholesasdeepasaprovidesfoodandshelterforvastnumbersofsmallfishperyearofnearly600billionyoung-of-yearforthe32meter.Thisdestructiveharvestingmethodandshrimps.modeledcommercialfishandshrimpspeciesalone.makesmangrovesunstable,whicheventuallysuccumbtotheirownweightandmovingtides.Mangrovesessentiallyformanunderwaterjungle,ThreeshrimpspeciesofthegenusPenaeusrepresentImage:Mangrovebloodwormfishbaitgeneratingavastabundanceofaquaticlife.Theedgesoverhalf(56%)ofthattotal,withthe29speciesofofmangrovecreeksaresafehavensforyoungfish,fishcontributingtherest.Themodelalsopredicts36providingprotectionfrompredationandamplefood.thatmangrovessupporttheproductionofoverSimultaneouslytheyproviderichfeedinggroundsfor100billionindividualsoffourspeciesofcrabandapredatoryfish,whichvisitthemangrovefringestopreysinglebivalve,Anadaratuberculosa.Thesefindingsonthoseindividualsunluckyenoughnottohavesecuredarepowerful,butitisalsoimportanttonotethat,agoodhidingplace.Deeperintothemangroves,theastotals,theyarehighlyconservative:manyotherinterveningmudflatsarehometolargenumbersofspeciesoffishandshellfishareharvestedfromclamsandcrabs,whichburrowinthenutrientrichmangroves,whichwereinsufficientlydocumentedsoftsediments.forinclusioninthesemodels2.1ThenewmodelofmangrovefishproductionwillbesharedonGlobalMangroveWatchandwillbesubmittedforpeerreviewedpublication.Atnationallevels,themodelpredictsmangroveWearedeeplygratefultothemanycolleagueswhohavesupportedthisworkandwhowillbeco-authorsinthefinaloutput.fishproductionishighestinthosecountrieswithlargemangrovetractsinsoutheastAsia,suchas35Indonesia,Malaysia,MyanmarandPapuaNewGuinea.OutsideAsia,productionisalsohighinBrazil,MexicoandAustralia.2ThisisparticularlythecaseforWestAfricawhere,intheabsenceoffielddata,onlyasmallnumberofgloballydistributedspeciesaremodelled.TheStateoftheWorld’sMangroves2022MangrovefisheriesMangrovesareparticularlyimportanttofisheriesinMangrovecountrieswithlargetractsofmangrovesandlargefisheriesrepresentFishinginmangrovesistypicallydominatedbycoastalcommunities.Mangrovesarecriticaltoanacriticalresourcesmall-scalefishers(seeStateoftheWorld’sMangroves,estimated893,000smallscalefishersinIndonesiaalone,forcoastalpeoples2021).Itisestimatedthatofthe52millionmarinesmall-whileanestimated82%and89%offishersinBangladeshscalefishersglobally,4.1millionfishinmangroveareas3.andNigeriarespectivelyfishpredominantlyinandworld-wide.Manyofthesefishersareartisanal,withtheirmixedaroundmangroves.speciescatches,providingacriticalsourceofbothjobsThesearefishedoffshore,andsupplyglobalandproteintothecoastalcommunities.Inadditiontosupportingsmall-scalefisheries,mangrovesmarkets.Forexample,mangroveecosystemsarewidelyunderstoodtobeimportantnurserygroundsintheHunterandClarenceriversinAustraliaAsmallernumberofmangrovefisheries,suchasthoseformanycommerciallyimportantspeciesofshrimp,areestimatedtosupportcommercialfisheriesformudcrabs,fetchahighcommercialvalueandmaysuchasbananaprawns.harvestsofbetweenAUD$100,000andAUDbetradedacrossnationaloreveninternationalmarkets.$3.5millionperyear4.Carefullymanaged,mangrovefisheriesMangrovefisherinNevis,EasternrepresentacriticalresourceforcoastalGreenJulycampaignCaribbean©MarkSpaldingpeoplesworld-wide.Supportinglocalcommunities,includingEnricoMarone(Rare)manywhohavefeweconomicorlivelihoodCoincidingwithWorldMangroveDay,Greenalternatives,theyprovidealifelineforfoodJulyisacampaigncelebratingtheimportancesecurity,especiallyintimesofuncertaintyofthemangroveecosystemsalongBrazil’sandchange.AmazonCoast–thelargestmangroveTheymayalsoplayapivotalroleinclimatecontinuumintheworld.changeadaptationinthefaceoffutureRecognizingtherolecoastalcommunitiesplayinstabilityinpatternsoffoodsecurity.asguardiansofthemaretório(tideterritory),thecampaignmobilizesfishers,youth,and3ZuErmgassen,P.S.E.,N.Mukherjee,T.A.Worthington,A.Acosta,A.R.d.RochaAraujo,C.M.Beitl,G.A.Castellanos-Galindo,M.Cunha-Lignon,F.womeninthesecommunitiestosupport,Dahdouh-Guebas,K.Diele,C.L.Parrett,P.G.Dwyer,J.R.Gair,A.FrederickJohnson,B.Kuguru,A.SavioLobo,N.Loneragan,K.Longley-Wood,J.T.promote,andadoptkeyfishingbehaviorsMendonça,J.-O.Meynecke,R.N.Mandal,C.N.Munga,B.G.Reguero,P.Rönnbäck,J.Thorley,M.Wolff,andM.Spalding.2020.Fisherswhorelyontoensuretheprotectionofthemangroves.mangroves:Modellingandmappingtheglobalintensityofmangrove-associatedfisheries.Estuarine,CoastalandShelfScience:106975.Partneringwithfishingassociations,local4Taylor,M.D.,T.F.Gaston,andV.Raoult.2018.Theeconomicvalueoffisheriesharvestsupportedbysaltmarshandmangroveproductivityintwoleaders,andgovernmentagencies,RarehasAustralianestuaries.EcologicalIndicators84:701-709.helpedmakeGreenJulypartoftheofficialgovernment’sagenda.Photo:RareBrazil38TheStateoftheWorld’sMangroves20222.Thestateofmangroves2.6Figure14.Schematicoutlineofthefivecriteriausedtoassessthreatstoecosystems(left)andthecategoriesofthreatstatususedintheRLE.AssessingtheThreateningCOCollapsedthreattomangrovesProcessesCRCriticallyEndangeredENEndangeredMarcosValderrábano(InternationalUnionforConservationofNature,IUCN),EcosystemEcosystemVUVulnerableNicholasMurray(JamesCookUniversity),AlixSauve(FrenchNationalCommitteeofIUCN)DistributionProcessNTNearThreatenedLCLeastConcernA.RISKOFC.DDDataDeﬁcientReductioninECOSYSTEMEnvironmentalNENotEvaluateddistributionCOLLAPSEdegradationB.E.RestrictedQualitativeD.distributionriskanalysisDisruptionofbioticprocessMangrovesareinjeopardy.DevelopingaclearframeworktoreliablyestimatetherisksThreateningDirectlossesaredriventomangrovesisinvaluable,allowingcomparisonswithotherProcessesbyagriculture,aquaculturethreatenedecosystems.andrapidurbanexpansion.IndirectImportantly,theRLEprovidesdiagnosticinformationpathwaysandpriorityactions,andhelpingtodesignpressuresincludenaturalprocesses,Theglobalstandardforassessingriskontheecologicalprocessesthatarecriticaltoecosystemandmonitorrestorationplans2.butareoftenexacerbatedbyintegrity,plusdetailedinformationontheextentandhumanactions,includechangingTheIUCNRedListofThreatenedSpecies(RLTS)usesgloballyintensityofthreatsthatcontributetotheriskofReallifeapplicationsoftheRLEsedimentationrates,risingseaacceptedcriteriaforassessingextinctionriskforspecies,andhascollapseofanecosystem.levels,changesintemperatureandbecomeaglobalstandardforquantifyingandcommunicatingTheIUCNRLEhasbeenappliedtomangrovesattheprecipitationlevels,andincreasesinthreats.TheRedListofEcosystems(RLE)takesasimilarapproach,Morethan4,000ecosystemshavebeenassessed,withcontinentalscalefortheAmericas,atnationallevelsharmfulpollutants.Often,multipleenablingthereliableclassificationofthestatustoanyofthethefindingshavingasignificantinfluenceonecosystemincountriessuchasMyanmarandColombia,andforthreatsinteracttocauseanevenEarth’secosystems.management,conservation,andpolicy:supportingsmallermangroveareassuchasMayotteandthegreaterimpact.nationalconservationpolicies,identifyingkeydegradationIndianSundarbans.TheRLEtakesastandardizedapproach,evaluatingfivecriteria(A–E),toestimaterisksassociatedwithspatialorfunctionalecosystemdegradation.EcosystemsarecategorizedonascalefromCollapsed(CO),thehighestcategory,throughthreethreatenedcategories–CriticallyEndangered(CR),Endangered(EN)andVulnerable(VU)–tothenon-threatenedcategories1.1Valderrábano,M.,C.Nelson,E.Nicholson,A.Etter,J.Carwardine,J.G.Hallett,J.McBreen,andE.Botts.2021.Usingecosystemriskassessment2Bland,L.M.,E.Nicholson,R.M.Miller,A.Andrade,A.Carré,A.Etter,J.R.Ferrer-Paris,B.Herrera,T.Kontula,A.Lindgaard,P.Pliscoff,A.Skowno,scienceinecosystemrestoration:AguidetoapplyingtheRedListofEcosystemstoecosystemrestoration.IUCN,Gland,Switzerland.M.Valderrábano,I.Zager,andD.A.Keith.2019.ImpactsoftheIUCNRedListofEcosystemsonconservationpolicyandpractice.ConservationLetters12:e12666.3940VastexpansesofmangrovesinSoutheastTheFrenchNationalCommitteeofIUCNisnowAnewlyclearedmangroveforest,convertedtoaMangrovenurseriesAsiahavebeenconvertedtoaquaculturestartingtheassessmentofmangrovesintheFrenchshrimppondinBerau,Indonesia©MarkSpaldingponds.ManybecomeunproductiveandAntilles,buildingonitsrecentfinescalecoastalMazzellaManiwavie(TNC)areabandoned©MarkSpaldingecosystemmappinginGuadeloupe,Saint-MartinandAgroupofexpertsfromSSCMangroveSaint-Barthelemy,withassessmentsofNewCaledoniaSpecialistGrouphavedescribedsome39InPapuaNewGuinea,theMangoroMarketMyanmarandWallisandFutunainthePacificregiontofollow4.mangrovebiogeographicregions,basedonMeriProgram(MMM,describedinthe2021existingbioregionalizationwork,whichwillStateoftheWorld’sMangrovesreport),setInMyanmar3,fourmangroveecosystemswereAglobalredlistofmangroveecosystemsformthespatialunitstounderpinthisglobaluptosupportwomenandtherealizationidentified–Tanintharyimangroveforest,Ayeyarwadyassessment.ofbenefitsfrommangroveconservation,isdeltamangroveforest,DwarfmangroveonshingleandThestandardizedapproach,providedbytheRedListThisapproachwillallowcomparisonsofmovingfromstrengthtostrength.ItestablishedRakhinemangroveforestonmud.EachwasdistinguishedofEcosystemprocess,ensuresthattheresultsofthesethestatusofmangrovesystemsworldwide,itsfirsttwomangrovenurseriesinMarchbyitsuniquegeographicandgeomorphicsettings,individualstudiesarealreadyusefulforcomparisonidentifyingthosemostatriskofcollapse.This2022–inTubusereiaVillageandatTahirainspeciescompositionandarangeofotherfactors.withotherecosystems.EffortsareunderwaytodevelopwillfurtherunderpineffortstoreportprogresstheCentralProvince.Workinginpartnershipaglobalassessmentofthestatusoftheworld’stowardsglobaltargetssuchasthepost2020withBootlessLavadaeMangroveReforestationmangroveecosystems.biodiversityframeworkoftheConventionAssociationInc,alocalcommunity-basedonBiologicalDiversity.organization,andMotuporeIslandResearchTheassessmentrevealedthatthreeofthefourCenter,themarineresearcharmofThesystemswereendangered,withtheDwarfandRakhineUniversityofPapuaNewGuinea,theirsharedmangroveslistedasCriticallyEndangered,puttingthemobjectiveisrestoringdegradedmangroveareasamongMyanmar’smostthreatenedecosystems.withintheBootlessBayarea.Eachnurserywillhold10,000mangroveseedlingstosupplyMayottetheirDoguraMangroveRehabilitationsite,alsolocatedwithintheBootlessBayMarineAsmallislandterritoryofFranceintheIndianOcean,MangrovesofDzoumogné,Sanctuary–PapaNewGuinea’sfirstdeclaredMayotteonlyhaslimitedmangroves,buttheyareveryMayotte©CarolineCremadesmarineprotectedarea.important.Insuchsettings,finescaledatasourcesareneededtoundertakeredlistanalyses.Mayotte’sImage:MangrovenurserymangroveecosystemswereclassifiedaccordingtotheirPhoto:EugeneWemincoastalzone–external,internal,andbackmangroves–withtheassessmentrevealingthatbothseawardand42backmangroveswerethreatened.3Murray,N.J.,D.A.Keith,A.Duncan,R.Tizard,J.R.Ferrer-Paris,T.A.Worthington,K.Armstrong,H.Nyan,H.WinThuya,O.AungHtat,Y.KyawZay,andH.Grantham.2020.Myanmar’sterrestrialecosystems:Status,threatsandconservationopportunities.BiologicalConservation252:108834.4UICNFrance,2017.LaListerougedesécosystèmesenFrance-ChapitreMangrovesdeMayotte,Paris,France,72p41TheStateoftheWorld’sMangroves20223.Afocusonrestoration3.1Figure16.DetailsshowingrestorableareabymangroveRestorationunit(colorschemematchesthatofFigure15opportunitiesmapbelow).ThomasWorthington(UniversityofCambridge)Figure15.Globalmangroverestorationpotential.WearecurrentlyintheRestorationIndexRestorableArea44UNDecadeonEcosystem(maximum100)(km2)by1°gridcellRestorationandrestoringareasthathavebeendegradedorlost40–501isakeytargetforterrestrialandmarine50–602.33333ecosystemswithintheUnitedNations60–70SustainableDevelopmentGoals.There70–803.66667havebeenhugelossesinglobalcoastal80–90ecosystems,particularlyinthelatterhalf90+5ofthe20thcentury,butthereisagrowingimpetustoscale-uptherestorationofForclarity,thislegendusescolorstosymbolizetheseagrassmeadows,tidalmarshesandrestorationindexandthesizeofthedottorepresentmangroveforests.theareaofpotentialrestoration(inkm2).43TheStateoftheWorld’sMangroves2022RestoringcoastalecosystemscanbechallengingforarangeofplantsandanimalsandprovidesocialandWherewillrestorationbebutapproachestosuccessfulrestorationarenowwelleconomicbenefits,particularlyforlow-incomecoastalmosteffective?describedandareincreasinglybeingshared(seesectioncommunities.3.2),andgrowingcallstoshareinformationbetweenInamajorupdatetotheworkdescribedpractitionerswilllikelysupportfurtherlearningandDespitecoveringarelativelysmallarea,mangroveslastyear,GMA-fundedscientistshaveunderstanding(seesection3.3).storelargevolumesofcarbonandrestorationcanplayadevelopedanewglobalmodelandpartinmitigatingclimatechange.Likewiseotherbenefitsmapofmangroverestorationpotential.Therecentsurgeinrestorationisdrivenbyrecognition–includingcoastalprotection,timberandfuelwoodFindingssharedherewillbeplacedonofthemanybenefitsthatarise–tonature,peopleandproduction,fisheriesenhancementandtourismandtheGMWportalandpublishedinthetheclimate.Functioningcoastalecosystemsareahavenrecreationsupport–cansupportlivelihoodsandfurthercomingmonths1.improveopportunitiesforclimatechangeadaptation.TofullymaximizetheoutcomesofBeforeAfterinvestmentinmangroverestoration,weGlobalcarbonrestorationpotentialGlobalfishrestorationpotentialneedtounderstandwhereitismostlikelyCommunityrestorationtobesuccessfulandwhatthebenefitswillontheIndianCoastTotalCarbon(Mg)#ofIndividualsbeatdifferentscales.KathiresanKandasamy0–20,0000–60,000,000UsingthelatestversionoftheGlobal(AnnamalaiUniversity,India)20,000–60,00060,000,000–200,000,000MangroveWatchextentandchangemaps60,000–600,000200,000,000–600,000,000(seesection2),weidentifiedareasofmangroveTheCenterofAdvancedStudyinMarine600,000–1,600,000600,000,000–1,000,000,000lossbetween1996and2020,givingusaBiology,attachedtoAnnamalaiUniversityin1,600,000–3,500,0001,000,000,000–2,000,000,000footprintforpotentialrestoration.TakingthisIndia,hasdevelopedanddemonstratedsuccess>3,500,000>2,000,000,000asabasemap,weuseddataonthekeydriverswithtechniquesforrestorationofmangrovesofmangroveloss2,removingareasoflossthatondegradedcoastlinealongthesoutheasthadbeenerodedorconvertedtosettlements,coast,withthehelpofstudentsandlocalasthesewouldbetoochallengingortoocostlycommunities.TheCenterprovedthatthesetorestore.restoredmangrovessavedmanyhumanlivesandpropertyduringthetsunamiofDecemberTheresultingmaphighlightssome8,183km226th,2004.Theyalsoprovedthemangrovesofrestorablemangroveareas,centeredonincreasedfisheryresourcesandfishermen’sareasthathavebeencleared,convertedforeconomicgains.TheCenterisalsotraininglocalagricultureoraquacultureorimpactedbycommunitiesinsustainablelivelihoods.extremeweatherevents.Atthenationallevel,IndonesiahadthelargestpotentialrestorationImage:Experimentalsiteafter2yearsofarea,withover2,000km2availableformangroverestorationwithRhizophorarestoration.LargeextentsarealsofoundmucronataalongtheVellarEstuary,southeastinMexico,Australia,andMyanmar.coastofIndiain2017.Photo:KathiresanKandasamy1Themodelandsummaryinformationwillbesubmittedforpeerreviewedpublicationinlate-2022.Wearedeeplygratefultothemanycolleagues46whohavesupportedthisworkandwhowillbeco-authorsinthefinalproduct.2Goldberg,L.,D.Lagomasino,N.Thomas,andT.Fatoyinbo.2020.Globaldeclinesinhuman-drivenmangroveloss.GlobalChangeBiology26:5844–5855.45TheStateoftheWorld’sMangroves2022AnindexforrestorabilityRestorationCombinedthesewouldequateto1.27gigatonnesofCO2potentialwashighestequivalent,equaltotheemissionsfromburningover2.94Mangroverestorationisnotsimple(seeexamplesthroughoutSoutheastbillionbarrelsofoil3.Modelsofotherservices,suchasthroughoutthischapter),andindevelopingthismapweAsia,thenorthcoastcoastalprotection,willaddfurtherimpetustothedrivealsosoughttoquantifythe‘restorability’ofmangrovesofSouthAmericaandforrestorationasthesebecomeavailable.indifferentplacesacrosstheworld.Forthis,weaskedexpertsfromaroundtheworldtoranktheimportanceofnorthernAustralia.Mappingfuturerestorationdifferentenvironmentalparametersthatmightinfluencetheeaseofrestoration,suchastidalheight,riskfromseaGlobalmapsareacriticaltoolindrivingpolicyandlevelriseandpatchconnectivity.Thisproducedarelativegeneratingsupportforscalingupsustainablemangroveindex,allowingcomparison,atbroadscales,ofareasrestoration.Theyhighlighttheimportantopportunitieswhicharemoreorlessrestorable.thatmangroverestorationprovides,includingenormousbenefitstosociety,globallyandlocally.TheyprovideaTheindexsuggeststhatrestorationpotentialwashighestForexample,iftheentire8,183km2restorableareaofbroad-scaleoverviewofwhichareasofferthegreatestUrbanmangrovesarespreadingthroughthroughoutSoutheastAsia,thenorthcoastofSouthmangroveswasrestoredthiswouldpotentiallyresultinpotentialforrestorationandthepossiblereturns,inplantingandnaturalrecruitmentinDohatAmericaandnorthernAustralia.Certaincountriesweretheadditionofover50billionindividualsperyearof37termsofcarbonandcommercialfisheries,fromthatAradLagooninBahrain©MarkSpalding,TNCidentifiedthathadsignificantrestorationopportunities.commercialmarinespeciesoffish,crabs,shrimpsandrestoration.bivalves,andthemapsshowwheresuchbenefitsmayForinstance,weestimatethatthereareover600km2ofbemaximized.Practicalapplicationofsuchmapsandmodels,asrestorablemangroveswithinMyanmar,equivalenttooverameanstofullybenefitfromconservationactions,10%ofitscurrentarea,withthemajorityscoringveryWithitslargerestorablearea,Indonesiahadthehighestrequiresmoredetailedlocalunderstandingofthehighlyontherestorationindex.Inaddition,whilstonlypotentialfisheriesgainfromrestoration,withPakistanunderlyingconditionsbehindrestorationsuccesssupportinglimitedareasofmangrove,manysmallislandandMyanmaralsofeaturinghighly.atfinerscales.Suchconditionsincludemanysocial-nationssuchasPalau,AmericanSamoaandComoroshadecologicalfactors,suchaslandtenure4,whichareconsistentlyhighrestorationindexscores.Likewiseforcarbon,thefullrestorationof8,183km2notmappableatglobalscales.offersthepotentialtoincreasetheamountofcarbonQuantifyingthebenefitsofrestorationstoredinabovegroundbiomassbyalmost0.05Theglobalmapsprovideastartingpoint–gigatonnes,andwouldalsosafeguardandrestorehighlightingaremarkableopportunityforwhatcanThepotentialbenefitsfromrestorationcanbebroadlysome0.3gigatonnesofsoilcarbon.beachieved–andajumpingoffpointforanewwaveassessedbylinkingthemapsofrestorationpotentialwithofmangroverestorationwhichisalreadyunderwayinthemodelsofecosystemservicesvalues(seesection2).manyareas,andwhichisbenefittingfromasurgeinourunderstandingofapproachesandinmanynewpartnershipsandprojectsbeingforgedbyGMAYoungsaplingsatMawandamembersandothersaroundtheworld.restorationsite,Senegal©ElizabethWamba/WetlandsInternational/DOBEcologyMangroverestorationinthe3Thenumbersforcarbonaresimpletotalsofcarbonthatwouldbecontainedinmaturerestoredmangroveecosystems.InmostcasestheircurrentRufijiDelta,Tanzania©Mennoconvertedconditionstillcontainscarbon,althoughinmuchlowerconcentrationsthaninmangroveecosystems.deBoer,WetlandsInternational4Lovelock,C.E.,andB.M.Brown.2019.Landtenureconsiderationsarekeytosuccessfulmangroverestoration.NatureEcology&Evolution3:1135-1135.4748TheStateoftheWorld’sMangroves20223.2TheimportanceofrestorationManyprojectsareconceivedwithoutEcologicalworkshopsinLamuaddressingtheunderlyingcausesofloss,RestorationRestoringmangrovesisatransformativeresultinginfailuretosustainanyinitialgainsLauraMichie(MangroveActionProject)guidelinesnature-basedmethodofmitigatingclimateinmangrovecoverage.Otherprojectsfailchangeandincreasingcoastalresiliency.duetotechniqueswhichareatoddswiththeMangroveActionProjectandWetlandsJenniferHoward(CI)establishedscience–likeplantingthewrongInternational–EasternAfrica(WI-EA)ranaCelinevanBijsterveldt(WetlandsInternational)Healthymangroveecosystemscapturespecies,orinthewrongareas.highlysuccessful‘community-basedecologicalClintCameronandCatherineLovelockandstorecarbonatmuchhigherratesthanTypically,restorationhasfocusedonplantingmangroverestoration’(CBEMR)workshopin(UniversityofQueensland)mostterrestrialforestsandactasnaturalsingle-species,oftenselectingfast-growingLamu,Kenya,inMarch2022.Thisworkshopinfrastructurethatprovidesvitalprotectionspecies,oreasilyplantedseedlingsthatmaysupportedWI-EA’s‘MangroveCapitalAfrica’fromstorms,coastalflooding,anderosion.notbesuitedtolocalconditions.WhileeffectiveprogramandtaughtbestpracticemangroveSimultaneously,mangrovescanboostmangroverestorationapproacheshavebeenrestorationtechniquestocommunitymembers,economicresiliencebyincreasingaccessdevelopedandimplemented,thiscapacitygovernmentstaffandlocalNGOs.tosustainablelivelihoodsandfoodsources.andknowledgeisstillnotbroadlyavailable.FailedrestorationeffortsrepresentlostManypreviousrestorationattemptshadfailed,Whyprojectsfailopportunitiestore-establishthemanysotheworkshopaimedtoimproveknowledgebenefitsthatmangrovesprovide,butofmangroveecologyandbiology;encourageDespitetheirimportance,investmentsintheyalsorepresentatremendouswastethemitigationofmangrovestressors;andambitiousmangroverestorationprojectsofresourcesandundermineconfidencefacilitatenaturalregeneration.Participantsarehavebeenslow.Investorsareconcernedintherestorabilityofmangroves.nowimplementingwhattheylearnedinthethatmanymangroverestorationeffortsfail,workshoptorestoretheirmangrovesandbringyetsuchfailuresarepreventable.MangroveplantinginDili,Timorbackhealthyandbiodiverseforests.Leste©JürgenFreund,WWFWhetherlargescaleorsmall,mostprojectsImage:CommunitieslearningCBEMRarehinderedbyweaknessesinconceptiontechniques,Kenyaandexecution.LocalNGOsandcommunitiesPhoto:LeoThomoftenheadsmall-scaleeffortswithoutthetechnicalexpertisetodesignrestoration50projectseffectively.Governmentsusuallyconductlarge-scalerestorationefforts,butarelargelyfocusedonreducingcostsandmaximizingprojectarea.RestorationinAmbaroBay,Ambilobe,Madagascar©NickRiley,WWF-Madagascar49TheStateoftheWorld’sMangroves20223.AfocusonrestorationAnewapproachTheguidewillhighlightkeyquestionsanddecisionsRestoredmangrovesprovidedefenseforeachprojectphase,withdetailedadvicelinkedtoagainsterosionfromboatwakes.IndianSuccessfulmangroverestorationrequiresanrestorationtargets,suchascarboncreditdevelopment,River,Florida©MarkSpalding,TNCend-to-endapproachtargetingthreekeystages:coastalprotection,and/orcombinedlanduse.1.Pre-implementation:settingtheobjectivesforTosupportthereportingandmonitoringofrestoratione.g.,carbonsequestration,coastalrestoration,andtoaidthesharingofcriticalprotectioninformation,theGlobalMangroveAllianceisalsolaunchingaMangroveRestorationTrackerTool(MRTT)2.Implementation:utilizingbestpracticesthat(seesection3.3).Whencombined,thesetoolsandguidesaccountforspecificlocalconditions,whilewillincreasesuccessfulmangroverestorationoutcomesaddressingtheobjectivesthrough(i)identifyingandtrackingsuccessfrompast,present,andfuturemangroverestorationactivities3.Post-implementation:monitoring,evaluation,and(ii)motivatingbestpracticemangroverestorationandlearningfromconductedactivitiesactivitiesglobally,leadingtolong-lastingchange.TheGlobalMangroveAlliance,alongwiththeInternationalBlueCarbonInitiative,isdevelopingaguidetorestoration,buildinguponyearsofexistingworkestablishingscience-basedrestorationtechniques.MangroverestorationguidePre–implementationImplementationPost-implementationMostmangroverestorationmanualsproducedProjectswherethemaingoalistorestoreinrecentyearsfocusonsmall-scaleefforts,andcoastalwetlandsforfisherieshabitat,biodiversityDeﬁneBePreparedBuildPartnershipsProtectwhathasrarelyconsiderthebroaderobjectivesandbenefitsenhancementorfuelwoodcollectionmayhaveveryobjectivesbeenrestoredofrestoration.Thenewguidewilldrawfromthedifferentplanninganddesignrequirements.There•Budget&funding•Buildtheteamwealthofliteratureonmangroverestorationtoarealsoconsiderationsrelatedtoscale:choicesthatUnderstand•Roles&responsibilities•TalktostakeholdersMonitor&guidepractitionerstotheinformationthatfitsmakesenseforsmaller-scaleprojectsmaysimplyconstraints•Siteassessment&•Engagebeneﬁciariesreportwiththeirgoals.notworkforlarger-scaleinitiatives.baselineEvaluate&IdentifyingandarticulatinggoalsiscriticalbecauseAlongsidegoals,itiscriticaltoidentifypossibleknowledgesharetheywillinfluencethedecisionsaroundplanningconstraints.ThesetypicallyincludetheavailableImplementationandimplementation.Forexample,ifyouintendtofundinglevels,implementationcosts,socialanddeveloparestorationprojecttogeneratecarbonpolicyconditions,andbiophysicalconstraints.•Restorethehydrology(ifneeded)credits,planningandimplementingwillcomewithAdvanceconsiderationofconstraintsallowsthe•Naturalregenerationspecificrequirements,includingestablishingaidentificationofrisksanduncertaintiesinterms•Assistednaturalregenerationquantifiedbaselineandselectingareputablecarbonofprojectoutcomesandcanhelpguidedecisions•Nurserydevelopmentmethodology,suchasVerra’sVM00331.onhowtheprojectshouldprogress.•PlantingCommunication&DocumentionFigure16.Stagesofmangroverestorationbestpractices.1JBaldock,TCannard,JKelleway,CLovelock,AStevenandMVanderklift,2019.TechnicalassessmentoftheVerifiedCarbonStandard–‘VM0033MethodologyforTidalWetlandandSeagrassRestoration.’CSIROFinalreportpreparedfortheDepartmentofEnvironmentandEnergy,Canberra,51Australia.25October2019,65pp.52TheStateoftheWorld’sMangroves2022FailedrestorationTheguidewillprimarilysupportprojecteffortsrepresentpractitioners,providingpathwaystodecideHowtousetheguidelostopportunitiesappropriatemethodsdependingontheprojecttore-establishthegoals.Itwillalsofunctionasaone-stopshop,Theroleofthisguideisnottoreplicateexistingwork,manybenefitsthatwhereuserscaneasilyfindalltheinformationbuttobuilduponit.Bycombiningpastworkwiththemangrovesprovide.neededtosuccessfullyrestoremangroves,broadexperiencesfromGMAmembersandpartners,pointingtoexistingguidancewhereavailablethenewguideshouldhelptopreventfuturerestorationandfillinggapsasneeded.failuresandwillpresentopportunitiesfornewprojectstohavethegreatestpossibleimpact.Theoverallstructurewillbeamodulardocumentwith:AerialviewofmangrovesthathadbeenPartneringtorestoreinMumbaidevastatedbyahurricaneinMexico.Visible1.Anoverarchingcomponent,takingherearetheman-madecanals,addedtothereaderstepbystepthroughtheAjayGovale(UnitedWayMumbai)restorehydrologyandaidmangroverecoveryprocessofscoping,planning,designing,©MiguelDiaz,TNCPhotoContest2022implementing,andmonitoringmangroveAsofMay2022,UnitedWayMumbaihasrestoration,pointingtorelevantexistingplantedandmaintained149,845mangrovesguidelinesandtoolsalongtheway.on33hectaresofwetlandswiththehelpof29corporatepartnersand2,798volunteers.For2.Modularextensionsrelatedtospecificsuccessfulrestoration,theplantingwascarriedgoalsthatusersmayhave.Modulesinoutusingthefishbonestyle,withanarrayofdevelopmentwillincludelocalecologicalchannelsrunningoutfromthemaincreekstoknowledge,bluecarbon,coastalensuresufficienttidalwaterflowtotheplants.protection,andcombinedlanduse.TheThisrejuvenationhelpedenrichtheforestmodularsetupallowsforotherextensionsbiodiversityandimprovelivelihoodsforlocalinthefuture.communities.Usingsimplequestions,theguidewillallowUnitedWayMumbaimanagedtoraisereaderstodeterminebestpracticesfortheirawarenessin9,329individualsthroughnatureprojectcontextandgoals.Inaddition,thistrails,classroomsandvirtualsessions.Theydecisiontreestructurewillbedesignedforhavealsocleanedup5.67tonsofwasteandquickandeasyupdatingasnewprotocolspollutionfromthewetlandsthroughvolunteer-andsciencebecomeavailable.ledclean-updrives.‘TheMangroveRestorationGuidance’willbeImage:AerialviewofthefishbonestylealivingdocumentandavailableontheGMAmangroveplantationKnowledgeHublatein2022.TheGuidancewillPhoto:UnitedWayMumbaicontinuetoevolveasnewtopicsareexploredandin2023weplantocreateaninteractive54‘clickablePDF’withlinkstosourcedocuments,videos,andotherresourcematerials.53DronescanbeusedforfinescaleHugeadvancesarebeingmadeinrestorationScalingupFromabandonedfishpondsitemapping©TimCalver,TNCprojectsaroundtheworld,oftenovercomingtomangrovegreenbeltmanyfinancial,ecologicalandsocialchallenges.Ifwewanttoscale-upmangroverestorationto3.3Atthesametime,opportunitiesarebeingmeettheambitiousglobaltargetsoftheGlobalJurgennePrimavera(ZSL)missedtotrackrestorationefforts,tolearnMangroveAllianceorothercommitments(suchToolsfromthem,andtosharethisinformationastheBonnChallengeortheUNDecadeonThesuccessstoryoftheLeganesIntegratedforscalingwithothers.Restoration,(seeSection4.2),thenweneedtoKatungganEcopark(LIKE)inIloilo,central&successimprovethedocumentationofrestorationaimsPhilippinesshowcasespioneeringpond-to-TheChallengeandapproachesaswellasthemonitoringandmangrovereversion,coastalgreenbelts,andRowanaWalton(UniversityofCambridge)evaluationofinterventionsandoutcomes,bothgoodgovernanceunderpinnedbyscience-DominicAndradi-Brown(WWF)Despitelargeinputsoftimeandresourcespositiveandnegative.Suchinformationneedsbasedprotocols,assistednaturalregenerationYasmineM.Gatt(NationalUniversityofSingapore)intotherestorationofmangrovesworldwide,tobedocumented,butalsoshared.(ANR),volunteerplanting,andnetworking.ThomasA.Worthington(UniversityofCambridge)thereisascarcityofinformationavailableonANR,alsoknownasmanagedregrowth,isthetheireffect.ProjectoutcomesareoftennotArichsupplyofinformationonrestorationhumanprotectionofnaturaltreeseedlings,reported,andwhentheyare,thereisabiaseffortsworld-widewillenablethecontinuingwhichtypicallyinvolvestheremovalofbarrierstowardsprojectsthathavebeensuccessful.improvementofallaspectsofrestoration,tonaturalregeneration.Becauseofthis,therestorationcommunityfromfundingandplanning,toapplication,losesavaluableopportunitytolearnfrombenefits-sharingandreporting.Overthe4-yearcollaborationbetweenZSLitspastmistakes.andtheLeganes,Iloilomunicipalgovernment,Easyaccesstosuchinformationwouldprovide~90,000wildingswereoutplantedin9.5Informationonmangroverestorationpractitionerswithacriticaltoolforcross-projecthectaresofabandonedfishpondsbythousandsprojectsisscatteredacrosswebsites,graylearning,enablingpeer-to-peersupportandofstudents,governmentemployees,localliteratureandpublishedpapersmakingitinformationexchange,withthepotentialtocommunitiesandothervolunteers.Projectchallengingandtime-consumingtofindandfacilitatenewrestorationeffortsandpromoteachievementsincludepassageofamunicipaltousethisevidencetoinfluencedecision-theefficientuseoflimitedfunding.ordinanceprotectingmangroves,creationmaking.Furthermore,thetypesandaccuracyofaMunicipalEnvironmentandNaturalofdatareportedareextremelyvariable,withReportingonrestorationResourcesOffice,andtheDisneyConservationinformationonkeyaspectssuchascostsorHeroAwardgrantedtoalocalchampion.measuresofsuccesslargelylacking,makingAsameanstoencouragebetterTheEcoparkhasprovidedprotectionviaaholisticassessmentsofconservationdocumentationanddatasharingonrestoration200-meter-widegreenbelt.successchallenging1.projectsworld-wide,researchersattheUniversityofCambridgeandWWF,workingwith56conservationpractitionersandscientistsfromacrosstheGlobalMangroveAlliance,havebeendevelopingagloballyacceptedstandardreportingframeworktorecordandtrackobjectivesandoutcomesfrommangroverestorationprojects.1Gatt,Y.M.,D.A.Andradi-Brown,G.N.Ahmadia,P.A.Martin,W.J.Sutherland,M.D.Spalding,A.Donnison,andT.A.Worthington.2022.Quantifyingthereporting,coverageandconsistencyofkeyindicatorsinmangroverestorationprojects.FrontiersinForestsandGlobalChange5.553.AfocusonrestorationEngineeringmeetsOver80conservationpractitionersandscientistsfromTheMRTTwill:•Allowrapidsynthesisofrestorationeffortsatnationalmangrovesaroundtheworldhavesofarparticipated,withvirtualandinternationallevels,providingdataonourabilityworkshops,interactivefeedbacksessions,andfieldtrials.•Supportpractitioners,identifyingthekeystepsfortomeetnationalandglobalconservationandEmmaCummings-Krueger(CI)considerationwhendoingmangroverestorationandrestorationtargetsTheecologicalmangroverestorationofFromthis,aframeworkhasbeendevelopedforrecordingthekeyindicatorsrequiredtotrackoutcomesthePuntarenasEstuaryinCostaRicaiscurrentandhistoricalprojects,andtoguidecurrentand•Helptoidentifyareasforfurtherevaluationoridentifythelargestcoastalengineeringinitiativefuturepractitionerstoconsidertherangeofdatathatis•SimplifytherecordingofprojectoutcomesgapsinmangroverestorationprogramactivitiesinCentralAmerica.importanttocollect.Torestorehydrologicalconnectivity,over•Highlightthebenefitoflong-termmonitoring,TheMRTTisnearingcompletion.Itwillinitiallybe5,000mofchannelshavebeenexcavatedMangroveRestorationTrackerTool(MRTT)encouragingdocumentationofawiderrangeof‘populated’byanarrayofdatafromsampleprojects,orrehabilitated,helpingtorestoreecologicalandsocialoutcomeshelpingtogiveitimmediateutilitynotonlyasareportingmangroves.ThisworkisnowbeingbuiltintoaMangroveRestorationframeworkbutasaninformationsource.ItwillbehostedEffortsarealsobeingmadetopromoteTrackerTool(MRTT),whichwillcomplementandsupport•EnabledatavisualizationandcomparisonwithotherontheGlobalMangroveWatchportal,andlinkedtotheadditionalconservationofcloseto5,200field-baseddatacollection.WithaflexiblestructureitwillprojectsthathavesimilarunderlyingconditionsGMAwebsite.hectaresofmangrovestopositivelybesuitableforalldifferentrestorationapproaches,andimpactlocalcommunities.forprojectscoveringsingleormultipleoutcomesacross•ProvideameanstocommunicatepositiveImage:Puntarenasmangroverestorationthefullarrayofecologicalandsocio-economicbenefitsrestorationstoriesPhoto:JorgePineda&DaniloTorresmangroveforestsprovide.Communitiesrestoringhydrologyfor57TherearethreecriticalcomponentstoreportingacrossmangrovesinElSalvador©DiegoVivancothelifetimeofaproject:581.Pre-restorationsitebaseline2.Restorationinterventions3.Post-restorationmonitoringTheMRTTwillallowuserstocompletethesecomponentsatdifferenttimepointsthroughoutaproject,evenallowingformultipleandongoingentriestocontinuemonitoringprojectsovertime.Eachsectionconsistsofseveralquestionswithmultiplechoiceresponses,withtheintentionthatdataproviderscanrapidly,yetcomprehensively,describetheirproject.GeneratingsuccessfulinterventionsTheMRTTisbeingdesignedasanonlineinteractivetool,withaPDFversionavailableforfielddatacollection.Itwillbeaccessibleinseverallanguages,andwillbelinkedtootherbest-practiceguidance(seesection3.2).TheStateoftheWorld’sMangroves2022Localpeopleareacriticalsourceofecologicalinformation©AnaGrillo3.4UsinglocalknowledgetotrackmangroveecosystemsIncludinglocalecologicalknowledgeLocalecologicalknowledge(LEK)isabroadterminmangroveencompassingtheinformationanylocalpeoplehaveconservation&onanimals,plants,andtheenvironmentwithwhichrestorationtheyarefamiliar.Thisbroaddefinitionincludes,butextendsbeyond,traditionalecologicalknowledgeKateKincaid(UniversityofCambridge),KerryGrimm(NorthernArizonaUniversity),(TEK),whichisoftenmulti-generationalandrootedinFaridDahdouh-Guebas(UniversitéLibredeBruxelles),DominicWodehouse(MangroveActionProject),aculturalframework.LEKcanprovideinformationonMarkSpalding(TNC),ThomasWorthington(UniversityofCambridge)theorganismspresent,theinteractionsbetweenhumansandtheenvironment,andchangesintheecosystemthroughspaceandtime.Formangroves,LEKhasprovidedinformationandcontextinarangeofsettings:TheimportanceoflocalknowledgeTofillknowledgegaps,scientistsoftenrelyon•InIndia’sGodavarimangroveforest,localperceptionsLocalpeoplescanestimatesfromlarge-scale,low-resolutiondatasets,ofchangeinmangroveareasdifferedfromGISmapsprovideacriticalHavingabroaderandmoredetailedunderstandingbutsuchinformationrarelycapturesthelocalcontext.andinformationfrombothapproacheswasusedtoroutetoaddressingofthelocalconditionsandhistoryofaparticularsiteCollectinglocaldatacanbechallenging,costly,andinformmanagement2datadeficienciesandcangreatlyimprovesuccessfulprotectionandrestorationtime-consuming.Nevertheless,localpeoplescanknowledgegaps.ofmangroves.Formanyareas,however,therearehugeprovideacriticalroutetoaddressingdatadeficiencies•Throughparticipatorymapping,alocalcommunityindatagaps,includinginformationonpastconditions,andknowledgegaps1.thePhilippinesidentifiedmangrovepatchesthatweregatheredcorrectly,suchinformationcanstrengthenlocalhumanuses,thefaunaandflora,andphysicalnotidentifiedinglobalmappingefforts3ourunderstandingofmangroveecosystemsandandhydrologicalsettings.supporteffectiveprotection,restoration,and•InMadagascar,LEKprovidedcomprehensivebirdmanagementoftheseareas.inventories,withlocalpeopleadding18speciesthatwerenotfoundinformalfieldsurveys4Suchexamplesunderlinethedepthandbreadthofinformationavailable.Gatheringsuchinformationrequiressensitivitytoethicalconsiderationsandprocedures,suchasensuringLEKholdersarefullyinformedandhaveconsentedtothestudy5.But1Rist,S.,&Dahdouh-Guebas,F.(2006).EthnoSciences––Asteptowardstheintegrationofscientificandindigenousformsofknowledgeinthe3Francisco,R.R.T.,Blanco,A.C.,Manalili,M.A.G.,Gatdula,N.B.,Songcuan,A.J.G.,Landicho,K.P.C.,...&Apura,R.J.A.(2019).MappingofBluemanagementofnaturalresourcesforthefuture.Environment,DevelopmentandSustainability,8(4),467-493.CarbonEcosystems:EffectofProximity,ActivityTypesandFrequencyofVisitsintheAccuracyofParticipatoryMaps.TheInternationalArchivesof2Dahdouh-Guebas,F.,Collin,S.,LoSeen,D.,Rönnbäck,P.,Depommier,D.,Ravishankar,T.,&Koedam,N.(2006).AnalysingethnobotanicalandPhotogrammetry,RemoteSensingandSpatialInformationSciences,42,83-88.fishery-relatedimportanceofmangrovesoftheEast-GodavariDelta(AndhraPradesh,India)forconservationandmanagementpurposes.4Gardner,C.J.,Andriamahenina,Z.,Carro,A.,Jones,T.G.,&Jasper,L.D.(2017).RapidassessmentsandlocalknowledgerevealhighbirddiversityJournalofEthnobiologyandEthnomedicine,2(1),1-22.inmangrovesofnorth-westMadagascar.WetlandsEcologyandManagement,25(1),45-58.60TheStateoftheWorld’sMangroves2022MakinguseofLEKeffectiveCombiningdifferenttypesofdataandknowledgecangreatlystrengthendecision-making,whileToexpandourunderstandingofLEKinmangrovemeetingglobalpolicycallstoincludeLEK6.Itconservation,ateamofpartners,withsupportfromcanprovideessentialsupporttoconservationtheGlobalMangroveAlliance,aredevelopingtoolsandrestorationoutcomes,bothbygeneratingaandguidelinestosupporttheuptakeandeffectivemoreholisticunderstandingoflocalecosystems,andequitableuseofLEKinmangroveforestresearch,andthroughsupportingtheinvolvementandconservation,andrestoration.Thiswillsupportengagementbylocalpeople.practitionerslookingtoincludeLEKalongsidequantitativesurveydata.VillagersnearSittwe,MyanmarusingamapoftheirvillageBaselineecologicalsurveyscanbegreatlyBeekeepinginThailandprintedontovinylfromtocheckasharedunderstandingoflocalhelpedbylocalpeople.RufijiDelta,Tanzaniaresources,activityplansandtenure©DominicWodehouse,MAP©JulieMulonga,WetlandsInternationalLeoThom(MangroveActionProject)InthevillageofNaiNanginSouthernThailand,5FreePriorandInformedConsent–AnIndigenousPeoples’rightandagoodpracticeforlocalcommunities–FAO.2016.FishersintheGodavariMangroveForestinIndiacommunitymembersarerestoringtheirlosthttps://www.fao.org/3/i6190e/i6190e.pdfusemangrovebarkusedfordyeingfishingnetsmangroveforestsandusingbeekeepingto6TheUnitedNationsDecadeonEcosystemRestorationStrategy.Strategydocument.©SarahCollininDahdouh-Guebasetal.,(2006)providesustainablelivelihoods.Mangroverestorationprovidesahabitatfor61beesandbeekeepingencouragesareductionintheuseofpesticidesandherbicides,aswellashelpingtopollinatethemangrovetrees.Withthesuccessofthisinnovation,MangroveActionProjectandNaiNangvillagersareworkingtotrainothercommunitiesalongtheAndamancoasttorestoretheirmangrovesandkeepbees.Image:BeekeepingworkshopsPhoto:LeoThom62TheStateoftheWorld’sMangroves2022MangrovefisherwomaninThailand©AnaGrillo4.164MangroverecognitionontheworldstageEmilyGoodwin(IUCN),LisaSchindlerMurray(Rare),EmilyLandis(TNC),KarenDouthwaite(WWF),JamesHardcastle(IUCN),SwatiHingorani(IUCN),CaroleSaint-Laurent(IUCN),AneteBerzina-Rodrigo(IUCN),VictoriaRomero(IUCN)TheinternationalimportanceofmangrovesInadditiontotheirlocalbenefits,mangroveforestsareofconsiderableglobalimportance.Internationaldimensionsofmangroveecosystemsincludetheirroleinsafeguardingcoastalbiodiversity,storingcarbon,helpingtheworldadapttotheimpactsofclimatechange,protectingourcoastlines,andtheflowofmangroveproductsincludingfisheriesproducts,timberandfuelwood.Thesuccessfulprotectionofmangroveforeststhereforerequirescoordinationacrossnationalboundariesanduptoglobalscales.63MerguiArchipelago,MyanmarHowever,inordertorealizetheseglobalagreements,Coastallanduseplanning,permitting,andMothersofMangrove©EthanDaniels,TNCcountrieshavetostepupandmakecommitmentsenvironmentalimpactassessmentprocessestocontributetowardsthesecollectivegoals.canbeusedtoregulatedevelopmentactivitiesEnricoMarone(Rare)Internationalpolicyagreementscanenablewithinandaroundmangroveforests;speciescollectiveactiononglobalchallenges,whilealsoScientificdevelopmentsandtheincreasingnativetomangroveecosystemscanbeplacedInnorthernBrazil,aterritoryhometotheencouragingandstrengtheningnationalandlocalavailabilityofmangrovedataprovideavaluableunderprotection;restrictionscanbeplacedworld’slargestcontinuousareaofmangroves,efforts.Formangroveecosystems,coordinatedglobal,startingpointforpolicymakers.Neworimprovedonactivitiesthataffecthydrology,andmore.theMothersoftheMangroves(Mãesdonationalandlocalactioniscriticaltosuccessfullydata–suchassomeoftheinformationdescribedThesedifferentlegislativepathscanallhaveMangue)campaignisinspiringandengagingtacklingthelossofmangrovesandsupportinghereonaboveandbelowgroundcarbonstocksandpositiveimpactsonthehealthofmangrovecommunitiestodefendandprotectthiscriticalrestoration.onthesocio-economicvalueofmangroveecosystemsecosystemswithoutcompletelyrestrictingecosystem.Intheextractivereserves,fishing–canbeusedtostrengthennationalbiodiversity,theirusageoraccess.communitiesdependonhealthyecosystemsRecentpolicyadvancementsarerallyingdevelopment,andclimatepoliciesbyincludingFormoreinformationonoptionsforlocalfortheirfoodsecurityandlivelihoods.governmentsaroundthecriticalneedtoprotectandecosystem-basedapproachesandre-shapingthepoliciesformangroveprotection,seesectionrestoremangroves:fromtheinclusionofoceanandpressuresofcoastaldevelopmentandotherthreats5.2‘EngagingtheWorld’inthe2021StateofInPartnershipwithPurpose,asocialmovementcoastalecosystemsintheGlasgowClimatePact;tothetomangroves.theWorld’sMangroveReport.incubator,RarecapturedthestoriesofincorporationofmangroveindicatorsandtargetsasseveralwomenfromtheareaforawebvideopartoftheupcomingadoptionofthePost-2020GlobalPolicymakersalsomustworktogethertoshareMangrovediebackfollowingcoastalroadconstruction.series,revealingthefundamentalroletheseBiodiversityFramework;andtotherecent2022UNcasestudiesofprotectionsuccesses.InJune2022,BajaCalifornia,Mexico©MarkSpalding/TNCwomenplayinadvocatingfortheprotectionOceanConferenceoutliningprioritiesforacceleratedtheUNFCCCOceanandClimateChangeDialogueservedofthemangroves,andtheirabilitytohelpinvestmentinnature-basedsolutionsincoastalasanopportunityforgovernmentsandimplementationcommunitiesadapttoclimatechange.Theecosystems.partnerstoshareexamplesofhowcoastalecosystems,campaignalsofeaturedthepublicationofalikemangroveforests,serveasvaluableresourcesvitalcookbook,containingrecipesnativetotheCollectiveglobalprogressthroughforclimateactionintheircountryandcommunities,AmazonianmangroveforestsinBrazil’slocalactionandhowtheselocalactionscontributetocollectiveParástate.globalaction.InternationalpolicyframeworksonglobalPhoto:RareBrazilchallengessuchasclimatechange,biodiversityloss,Protectingmangrovesthroughpolicyandsustainabledevelopmentofferanopportunityfor66nationalpolicymakerstocometogethertosetglobalThereisnoone-size-fits-allapproachtomangrovetargetsandsharehowtheirnationalandlocalactionpolicy.Tailoredlegalframeworksandmanagementcontributestoglobalchange.approachesmustbedesignedbasedonlocalcontextstoaddressthethreatstomangroveecosystems.Forexample,mangrovescanbeprotectedthroughtheestablishmentofprotectedareasandOtherEffectiveArea-basedConservationMeasures(OECMs)1(seesection4.3).1AnOECMisdefinedbytheCBDasageographicallydefinedareaotherthanaProtectedArea,whichisgovernedandmanagedinwaysthatachievepositiveandsustainedlong-termoutcomesfortheinsituconservationofbiodiversity,withassociatedecosystemfunctionsandservicesandwhereapplicable,cultural,spiritual,socio–economic,andotherlocallyrelevantvalues’(CBD/COP/DEC/14/8).OECMsrecognizedefactolong-termconservationoutsideofformallydesignatedprotectedareas,suchaslandsmanagedbyindigenouspeoplesandlocalcommunities.SeeexamplesofmangroveprotectionthroughOECMsinIndonesiaathttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X21005509andinIndiaathttps://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/2022-06/OECM_criteria%20and%20guidelines_India_May%202022_.pdf.FiddlerCrab,StLucia©MarkSpalding,TNC4.ProgressandpolicyRecognitionofthevalueofhealthyecosystemsSimplesummaryinformationontheGMWonlineProboscismonkeyscombingacreekforformitigatingglobalclimatechange,safeguardingplatformcanbeusedbynationalpolicymakerstoassessfoodinNorthKalimantan,Indonesiabiodiversity,reducingdisasterrisks,andachievingrestorationpotential(section3.1),seehowmuchof©RyanHidayat,TNCPhotoContest2022sustainabledevelopmentgoals,iswovenacrosstheirmangrovesareunderprotection(section4.3),andmanyinternationalframeworks.CommitmentscalculatethenationalcarbonstorageoftheirmangroveTheongoingUNFCCCGlobalStocktakeisaprocessfromnationalgovernmentstothesecollectiveglobalstock(section2.4).thatassessestheworld’scollectiveprogresstowardstargetsserveasareflectionofthelevelofambitionachievingtheParisAgreementandservesasameanstoreversedegradationanddeforestationinTheGMAisalsofinalizingaMangroveRestorationtoinformcountriesonhowtoraisetheirambitionsmangroveareas.TrackerTool(MRTT)(section3.3)whichwillhelpinNDCs.GMApartnershavedevelopedaguidanceThelatesthigh-resolutionmapdatafromGMWpractitionerstorecordandmonitorrestorationeffortsdocumentoutlininghowocean-relevanttopicsand(section2.1)canbeusedtosupportpolicymakerswhileenablingaground-upsynthesisofrestorationthemes,includingmangroveprotectionactions,inreportingontheirmangroveprogresstowardsprogress,aggregatingsitelevelcommunityorNGOledcanbeassessedasacontributiontoachievingtheinternationaltargetsandgoals.progresswithlargergovernmentinitiativesandenablinggoalsoftheParisAgreementduringthe2023Globalthesharingoflessonslearned.GlobalopportunitiestoStocktakeprocess2.4.2assessprogressanddiscussexperiencesmayprovideausefulplatformtodemonstratehowlocalactiononTherearenumerousfurtherUNFCCCprocesses,Mangrovesmangroveprotectionisvitalforprogressonglobalbodiesandongoingnegotiationswherecountriesmayinclimate&goalslikeclimatechangeandbiodiversity.advanceeffortstoaddressocean-climatechallengesandbiodiversitystrengthenrecognitionoftheroleofcoastalandmarinepolicyAsmentionedinthe2021editionofthisreport,2030nature-basedclimatesolutions.ThisdocumentbyGMAiscitedasamilestoneyearformanyofthetargetsinpartnerssummarizesmanykeyentrypoints.EmilyGoodwin(IUCN),LisaSchindlerMurray(Rare),EmilyLandis(TNC),variousinternationalframeworks.SomeofthesekeyKarenDouthwaite(WWF),JamesHardcastle(IUCN),SwatiHingorani(IUCN),upcomingtargetsinclude:CaroleSaint-Laurent(IUCN),AneteBerzina-Rodrigo(IUCN),VictoriaRomero(IUCN)1.MangrovesintheParisAgreement2SchindlerMurray,L.,Romero,V.andHerr,D.(2021):UnpackingtheUNFCCCGlobalStocktakeforOcean-ClimateAction.IUCN,Rare,ConservationUndertheUNFCCC’sParisAgreement,countriesareInternational,WWF,andOcean&ClimatePlatform.responsibleformakingstrongcommitmentsfornationalactiononclimatechangemitigationandadaptation67throughNationallyDeterminedContributions(NDCs)andNationalAdaptationPlans(NAPs).CountriesarerequiredtoperiodicallyreporttheirnationalprogresstowardsmeetingtheirgoalsandupdatetheirNDCstoratchetupambitiontowardsmeetingcollectiveglobaltargetssuchaskeepingglobalwarmingunder1.5°C.Includingnature-basedclimatesolutionssuchasmangroveprotectionorrestorationinthesecommitmentssendsastrongsignalofnationalpolicyandinvestmentprioritiestotheinternationalcommunity.684.ProgressandpolicyActioninBelize2.MangrovesinthePost-2020Thus,theGMA’sambitionexceedsAdditionalresourcesbyGlobalBiodiversityFrameworkthistarget–ourgoalofdoublingprotectionandGMApartnersNadiaBood(WWF)haltingallfurtherlosswouldseemorethan80%InBelize,mangrovesareconsideredcoastalThe2022UNBiodiversityConference(CBDofmangrovesprotectedandsustainablymanagedTherehasbeensignificantprogressmadeguardiansandcost-effectivenature-basedCOP15)willfinalizenegotiationstoadopttheby2030.sincetheStateoftheWorld’sMangroveReportsolutionsforclimatemitigationandadaptation.Post-2020GlobalBiodiversityFramework,which2021.We’vehighlightedthemajorinternationalBelizesetambitiousmangrovetargetswithinitswillserveasaglobal‘ParisAgreementforNature’ExperiencesbyGMAmembersgloballydemonstrateframeworks,butadditionalpublicationsto2021NationallyDeterminedContributiontothetosetglobalbiodiversitygoalsandtargetstothatongoingeffortstoprotectandrestoremangroveshelpguidepractitionersandpolicymakersUNFCCC:restoring4,000hectaresofmangrovessupersedethepreviousAichiBiodiversityTargets3.canbeamodelforhow30x30shouldbeimplementedareincludedbelow.anddoublingtheareaofmangrovesunderacrossotherecosystems:viaapeople-ledapproachprotectionby2030.MangroveswillplayavitalroleindeliveringthiswhereIndigenousPeoples,localcommunitiesandotherGuidingprinciplesonsustainableInresponsetothesegoals,WWF,togetherwithframework,consideringtheircontributionstostakeholdersareattheforefrontofdecidingwhichareasmangroveecosystemmanagementpartners,isconductingoutreachandtrainingbiodiversity,livelihoodsandfoodsecuritythroughcountunderthisglobalgoalandcollectivelydesigningtoimprovetheknowledgeandexpertiseofprovisionofhabitattofishandotherwildlife,inhowtheyshouldbemanaged.Thissetofsustainablemangroveecosystemgovernmentstaff,NGOs,andlocalcommunitiesadditiontotheirclimateandresiliencebenefits.managementprinciplesaimstoensurethatinmangroverehabilitation,andpromoting4.MangrovesintheUNDecadesmangroveactionactivelybenefitslocalcommunity-basedactionstoprotectandAguidancedocumentdevelopedbyGMAofEcosystemRestorationandcommunities.Theseprinciplesaredesignedrestoremangrovesatscale.StakeholderspartnersillustratesthecontributionofmangroveOceanSciencetoprovideguidancefornationalpolicydecisionarelearningspecificrestorationtechniquesecosystemstowardstheachievementofmultiplemakersresponsibleforconservation,restoration,appropriatetolowandhighintensitycoastlines.goalsandtargetsoftheframework,whilealsoTwomajorUNDecadesrunthrough2030:protectionandmanagementofmangroveImage:MangrovesinBelizedemonstratingtopolicymakersthescientificonefocusingonEcosystemRestorationandtheecosystems.resourcesavailabletosetnationalmangroveotheronOceanScienceforSustainableDevelopment.69targetsandsupportreporting–suchastheBothoftheseDecadeswillbeinstrumentaltoprotectingIntegratingtechnologyandGlobalMangroveWatch4.peopleandnaturearoundtheworld,includingtropicalnature-basedsolutionsthroughandsubtropicalregionsrichwithmangroves.green-grayinfrastructure3.ProtectionTargetsTheGMAisanofficialimplementinginitiativeoftheToaddressescalatingclimaterisksincoastalWithinthesameCBDnegotiations,countriesUNDecadeonEcosystemRestoration,workingtoraisesettings,countriesmustconsideradaptationareexpectedtosignaframeworkthatwillcallambitiononmangroverestorationandtrackandmonitorapproachesthatintegratebothnaturefortheprotection,restorationandsustainableprogressthroughtheGlobalMangroveWatch.andtechnology.ThisUNFCCCTechnologymanagementof30%ofterrestrialandmarineExecutiveCommitteepolicybriefsummarizesecosystemsby2030,referredtoastheTheGMAlooksforwardtotheyearsaheadassciencerecommendationsforpolicymakerstoscale30x30target.andsustainabledevelopmentisprioritizedalongsideupgreen-grayinfrastructureapproaches.restorationandconservationofmangroves.TheGMAsupportsthisglobaltargetbutnotesthatforcriticalnaturalresourcessuch3https://www.cbd.int/aichi-targets/asmangrovesystems,whicharealreadyhighly4SaveOurMangrovesNow!,GlobalMangroveAlliance,GlobalMangroveWatch,andtheMangroveSpecialistGroupofIUCN’sSpeciesSurvivaldiminishedfromtheiroriginalextents,30%Commission2021.GuidanceonMangroveIndicatorsinthePost-2020GlobalBiodiversityFramework.protectionisfartoolow.70Further,withprotectedareasalreadycovering42%ofcurrentmangrovearea(seesection4.3)thistargethasalreadybeenmetformangroveecosystems.TheStateoftheWorld’sMangroves20224.P4ro.Pgreosgsreasnsdapnodlipcoylicy4.3ProgressinprotectionMarkSpalding(TNC)Beyondthe30x30targetTheMankòtéorMaKôtémangroveforestinStLuciaisoneofthefewlargeandprotectedmangrovesinAtaplanetaryscale,mangrovesareaheadofthecurve.Somecountrieshavealongwaytogo–withimportanttheEasternCaribbeans©MarkSpalding,TNCSome42%ofalltheworld’sremainingmangrovesfallmangrovecountriessuchasMyanmarcurrentlywithwithinprotectedareasrecognizedbytheIUCN.only3%ofitsrapidlydiminishingmangrovesprotected,67%45%10%orSaudiArabiaat12%orMalaysiaat14%.Thus,whiletherearegrowingeffortstosetglobaltargets15,256km128km23kmforprotectionof30%ofallterrestrialandmarineareasBycontrast,manycountrieshavealreadyprotectedoverby2030(30x30),itisclearthatwecanfocusagreater80%oftheirmangroves,includingTanzania,Bangladesh,North&CentralMiddleEastEastAsiaambitiontowardsmangroves.Japan,theUnitedStatesofAmericaandBrazil.America&theCaribbean53%PartofthissuccesshascomefromthegrowingrealizationItis,ofcourse,importanttorealizethatbeingina31%22%thatthevalueofmangrovesissogreatthatensuringtheirprotectedareadoesnotguaranteeprotection.72%5,026kmlong-termprotectionisaninvestment.Onethatwillpay6,750km10,677kmoutdividendsimmediatelyandinperpetuity.Somelossescannotbeprevented,suchasthosefrom14,611kmSouthAsiaerosionorstorms.Equally,someprotectedareasareWest&SoutheastAsiaRegionalpatternsofmangroveprotectionarepoorlydesignedorimplementedandfailtopreventSouthAmericaCentralAfricapresentedinFigure17,butsuchpatternsbecomedamageandloss.10%evenmorestarkatnationallevels.42%43%590km61,287km3,264km47%PacificGlobalEast&4,962kmIslandsSouthernAfricaAldabraAtollisahighlyprotectedremotecoralreefAustralia&withextensivemangroves©MarkSpalding,TNCNewZealand=Proportionofprotectedmangroveskm=AreaofprotectedmangrovesFigure17.Thecoverageofmangrovesbyprotectedareasbymajorworldregions.72TheStateoftheWorld’sMangroves2022Atthesametime,protectedareasarejustoneWhatiscriticalisthat,aswehaltlossandcatalyzemeanstosecurealong-termfutureformangroves.recovery,wesetourambitionshigh.Everymangroveprotectedandsecuredrepresentsaninvestment,Therearegrowingeffortstoalsomeasuretheprovidingsecurity,safeguardingcoastalpeoplesprotectionprovidedbyOtherEffectiveArea-Basedandbiodiversityforgenerationstocome.ConservationMeasures(OECMs)whichcanincludeindigenousandcommunity-ownedspacesorotherareasthatreceivedefactoprotectionasaresultofabroadarrayoflegalortraditionalcontrols.Figure18.TheMangrovesinProtectedAreaswidgetintheGlobalMangroveWatchPlatformenablesuserstoexploreallprotectedareasregisteredCompetitionforspaceoftenleadstoClimate-smartFisheriespodcastontheWorldDatabaseonProtectedAreas(UNEP-WCMC/IUCN)(www.protectedplanet.net)astheseoverlapmangroves,alsoprovidinginformationmangrovesbeingreplacedinthecoastalontheproportionofmangrovesprotectedineverycountry.Althoughthedesignationasaprotectedareadoesnotguaranteeeffectiveconservation,zone.Florida,USA©CarltonWard,TNCLisaSchindlerMurray,YasminArquiza(Rare)thelayercancontributetoanoverallproxyforhowwellmangrovesareprotected.Toreachnewaudiences,Rare,incollaborationLocallymanagedareas,suchasthisinPapuawithPumaPodcasts,producedaseriesof73NewGuinea,canformacriticalcontributionepisodesonclimate-smartfisheries.tomangroveprotection©MarkGodfrey,TNCTheintentionwastosharetheimportanceofAsia-Pacific’smarineecosystemsinsustaininglocalcommunitiesandprotectingusfromclimatechange.ArecentepisodefeaturesIndonesia’smangrovesandexploresthecriticalvaluestheseecosystemsoffertolocalpeople,andhowtheprotectionandrestorationofmangroveforestsiscriticalforthese‘guardiansofthecoast’.Image:MangrovesinIndonesiacoverPhoto:Rare74TheStateoftheWorld’sMangroves20224.4TheGlobalTheMangroveTreeSpecieswidgetMangroveAllianceGlobalTheMangroveTreeSpecieswidgetshowsMangrovecontinuouslymangrovespeciesnativetoeachcountry,aWatchinvestsandfostersvaluablebaselineforrestorationinitiativesandpractitioners,insupportofthecollaborationsselectionofspeciessuitableforplantingattomakethelatestanationallevel.ThewidgetalsoindicatesscienceavailabletheIUCNRedListcategoryforeachspecies,drawingattentiontothreatenedspecies.toall.BlackmangroveAvicenniagerminans,MariceLeal(TNC),TheGMWPlatforminHumedalesdeCaboRojo,DominicanZangbéto,guardianofChristopherSheridan(WetlandsInternational),Republic,showingtheradiationofitsrootsthemangrovesKathrynLongley-Wood(TNC),TheGlobalMangroveWatchPlatformisoneofour©ChristopherEsquea,TNCPhotoContest2022LammertHilarides(WetlandsInternational)maintoolsintellingthestoryofmangroveecosystemsRenaudBailleux(IUCN)andinempoweringahostofuserswithaccurate,Figure19.Thetreespecieswidgetenablesuserstoseeup-to-dateandconsistentinformation.whatspeciesarenativeineachcountryandtoseehowDuetodomesticneedsofthelocalpopulationmanyareconsideredthreatenedundertheIUCNRedList.andthemarketingofby-products,theInadditiontotheoriginaldataandfunctionalitiesmangrovesofBeninarebeinggreatlydegraded.describedinthe2021editionofthisreport,the2022IntheBoucheduRoyAireCommunautaireupdateofthisplatformincludesmuchofthedatadeConservationdelaBiodiversité(ACCB,ahighlightedinthisvolumeandmore.communityconservationareaandaUNESCOMABreservesite),analternativepathwayUserscanexploretheGlobalMangroveWatchtodecreaseanthropogenicpressureonthemaps,trackingchangeovertime,andcandownloadmangroveswasfound:sanctificationofthekeydatasets.mangrovesthroughthedeityZangbéto.Thisinitiative–takenthroughmutualagreementThecoverageofmangrovesinprotectedareasisnowbetweenthelocalpopulation,thetraditionalcomprehensive(seeFigure18),andthemangrovechieftaincy,elders,leaders,thelocaldisturbancealertsremainupdatedmonthlyandassociationsandNGOs–isrespectedbyallnowcoverthewholecontinentofAfrica.stakeholders.ThisactivityissupportedbytheEUfunded“MangrovesforestmanagementMangrovesinSemporna,Sabah,MalaysiafromSenegaltoBenin”projectthroughits©EricMadeja,WWF-MalaysiapartnerEcoBenin.Image:SacralizationceremonyoftheACCBBoucheduRoywiththedeityZangbétoPhoto:EcoBenin764.ProgressandpolicyTheClimateandPolicyDashboardGlobalforumKeycomponentsofrelevancetomangrovesMangrovebufferinBangladeshTheClimateandPolicyDashboardisaCBDWithintheframeworkofCBD,governmentsarenegotiatinganewglobalframeworkformanagingnaturethrough2030expectedcomprehensivedashboardthatwillaggregatetobeadoptedinlate2022.ItwillguideactionsworldwidetopreserveandprotectnatureanditsessentialservicestopeopleenMaksudurRahman(BEDS)variouscountry-levelpolicydata.TheUNDecadeofOceanroutetolivinginharmonywithnatureby2050.Mangroveecosystemscontributetowardstheachievementofmultiplegoals,dashboardwillprovidedecision-makerswithScienceforSustainabletargetsandassociatedindicatorsincludedinthisframework.ThemangrovesintheperipheryofSundarbansinformationthathighlightstheopportunityforDevelopmentoncecreatedabufferzonethatofferedcoastalcountriestousemangroveconservationandIPCCLedbyUNESCO,itprovidesacommonframeworktoensurethatoceansciencecanfullysupportcountriestoachievethe2030protectionandalsoservedashabitatforwildrestorationtowardsmeetingkeypolicygoals.AgendaforSustainableDevelopment.Itusestheperiod2021-2030torallyashared,globalefforttoensuretheoceanisclean,animalsandbirds,butthatbufferzonehasFRELhealthyandresilient,productive,predicted,safe,accessible,inspiringandengaging.Additionalinformationcanbefoundhere:ThesincebeengreatlyreducedduetoclimaticAtaglance,userswillbeabletocompareOceanDecade-Vision,Mission&OutcomesandassociatedDecadetoolkitonmangroves:Toolkits-TheOceanAgency.andanthropogenicimpacts.theclimatechangemitigationpotentialofREDD+mangrove-relatedinterventions(suchasTheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)istheUNbodythatassessesthelatest-availablesciencerelatedtoclimateTorecreatethisnaturalprotectiverestorationoravoidedloss)tothoseofotherchange.TheIPCCalsoprovidestheguidancethatcountriescanusetoimplementfortheirNationalGHGinventoriesasindicatedininfrastructure,BEDShasagoalofcreatingecosystems,andfurthercomparethattothetheParisAgreement.Formangroves,the‘2013Supplementtothe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories:a500hectaremangrovegreenbeltthroughemissionsreductiontargetinthecountry’sWetlands’isthelatestavailableaccountingguidanceforbluecarbonecosystems:mangroves,seagrassandtidalsaltmarshes.plantingandregenerating500,000mangroveNationallyDeterminedContributions(NDCs).treestogetherwithlocalcommunities.TheaimThedashboardwillalsovisualizetheareaof‘Settingforestreferencelevels(FRLs)and/orforestreferenceemissionlevels(FRELs)isoneofthefirststepscountriesneedtoisincreasedbiodiversity,coastalprotection,mangroveswithinacountrythataremosttaketobenefitfromREDD+.Asakeycomponentofnationalforestmonitoringsystems,FRLsandFRELsprovideabaselineagainstmangrove-basedlivelihoodspromotion,aswelleligibleorhave‘demonstratedreadiness’towhichemissionreductionscanbemeasured,andsubsequentresults-basedpaymentsbemade.’Mangrovesandtheirunderlyingasclimatechangeadaptationandmitigation.engageinacarbonmarket.soilscanbeincludedinacountry’sFRELinselectcircumstances,andenablesrobustandtransparentaccounting.(quotefromhttps://www.forestcarbonpartnership.org/forest-reference-emission-levels)Since2013,BEDShasregenerated315,770Inaddition,thisdashboardwillfeaturepolicymangrovesinapproximately30hectarestargetdataforthegivencountry,suchas:aREDD+isreducingemissionsfromdeforestationandforestdegradationandtheroleofconservation,sustainablemanagementthroughplantationandrestorationinthelinktotheirNDC;alistoftheirNDCtargetsforofforestsandenhancementofforestcarbonstocks.REDD+primarilyreferstosubtropicalortropicalforestdevelopingcountries.SundarbanscoastalregionofBangladesh,mitigationandadaptationandanyassociatedDependingontheNationalForestDefinition,mangrovesmaybeconsideredpartoftheforests–andthuspotentiallypartoftogetherwiththelocalcommunityonbothmentionsofothercoastalandmarinenature-REDD+-inselectcountries.TheUNFCCCdefinesREDD+activitiesas:reducingemissionsfromdeforestation,reducingemissionspublicandprivateland.basedsolutions;statusofinclusionoftheIPCCfromforestdegradation,enhancementofforestcarbonstocks,conservationofcarbonstocks,andsustainablemanagementofWetlandsSupplementinGHGaccountingnotedforests.(Decision1/CP16)REDD+programsmayalsoincludeansustainablefinancingelementthrougharesults-basedpaymentPhoto:TeamBEDSintheNDC;andthecountry’sForestReferencemechanism,thatcouldbepartofacarbonmarketorotherapproach.EmissionLevels(FREL)forthosewhohaveone.77Toseekeycomponentsofotherprocesses,pleaseseesection5.2‘EngagingtheWorld’inthe2021‘StateoftheWorld’sMangroveReport’Ensuringrobustandupdateddataandrelatedreporting-forinstance,adheringtoOn-the-fly-calculationsthelatestIPCCguidanceandacountry’sFREL–isimportantasitenhancesoverallclimateThroughon-the-flycalculations,userswillbeabletodrawambitionwhileutilizingexistingcapacityoruploadtheirownpolygonstogeneratebasicstatisticsbuildingeffortsin-country,suchasthetechnicalforareasofinterest.WithinthelimitsofresolutionthatexpertisegainedbyimplementingREDD+.canbeprovidedbyremotesensingdata,forexample,thiswillenablethemonitoringofmangrovedevelopmentandchangewithinspecificprojectsites,anditcouldbeThefisheriesenhancementroleofmangroveswillsoonintegratedasabasisforlongtermmonitoringofcarbonbeavailableontheGMWplatform©MarkSpaldingprojects.TheGlobalMangroveAlliancecontinuouslyinvestsandfosterscollaborationstomakethelatestscienceavailableforusersoftheplatformandforsupportingmangroverestorationandconservation.WethereforevalueyourinputtoguidefurtherdevelopmentoftheGMWPlatform-sopleasereachoutifyouhaveanysuggestionsorfeedback.784.ProgressandpolicyTheGMAhasawidearrayofexpertsandresources,andthenationalchapterswillbesupportedbythewiderGMAcommunitythrough:NewinitiativesformangroveconservationBestpracticesAlternativePolicybriefslivelihoodstoolboxesAstheGMAexpandsitsglobalreachandconservationMangroverestorationguidelines;Thatlinkmangrovestoambitions,itisincreasinglyclearthatnationalandprotectedareadesignandE.g.,mangroveforestry/nationalandinternationallocalstakeholderswillbethecatalystinimplementingimplementation;andrestorationsilviculture;mangrovepolicyframeworksandimprovedmanagement,conservation,andrestorationguidelinesforassociatedapiculture(honeyproduction);agreements:e.g.,Nationallyofmangroves.ecosystems,e.g.,seagrass.andseacucumberfarming.DeterminedContributions.TwonewcountrychapterswereThoughanewinitiative,fourGMAnationalchaptersareLinkswithothersAccesstotoolsRichinformationresourcesofficiallycreatedin2022inEcuadorformallyestablished,fourmoreareindevelopment,andthePhilippines.Seenhereisaandfivemorecountriesorregionsareshowinginterest.IncludingothernationalTohelpdesignsuccessfulIncludingdataheldontheproudPhilippinesailfinlizard,mostlyAnationalchapterbringstogetherallGMAmemberschapters,bothregionalandcampaignsaroundmangroveGlobalMangroveWatchfoundinmangroveareas©Dominadorinacountry,aswellasotherlocalgroupsinvolvedorglobal,forinformationandmanagement,conservation,platform,andassociatedJrAsis,TNCPhotoContest2021interestedinsupportingmangroveconservationandknowledgeexchange.andrestoration.toolssuchastheMangroverestoration.GMAmembershipisencouraged,butnotaRestorationTrackerTool.4.5prerequisiteforinclusion.NotificationofAccesstoaglobalGMAAchaptercanfacilitatecoordinationbetweendifferentfinancingopportunitiesexpertnetworknationalactorsunderaneutralbanner,andhelpconnectthechaptersbroaderGMAgoalstoamoretargetedlocalcontext.PotentialtoleverageexistingLeadingmangrovescientistsprojects;updatesonrelevantandspecialiststhatcanMaríaClaudiaDíazgranados(CI)Specifically,anationalchapterbenefitsfromthegrantcalls(IKI,GEF,GCF,etc.);providetechnicalexpertiseandMariceLeal(TNC)followingopportunities:andlinkstocolleaguesthatcanassistanceinthedevelopmentofreviewgrantapplicationsandregionalstrategiesandplansfor79•Coordinatedagendasettingandstrategydevelopmentassistinproposalapplications.mangroveconservation.•Alignmentofthepartners’individualprojectportfoliosandactivities,andopportunitiestoidentifysynergiesandavoidduplicativework•Enhancedexchangeofknowledge,experience,andskills•Establishmentandmanagementofasharedknowledgebase•Jointprogramdevelopment,includingopportunitiesforfundraisinganddonoroutreach•CoordinatedpublicoutreachandpolicydialoguewithgovernmentandcorporatepartnersCurieuseMarineNationalPark,Seychelles©JasonHouston/TNCTheStateOfTheWorld’sMangroves2022RequirementsandgoalsTogethertheycanworktotakestockofcompletedandSuccessesaroundtheworldcurrentmangroveprojectsandidentifyopportunitiesEachnationalchapterrequiresacoordinatortocombineforcesinupcomingprojects.ThenationalTheactivitiesofthesenationalchaptersarefromanexistingGMAmemberorganizationwithanchaptersactasabridgeconnectingcountrygoalsandimpressive,withmanyhavingspecificandexpectationthatthechapterwouldconvenequarterly.ambitionwiththeglobalGMAgoals,whilehavingtheambitiousobjectivesortimelines,orworkingtoThiscoordinator/leadingorganizationworkswithlocalresourcesandexpertiseofthefullGMAnetworkatmeetorsurpasstheir2030goals.NGOs,government,academia,communityorganizations,theirdisposal.andcivilsocietytohelpformthechapter.InColombia,forexample,teamsareworkingonquantifyingandmappingmangroveecosystemservicesonCaribbeanandPacificStrengtheningmangrovecoasts,andonreducingemissionsfromrestorationinColombiamangrovedegradationanddeforestationby50%by2030.J.AlexandraRodríguez-Rodríguez(INVEMAR)TheIndonesiateamplanstoenhancetheirToreachthenationalgoalofColombiaOneMapMangroveusingthelatestdatafromrestoringatleast2,500hectaresofmangroveGlobalMangroveWatch,andtoreducecarbonforestsby2030,theMinistryofEnvironmentemissionsthroughimprovedgovernanceofandTheMarineandCoastalResearchInstituteshrimpaquaculture.(INVEMAR)initiatedtheproject‘StrengtheningmangroverestorationinColombia’withtheKenyawillimprovetheirpolicycapacitybyparticipationofdiversestakeholders.preparingareportwithspecificactionsforocean/climatecommitmentstohelptheBy2021theprojecthadbeguntherestorationcountrymeetitsNDCgoals,andsupportprocessofmorethan330hectaresthroughfarmingcommunitieswithlivelihoodsociologicaldiagnostics,rehabilitationofmorediversificationbydevelopingapilotforthan8,264mofchannels,andplanting48,000restorativeaquaculture.mangroves.Morethan4,100temporaryjobswerecreated,and320communityleadersandThesuccessesoftheseactivitiescanbecomegovernmentmemberstookpartincapacitycase-studiesthroughwhichscalingcanbebuildingtraining.Withthelessonslearnedfromsimplifiedinothercountrieswithsimilarthisnationalproject,Colombiaisplanningchallenges.Updatesonthesuccessesandtoscaleupmangroverestorationinthechallengesofournationalchapterswillbecomingyears.sharedthroughtheofficialGMANewsletter,whichyoucansignupforhere.Image:SedimentplatformsinCiénagaGrandedeSantaMarta.ThetechniquehelpstoprovideFigure20.MapofGMANationalChaptersatNationalChapterDevelopmentPhaseproperwaterlevelstomangroveseedlingsvariousstagesofdevelopmentPhoto:J.AlexandraRodríguez-RodríguezEstablishedIndevelopmentScoping8182TheStateOfTheWorld’sMangroves2022Meetourmembers5AIDAisapioneerregionalorganizationthatformoreAudubonAmericashassetaStrategicGoalofthan20yearshasbeenworkingtoupholdtherightrestoringorimprovingthemanagementof1millionMeetourtoahealthyenvironmentinLatinAmericaandthehectaresofcoastalbirdhabitatby2026throughmembersCaribbean.OuruniqueapproachusinginternationalitsCoastalResilienceStrategy.Asakeyhabitatforlaw,scientificarguments,andregionalcollaborationhasshorebirdsandproviderofnumerousecosystemTheGlobalMangroveAlliancehasoveryieldedsignificantenvironmentalvictoriesacrosstheservices,mangrovesareamainfocusofthisambition.30membersintotal,andthatnumberhemisphere.OurworkhasfocusedonstrengtheningOurStrategywillquantifyandarticulatetheireconomicisgrowing!Readontolearnhowourlegalprotectionsforcoastalwetlandsandthelifetheyvalueintermsofreducingclimaterisk,protectingmemberscontributetomangroveconservation.supportinColombia,Panama,CostaRica,Guatemala,publichealth,andmainstreamingnature-basedandAllmembersoftheGlobalMangroveAllianceenjoyMexicoandtheDominicanRepublic.greeninfrastructuresolutionsintoplanning,policy,opportunitiestocontributeto,andbenefitfrom,andimplementationinstruments.thecollaborativespiritwithwhichtheAllianceiswww.aida-americas.orgorganizedandrun.Learnmoreonhowyoucanwww.audubon.orgjointheAlliance.83TheBEDS(BangladeshEnvironmentandBlueVenturesisamarineconservationorganizationDevelopmentSociety)isaleadingcommunity-basedthatputspeoplefirstandprioritizescommunityorganizationcommittedtomaintainingecologicalengagement.Theysupportcoastalfishersinremotebalanceandcreateharmonybetweenhumansandandruralcommunitiestorebuildfisheries,restorenature.BEDShasbeensuccessfullyimplementingoceanlifeandbuildlastingpathwaystoprosperitymanymangroveconservationactivitiessuchasainmorethanadozencountries.Theirworkbeganwomen-ledmangrovenurseryunderourIntegratedtwodecadesagoinMadagascar’sremotecoastalMangroveAquaculture(IMA)activities,mangrovecommunitiesandisgrowingglobally.BlueVenturesbiodiversityeducation,andpromotionofsustainablerecognizestheimportanceofmangrovesinsupportingmangrove-basedlivelihoods.healthyfisheriesandhasengagedwiththeGlobalMangroveAlliancetopromotebestpracticesinwww.bedsbd.orgcommunity-ledconservation.www.blueventures.org84TheStateoftheWorld’sMangroves2022MeetourmembersConservationInternationalprotectsnatureforFauna&FloraInternational(FFI)supportslocalTheGulfofCaliforniaMarineProgram(GCMP)INVEMARisresponsibleforcarryingoutbasicandthebenefitofhumanity.Throughscience,policy,stakeholderstoconservethreatenedspeciesandisdedicatedtofindingsolutionstoMexico’sappliedscientificresearchonmarineandcoastalfieldworkandfinance,wespotlightandsecuretheecosystemsworldwide.Ourmarineprogramme,environmentalissues.WehavevisitedmanymangroveecosystemsinColombia,generatinganddisseminatingmostimportantplacesinnaturefortheclimate,forestablishedin2010,currentlyspans17countriessitesforecologicalmonitoring,bluecarbonanalysis,knowledgefordecision-making.INVEMARidentifiesthebiodiversityandforpeople.Mangroveforestsareoneacrossfiveregions.FFIviewsmangroveprotectionandandcommunityoutreachtohelpprotectthisvaluablevalueofmangrovesworkingwiththemonbaseline,ofConservationInternational’spriorityecosystemsandrestorationasanintegralpartofourglobaleffortstoecosystem.In2020,GCMPhostedawebinarforWorldmonitoring,restorationandmanagement,recognizingareakeycomponentofourbluecarbonwork.Throughreversebiodiversitylossandcombatclimatechange.MangroveDaywiththeGlobalMangroveAlliancetotraditionalknowledge,andsharingexperienceswithprojectsandpartnershipson-the-ground,ConservationAcrossourmarineprojectportfolio,weareworkingdiscussremotesensingtechniquesthatcanbeusedforGMAcommunity.INVEMARleadseffortsforinclusionInternationalworkstoprotectnaturearoundtheworld.within-countrypartnerstoensurethatmangrovesmeasuringthecarbonstockandsite’shealth.WealsoofmangrovesinColombia’sNDC,andtechnicalsupportWeco-foundedtheGlobalMangroveAlliancealongsidereceivetheattentiontheydeserve,withaparticularcontributedtothe2021editionofthisreportonfor‘VidaManglar’Certificationasafirstbluecarbonfourpartnerorganizations.focusonTanzania,HondurasandCambodia.remotesensing.projectsellingcredits.Wealsorecentlycompletedamangrovenationalmapwith10mspatialresolution.www.conservation.orgwww.fauna-flora.orgwww.gocmarineprogram.orgwww.invemar.org.coTheGallifreyFoundationpublishedtheBlueCarbon–GriffithUniversityandtheGlobalWetlandsProjectareIUCNisamembershipUnioncomposedofbothTheLeibnizCentreforTropicalMarineResearch,MindtheGapstudyin2020,leadingtothecreationofproudtopartnerwiththeGlobalMangroveAlliancetogovernmentandcivilsocietyorganizationswithawideZMTBremen,Germany,aimsatprovidingscientificthecollaborativeprojectFairCarbon.TheFairCarbonprovidescientificsupporttothemangroveconservationarrayofresourcesandexperts.IUCNistheglobalknowledgeasafundamentforsustainablymanagingprojectbringstogetherleadingconservationNGOsandcommunity.Wespecializeanalyzingglobaltrendsauthorityonthestatusofthenaturalworldandthetropicalcoastalecosystems,includingmangroves.otherstakeholderstosimplifythecreationofnaturalandstressorsofmangroves,assessingmangrovemeasuresneededtosafeguardit.AspartofIUCN’sTrans-,multi-andinterdisciplinaryapproachesofcarbonprojects.Theaccreditationprocessiscomplexbiodiversityandcharacterisingecosystemservicesmandatetopromotetheprotection,conservation,ecology,biogeochemistry,geology,economics,socialandcontainsmanybarrierstoentry.Weprovideopen-includingnutrientpollutionandclimatemitigation.sustainablemanagement,andrestorationofcoastalsciences,andintegrativemodelling,providesolutionsaccessresourcestoincreaseunderstandingoftheandmangroveecosystems,IUCNhoststheIUCNSSCforprotection,sustainableresource-use,successfulvalueofnature-basedoffsets,theimportanceofethicalwww.globalwetlandsproject.orgMangroveSpecialistGroup,implementsnumerousrehabilitationandecosystemdesignofcoastalapproaches,andtobuildtransparencyintheVoluntarymangroveinitiativesfromnationaltogloballevels,andecosystems.ZMTisrepresentedintheIUCN-SSCCarbonMarket.workstoscaleupcollectivemangroveambitionthroughMangroveSpecialistGroupandinvolvedintheAdvisorytheGlobalMangroveAlliance.TeamoftheWorldMangroveCentreinIndonesia.www.gallifrey.foundationwww.iucn.orgwww.leibniz-zmt.de8586TheStateoftheWorld’sMangroves2022MeetourmembersMangroveActionProject(MAP),aUS-basednon-profit,ShenzhenMangroveWetlandsConservationRareisaninternationalnon-profitorganizationRestoreAmerica’sEstuaries(RAE)isanallianceisateamofdedicated,passionate,andexperiencedFoundation(MCF)wasfoundedinJuly2012.Itisspecializinginsocialchangefortheenvironment.Withoftencoastalconservationorganizationslocatedmangroveexpertsandconservationistscollaboratingthefirstlocalnon-governmentalpublicfoundationabehavior-basedapproach,RareempowersindividualsaroundtheUnitedStates.WesupportrestorationwithindividualsandorganizationsatalllevelstofocusingonenvironmentalprotectioninChina.MCFandcommunitiestobettermanageandprotectnatureandconservationeffortsthroughgrantmaking,conserveandrestoreourworld’smangroveforests.conductsresearchanddemonstrationprojectswithonwhichwealldepend.outreachandeducation,advocacy,andconveningtheMAP’sworkincludesteaching“bestpractices”onhowtotopicssuchasrestoration,sustainableuse,community-communityofpractice.RAEhasbeeninstrumentalinrestoredegradedorunhealthymangroveecosystemsbasedconservation,etc.MCFadvocatescooperationwww.rare.orgdevelopingbluecarbonmethodologiesfortheoffsetwhileencouragingtheconservationofexistingbetweenChinaandSoutheastAsiancountriesthroughmarketandsupportingfederalpolicyintheUSthatmangrovesandpromotingmultiplegenerationstotakefinancialsupportandknowledgesharingregardingpromotesandfundsconservationandrestorationofanactiveinterestinmangroveforests.mangroveconservationandrestoration.Italsoassistsbluecarbonecosystems.theChinesegovernmentwiththeestablishmentofthewww.mangroveactionproject.orgInternationalMangroveCenterinChinatopromotewww.estuaries.orgglobalcooperationonmangroveconservation.www.mcf.org.cnTheIUCNMangroveSpecialistGroup(MSG)comprisesThePewCharitableTrusts’ProtectingCoastalTheSmithsonianInstitutionistheworld’slargestTheNatureConservancy(TNC)istheworld’slargestabout60membersfromacademia,government,andWetlandsandCoralReefsprojectsupportsthemuseum,education,andresearchcomplex.conservationorganizationandaco-founderoftheNGOsengagedinmangroveresearch,conservation,inclusionofcomprehensiveandmeasurableResearchersfromacrosstheinstitutionhaveGlobalMangroveAlliance.Ourworkimpacts76andrestorationindifferentgeographicregions.ApartcoastalwetlandsprotectionsinupdatedNationallybeenconductinglong-termmangrovefertilizationcountries,frominternationaltolocallevelsthroughfrompromotingmangroveconservationthroughDeterminedContributionstotheParisAgreement.experiments,supportingmangrovemanagementplansinterventionslikeglobalpolicyinfluenceandfieldworkresearch,advocacy,andfrontlinework,theMSGalsoWehavepartneredwithlocalorganizations,researchattheregionalscale,understandingtheeffectsofinpartnershipwithlocalcommunities.TNCputspeopleparticipatesintheGlobalMangroveAlliancethroughinstitutions,andgovernmentsinBelize,CostaRica,andclimatevariablesonmangroveecosystems,conductingandequityattheforefrontofourconservationprojects.contributionstoitsScienceteam.Seychellestofillcountry-specificresearch,policy,andbluecarbonassessments,andmappingmangrovesOurmangroveworkonthegroundhasbeensuccessfulwww.zsl.org/iucn-ssc-mangrove-specialist-groupfinancegapsformangroveandseagrassconservation.athighresolution.WithintheGMA,Smithsonianthroughcommunity-ledconservation,genderequityBuildingonthisinitialsuccess,Pewisexpandingitsresearchershavebeenactivemembersoftheinitiatives,bluecarbonprojects,sustainablelivelihoods,87effortsintheCaribbean,LatinAmerica,andWesternimplementationandnationalchapterworkinggroupsandprovidingthelatestsciencethoughtheGlobalIndianOceanregions.tofacilitatescience-baseddecisionmakingwithinMangroveWatchplatform.mangrovemanagementandrestorationefforts.www.pewtrusts.orgwww.nature.orgwww.si.edu88TheStateoftheWorld’sMangroves2022MeetourmembersUnitedWayMumbai(UWM)ispartofaWetlandsInternationalworksatglobal,regional,andWWFworkstoprotect,conserve,andrestoreZSLisaninternationalconservationcharityworking130+yearoldinternationalnetworkspreadacrossnationallevelstowardssafeguardingandrestoringmangrovesinmorethan20countries.Weworktocreateaworldwherewildlifethrives.Ourscientists41countries.Overthepast20years,UWMhasbeenmangrovesasanessentialecosystemforresilientwithgovernments,communities,andotherlocalandconservationistshavegloballyrenownedexpertiseworkinginurbanandruralcommunitiesacrossIndiaandproductivecoastallandscapes.Weareafoundingpartnerstostrengthenmangroveprotectionandinmangroveecologyandtheirrehabilitation.WorkingtoidentifyandimplementthemostimpactfulsolutionsmemberoftheGlobalMangroveAllianceandworkeffectivemanagement,aswellasrestorelostandprimarilyinthePhilippines,weleadcommunity-basedtocommunityproblems.Consideringthefast-depletingtogetherwithinternationalandlocalpartnerswhohavedegradedmangrovesusingbestpractices,whilemangroverehabilitationprojects,buildcapacitythroughmangrovecoveraroundMumbaicity,UWMlaunchedawealthofknowledgeandexpertiseonmangroves.maximizingbenefitstopeopleandnature.Ourworktheproductionoftechnicalmanuals,andleadtrainingsMissionMangrovesinJune2015.ThemissionistoWithaneyetowardspromoting“ecologicalmangroveisinformedbyscienceandresearch,inclusiveofanddrivepolicyforthelong-termprotectionandrejuvenatethemangrovecoverthroughpublic-privaterestoration”,togetherwithourpartners,weenablelocalknowledgeandcontext,andisunderpinnedbyrecoveryofmangroves,includingthroughthereversionpartnershipandsensitizethecitizensofMumbaipolicyandmindsetshiftstowardseffectiveconservationinternational,national-level,andsub-nationalpolicyofdisusedfishponds.WeareactivemembersoftowardstheimportanceofMangroves–theandrestorationbytranslatingknowledgeintoactiononengagement.WWFisaco-founderoftheGlobaltheGMAthroughprovidingtechnicalexpertiseshore-keepers.theground.MangroveAlliance.andsharingsuccessstories.www.unitedwaymumbai.orgwww.wetlands.orgwww.worldwildlife.orgwww.zsl.orgTheWildlifeConservationSociety(WCS)bringsWRIisaglobalnonprofitorganizationthatworksAnAmericancrocodilenearthetogetherexpertsinfield-basedappliedscience,withleadersingovernment,businessandcivilsocietymangrovesinCuba©Lorenzopolicy,andfinancetodesignandimplementinnovativetoresearch,design,andcarryoutpracticalsolutionsRagazzi,TNCPhotoContest2018oceansolutionsglobally.Over350ofourmarinethatsimultaneouslyimprovepeople’slivesandensurespecialistsoperateacross27countries,prioritizingnaturecanthrive.WRIworksonmangroveconditionareasofthehighestbiodiversityandfacingthegreatestassessments,ecosystemservicesvaluationandthreats.Ourworkconservingandrestoringmangroverestoration,supportsoceanaccountinginitiatives,ecosystemsbuildsuponthisbroaderstrategy,engagingbolstersbluecarbonagenda,andinformscoastalzonescientistsandlocalstakeholderstoproduceequitablemanagement.OceanWatchprovidesuserswithanconservationoutcomesforthecommunitiesandunderstandingofhowland-basedpressuresthreatenecosystemsthatrelyonmangrovesfortheirarraycoastalecologyandhighlightswhereintegratedofservices.managementisneeded.www.wcs.orgwww.wri.org89TheStateOfTheWorld’sMangroves2022Finalwords6ItturnsoutthatthepaceofchangeonallfrontsisItisrestorationwhichwillreallyhelptomovetheneedlemuchfasterthanmostofusexpected.Alittleovertowardsclimatemitigationandadaptation.ItisalsooneFinalwordsayearlaterwearereportingonaGlobalMangroveofthemorechallengingtargets.AlliancethathasdoubleditsreachandestablishedMarkSpalding(TNC)nationalchaptersineightcountries.Restorationdoesn’talwayswork,andstoriesoffailedrestorationsitheavilyonthemindsofcommunities,TheGMAhascrystalizeditsdeterminationtomakegovernments,andfunders.Butinthiswork,wecanadifferencewiththreeambitiousgoalstohaltloss,seethemultiplestrandsofactionthatareneededrestorehalfanddoubleprotectionby2030.toreassure,toverify,toprioritizeandtosupportrestoration.Weneedthiscombinationofhardscience,Ithasalsocontinuedtosupportground-breakingrealexperienceandhonestreportingtodrivethesurgescience.Thenewglobalmapsbringourunderstandinginmangroverestorationthatissoneeded.ofchangealmostup-to-date,fillinggapsandimprovingaccuracy.TheyreassureusthatthedirectionoftravelTheworldofamangroveforestisanintricatecompositeispositiveandratesoflossoverthelastdecadeareoflandandsea,whereinsectscompetewithcrustaceanslow,andprobablystillfalling.Newmodelsofcarbonandfishwithbirds.Thetightinterlockingofrootsandandfisherieshelptocementthefactsofthebranchesbuildsacomplexcohesiveecosystemwhereimportanceoftheseecosystems.endlessvariationgeneratesrichproductivityandagreatoverspillofbenefits.ThesolutionstosafeguardingMembersoftheGMAareactiveacrossthepolicymangroves,orindeedtobuildingasecurefutureworld,ensuringthatthesefabulousandcriticalforourplanet,willbesimilarlycomplex.Simpleorecosystemsarereceivingtheattentiontheydeservetop-downresolutionscannotaccountfortheneedsacrossmultipleagendasandagreements.Atthesameandthechallengesoflocalsettingsorthenuancesoftimeourbootsaredirty:GMAmembersandpartnersaretheecologyitselfwhicharesoplace-based.activeinlocalsettingsincountriesaroundtheworld.ThecomplexityoftheworkandpartnershipsdescribedMangroverestorationisoneofthemostimportantheregivessomehopethatwecanbuildsuchsolutions.pointsoffocusinthisreport.AcrossthegoalssetbyWearebeginningtogeneratesynergiesbetweensciencetheGMAandothers,itisonlyrestorationwhichwillandgovernance,policymakersandcommunities,enableustoclawbacksomeofthelossesofthepast.indigenouspeoplesandindustry.Muchmoreisneeded,butpatterns,ratherthanapathway,areemerging.Inthefirsteditionofthisreport,thesurgeininterest,©IUCN/MFFThereisstilllotstodo,knowledgeandactionaroundmangrovesseemedbutthereisspaceforhope.unparalleled,andtheStateoftheWorld’sMangrovesappearedtobeamarker.Itpresenteda‘lineinthemud’92againstwhichwemighttrackchanges:realityontheground,progressinpolicy,andadvancesinscience.91www.mangrovealliance.org

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