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YEARBOOK OF

GLOBAL CLIMATE

ACTION 2023

MARRAKECH PARTNERSHIP FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION

Global

Climate

Action Global Climate

Action

YEARBOOK OF GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION 2023

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1YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023MARRAKECHPARTNERSHIPFORGLOBALCLIMATEACTIONGlobalGlobalClimateActionClimateAction2YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023©2023UNFCCCUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange,theKyotoProtocolandtheParisAgreementAllrightsreserved.Thispublicationisissuedsolelyforpublicinformationpurposes,includinganyreferencestotheConvention,theKyotoProtocolandtheParisAgreement,andanyrelevantdecisionswithrespectthereto.Noliabilityisassumedfortheaccuracyorusesofinformationprovided.CreativeCommonsLicenseThispublicationislicensedunderaCreativeCommonsAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike4.0InternationalLicense.Excerptsfromthispublicationmaybefreelyquotedandreproducedprovidedthati)thesourceisacknowledged,ii)thematerialisnotusedforcommercialpurposes,andiii)anyadaptationsofthematerialaredistributedunderthesamelicense.Allimagesremainthesolepropertyoftheirsourceandmaynotbeusedforanypurposewithoutwrittenpermissionofthesource.UNFCCCLogoUseanddisplayoftheUNFCCClogo,includingitsemblem,ishighlyrestrictedandessentiallylimitedtotheorganization’sactivities.Youmaynotuseanyofficialemblem,flagorlogooftheUNFCCC,oranyofitsothermeansofpromotionorpublicity,torepresentorimplyanassociationoraffiliationwiththeUNFCCCoritssecretariatwithouttheUNFCCCsecretariat’spriorwrittenconsent.Forfurtherinformationcontact:MainofficeUNFCCCsecretariatUNCampusPlatzderVereintenNationen153113BonnGermanyTelephone+49.228.815-1000Telefax+49.228.815-1999Emailsecretariat@unfccc.intWebsite:https://unfccc.intISBN:978-92-9219-204-4DesignedbyBlossomYEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023MARRAKECHPARTNERSHIPFORGLOBALCLIMATEACTION5YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023CONTENTSForeword:ExecutiveSecretaryoftheUNFCCC6Foreword:High-LevelChampions7Acknowledgements9ExecutiveSummary11Chapter1.Introduction15Background16ClimateChangeisCausingPlanetaryTippingPoints17Chapter2.OverviewofGlobalClimateActionin202318TheRoadfromCOP2719TheYearinGlobalClimateAction19High-LevelChampionsandtheMarrakechPartnershipin202319CaseStudiesfromnon-PartyStakeholders21Non-PartyStakeholders’EngagementinClimateActionEventsAroundtheWorld22Non-PartyStakeholders’EngagementintheUNFCCCprocesses24Chapter3.TrackingtheStateofGlobalClimateAction27TheGlobalClimateActionPortal28CurrentStateofGlobalClimateActionandCommitmentsbyNon-PartyStakeholders35Mitigation–ReducingEmissionsinLineWiththe1.5oCGoal35EnhancingAdaptationandResilience37Finance38CreatingaCredibleandTrustedVoluntaryFrameworkforCommitments39Chapter4.ProgressandGapsinSystemsTransformationTowardstheClimateGoals44SystemsTransformation45Energy45Industry47Transport48HumanSettlements49LandUse51Water53OceansandCoastalZones53Chapter5.LookingAhead58WhatisNeededtoScaleUpGlobalClimateAction–KeyMessages59TowardsCOP28andBeyond61References62Appendix1:CaseStudiesfromNon-PartyStakeholders65Appendix2:ListofCooperativeClimateInitiativesSupportedtheSurveyAnalysis746YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023Foreword:SimonStiellExecutiveSecretaryoftheUNFCCCEightyearsago,theglobalcommunityreachedahistoricalbytrackingandrecognizingtheseeffortssince2014,agreementinParistocollectivelytackletheclimatecrisisthroughtheGlobalClimateActionPortal.Acentralandstrivetowardsa1.5°Cresilientworld.Thisyearmarksonlineplatformwherecommitmentsandactionsbyalltheconclusionofthefirstglobalstocktake–areportcardstakeholdersaroundtheglobeareregistered,thePortalassessingourimplementationofthatagreement.Ithashasbeensystematicallyincreasingitsrangeandscope,confirmedwearewoefullyoff-track,andwhiletheworldwithmorethan32,000actorscurrentlyrecognized.isabetterplacewiththeParisAgreementthanwithoutit,oureffortsarenotgoingfarenough.Thenextstepistomovefrommakingpledgestokeepingpledge-makersaccountable.PromisesmademustbeTheimpactsoftheseshortcomingsarevisiblepromiseskept.IntheConferenceofPartiesatitstwenty-everywhere.2023isoncoursetobeamongthehottestseventhsession(COP27),theUNSecretary-General–ifnotthehottest–yearsonrecord.TheextremeendorsedtheIntegrityMattersreportandrequestedthetemperaturesintensifyingdroughts,wildfires,heavyUNFCCCsecretariattodevelopanimplementationplantorainsandfloodingarewreakingdevastationandmisery.enabletransparency,verificationandaccountability.IlookforwardtoreceivingandtakingtherecommendationsClimateactionneedstoaccelerateeverywhere.Systemsforwardtoenablemeaningfultransparencyofthetransformation,fromenergyandtransporttoourprogressmadebynon-Partystakeholderstomeettheirrelationshipwithnatureandoursocialsystems,isessentialpledgesandpromotegreaterambition.torapidlyreducingemissionsandbuildingresilience.Weneedtomainstreamzero-emissionvehicles,promoteGreatercollaborationbetweenPartiesandnon-Partyhealthyandsustainablediets,protectcoastalecosystemsstakeholdersisanopportunitytoradicallyenhanceactionandincreasesecuritythroughsocialsafetynetsandtowardsourcollectiveclimategoals.Thismessagecandisasterriskmanagement.ThesearejustsomeexamplesbeconsistentlyfoundintheYearbookofGlobalClimateofsystemstransformation.Theyallrequireanever-Action–anannualoverviewshowcasingtheprogress,strongercollaborationamongallactors:fromnationaltotrendsandchallenges.The2023editionoftheYearbooksubnationalgovernments,businesses,andinvestors,toistheseventhsinceitslaunchin2017andpointstokeycivilsocietyandinternationalorganizations.momentsinglobalclimateactionsinceCOP27,particularlyonensuringaccountability,andkeyprogressandgapsinThatiswhy,whenadoptingtheParisAgreement,systemstransformation.Themyriadactionsbynon-PartyPartiesalsowelcomedtheeffortsofnon-PartystakeholdershighlightedintheYearbookshowcasethestakeholdersandappointedtwoHigh-LevelChampionsbroadrangeofopportunitiesforcollaboration.toscaleupinitiativesandactionsandstrengthencollaboration.Asaresult,theMarrakechPartnership,aThisimplementationmindsetiswhatwemusttakeintoflagshipcollaborationplatform,hasbeenconveningallCOP28.Theglobalstocktakeshowsuswhereweareatstakeholdersaroundclimateactionpathways.andwhatwemustdo.Itcanbethepointatwhichwestarttocourse-correct.TherecanonlybeoneresponseInadditiontoprovidingfullsupporttotheHigh-tothestocktake:renewedambitionandacceleratedLevelChampionsandtheMarrakechPartnership,theaction–climateactionthatchartsacourseto2030toUNFCCCsecretariathassupportedglobalclimateactionlimitglobalwarmingto1.5°Candbuildresilience.7YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023Foreword:MahmoudMohieldin,High-LevelChampion(Egypt)RazanInparticular,weareworkingwithpartnersandAlMubarak,campaignmemberstorampupactioninsixcross-cuttingareasofclimateaction.High-LevelChampion(UnitedArabEmirates)First,putnatureattheheartofclimatesolutionsandempower,amongstothers,IndigenousPeoples,TIMETORAMPUPwomenandyouthtosharetheirexpertise.NaturecouldcontributeuptoathirdoftheemissionscutsTheshiftfromclimatepromisestoimplementationisneededby2030andbuildadaptationandresilience.imperative,anditisdrivingtangiblechangesacrosstherealeconomyandsociety.Yet,itisstillmovingtooRacetoZeroandRacetoResiliencemembersareslowlyandnotattherequiredscale.increasinglyadoptingnature-basedsolutionstofulfiltheircommitments.Forexample,thisyear,we,withTheseduellingrealitiesbecameclearthisyearinourpartners,launchedtheOceansBreakthrough,settingfirstglobalstocktakeofprogresstowardsachievingoutpathwaystoachieveahealthyandproductivetheParisAgreement’sgoals.Thestocktakeprocessocean.Wearealsoworkingwithfinancialinstitutionshasmadeclearthatfillingthegaprequiresfar-sightedtoimplementtheircommitmentstoeliminateandscaled-upcollaborationfromnationalandsub-commodity-drivendeforestationfromtheirportfolios,nationalgovernments,businesses,investors,youth,andbringmorefirmsonboard.COP28willfurtherIndigenousPeoples,workersandcivilsocietytoelevatethevoicesofIndigenousPeoples,womenandaccelerateactionandmaximizeambitionwithinyouthlikeneverbefore.the2020sandbeyond.WeareworkinginclosecollaborationwiththeMarrakechPartnershipforSecond,driveajustenergytransition.WemustGlobalClimateActionanditsstakeholderstosetdecarbonizethepowersystemandheavyindustry,thefoundationforanambitiousresponsetothewhileensuringajusttransition,energyaccessibility,stocktake,fosteringcooperationandsettingbestenergysecurityandeconomicgrowthinallregions.practices.TheClimateActionPathways,the2030EnergysectorpartnersaretakingstepstohelpachieveBreakthroughs,BreakthroughAgenda,andtheaglobalgoaltotriplerenewableenergycapacityandSharmel-SheikhAdaptationAgendahaveprovideddoubleefficiencyby2030,whileheavyindustriessuchsolutionsforsystemstransformation.Moreover,RaceassteelandcementareboostingdemandforcleantoZeroandRacetoResiliencehavebeeninstrumentalmaterialsandgoods.RacetoZeroisalsoembeddinginmobilizingbusinesses,investors,cities,regionstheprinciplesoffairshare,equityandjusticeinitsandcivilsocietytosetcredible,science-basedmembers’commitments.commitmentstohalveemissions,enhanceresilienceandendnaturelossby2030.Third,mobilizeequitablefinancialflows.Weneedtoreformtheglobalfinancialarchitecturesothatitisfitforpurpose,thatincludesdebtreliefandsuspension,extendingconcessionalfinance,increasingadaptation8YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023finance,particularlygrant-basedfinance,andtheuseThisyear,forexample,LatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanofinnovativefinancialtoolsandinstruments,includingClimateWeeksawthelaunchoftheGlasgowFinancialcarbonmarketsanddebtswaps,tounlockandscale-AllianceforNetZero’s(GFANZ)networkofregionalupinvestmentsinemergingmarketsanddevelopingfinancialinstitutions,andwearecallingonthemtoeconomies.Wehaveworkedtoshowcasethewealthhonetheirworkonraisingfinanceformitigation,andbreadthofshovel-readyprojectsaroundtheadaptationandnature-basedsolutions.AfricadevelopingworldthroughtheRegionalPlatformforClimateWeek,alongsidetheAfricaClimateSummit,ClimateProjects,andtomatchprojectdeveloperswithhighlightedclimateactionasasolutionforfoodtherightpublicorprivateinvestors.Amongthose,security,accesstoenergyandthedebtcrisis,andwee-mobilityventureAmpersandisprovidingtwo-soughttodetailthestepsthatwouldquicklymobilizewheeledelectricvehiclesandcharginginfrastructureinclimatefinanceonthecontinent.GFANZAfricafocusesRwandaandKenya,whileinNigeria,PhoenixEdisononovercomingbarrierstoclimatefinanceincludingisdevelopingthecountry’sfirstwaste-to-powerplant.debtreduction,developingprojectpipelines,de-riskingclimateinvestmentandcarbonmarkets.Fourth,acceleratingactiononresilienceandadaptationthroughtheSharmel-SheikhAdaptationAgenda.Thetransitiontoaclimateresilientandlow-carbonThisyearhaswitnessedtheoperationalizationofdevelopmentpathwaysmustbejustandequitable.thisimportantAgendathroughthecreationoftheNon-Partystakeholders’strategiestotacklethedifferenttaskforcescorrespondingtothedifferentgrowingthreatofclimatechangeneedtoincorporateimpactsystemswithinitandtheconveningofthefirstthefullrangeofenvironmental,social,economicandmeetingofitsSteeringCommittee.governancedimensionsandtoaddresstransitionalchallengesencounteredbyvulnerablecommunities.Fifth,enhancecross-sector,cross-regionalcollaborationWeencouragenon-Partystakeholderstoconnecttheirandinclusivity.Climateactioncannotbesiloed.RaceactiononclimatechangewithinclusivedevelopmenttoZeroandRacetoResiliencecampaigns,aswellaspathwaysthroughensuringlinkageswithandinitiativessuchastheSharmel-SheikhAdaptationcontributionofclimateactionofnon-PartystakeholdersAgenda,areenablinglocalandnationalgovernments,tothe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment.businesses,publicandprivatefinanciers,workers,youth,andIndigenousPeoplestosharetheirknowledgeCollaborative,concertedeffortsinthesesixareasatCOPandexpertiseandpursuepathwaystogether.28andinthecomingyearswillbecrucialtodrivingastep-upofclimateactionwithinthe2020sinlinewithSixth,elevateregionalperspectivesandopportunitiesthe1.5°Cresilientgoal.Effectiveimplementation–inforcooperation.AstheRegionalClimateWeeksthecontextofachievingtheSustainableDevelopmentdemonstrate,countriesandcommunitieswithinaregionGoals–isourcommongoalthatneedstobepursuedexperiencesimilarimpactsandcouldsharesolutionstoundertheguidingprincipleofclimatejustice.Theglobalbothclimateactionandsustainabledevelopment.stocktakeisouropportunitytoforgeahead,together.9YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023AcknowledgementsTheHigh-LevelChampionswouldliketothankteam,NewClimateInstitute,ScienceBasedTargetsallcontributionsfrommanyorganizationsandinitiative,RacetoResiliencepartners,RacetoZeroindividualsthatmadethiseditionoftheYearbookofpartners,andtheSystemsChangeLabteamfromtheGlobalClimateActionpossible.SpecialthanksgotoWorldResourceInstitute.TheHigh-LevelChampionsallMarrakechPartnershipstakeholders,theCamdawouldalsoliketothanktheirentireteamandthecommunity,CDP,NetZeroDataPublicUtilitycoreUNFCCCsecretariatfortheirsupport.10YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION202311YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023Executivestateofglobalclimateactionin2023,includingtheSummaryimportanceofacknowledgingthecallforaccountabilityforclimatecommitmentsandactions,reviewstheTheyear2023markstheconclusionofthefirst-everprogressandgapsinsystemstransformationtowardsglobalstocktake(GST),aprocessaimedatassessingthetheclimategoalsacrosstheMarrakechPartnership’scollectiveprogresstowardsachievingtheParisAgreementthematicandcross-cuttingareas,andprovidessomegoals.Itsoutcome–theresultofaParty-drivenprocesskeymessagesgoingforwardfacingtheconclusionofwithbroadparticipationbynon-Partystakeholders–isthefirstGSTinCOP28andbeyond.intendedtoinformthenextroundofclimateactionplansundertheParisAgreement.Non-PartystakeholdersOVERVIEWOFGLOBALCLIMATEprovidedinputsandinsightsthroughouttheprocess,ACTIONIN2023offeringsuggestions,basedontheirownleadershipexperience,forhowgovernmentscancometogetheratTheworkundertheHigh-LevelChampionsandthethe28thsessionoftheConferenceoftheParties(COP28)MarrakechPartnershipprogressedonseveralfrontswithastrongresponsetothestocktake.ThisresponsesinceCOP27,inlinewiththeirworkprogramme.Someneedstosetaclearfoundationforanall-of-economy,keyadvancesincludebutnotlimitedto,i)adaptationall-of-societyramp-upofactionurgentlyneededthisandresilience,andlossanddamage:theestablishmentdecadetosupportmitigationandadaptation,intheoftheTaskForcesandtheSteeringCommitteeunderthecontextofachievingsustainabledevelopment,throughSharmel-SheikhAdaptationAgenda(SAA),theupdateeffectivemeansofimplementation.oftheRacetoResilienceDataExplorer,andincreasingawarenessoflossesfromclimatechangeimpactsandClimatechangeiscausingplanetarytippingpoints,supporttoinitiativessuchasC40onitsworkforcities;ii)withEarthhittingtemperaturerecordsandextrememitigation:thelaunchoftheRacetoZeroDataExplorereventsaffectingcommunitiesineverycontinent,tool,andthepublicationofthe5thPHandbookwhichwithweatherandclimatedisasterscostingbillionsofhelpsnon-Partystakeholderstoaligntheiradvocacy,dollarsasaresult.Theseadverseimpactsareexpectedpolicyandengagementwithnet-zerogoals,iii)finance:toworseninthecomingyears,andthewindowconveningsoftheRegionalPlatformsonClimateofopportunitytoensurealiveablefutureisclosingProjectstoadvanceregionallyledinvestableclimatesoon.Inordertocourse-correct,ambitionneedstosolutionsprojects,supporttotheIndependentHigh-berampedup,withtheGSTasaguidelineongapsLevelExpertGrouponClimateFinance,thelaunchoftobridge,barrierstoovercomeandopportunitiesthereportBreakingBarriersforaJustClimateTransitiontoreplicateandscaleup.ThesynthesisreportoninAfrica,whichidentifiesinterventionstounlockthetechnicaldialogueofthefirstGST,publishedinclimatefinancing,andmobilizationofprivatefinanceSeptember2023,pointedtotheneedforgovernmentsforadaptationandresiliencethroughSAA;iv)nature:tosupportsystemstransformationsthatmainstreamthelaunchoftheNaturePositiveInitiative,andtheclimateresilienceandlowgreenhousegas(GHG)launchoftheOceanBreakthroughsandtheCoralReefemissionsdevelopmentandcredible,accountableBreakthrough;andv)inclusion:mobilizationoffinanceandtransparentactionsbynon-PartystakeholdersformarginalizedgroupssuchasIndigenousPeoplesandtostrengthentheseefforts,aswellasmoreeffectivedeliveringcapacitybuilding.Theyalsosupportedandinternationalcooperation–alsoinvolvingnon-Partyengagedinvariousdialoguesandprocessessuchasthestakeholders–acrossallsystemsandsectors.GST,andtheSharmel-SheikhMitigationAmbitionandImplementationWorkProgramme(MWP).TheprogressThisYearbookofGlobalClimateAction–theseventhandachievementsundertheHigh-LevelChampionsofitsseries–capturestheHigh-LevelChampions,andtheMarrakechPartnershipuptoJunearedetailedMarrakechPartnershipandnon-Partystakeholders’intheirachievementsdocument.involvementintheglobalclimatechangeprocessesandeventsthattookplacesinceCOP27,presentstheThisyear,thesecretariatopenedacallforinputstonon-Partystakeholderstoshowcasesomeoftheglobalclimateactionstheyareengagedinthathaveapositiveimpactonsystemstransformation.CasespresentedinAppendix1showsomeinsightsintoa12YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023rangeofinitiativestakingplaceonthegroundacrosssteadygrowthinthenumberofnet-zerotargetsseveralthematicandcross-cuttingareas,someofsetbycompanies,whichwassimilarlynotedinthewhichshowprogressthroughouttheyear.NetZeroStocktake2023report.Thisreport,whichprovidesanassessmentofthestatusandtrendsofSeveralconferencesandmeetingsheldthroughoutnet-zerotargetsettingacrosscountries,subnational2023presentedvariousopportunitiesformulti-governmentsandcompanies,findsthatthenumberstakeholdercooperationinglobalclimateaction.Theseofactorswithnet-zerotargetshasnearlydoubledincludetheUNWaterConference,theRegionalClimatesinceitsfirsteditionthreeyearsago.AtthenationalWeeks,theClimateAmbitionSummit,andthethirdlevel,mostlargeeconomieshavealreadyannouncededitionoftheOceanandClimateChangeDialogue,somevariationofanet-zerotarget,withthemajorityfocusingontheinterconnectednessbetweennatureofthesecommitmentsbeingformalizedthroughandclimatechange.Theseprocessesengagedawidedomesticlegislationorpolicydocuments.rangeofactors,includingnon-Partystakeholders.Intermsofcredibility,however,thereportfindsveryTRACKINGTHESTATEOFGLOBALlimitedsignsofimprovementinalloftheseactors’CLIMATEACTIONnet-zerotargetsandstrategies,withgapsinthresholdcriteria,detailsandtransparency,forinstance.SimilarTheGlobalClimateActionPortal(GCAP),firstlaunchedconclusionsweredrawninareportbytheCamdain2014,showsthecurrentrangeandstateofclimate-communitymembers.Theoverallfindingisthat,whilerelatedcommitmentsfromactorsengagedinglobalclimateambitionhasincreasedforsubnationalandclimateaction.Today,GCAPhas32,524actorsregisteredcorporateactorsinthepastfewyears,thepaceandontheplatform,anincreaseofapproximatelysixperlevelofambitionarestillnotalignedwiththe1.5oCcentfromwhatwasreportedin2022andapproximatelygoalandneedtobeaccelerated.Similarly,thegrowingsixtimesthenumberitpresentedin2015.Companiesnumberofnet-zerotargetsisencouraging,butitishadthehighestrateofincreaseinrecentyears(12pernecessaryforactorstoimplementinterimtargetsandcentin2023incomparisonwith2022),whileintermsactionplansdemonstratingtangibleprogressinorderofUnitedNations(UN)regionalgroupings,Asia-Pacifictoenhanceaccountabilityandensuretheircredibility.sawthehighestincrease,with30percentmoreactorsengagedincomparisonwith2022.Someinitiativesareaddressingthesechallenges,suchasRacetoZero,forinstance.InordertojointhisflagshipThesecretariatconducteditsannualsurveyofcampaignbytheHigh-LevelChampions–whichcooperativeclimateinitiatives,and42activeinitiativeshasover12,000non-PartystakeholderparticipantsprovidedinputswithinthetimelinefortheanalysisasofAugust2023–membersarerequiredtopledgeintheYearbook(showninAppendix2).Themajorityalignmentwiththegoals,discloseplansfortransition,ofinitiativesshowedaglobalscopeandafocustakeaction,publiclyreportprogressandalignexternalprimarilyonmitigation.QuestionsaroundsystemspolicyandengagementstrategieswiththeirclimateshowthatSociety,LivelihoodandEconomyhadthegoals.Thecampaignalsoprovidesguidance,suchashighestengagement,whileHealthhadthelowest.‘Leadershippractices’,whichsignalhowleadingentitiesIntermsofopportunitiesundersystems,mitigation-canlightthewaytoanet-zeroworld.relatedopportunitiesrankedhigherthanadaptation,andparticularunderrepresentationwasseeninAdaptationactionbynon-Partystakeholdersisopportunitiesrelatedtohealth,migrationandfood.alsoontheriseyetstillsignificantlyinsufficientandinadequate–therearecurrentlyaround12,000Anassessmentoftheprogressmadebynon-PartyactorsregisteredinGCAPreportingclimateactionstakeholdersinthepastcoupleofyearspresentsfocusedonadaptation.CDP’sdataset,inturn,showsencouragingdatabutalsoinsightsongapsandthat730cities,statesandregionshaveconductedchallengesholdingbackfurtherprogress.Forclimateriskandvulnerabilityassessments,and739instance,aScienceBasedTargetsInitiative(SBTi)reportedhavinganadaptationplan.Finally,RacetoreportshowsahighernumberofcompaniessettingResiliencecampaignnowhas33partnerinitiatives,science-basedtargetsin2022alonethaninthecollectivelyrepresentingover644organizationsacrossprevioussevenyearscombined.Italsoshoweda162countries,507cities,and234regionspledging2.6billionpeopletobemoreresilienceby2030.13YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023Asforfinance,thereare1,654investorscurrentlytransformation.TheyhaveengagedinthelaunchofregisteredinGCAPthatareengageddirectlyandtheBreakthroughAgendaReport2023,theStateofindirectlyinclimateactionthrougharangeofClimateAction2023report,andtheforthcomingfirstcommitments,whichincludereducingtheirownimplementationreportofSAA.emissions,issuinggreenbonds,andfinancingorensuringpartoftheirinvestmentportfoliosaremadeTheYearbookprovidesanoverviewofwhereweareandupofclimate-friendlytechnologiesorassets,forwhereweneedtobe,offeringinsightsintopotentialinstance.TheGlasgowFinancialAllianceforNetZeroopportunities,synergiesandco-benefits,aswellas(GFANZ),launchedin2021,currentlyworkswitheightexistinggapsandchallengesacrosstheseventhematicsector-specificalliancesthatcollectivelyhasover650areasoftheMarrakechPartnership.members.Theinitiativeaimsattacklingnet-zerotransitionchallengesandconnectingthefinancialInEnergy,forinstance,themostviableoptionsforcommunitytotheRacetoZerocampaign,climateemissionreductionsincludeswitchingtorenewables,scientistsandexperts,andcivilsociety.andinvestinginelectrification,energyefficiency,demand-sidemanagementandcleanenergystorage.DiscussionsaroundtheimportancetoensuretheThemostsuccessfulexamplesinthepastfewyearsambitionandcredibilityoftransitionplansandareinsolarandwindpowertechnologies,whichhademissionreductioncommitmentshavebeengainingasignificantdecreaseinunitcosts.Solutionsinenergymomentum,especiallywiththelaunchofthereportsupplycanalsocontributetoachievingotherSustainableIntegrityMatters:NetZerocommitmentsbyBusinesses,DevelopmentGoals(SDGs),suchasprovidingwiderFinancialInstitutions,CitiesandRegions,duringCOPenergyaccessibility,securityandaffordability.An27.ThereportpresentedthefindingsoftheHigh-LevelintegratedapproachtochallengesnotonlyresultsExpertGroupontheNet-ZeroEmissionsCommitmentsinawiderrangeofco-benefits,butalsohasabetterofNon-StateEntities,establishedbytheUnitedNationschanceofreducingthedirectandindirectimpactsofSecretaryGeneral(UNSG)inMarch2022,withthetaskclimatechange,suchasthepotentialsocio-economicofdevelopingstrongerandclearerstandardsfornet-consequencesofphasingoutfossilfuels,forinstance.zeroemissionspledgesbytheseactors.Inthatsense,carefullydesignedclimateactioncanhelpminimizethedisruptionscausedbyrapidchange,InresponsetoarequestbytheUNSG’sandParties’especiallythroughafocusoninclusionandequity.invitationforthesecretariattoensuregreateraccountabilityofvoluntaryinitiativesthroughGCAP,TherehavebeenanumberofadvancesintheIndustrytheUNFCCCsecretariatpublishedtheRecognitionandsectorinthepastfewyears,butthe1.7percentdeclineAccountabilityFrameworkfornon-Partystakeholders,inthesector’semissionsin2022canbefurtherexpanded.anditsfirstdraftImplementationPlanundertheThereispotentialinarangeofmitigationoptions,suchasframeworkbothpublishedinJune.Thesecretariatimprovingdemandmanagement,materialsefficiency,andisalsoworkingonupgradingGCAPtoensurethatallproductionprocesses,amongothers,andfurtheradvancesvoluntaryclimateactioncommitmentsarerecognizedcanbeachievedinnear-zeroemissioncementandsteelandandsubjecttogreatervalidationandprogressreporting.low-carbonandrenewablegreen-hydrogenproduction,ifdemandforthistypeofproductisencouraged,sotheycanPROGRESSANDGAPSINSYSTEMSbedeployedcommerciallyatscale.TRANSFORMATIONTOWARDSTHECLIMATEGOALSInTransport,thehighlightistheincreaseinelectricvehicles(EVs)sales,whichisapositiveadvancement,TheSummaryforPolicymakersinIPCC’sAR6Synthesisconsideringroadtransportishighlyemitting.BatteryReportexplicitlynotestheimportanceofsystems-storagetechnologieshavealsobeenprogressing,notthinkingforclimateaction.TheHigh-LevelChampionsonlywithadecreaseinthepriceofconventionallithium-andtheMarrakechPartnershiphavebeenfocusedionbatteriesbutwiththedevelopmentofalternativeonbringingnon-Partystakeholders’actionunderatechnologiesaswell.InadditiontotheshifttowardssharedvisionandprovidingaroadmapforsystemsEVsandincreaseduseofefficientlow-carboncollectivetransformation,aworkwhichalsoentailssupportingmodesoftransportation,investingintheresearchandtheassessmentoftheoverallstateofsystemsdevelopmentofnewtechnologiesandmoreeffectiveinternationalcooperationcanalsohelpacceleratethe14YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023paceofsolutionstodecarbonizinglonger-haultransportandshorelinedefences,habitatsandtourism.Thismodes,suchastrucking,shippingandaviation.thematicareaalsopresentedsomepositivenews,withtheadoptionofthe‘highseastreaty’,aswellasReducingemissionsinHumanSettlementsiscritical,thelaunchoftheOceanBreakthroughsandtheCoralanditentailssmarturbanplanningandmeasuressuchReefBreakthrough,aimedatboostingtheresilienceasreducingandproperlymanagingwaste,facilitatingofcoastalcommunitiesbyrestoringcoralreefsand‘greener’transportationmethods,andimplementingsupportingmorethanhalfabillionpeoplegloballybyashifttowardsmoreefficientand/orlow-carbonbuilt2030,whileacceleratingbroad-basedclimateaction.environmentsatallstages.Adaptationmeasuresarealsoessential,ascitiesarehighlyaffectedbytheadverseLOOKINGAHEADimpactsofclimate-relateddisasters.Inthatsense,devisingsolutionstoimprovingpeople’sliveswhileSevenkeymessagesemergedfromtheYearbookwhichclimate-proofingbuiltenvironmentsisanexampleofacanhelpinformactorsontheconclusionoftheGSTatsystems-thinkingapproach,withinexpensivesolutionsCOP28:i)wearestillofftrack,andclimateactionneedstomoreresilientandsaferhousingreducingpotentialtoalignwiththegoalofkeeping1.5°Cclimate-resilientdisplacements,forinstance.Implementingmoreworldwithinreachtoenableclimate-resilientsustainablesustainablewastewatertreatmentsystemsisanotherdevelopment;ii)theopportunitiestoaccelerateclimateexampleofpositivesynergies,inthatnotonlywillitactionexist,butneedtobescaledup,andthechallengesresultinreducedemissionsbutalsopotentiallyimproveandbarrierstotheirdeploymentneedtobeaddressed;accesstopotablewaterandstrengthenwasteandiii)non-Partystakeholdersarekeypartnersinrampingsanitationsystems,withco-benefitsforhumanhealth.upclimateactionandambition,iv)credibilityofactionandcommitmentsofnon-PartystakeholdersneedtoRegardingLandUse,nature-basedclimatesolutionssuchasbesystematicallyensuredtosafeguardtheirintegrityconservation,restorationandimprovedlandmanagementandambition,aswellastoenableprogress-tracking;v)providethemostfeasibleandcost-effectiveoptionstointernationalcooperationacrosssectors,regionsandbothreduceemissionsandenhancecarbonsequestration.actors–guidedbytheprincipleofclimatejustice-isHaltingandreversingdeforestationandlanddegradationisinstrumentalinsystemstransformationinordertokey,asisimprovingagriculturalpracticesandmanagementaccelerateinnovation,developmentandtransferofatafasterpace.Atthesametime,itisimportanttonotethattechnologies,aswellasengagementinknowledge-climatechangealsohasimpactsonagriculture,affectingsharingandcapacity-building;vi)climateactionshouldglobalfoodsecurityandthelivelihoodsofanumberofnotbesiloed.Neithermitigationnoradaptationcanpeoplewhodependonit.Severaleffectiveadaptationbetackledinisolation,andthepotentialimpacts,optionsforthesectorareavailable,suchason-farmwaterconsequences,co-benefitsandtrade-offsofclimatemanagementandstorage,agroforestry,andsustainableactionneedtobetakenintoconsideration,withinthelandmanagementapproaches,forinstance.frameofanequitable,inclusiveandjusttransitiontoanetzero,climate-resilientworld;andvii)fairfinanceflowsareInadditiontotheneedtopreservefreshwaterecosystemsneedednow.Withoutsufficient,efficientandfairflowsandimprovewastewatertreatment,theavailabilityoffinance,wewillfailtoprotectpeopleandourplanetofWaterisoneofthemainaspectsinwhichthisareafromclimatechange,andtherewillbenojusttransition.isaffected.Althoughwater-useefficiency–whichisakeysolutiontoaddresswaterstress–hasimprovedbyLookingtowardstheoutputscomponentofthefirstGSTninepercentbetween2015and2020,waterstressandatCOP28,theHigh-LevelChampionsareworkingwithscarcityremainaconcerninmanypartsoftheworld.theMarrakechPartnershipandthewidercommunityImplementingwaterresourcesmanagementatalltobuildforward-looking‘2030ClimateSolutions:anlevels,includingarrangementsfortransboundarywaterimplementationroadmap’thatstreamlinetargetsandcooperation,canhelpmeetseveralSDGtargetsandactionsandprovideacomprehensive,holistic,coherentincreasetheresiliencetovarioustypesofcrises.andsharedroadmapforclimateactionby2030aheadofCOP28,onthefirmbeliefthataneffectiveresponseOceansandcoastalzonesarealsoaffectedbytotheGSTmustsetoutatransformationalroadmaptoclimatechangeinamyriadofways,suchassea2030andbeyondthatwillgiveclaritytoallactorsonlevelrise,oceanwarmingandoceanacidification,theshareddirectionoftravel.withresultingimpactsonfoodproduction,corals15YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023CHAPTER1INTRODUCTION16YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023BACKGROUNDactionecosystem.Itsmainobjectiveistoreflecttherangeandstateofglobalclimateactionfromnon-TheneedforengagementandactionbyalllevelsofPartystakeholdersandtobringkeymessagestothesocietyintacklingtheclimatecrisiswasrecognizedinternationalcommunitytoencourageahigherlevelearlyintheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventionofcollaborationandambitionbyPartiesandnon-PartyonClimateChange(UNFCCC)process,andtookastakeholdersalike.morestructuredapproachin2014,duringthe20thsessionoftheConferenceoftheParties(COP20),ThisYearbookofGlobalClimateAction–theseventhwiththeLima-ParisActionAgenda.ThisAgendaofitsseries–reviewsthekeyoutcomesandmessagesinvolvedactorsatvariouslevels(nationalgovernmentsfromCOP27andprovidesanoverviewofglobalclimateandsub-nationalentities,internationalorganizations,processesandeventsinvolvingnon-Partystakeholders,representativesofcivilsocietygroups,academictheworkcarriedoutbytheHigh-LevelChampionsandinstitutionsandbusinesses)actingasindividualentitiestheMarrakechPartnership,suchastheglobalstocktakeorinpartnerships,andaimedatbothdemonstrating(GST)technicaldialogue,theClimateAmbitionSummitclimatecommitmentsbyvariousstakeholdersandandtheRegionalClimateWeeks(RCWs).Chapterthreeforgingacoalitionofactorstowardsacceleratingpresentsthestateofglobalclimateactionin2023,withclimateactioninsupportofanewlegalagreement.anupdateontherangeofindividualandcooperativeactionsregisteredontheGlobalClimateActionPortalThefollowingyear,atCOP21,thecommitmentsfromall(GCAP),andareviewofotherkeyresourcesthatassessactorswererecognized,includingthoselaunchedthroughthecurrentstateofclimatecommitmentsbynon-theLima-ParisActionAgenda,aswellastheurgentneedPartystakeholders.Italsodelvesintotheimportancetoscaleuptheglobalresponsetoclimatechangeandofacredibleandtrustedvoluntaryframeworkforsupportgreaterambitionfromgovernments.InordertocommitmentsinordertoensureaccountabilityofensureadurableconnectionbetweentheConventionclimateaction.Chapterfouraddressestheprogressandandthemanyvoluntaryandcollaborativeactionsthatgapsinsystemstransformationtowardstheclimatewerealreadytakingplace,PartiesdecidedtoappointgoalsacrosstheMarrakechPartnership’sseventhematictwoHigh-LevelChampions,withanewChampionbeingareas(Energy,Industry,HumanSettlements,Transport,appointedeachyear,inordertorepresentboththeLandUse,Water,OceansandCoastalZones),andtwocurrentandtheincomingCOPPresidencies.cross-cuttingareas(FinanceandResilience).Finally,chapterfivesummarizesthekeymessagesemergingDuringCOP22,theHigh-LevelChampionslaunchedtheMarrakechPartnershipforGlobalClimateAction,basedoninputsgatheredfromPartiesandnon-Partystakeholders.ThePartnershipaimstostrengthencollaborationbetweengovernmentsandkeystakeholderstoloweremissions,addresstheadaptationgapandincreaseresilienceagainstclimateimpacts,andparticularlytohelpincreasethepaceandambitionofclimateaction.AtCOP26,respondingtotherequestfromPartiesatCOP25,theHigh-LevelChampionslaunchedthefive-yearplanoftheimprovedMarrakechPartnershipforenhancingambition.Theplanoutlinesthevision,mandate,corefunctionsandtools,andupdatedstructureintendedtoincreasethescaleandimpactoftheMarrakechPartnershipworkthrough2025.TheYearbookofGlobalClimateActionisoneofthetoolsoftheHigh-LevelChampionsandtheMarrakechPartnership,withthesupportoftheUNFCCCsecretariat,totrackprogress,impactsandresults,andtoidentifybestpracticesandlessonslearnedfromtheclimate17YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023fromthisYearbookandprovideswaysforwardfacingtheforthetimeofyear.WMO’sStateoftheGlobalClimateconclusionofthefirstGSTinCOP28andbeyond.2022report,launchedinApril2023,statesthatdroughts,floodsandheatwavesaffectedcommunitiesoneveryCOP28,totakeplacefrom30Novemberuntil12Decembercontinentandcostmanybillionsofdollarsinthepast2023inDubai,UnitedArabEmirates,markstheconclusionyear(WMO,2023).ofthefirst-everGST.EstablishedunderArticle14oftheParisAgreement,theGSTisaprocessaimedatperiodicallyTheSummaryforPolicymakersintheIntergovernmentalassessingthecollectiveprogresstowardsachievingthePanelonClimateChange’s(IPCC)AR6SynthesisReportAgreement’spurposeandlong-termgoals.(AR6SYR),publishedinMarch2023,statesthat“climatechangehascausedwidespreadadverseimpactsandThefirstGSTprocessstartedin2021,anditsoutcomerelatedlossesanddamagestonatureandpeoplethatisexpectednotonlytoprovideacomprehensiveareunequallydistributedacrosssystems,regionsassessmentofprogresssincetheadoptionoftheParisandsectors.EconomicdamagesfromclimatechangeAgreementbutalsoaroadmapforclimateaction,basedhavebeendetectedinclimate-exposedsectors,suchonwhichgapscanbebridgedandambitioncanbeasagriculture,forestry,fishery,energy,andtourism.rampedup.ThestocktakewilllaythefoundationforIndividuallivelihoodshavebeenaffectedthrough,forcountriestoupdateandenhancetheirnationalclimateexample,destructionofhomesandinfrastructure,andactionplans,whichtheyarerequiredtodoin2025,butlossofpropertyandincome,humanhealthandfooditisalsomeantasaguidingtoolforallstakeholderssecurity,withadverseeffectsongenderandsocialequity”.involved,withspecificpathways,milestonesandtargets,Thereportalsoshowsthattheseadverseimpactsfromforeachworkstream,sector,regionandactortopursue.human-causedclimatechangewillcontinuetointensify,andtheextenttowhichcurrentandfuturegenerationsInordertosupporttheinformationcollectionandwillexperienceahotteranddifferentworlddependsonpreparationandtechnicalassessmentcomponentschoicesnowandinthenearterm(IPCC,2023).oftheGST,threemeetingsofthetechnicaldialoguewereundertakenbetweenJune2022andJune2023,ThisiswheretheGSThasavitalroletoplay.AsynthesiscentrednotonlyontakingstockofpastactionsreportonthetechnicaldialogueofthefirstGST,publishedbutalsoonhowtounlockmoreambitiousclimateinSeptember,alreadyidentifiedkeyareasforfurtheractionactionandsupport.Inadditiontothat,countriestobridgegapsandaddresschallengesandbarriersintheandstakeholdershavebeengatheringatdifferentimplementationoftheAgreement.Thereportlisted17keymomentstohelpshapetheoutcomeofthestocktake,technicalfindingsbasedonthediscussionsandhighlightedasawaytoensureeveryone’svoicesareheardandexistingandemergingopportunitiesandcreativesolutionsthattheoutcomereflectstheneedsandconcernsofalltobridgewell-knowngaps,aswellasgoodpracticesandinvolved.Theimportanceofwideparticipationofallproposalstoaccelerateimplementation,actionandsupport.stakeholdersintheprocessisembeddedindecisionThesekeyfindingsincludetheneedforgovernmentsto19/CMA.1,whichnotesthattheGST“willbeaParty-supportsystemstransformationsthatmainstreamclimatedrivenprocessconductedinatransparentmannerandresilienceandlowgreenhousegas(GHG)emissionswiththeparticipationofnon-Partystakeholders”,withdevelopmentandcredible,accountableandtransparentinputsfromcountries,businesses,cities,civilsociety,actionsbynon-Partystakeholderstostrengthentheseandothers(UNFCCC,2019).efforts,aswellasmoreeffectiveinternationalcooperation–alsoinvolvingnon-Partystakeholders–acrossallsystemsCLIMATECHANGEISCAUSINGandsectors(UNFCCC,2023a).PLANETARYTIPPINGPOINTSDuetotheirrelevance,boththeIPCCreportandtheIn2023,themessageisnotmuchdifferentfromsynthesisreportofthetechnicaldialogueofthefirstthepreviousYearbooks.InSeptember,theWorldGSTprovidethebackboneforthecontentandmessagesMeteorologicalOrganization(WMO)andtheEuropeancomingoutofthisYearbook,whichisalsoinformedbyCentreforMedium-RangeWeatherForecasts(ECMWF)severalrelevantreportspublishedinthepastcoupleofannouncedthatEarthjusthaditshottestthreemonthsyears.Theopportunities,gaps,andpossibleoptionstoonrecord,globalseasurfacetemperatureswereatovercomechallengestoglobalclimateactiondiscussedunprecedentedhighsforthethirdconsecutivemonth,throughouttheYearbookwillcontributetowardsandAntarcticSeaiceextentremainedatarecordlowtheconclusionofthefirstGSTatCOP28andbeyond,hopefullycorrectingthecourseto2030.18YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023CHAPTER2OVERVIEWOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTIONIN202319YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023THEROADFROMCOP27actionandtheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs),organizedbytheCOP27Presidency,theUnitedNationsInadditiontotheGST,somekeydiscussionsanddecisions(UN)RegionalCommissionsandtheHigh-LevelfromCOP27,presidedandhostedbyEgypt,helpedChampions.Theseforums,carriedoutthroughoutshapetheprioritiesfor2023andbeyond.Withastrong2022,resultedinareportbytheChampionsandacallforglobalalignmentwiththegoalofkeeping1.5°Ccompendiumofclimate-relatedinitiativesbythewithinreach,theSharmel-SheikhMitigationAmbitionRegionalCommissions.TheChampionsreport,AssetsandImplementationWorkProgramme(MWP),firsttoFlows,includesheadlinestatisticsonprojectsmentionedindecision1/CMA.3,wasestablishedinSharmidentifiedthroughtheforumsandpracticalinsightsel-Sheikh.GovernmentsarealsoexpectedtoonceagainfromprojectproponentsandfinanciersonwhatisrevisittheirNationallyDeterminedContributions(NDCs)neededtofurtherbuildprojectpipelinesandattractandstrengthentheir2030targets,asclosingtheemissionsprivatefinance,whiletheCompendiumofClimate-gapiscrucialfortheAgreement’stemperaturegoaltobeRelatedInitiatives:Opportunitiesforclimatefinancemet.Additionally,toensurethatthetransitiontolow-andinvestmentsontheSDGspresentsapipelineofemissionandclimate-resilientdevelopmentpathwayishigh-impactandinvestment-readyinitiativesfromambitious,justandequitable,asagreedbyParties,aworkacrossthefiveregions.Anextendedcompendiumprogrammeon‘justtransition’wasestablishedatCOP27containingadditionalinitiativeswasreleasedduringtobuildonandcomplementtheworkonurgentlyscalingtheconference.TheHigh-LevelChampionscontinuedupmitigationambitionandimplementation.thatworkin2023.AbreakthroughwasreachedatCOP27onlossIntotal,theCOP27Presidencylaunched14newanddamage,withanagreementtoestablishainitiatives,focusingonsectorssuchasagriculture,dedicatedfundandfundingarrangements.Theneedwastemanagementandenergy,amongothers.GCAPforpathwaystobroaderclimatefinancewasalsoregisteredatotalof71announcementsmadeatthehighlightedduringtheconference,includingacallconference,rangingfromreportsandnewinitiativesorfordevelopedcountryPartiestoprovideresourcesforpartnershipstoprogressandfundingannouncementsthesecondreplenishmentoftheGreenClimateFund.andcallstoapplications.Inadditiontothat,anumberAsmentionedinthefinaldecisionpackage,globalofeventswereorganizedaspartoftheofficialHigh-transformationtoalow-carboneconomyisexpectedLevelChampionsandMarrakechPartnershipthematictorequireinvestmentsofatleastUSD4-6trillionaagendaforCOP27,fromtraditionalactioneventstoyear.Partiesalsocalledmultilateraldevelopmentimplementationlabs.ThekeyoutcomesofglobalbankstocontributetosignificantlyincreasingclimateclimateactionduringCOP27canbefoundintheambition,andtoensurehigherfinancialefficiencyandsummarydocument.maximizeuseofexistingconcessionalandriskcapitalvehicles(UNFCCC,2023b).PartieswelcomedtheleadersoftheHigh-LevelChampions,emphasizedtheneedforcontinuedAlongwiththesenegotiationoutcomes,theglobalaccelerationandcollaboration,andencouragedPartiesclimateactionagendaatCOP27showedtheandnon-Partystakeholderstoengageactivelyintheimplementationphasepickingupspeed.OneoftheMarrakechPartnership(UNFCCC,2023b).keyoutcomeswasthelaunchoftheSharmel-SheikhAdaptationAgenda(SAA),theresultofacollaborationTHEYEARINGLOBALbetweentheCOP27Presidency,theHigh-LevelCLIMATEACTIONChampionsandtheMarrakechPartnership.ThisAdaptationAgendaintroducedasetof30globalHigh-LevelChampionsandtheMarrakechadaptationoutcometargetsthatarerequiredby2030Partnershipin2023acrosssectors,aswellaskeyenablersofplanningandfinance,inordertoenhanceresilienceforfourTheworkundertheHigh-LevelChampionsandthebillionpeoplelivinginthemostclimate-vulnerableMarrakechPartnershipprogressedonanumberofcommunitiesaroundtheworld.fronts,inlinewiththeirworkprogrammeoftheyear,whichisderivedfromthefive-yearplanoftheImprovedOnthesubjectoffinance,oneofthemainoutcomesMarrakechPartnershipmentionedinchapterone.Thiswastheconclusionofthefirsteditionofthefiveregionalforumsoninitiativesforfinancingclimate20YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023sectionprovideskeyprogressandachievementsbytheMetricsFramework,itaimstoofferinformationonHigh-LevelChampionsandtheMarrakechPartnershiptheactionsimplementedalongwiththeimpactofin2023,whiletheirworkisalsohighlightedthecampaignanditspartnerstowardstheirgoalofthroughouttheYearbook.Inthemitigationfront,increasingtheresilienceofpeopleandnature.TheRacetoZerolauncheditsDataExplorertoolinMarch,High-LevelChampionsalsohavebeenincreasingwhichwasdevelopedbyClimateArcandsupportedbyawarenessoflossesfromclimatechangeimpactsandCDPdata.TheExplorertracksthecampaignmembers’supportedinitiativessuchasC40onitsworkforcities.progressacrossfourcriteriatheyarerequiredtofollow(Pledge,Plan,Proceed,Publish)bymeansofaOnfinance,theHigh-LevelChampionssupportedpubliclyaccessibledataboard.Thecampaignhasalsoadialoguewithkeyprivateandfinancesectorsbeencollectingcasestudiestoshowcasenon-Partytoidentifyopportunitiestomobilizefinanceforstakeholders’leadershipinnature-basedsolutions,adaptationandresilienceaspertheSAAfinanceinordertoreflectthehighpriorityoftheHigh-outcomes.ThatshouldresultinacalltoactionforLevelChampionsandtheMarrakechPartnershiptoenhancedprivatefinancemobilizationforadaptationincreasesynergieswithnaturein2023.Forexample,andresiliencetobelaunchedatCOP28.AnimportantduringtheopeningofLondonClimateActionWeek,reportwasissuedinOctoberbytheHigh-LeveltheCOP28High-LevelChampionemphasizedtheChampionsonBreakingFinancingBarriersforaJusturgencyofaddressingclimatechangeandnatureClimateTransitioninAfrica.Thereportidentifiesfiveloss,highlightingtheimportanceofRacetoZero.Itinterventionstounlockclimatefinancing:i)debtreliefisnoteworthythattheemphasisonthisconvergenceandsuspensionforlowandmiddle-incomecountries;ofclimateandnaturewasreinforcedthroughoutii)extendingbelow-marketrateorconcessionalcapitaltheyear,withherparticipationintheAmazontoemergingmarketsanddevelopingeconomies;iii)CooperationTreatyOrganisationSummitinBrazil,forcreditenhancementandcreditguaranteeschemesinstance–aneventwhichaddressedthepressingandtoincentivizeprivatesectorparticipation;iv)foreigninterconnectedissuesofclimatechange,biodiversity,exchangeguaranteemechanism;andv)aturbochargerandIndigenousPeoples.facilityforclimateactionprojectsandentrepreneursinAfrica.TheChampionshavealsobeenworkingOnadaptationandresilience,andlossanddamage,withtheIndependentHigh-LevelExpertGrouponduringtheBonnClimateChangeConferenceinJuneClimateFinance,agroupthatdevelopsandpresents2023–the58thsessionsoftheSubsidiaryBodies(SBpolicyoptionsandrecommendationstoenablethe58)–theCOP27Presidency,theHigh-LevelChampionspublicandprivateinvestmentnecessaryfortheandtheMarrakechPartnershipalsoestablishedsixdeliveryoftheambitionsoftheParisAgreement.TheTaskForcestoimplementtheSAA.TheseTaskForcesChampionsengagedinameetingofthegroupheldareaimedatbringingtogetherstakeholdersacrosstheinAbuDhabiinAugusttodriveprogressonstepsimpactareasoftheAgenda,identifyingpartnershipstoreforminternationalfinanceaheadofCOP28.Infordelivery,trackingprogressandcoordinatingaddition,theyhavebeencontinuingcollaborationnarrativesforconsolidatedaction,aworkwhichwillwiththeUNRegionalCommissionsthroughthecontributetothedeliveryofthefirstSAAreportatRegionalPlatformsforClimateProjectsinitiative.COP28.TheSteeringCommitteeoftheSAAwasalsoLaunchedatCOP27,theinitiativeaimstofinancetheestablishedandconveneditsfirstmeetinginOctober.2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopmentanddeliverInadditiontothiscontext,itisnoteworthythattheurgentnear-termactionbycatalysinginvestmentinsolutionsframeworkoftheSAAwasupdatedin2023criticalmitigation,adaptationandresilienceprojectstoelevatetheneedforresilienthealthsystemsandbymatchingthesewithpotentialinvestorsandthetorecognizethecross-cuttingnatureofwaterandfinancesector(notethattheseactionswillberevisitednaturalsystemssolutions.Asaresult,theSAAnowhasinchapterfour).Moreover,asnarrowingtheclimatearound40AdaptationOutcomes,representingsimple,andnaturefundinggaphasbeenoneoftheirfocus,inmeasurable,andspecifictargetsthatneedtobemetSeptember,theyhavelaunchedareportwithSystemiqby2030toadvanceactionglobally.RacetoResilienceandtheCenterforGlobalCommonsattheUniversitycampaignhasalsoshownprogress:inMarch,theRaceofTokyo,whichcontainscallstoactionfortheprivatetoResilienceDataExplorer–firstlaunchduringCOPsectoronhowtheycanco-createtheconditionsfor27–wasupdated,enhancingbothitsinterfaceandscalingupprivatefinancefornature-basedsolutionscontents.InaccordancewiththeRacetoResilience’sbyfocusingonsixpriorities.Theseprioritiesinclude21YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023de-riskingclimateandnatureprojects,suspendingMarrakechPartnership,andshowcasingandfundingandreducingdebtburdenforlowandmiddle-youth-ledclimateinitiatives.Theyareworkingtoincomecountries,andestablishingforeignexchangesupportfundingforkeyinitiatives,reflectingtheirguaranteemechanisms,amongothers.commitmenttocreatinganinclusive,diverse,andimpactfulapproachtoaddressingclimatechange.Onnature,strategieslikereforestation,sustainableagricultureandoceanmanagement,canprovideDetailedprogressandachievementsuptoJuneareuptoone-thirdoftheemissionsreductionrequiredshowcasedthroughtheirachievementsdocumentby2030tocombatclimatechange.Inthisregard,publishedalongSB58.theHigh-LevelChampions,withseveralpartnershiporganizations,launchedtheNaturePositiveInitiativeCaseStudiesfromnon-PartystakeholdersinSeptember.TheinitiativeaimstodrivealignmentandsynergiesacrossamultitudeofactorswhowillThisyear,thesecretariatopenedacallforinputstoadvocate,supportandimplementactionstowardsnon-Partystakeholderstoshowcasesomeoftheanature-positiveoutcomeofhaltingandreversingglobalclimateactionstheyareengagedinthathaveanaturelossby2030.Theyhavealsoworkedactorspositiveimpactonsystemstransformation.Appendixincludingfarmers,cities,businessesandfinancial1presentssomeofthesubmittedcases.1TheyprovideinstitutionstodevelopaCalltoActiononTransformingsomeinsightsintoarangeofinitiativestakingplaceFoodSystemsforPeople,Nature,andClimate,whichonthegroundacrossanumberofthematicandcross-mobilizescollectiveeffortsaroundasharedvisioncuttingareas,someofwhichshowprogressthroughoutoffoodsystemsthatdeliversignificant,measurabletheyear.SLOCATPartnership’sNDC-TransportInitiativeprogressforpeople,nature,andclimateby2030.InforAsiaproject,forexample,aimstodecarbonizetheaddition,theyworkedwiththeMarrakechPartnershiptransportsectorinIndia,ChinaandVietnamthroughstakeholdersandlaunchedtheOceanBreakthroughsthedevelopmentofcoherentstrategiesforpolicyandtheCoralReefBreakthrough(alsoexplainedinapproachescoordinatedbetweenministries,civilchapterfour).societyandtheprivatesector.TheTransformativeUrbanMobilityInitiativeisalsosupportingcitiesintheInclusionofIndigenousPeoplesandlocaldevelopingcountriestopreparefortheimplementationcommunities,youth,andwomenhasbeenakeyofelectricbuses.InWales(UnitedKingdom),thepriorityfortheHigh-LevelChampionsin2023.TheirgovernmentstartedworkingontheNationalPeatlandprioritiesincludespearheadingjointcampaignsActionProgramme,amulti-yearplanaimedatpeatlandwithIndigenousPeoplesorganizationstosecurerestorationthatprioritisesactionacrossthemaindirectaccesstofinancefornaturestewardship,areasofpeatlanddamageforthecombinedbenefitensuringthevisibilityofIndigenousPeoplesinofbiodiversity,decarbonizationandotherecosystemdecisionmaking,andcontributingtotheLocalservices.TherearealsoinitiativesfocusedmainlyonCommunitiesandIndigenousPeoplesPlatform.adaptation:inJune,theNatureConservancylaunchedAdditionally,theHigh-LevelChampionsprioritizedaninteractiveFoodscapesmappingtoolwiththeaimmobilizingfinancialcommitmentstosupportwomenofbuildingthescience,partnershipsandinvestmentinclimateaction.TheyhavebeencontributingtopathwaysthatcatalysefoodsystemchangeataglobaltheworkoftheincomingCOP28Presidencyonscale.InBrazil,theParanástategovernmentofficiallylaunchingtheGender-JustTransitionPartnership,andsignedapartnershipwithanIndigenouscommunitymainstreaminggenderconsiderationsacrossallareas,toco-managetheMetropolitanForest,aninitiativeincludingnegotiationsandfinance.Keystepstowardthatcombinesenvironmentaleducation,biodiversityensuringinclusionalsoincludeengagementwiththeconservation,tourism,andappreciationofIndigenousYouthClimateChampion,mobilizingyouthwithinthecommunitiesandtraditionalknowledge.1Casesweredirectlysubmittedbynon-Partystakeholdersand,therefore,theviewsexpresseddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsofthesecretariat.Assuch,thestatisticaldataandestimatespresentedshouldnotnecessarilybeconsideredasreflectingtheviewsorbearingtheendorsementofthesecretariat.22YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023LaunchoftheTUMIE-BusMissionattheInternationalTransportForuminLeipzig.May,2022.@TUMINon-PartyStakeholders’EngagementsinClimateActionchange:i)integratedwaterandclimatepolicyatnationalEventsAroundtheWorldandgloballevelsby2030;ii)operationalGlobalWaterInformationSystemtosupportwater,climateandlandAnumberofconferencesandmeetingsheldthroughoutmanagementforsocioeconomicresilience,economic2023presentedvariousopportunitiesformulti-sustainabilityandsocialinclusionby2030;iii)EarlystakeholdercooperationinglobalclimateactionwithinWarningforAlltohelpsafeguardlivesandpropertyandbeyondUNFCCC.TheHigh-LevelChampionshaveby2027;iv)overcomingthedependenceonever-risingactivelyengagedinthesenotablemoments,inlinewithwaterconsumptionforprovidingnutritionandpowerasoneofthecoremissionsoftheirworkandthatofthefastaspossible;andv)re-definedeconomicprinciplesMarrakechPartnership,whichistoamplifyacommontomakeoureconomieswater-,climate-,land-,andmessagearoundtheroleofglobalclimateaction.ecosystems-smartandpeoplecentric(UN,2023a).ThediscussionsundertheUNWaterConferenceheldinAshighlightedinthe2022Yearbook,engagingMarchreflectedthecentralrolewaterplayswithinthestakeholdersfromunder-representedregionsremainsSDGs,whilehighlightingwaterasakeyopportunityoneofthekeyaspectsofglobalclimateaction.Inthistoachieveclimatechangemitigationandadaptation.regard,theRCWshavebeentakingplaceforanumberTheHigh-LevelChampionsengagedintheconferenceofyearsnow,withthemaingoalofbringingtogetherbyhelpingtoconsolidateactionthatseeswateranddiversestakeholdersinthepublicandprivatesectorswastewaterservicesfullydecarbonizedin20countriesaroundacommongoalofaddressingclimatechange,by2030.Duringitsopeningday,over50oftheworld’switheventsthatprovidespaceforagrassrootsexchangelargestcorporations,operatinginover130countriesofknowledgeandbestpracticesacrossthespecificregionsandemployingtwomillionpeopleworldwide,launchedonanumberofsubjects,suchastheNDCsandNationaltheBusinessLeaders’OpenCallforAcceleratingWaterAdaptationPlans(NAPs),SDGs,andglobalclimateAction,anunprecedentedappealforprivatesectoractionaction.Currently,theyareheldacrossAfrica,Asia-Pacific,tohelpsolvetheglobalwatercrisisandadvanceprogressLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean,andMiddleEastandonSDG6toensureaccesstowaterandsanitationforNorthernAfrica.In2023,RCWswerestructuredaroundall.ThePresidentoftheUNGeneralAssembly(UNGA)fourmajorsystems-basedthematictracks,withaviewtohighlightedninedecisivegamechangersattheclosureprovidingregion-focusedcontributionstoinformtheGST:oftheConference,fiveofwhichlinkedtoclimatei)energysystemsandindustry;ii)cities,urbanandrural23YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023settlements,infrastructureandtransport;iii)land,ocean,TheLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanClimateWeekfoodandwater;andiv)societies,health,livelihoods,(LACCW)2023,tookplaceinPanamaCity,betweenandeconomies.Regionalizationhasbeenoneofthe23and27October,inparallelwiththeXXIIIMeetingprioritiesoftheHigh-LevelChampionsandtheMarrakechoftheForumofMinistersofEnvironmentofLatinPartnershipin2023,andtheyhaveactivelyengagedinAmericaandtheCaribbean.HostedbythegovernmentRCWsthroughorganizingeventsandholdingdialoguestoofPanama,LACCWbroughttogetherrepresentativesidentifyregionalandlocalopportunitiesandchallenges.fromlocalandnationalgovernments,Indigenouscommunities,civilsocietyandtheprivatesector.Thefirsttotakeplace,AfricaClimateWeek(ACW)Engagingwithstakeholders,theHigh-LevelChampions2023washostedbythegovernmentofKenyaandemphasizedtheregion’suniqueopportunities,withtheheldinNairobi,from4to8September.Theeventregionbeingthehomeofaround40percentofthewasorganizedinparallelwiththeAfricaClimateworld’sbiodiversity,wherethediscussionsconcludedSummit,wheretheHigh-LevelChampionsfacilitatedwithacallforinclusiveandnature-centricclimatediscussionsonclimatefinanceandinvestment.Theaction,addressingsocio-environmentalchallengesandsummitresultedintheadoptionoftheAfricanLeadersemphasizingtheurgentneedforcollective,collaborativeNairobiDeclarationonClimateChangeandCalltoeffortstoachieveasustainablefuture.Action,whichstressestheimportanceofdecarbonizingtheglobaleconomyforequalityandsharedprosperityFinally,theAsia-PacificClimateWeek(APCW)2023tookandcallforacomprehensiveandsystemicresponseplaceinJohorBahru,from13to17November,hostedtotheincipientdebtcrisis.Meanwhile,ACWbroughtbytheJohorstategovernmentincollaborationwithtogethermorethan10,000participants,rangingfromthegovernmentofMalaysia.Challengedbyincreasedgovernments,citiesandsubnationalregions,theprivateextremeweatherevents,fromtyphoonsandhurricanessector,andcivilsocietyfromacrossthecontinentandtodroughtsandrisingsealevels,theregionisincriticaltheworld.DiscussionsheldduringACWhighlightedneedofcoordinatedclimateaction.TheHigh-Levelthechallenges,barriers,solutionsandopportunitiesChampionshighlightedboththeopportunitiesandforclimateactionandsupportwithinthecontextofchallengesoftheregion,includingitsgrowthinscience-Africa,withexamplesofAfricancitiesimplementingbasedtargetssetting,aswellasitsrelianceoncoal.resilienceprojects,replacingwoodfuelsforcookingwithliquefiedpetroleumgas,orincreasedinvestmentWithaviewtoextractkeyregionalmessagesthatcanoftheprivatesectorinelectrificationfleets.TheeventfeedintotheGST,eachRCWin2023alsoincludedahigh-showcasedhowAfricaisnotjustacontinentfacinglevelGSTregionaldialogueamongpolicymakersandkeyclimateimpacts,butacontinentpoisedtoleadthenon-Partystakeholdersonregionallessonslearned,goodworldinclimatesolution.practices,andenablersforclimateactionandsupport.ThedialogueatACWhighlightedhowAfricahastheTheMiddleEastandNorthAfricaClimateWeek(MENACW)potentialtoleadthegreentransitionwithrenewable2023,tookplaceinRiyadh,from8to12October,hostedenergy,however,capacitybuilding,technologicalandbythegovernmentoftheKingdomofSaudiArabia.Morefinancialsupportiscriticallyneededtoensurethisthan9,000participantsfrom137countriestookparttransitionisjustandinsupportoftheachievementofin245events,including21UNFCCC-mandatedevents.theSDGs.FortheMENACWdialogue,emphasiswasonTheeventsanddiscussionsheldthroughouttheweekhowtheenergysectoranduseofalltechnologiesarekeyemphasizedthecriticalneedofurgentclimateaction,asforreachingtheclimategoals,aswellashowtheregiontheregionisalreadyexperiencingrapidtemperaturerisehasthepotentialtobecomealeaderinrenewableenergyandshortageofwaterresources.Inthiscontext,theHigh-andlow-carbontechnologies.AttheLACCWdialogue,LevelChampionsandregionalstakeholdershighlightedministersandnon-Partystakeholdersagreedthatthespecificexamplesofclimateaction,suchasfosteringjustGSTneedstosendpoliticalsignalsthatarebalanced,energytransitionsinlocalcommunities,socio-economicrealistic,inclusive,justandapplicable,especiallyonadaptationandimplementingnature-basedsolutionscriticalpriorityareassuchasjustenergytransition,tobuildresilienceintransportinfrastructuresector.lossanddamage,climatefinance,andecosystemDiscussionsalsoshowedthepotentialoftheregiontoandbiodiversityrestorationandprotection.TheGSTbethefrontrunnersinrenewableenergyandinnovativeeventatAPCW,whichwasthelastoftheseries,alsotechnology,attractinginvestmentandfacilitatingprovidedauniqueplatformforstakeholderstoidentifytechnologytransfer,andleadingtogreendevelopment.opportunitiesandchallengesintheregion,aswellas24YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023solutions,enroutetoCOP28.Throughoutallofthegovernmentstomovedecisivelytophaseoutfossilfuelsregions,theeffortsbynon-Partystakeholdersandtheirandrampupcleanenergysolutions.TheClimateGroupsupporttonationalgovernmentsinacceleratingclimatealsolaunchedareportlookingathowcompaniescanactionstowardsthefinalphaseoftheGSTatCOP28andmovefromreducingemissionstobuildingabusinessbeyondwerebothacknowledgedandhighlighted.tothriveinadecarbonizingworld.Atthesametime,globalleadershipisrequiredtodriveNon-PartyStakeholders’Engagementintheambitionandactiontoscale,andthereisnotimetowaste.UNFCCCprocessesWiththisinmind,theUNSecretary-General(UNSG),AntónioGuterres,convenedthe2023editionoftheClimateThoughprogresshasbeenmadeonrelevantworkstreamsAmbitionSummitattheUNHeadquartersinNewYork.duringCOP27,notablyunderlossanddamage,workstillTheSummit,whichtookplaceon20ofSeptemberamidstneededtobefurtheradvancedandmilestonesachievedtheUNGA’sHigh-LevelWeek,isacriticalmilestoneforfortheimplementationphaseoftheParisAgreementtodemonstratingthatthereisacollectivewilltoacceleratecomeintofullforce.In2023,someofthekeyprocessesthepaceandscaleofthetransitiontoarenewablepickeduppace,withactiveparticipationbynon-Partyenergy-based,climate-resilientglobaleconomy.Thisstakeholders.GSTservedasoneofthemajorarenasforyear’sSummit–containingthreethematicsessionsdiscussionsbetweentheseactorsandPartiesaimedat(credibilityofnetzero,deliveringclimatejustice,contributingtotheUNFCCCprocess.acceleratingdecarbonization)andaconveningonlossanddamage–focusedonshowcasing‘firstmoverThethreemeetingsofthetechnicaldialogueontheGSTanddoer’leadersfromahostofentities–includingwereheldinconjunctionwithSB56,SB57andSB58,government,business,finance,localauthorities,andandasummaryreportoneachmeetingwaspreparedbycivilsociety–whichmovedbeyondpledgestocredibletheco-facilitatorsofthetechnicaldialogue.Thedialogueactions,policiesandplansinlinewiththeUNSG’smeetingsservedtofacilitatetheexpertconsiderationofAccelerationAgenda.Alongwiththerepresentativeinputsthroughfocusedexchangesofviews,informationofnationalgovernments,stakeholderssuchastheandideasatin-sessionroundtables,workshopsandgovernorofthestateofCalifornia(theUnitedStatesotherrelevantactivities.AllwritteninputsintheformofAmerica)–oneoftheleadersofRacetoZero–ofsubmissions,representingover170,000pages,wereunderscoredtheneedtofullyphaseoutoilandcoal,madefullyaccessibleonlinetoparticipants,aswellbystatingthatthe“climatecrisisisafossilfuelcrisis”asinformationnotespriortothemeetings,including(UN,2023b).AttheSummit,theHigh-LevelChampionsthroughasearchableinterface–anonlineGSTtool.advocatedfornet-zeropolicies,urgingbusinesses,Theco-facilitatorsalsoheldinformalconsultationsandinvestors,andgovernmentstoestablishfairandwebinarswithPartiesandnon-Partystakeholdersandinclusiveregulationsandincentives.Theyemphasizedmadethemselvesavailabletotheseactorsduringthetheurgencyoftranslatingclimatecommitmentsintosessionsofthesubsidiarybodies.Atotalof252hoursaction,highlightingthegapbetweenvoluntaryactionsofmeetingsanddiscussionswereheldduringthethreeandrequiredemissionsreductions.TheChampionsmeetingsacrossallformats(UNFCCC,2023a).activelycollaboratedwithstakeholderstopromoteadvocacyalignedwithnet-zerogoals,stressingtheTheHigh-LevelChampionshaveactivelysupportedimportanceofcollectiveeffortsacrosssectorsforanon-Partystakeholderengagementtothetechnicalsustainablefuture.dialogue.InadditiontocollaboratingwiththesecretariatintheexpressionofinterestprocesstoInparalleltoUNGAandtheClimateAmbitionSummit,invitenon-Partystakeholderstothethreemeetings,theNewYorkClimateWeek–anannualeventhostedtheyhavemadewrittensubmissionsaheadofeachbytheClimateGroupandNewYorkCity–washeldmeeting.ThefirstsubmissionmadeinFebruary2022between17and24ofSeptember,withover600eventsrespondedtotheguidingquestionsfromtheSBChairs,takingplaceacrossthecity.Theseincludedacallbyoverandprovidedtheirprogresssuchasintheareaofglobal250companiesandorganizationsrepresentingamarketcampaignsandClimateActionPathways.ThesecondvalueofmorethanUSD12trillionacrossallcontinentssubmissioninAugustpresentedasnapshotofprogressforworldleaderstocommittotriplingrenewableinambition,implementationregionalperspectivesandenergyby2030byCOP28,andanewcampaignbytheaccountability,basedoninputsfromtheMarrakechWeMeanBusinessCoalitioncallingonbusinessesandPartnershipstakeholders.Finally,thethirdsubmission25YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023BOX1:WorldCaféenhancedinteractiveengagementTheWorldCafésessionsheldduringthethreemeetingsoftheGSTtechnicaldialogueallowedforinteractiveanddynamicengagementofawiderangeofstakeholdersinaninformalsettingonavarietyoftopics.ThepicturecapturesadiscussioninTable13oftheWorldCaféduringthethirdmeetingofthefirsttechnicaldialogue.Participantsdiscussedhowtobetterunderstandtheleveltowhichnon-PartystakeholdersandinternationalcooperativeinitiativeshavecontributedtothecollectiveprogressofParisAgreementgoals,aswellashowtopromotetheaccountabilityofpledgesandensurerigorousaccounting.@UNFCCCinMarch2023providedkeymessagesthathaveTheoutcomeofthetechnicaldialogueprocesswasemergedfromnon-Partystakeholdersintherunuptopresentedinthesynthesisreport,publishedbytheandthroughoutCOP27,andtheirexpectationfortheco-facilitatorsinSeptember.Inadditiontothe17GSTtobeaspringboardofaction.Theystatedthatthekeyfindingsmentionedinchapterone,thereportGST“mustboostourcollectiveresponsetotheclimateidentifiespossiblepathsforward,highlightingthatemergency,promptingadramaticcourse-correction“manyactionablesolutionsandcreativesuggestionstofromgovernmentsandnon-PartystakeholdersinorderovercomechallengesidentifiedduringtheinputandtoachievethegoalsoftheParisAgreement”.technicalphasesoftheGSTarereadytobeimplemented”.Thereporthighlightstheneedforan‘’allofeconomy,Asforparticipantstothemeetingsofthetechnicalallofsociety’’approachacrossallsystemsandsectorsdialogue,Partiesself-selectedwithintheirnegotiatingwithmoreeffectiveinternationalcooperationinvolvinggroups,NGOconstituenciessubmittednominationsnon-Partystakeholders.Italsoemphasizestheneedforwithinaccreditedobserverorganizations,andcredible,accountableandtransparentactionsbynon-othernon-PartystakeholdersappliedthroughanPartystakeholders,inordertostrengtheneffortsforexpressionofinterestprocessranbythesecretariatsystemstransformations.Atthesametime,thereportincollaborationwiththeHigh-LevelChampionsinalsopointstotheimportanceoffocusingoninclusionsupportoftheco-facilitators.Non-Partystakeholderandequityasrapidchangecanbedisruptive(UNFCCC,participantswereinvitedbasedonsimilarevaluation2023a).TheHigh-LevelChampionsrespondedtothiscriteriaasappliedtotheselectionofexpertsreportbyemphasizingtheimportanceofmobilizing(respectinggenderandgeographicalbalancetothenon-Partystakeholders,particularlyinthedevelopingextentpossible,whileensuringrelevantexpertisecountries,onenablersforclimatefinance,technologyintherelatedfields).Whiletheeventswereallheldtransferandcapacitybuildingwithapragmatic,realisticin-person,theplenaries,roundtablediscussionsandjustsolutions-orientedapproach.Theyalsopointedandfocusedexchangeswerestreamedtoanonlineoutthatunitedandstrongresponsesfromgovernmentsplatformthatwasaccessibletoallregisteredwillgiveclarityandconfidencetonon-Partystakeholdersparticipants(UNFCCC,2023a).toincentivizeandspurmoreaction.26YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023InadditiontotheGSTprocess,thenewlyestablishedtolackofcoordination(sustainabledevelopmentandMWPsetupaforumthatwelcomedtheengagementsocioeconomicimpacts)(UNFCCC,2023c).ofnon-Partystakeholders.Partiesagreedtoholdatleasttwoglobaldialogueseveryyear,withinvestment-TheSecondGlobalDialogueandInvestmentFocusedfocusedeventsinparallel.TheyalsoagreedtheseglobalEventtookplaceinOctoberinAbuDhabi.Theeventdialoguesshouldfacilitateanactiveinteractionbetweenincludedaprojectpitchhubsessionwhereaselectionthemandnon-Partystakeholders,withtheHigh-LevelofprojectownersfromdifferentpartsoftheworldwereChampionssupportingtheeffectiveparticipationofgiventheopportunitytopresenttheirhigh-impacttheseactors.Partiesalsoagreedtoholdatleasttwoprojectsandideasrelatedtomitigationambitionglobaldialogueseveryyearandinvestment-focusedandimplementationtofinanciersandinvestors.eventsatthemarginsofthedialogues.ThetopicsforTheco-chairsoftheMWPselectedtheprojectsineachdialoguearedecidedbytheco-chairsoftheMWPcollaborationwiththeHigh-LevelChampions,the(appointedeverytwoyearsbytheChairsoftheSBs),InternationalRenewableEnergyAgency(IRENA),andbasedonsubmissionsreceivedinadvance.Assuch,theNDCPartnership.NineprojectsfromtheHigh-LevelParties,observersandothernon-PartystakeholdersChampions’pipelineofprojectsfromtheRegionalareinvitedtosubmittheirviewsonopportunities,PlatformsforClimateProjectswereselected,andtwobestpractices,actionablesolutions,challengesandprojectownersengagedintheevent,withPartiesandbarriersrelevanttothetopicsofthedialoguesviatheinterestedinvestorsonsuccessstories,opportunitiessubmissionportalfourweeksbeforeeachdialogue.forimprovementandhowtheseprojectscouldsupporttheimplementationoftheNDCs.Thefocusofthe2023dialogueshasbeenonacceleratingjustenergytransition,includingbyTheintrinsicinterconnectednessbetweennatureandimplementingpoliciesandmeasureswithglobalclimatechangeisatthecoreoftheOceanandClimateoverviewandcountry-specificexperience;addressingChangeDialogue,theresultofarequestmadeatCOP25financial,technologicalandcapacity-buildingneedsinfortheSubsidiaryBodyforScientificandTechnologicalthisarea,suchasthroughinternationalcooperation,Advice(SBSTA)toholdanannualdialoguetostrengthenincludingwithnon-Partystakeholders,andprovisionocean-basedclimateaction.Therelevanceofsuchofsupporttodevelopingcountries;andpromotinginterconnectednessisbeingincreasinglyrecognizedsustainabledevelopmentandunderstandingandincorporatedintodifferentinternationalpacts,suchsocioeconomiceffects.TheFirstGlobalDialogueandasthehistoricagreementundertheUNBiodiversityInvestmentFocusedEventundertheMWPwasheldConferenceinMontrealandthenewagreementontheinJune2023inBonn,andincludedpresentationsbyconservationandsustainableuseofmarinebiologicalnon-Partystakeholders.Italsoreceived29submissionsdiversityofareasbeyondnationaljurisdiction.fromtheseactors,includingtwobytheHigh-LevelChampions.Participantsdiscussedopportunities,bestThe2023editionoftheevent–thethirdofitskind–tookpractices,andactionalsolutions,aswellasbarriersinplaceinJuneinBonn.Thetopicswerechosenbasedtheareasofjustenergytransition.Someofthebarriersonconsultationsduringaninformalexchangeofviewshighlightedinclude,affordablefinance(renewablewithbothPartiesandobservers:i)coastalecosystemenergy);ageingand/orweakinfrastructureandrestorationincludingbluecarbon;andii)fisheriesandgeographicalchallenges(gridandenergystorage);highfoodsecurity.Theseexchangeofviewswereorganizedcapitalcoststocapturecarbondioxide(CO2)andenergybytheco-facilitatorsusingfourvirtualmeetingsheldintensityofthecapturingprocess(CCUandCCS);highinMarch,inpreparationfortheDialogue,inwhichupfrontcostoftransitioningtoahigherrateofenergyPartiesandnon-Partystakeholderswereinvitedtoefficiency(energyefficiency);lackoftechnicalcapacityconsidertheguidingquestions,providedinadvance,andenforcementmechanisms(policiesandmeasures);tohelpfacilitateinteractivediscussionsandeffectivelengthyanddemandingprocessesandtheeligibilitydeep-divesintothetopics,aswellasconsiderationofcriteria(financingissues);limitedlandfordeployingwhatisneededtofurthercentralizetheroleofoceanssolarandonshorewindpower(technologyandinclimatechangemitigationandadaptationactioncapacitychallenges);andtranslatingnationalstrategiesandthroughUNFCCCprocesses.Linkstotheagenda,intoimplementationatthesubnationallevelowingpresentationsandsummaryreportcanbefoundhere.27YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023CHAPTER3TRACKINGTHESTATEOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION28YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023Astoucheduponinthepreviouschapter,discussionsTHEGLOBALCLIMATEaroundtheimportanceofaframeworktoensureACTIONPORTALtheambitionandcredibilityoftransitionplansandemissionreductioncommitmentshavebeenFirstlaunchedin2014bytheUNFCCCsecretariatandgainingmomentum.ThereareseveralinitiativesthegovernmentsofPeruandFrance,GCAPaimsatcurrentlyaimedataddressingnet-zerocredibilityprovidinganonlineplatformforallactorstodisplaytheirandprovidingguidancetowardsbestpractices,asclimate-relatedcommitments,ontherecognitionthatwillbedetailedlaterinthischapter.Whilethereaddressingclimatechangeneedsambitiousandbroad-isnosinglestandardizedverificationframeworkbasedactionfromallsegmentsofsociety.Withitsformalyet,workisbeingundertakeninordertoprovideinclusionintheParisAgreementtext,Partieswelcomedalignmentandconvergenceamongthevarioustheeffortsofallactorstoscale-uptheirclimateactionsexistingrecommendations,soastobetterprovideandencouragedthemtoregistertheseactionsviaGCAP.stakeholderswithanoverviewofwhatconstitutesgoodpracticeinnet-zerotarget-setting.Today,theever-evolvingGCAPcompilesactions,initiativesandassociateddatafromarangeofpartnerorganizationsItisunderstood,however,thatakeyelementintopresentaclearandcomprehensiveviewofglobalensuringtheaccountabilityofanyclimatestrategyclimateactionfromawiderangeofactors.In2021,GCAPistransparency.Properdisclosurearoundthedetailsalsorelaunchedthetrackingofvoluntaryclimateaction,ofanyclimateplan,particularlyinwhatconcernswhichcapturestheprogressmadebyindividualactorsandemissionreductions,isvitaltoensuretargetsarecooperativeinitiativesthatareregisteredinthePortal.2science-based,feasible,comparableandalignedwiththe1.5oCgoal.ItalsoallowsplanstobeassessedAsofOctober2023,GCAPregistered32,524actorsandadjustedwhenevernecessary,challengestoengaginginclimateactionsaroundtheworld,anincreasebecollectivelytackled,andgoodpracticestobeofapproximatelysixpercentfromwhatwasreportedrecognized,whichiswhyoneofthefiveprinciplesinthe2022Yearbook.Though2023presentsamoreenshrinedintheIntegrityMattersreport(tobefurthermodestincreaseincomparisonwiththepastfewyears,exploredinthischapter)isradicaltransparencyinitshouldbenotedthatthenumberofactorsregisteredinsharingrelevant,non-competitive,comparabledatatheportaltodayisaroundsixtimesthenumberin2015.onplansandprogress.IntermsofthetypeofactorsregisteredonthePortal,Inlinewiththeneedfortransparencytobethefirstcompanieshaveconsistentlypresentedthehighestratessteptowardsaccountability,thischapterpresentsanofincreaseinrecentyears–in2023,theseactorshadoverviewofthelatestfindingsfromdata-trackinga12percentgrowthcomparedtowhatthatreportedinitiativesandsourcesmonitoringandassessingexistinginthe2022Yearbook.Whilethenumberofactorshasinformationonnon-Partystakeholderglobalclimateconsistentlybeenhigherindevelopedcountries,inaction,particularlyinwhatconcernstheirprogress2023,Asia-Pacificsawthehighestincrease,with30towardstheParisAgreementgoals.Asmentionedpercentmoreactorsengagedincomparisonwiththeinchapterone,oneoftheYearbook’sobjectivesistoinformationreportedin2022.Figure1belowprovidesreflectthecurrentrangeandstateoftheseefforts,andthelatestnumberofactorsengagedinclimateactionGCAPisthemaintooltoshowcasethem.acrosstheglobepertypeandUNregion.2TheoutcomesoftheprogresstrackingareavailableinGCAPActortrackingpageandCooperativeInitiativestrackingpage.29YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023FIGURE1:ActorsRecognizedintheGlobalClimateActionPortal(October2023).1,38323,3834,3722,391995ASIA-PACIFICEASTERNAFRICANGROUPWESTERNLATINAMERICANTOTALGROUPEUROPEANEUROPEANANDANDCARIBBEANGROUPOTHERSGROUPGROUPCities476Cities1,067Cities234Cities8,852Cities725Cities11,354Regions26Regions5Regions23Regions134Regions94Regions282Companies3,076Companies200Companies330Companies10,775Companies1,212Companies15,593Organizations484Organizations38Organizations308Organizations2,349Organizations264Organizations3,443Investors252Investors50Investors46Investors1,244Investors62Investors1,654Countries58Countries23Countries54Countries29Countries34Countries198Total4,372Total1,383Total995Total23,383Total2,391Total32,52430YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023Inadditiontoindividualactors,thePortalalsoAswellasobtainingup-to-dateinformationfromregisterscooperativeclimateinitiatives(CCIs).CCIistheinitiativesregisteredontheportal,thesurveyacoordinatedeffortinvolvingmultiplestakeholders,providedtheopportunityforotherinitiativessuchascities,regions,businesses,investors,(includingRacetoZeropartnersnotyetregistered)academicinstitutions,nationalgovernments,non-toprovidethenecessaryinformationforinclusionongovernmentalorganizationsandresearchbodies,thatGCAP.The42activeinitiativeswhichrespondedtoaimstoachieveaclearlystatedclimate-relatedgoal.thesurveywithintherequestedtimelineareshownCCIsoperatebyjointlydevelopingandimplementinginAppendix2.Whilsttheresponsesarecurrentlystrategies,policies,andactionsaimedatclimatebeingprocessed(toupdateGCAPaheadofCOP28),mitigation(directlyorindirectlyreducinggreenhousethefollowingfigurespresentanoverviewofsomeofgases),climateadaptationandresilience(directlytheinformationreceived.orindirectlyfosteringadaptationtotheimpactsofclimatechange)oramixtureofboth.Thegraphbelowshowsthegeographicalscopeoftheinitiatives(Figure2).WhilesomearenationalorBetweenSeptemberandOctober2023,theregionalfocused,themajorityoftheinitiativesthatsecretariatconducteditsannualsurveyofCCIs.respondedtothesurveyareglobalinscope.FIGURE2:GEOGRAPHICALSCOPEOFINITIATIVES11GGlolobbaall33RReeggioionnaall33MMuultlitninaatitoionnaallNNaatitoionnaall335531YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023Figure3presentstheinitiatives’mainclimatefocus.Itmitigationandadaptation.Ontheotherhand,initiativesshowsthatthemajorityarefocusedmainlyonmitigationfocusedmainlyonadaptationarelessthanone-fifthofaction,followedbyinitiativesequallyfocusedonthenumberfocusedmainlyonmitigation.FIGURE3:CLIMATEFOCUSOFINITIATIVESMainlyadaptationEquallymitigationandadaptationMainly51015202530mitigation0Thisyear,thesurveyaskedinitiativestoreporttheirbroaderdistribution.WhileSociety,livelihoodandfocusonsystemsandopportunities,basedontheeconomyhadthehighestengagementfollowedbytaxonomypresentedinIPCC’sAR6SYR–theresults,energysupply,Healthshowsthelowest.illustratedinthegraphbelow(Figure4),showedaFIGURE4:SYSTEMSFOCUSOFINITIATIVES2520151050EnergysupplyLand,water,SettlementsandIndustryHealthfoodinfrastructureandwasteSociety,livelihoodandeconomy32YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023Thefollowingfigure(Figure5)furtherbreaksdownthesystems-focusintoopportunitieswheretheinitiativesprovided.FIGURE5:CLIMATEACTIONOPPORTUNITIESFORSYSTEMSTRANSFORMATIONPURSUEDBYINITIATIVESEnergysupplyEnergyreliabilityResilientpowersystemsAdaptationImprovewateruseeﬃciencyMitigationOtherSolarWindReducemethanefromcoal,oilandgasBioelectricity(includingBECCS)GeothermalandhydropowerNuclearFossilCarbonCaptureandStorage(CCS)OtherLand,water,foodAdaptationEﬃcientlivestocksystemsImprovedcroplandmanagementWateruseeﬃciencyandwaterresourcemanagementBiodiversitymanagementandecosystemconnectivityAgroforestrySustainableaquacultureandsheriesForest-basedadaptationIntegratedcoastalzonemanagementCoastaldefenseandhardeningOtherMitigationReduceconversionofnaturalecosystemsCarbonsequestrationinagricultureEcosystemrestoration,aﬀorestation,reforestationShitosustainablehealthydietsImprovedsustainableforestmanagementReducemethaneandN2OinagricultureReducefoodlossandfoodwasteOther024681033YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023SettlementsandinfrastructureAdaptationSustainableurbanwatermanagementSustainablelanduseandurbanplanningGreeninfrastructureandecosystemservicesOtherMitigationEﬃcientbuildingsFueleﬃcientvehiclesElectricvehiclesEﬃcientlighting,appliancesandequipmentPublictransportandbicyclingBiofuelsfortransportEﬃcientshippingandaviationAvoiddemandforenergyservicesOnsiterenewablesOtherHealthEnhancedhealthservicesOtherAdaptationOtherMitigationSociety,livelihoodandeconomyAdaptationRiskspreadingandsharingSocialsafetynetsClimateservices,includingEarlyWarningSystemsDisasterriskmanagementHumanmigrationPlannedrelocationandresettlementLivelihooddiversicationOtherMitigationOtherIndustryandwasteOtherAdaptationMitigationFuelswitchingReduceemissionofuorinatedgasEnergyeﬃciencyMaterialeﬃciencyReducemethanefromwaste/wastewaterConstructionmaterialsubstituationEnhancedrecyclingCarboncapturewithutilisation(CCU)andCCSOther024681034YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023Themajorityofopportunitiesthatinitiativesfocusonefficiency’wassignificant,followedby‘materialunderEnergysupplyarerelatedtorenewables.Underefficiency’and‘fuelswitching’while‘reducemethaneLand,water,food,‘ecosystemsrestoration,afforestationfromwaste/wastewater’wastheleastrepresented.andreforestation’and‘reduceconversionofnaturalecosystems’recordedthelargestsharesamongtheInsum,theresultsindicategapsintheleveloffocusonchoices.Ontheotherhand,‘shifttosustainablesystemsandopportunitiesbyclimateinitiatives.Overall,healthydiets’or‘efficientlivestocksystems’werethemitigation-relatedopportunitiesrankedhigherthanlowestopportunitieswithnoinitiativesreportingadaptation,andparticularunderrepresentationwasseenonthelatter.OnSettlementsandinfrastructure,inopportunitiesrelatedtohealth,migrationandfood.adaptationopportunities(‘greeninfrastructureandecosystemservices’,‘sustainablelandandurbanThesurveyalsoaskedinitiativesabouttheirtargets.planning’,‘sustainableurbanwatermanagement’)areThisinformationcontributestoanunderstandingofrelativelyunderrepresentedcomparedtomitigationbothhowinitiativesareworkingtoachievetheirgoalsopportunities.Whileadaptationopportunitieswereandtheprogresstheyaremaking.Figure6belowreportedunderSociety,livelihoodandeconomy,presentsthedifferenttypesoftargetsthatinitiativestherewerefewopportunitiesidentifiedon‘humanhavesetaspartoftheirgoals,withemissionsreductionmigration’and‘plannedrelocationandresettlement’.andgrowingthenumberoftheirparticipationbeingFinally,forIndustryandwaste,theshareof‘energythemostfrequentlyreported.FIGURE6:INITIATIVESBYTARGETTYPEEmissionsreductionGrowthofparticipationAdaptivecapacity,strengthenedresilience,orreducedvulnerabilityFundstobemobilizedorraisedRenewableenergyMarketshare,sales,scaleofadoptionEnergyeﬃciencyPercentageofmembercountriesreceivingsupportOther0246810ThePortal’sprogressframeworkmentionedabovebudgetallocatedandchallengesandopportunities.allowsuserstoapplydifferentfilterstoexploretheInformationoninitiativeparticipantsandfocus,variouscooperativeinitiativesandindividualactorsthematicareasandclimatefocusarealsoprovided.andthedetailsoftheirengagementsinclimateaction.Onindividualactors,progresscanbecheckedagainstWhilebrowsingcooperativeinitiatives,forinstance,itcommitments,actionsundertakenandimpacts.ispossibletosetfilterstocheckwhichonesprovideInadditiontoprogress,actorscanbeselectedperprogressinformationongoalsandtargets,aswellasengagementtype,climatefocusandtheme.35YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023CURRENTSTATEOFGLOBALcompaniesandfinancialinstitutions,outliningtheCLIMATEACTIONANDkeytrendsin2022.ThoughthereportonlyreferredtoCOMMITMENTSBYNON-PARTYtargetsset,andcommitmentsmadeby31DecemberSTAKEHOLDERS2022,informationpublishedafterthisdatewasalsousedforcompletenesspurposes.Themomentnowistoprogressfrommakingpledgestoactuallydeliveringonthem.Inthatsense,aslow-Thereportpresentssomeencouragingdata.Fordowninthenumberofpledgesbeingannouncedisinstance,thenumberofcompaniessettingscience-notnecessarilyworrisome,andattentionshouldalsobasedtargetsin2022alonewashigherthaninthebedirectedatthepotentialobstaclestorealizingtheseprevioussevenyearscombined.With1,097companiespledges,thatis,onhowtotranslateplansintoaction.publishingvalidatedtargetsin2022,thecumulativeThoughacceleratingthepaceinsettingambitiousnumberofcompanieswithscience-basedtargetsemissionreductiontargetsremainscrucialtomeetthevalidatedbytheSBTiamountedto2,079bytheendofgoalofkeeping1.5oCclimate-resilientworldwithinthatyear.Inadditiontothat,thenumberofcompaniesreach,enhancingadaptativecapacityandresiliencecommittingtothesetargetsisalsoontherise,withaandthefinancialmeanstoimplementclimateactiontotalof2,151companieshavingcommittedtosettingisalsoextremelyrelevantfortheParisAgreementascience-basedtargetwithina24month-periodbygoalstobemet.Inthatsense,thesectionbelowtheendof2022.Thesecompaniescombined–thatprovidesanoverviewoftheprogressmadebynon-is,thosethathavesetandthosethathavecommittedPartystakeholdersinthepastcoupleofyearsacrossalltosettingscience-basedtargets–represented34perthreedimensions,aswellassomeinsightsonwhatiscentoftheglobaleconomybymarketcapitalizationatholdingbackfurtherprogress.thetime,comparedwith28percentbytheendofthepreviousyear.Mitigation–ReducingEmissionsinLineWiththe1.5oCGoalAsiahadthegreatestproportionalgrowthintheactualnumberofscience-basedtargetsin2022,withtheTheScienceBasedTargetsinitiative’s(SBTi–seemoreadditionof317newcompanies,representinga127ontheinitiativeinthenextsection)SBTiMonitoringpercentincreaseincomparisonwith2021.BytheendReport2022,publishedinAugust2023,examinedof2022,24percentofallcompanieswithscience-theglobalprogressinscience-basedtargetssetbybasedtargetsandcommitmentswerefromAsia,while36YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023Europeaccountedfor54percentofallcompanies,and188),and929publicly-listedcompaniesfromtheNorthAmerica,15percent.WhilethepercentageofForbesGlobal2000(upfrom417).ThesecompaniescompaniesheadquarteredinLatinAmericaandAfricaaccountfor65percentofthetotalannualrevenueisstillmodest,thenumberofcompanieswithscience-ofthe1,986corporateactorsintheauthors’databasebasedtargetsinthesetwocontinentsmorethan(aboutUSD26.4trilliontoday).doubledin2022incomparisonwiththepreviousyear,showingencouragingsignsfromtheprivatesectorAsfornational-levelcommitments,mostlargeinanumberofdevelopingcountries.Thereportalsoeconomieshavealreadyannouncedsomevariationofnotesthat,forthefirsttime,allsixcontinentsshowedanet-zerotarget,covering88percentofglobalGHGgrowthinnumbers.emissionsand89percentoftheglobalpopulation.Moreimportantly,thesenet-zerocommitmentsThereportalsoshowedasteadygrowthinthenumberofarebeingformalized,withmorethan70nationalnet-zerotargets.SBTiintroduceditsCorporateNet-ZerogovernmentshavingenshrinedthemindomesticStandardinOctober2021,and2022wasthefirstyearlegislationorpolicydocuments.Thismeansabout75inwhichcompaniescouldhavetheirtargetsvalidatedpercentoftotalGHGemissionsarenowcoveredbyagainstitinfull.In2022,atotalof130organizationsnationalnet-zerotargets(incomparisonwithsevensetnet-zerotargets,correspondingto12percentofallpercentinDecember2020).science-basedtargetsvalidated.Inadditiontothat,afurther889companiescommittedtosubmittingnet-Intermsofcredibility,however,thereportfindsthatzerotargets.SBTihasalsodetermineditwouldonlythereareverylimitedsignsofimprovementinallofacceptnewtargetsubmissionsalignedwiththe1.5oCtheseactors’net-zerotargetsandstrategies.Forinstance,goalafterJuly2022and,asaresult,bytheendofthatfewerthanfivepercentofnet-zerotargetssetbytheyear,theproportionofallcompanieswith1.5oCalignedsubnationalgovernmentsandcompaniesanalysedmettargetshadreached79percent,comparedto68pertheminimumthresholdsetbyRacetoZero’sStartingcentattheendof2021(SBTi,2023).Linecriteria.Inordertoimprovetherobustnessofnet-zerotargets,thereportfinds,itisnecessaryforThecontinuedgrowthinnet-zeropledgesbytransitionplansandinterimtargetstobeprovidedincompanieswasalsomentionedintheNetZerogreaterdetail,forinstance.ProgressneedstobereportedStocktake2023report,thethirdofitskind.Thefrequentlyandtransparently,emissionscopesneedtoberesultofajointworkbetweenNewClimateInstitute,thoroughlycovered,andstrategiessuchasoffsetsandOxfordNetZero,Energy&ClimateIntelligenceUnitcarbonremovalcannotbeusedtosubstituteforordelayandData-DrivenEnviroLab,thereportprovidesandecarbonization(NetZeroTracker,2023).assessmentofthestatusandtrendsofnet-zerotargetsettingacrosscountries,subnationalgovernmentsSimilarconclusionsweredrawninareportbytheandcompanies.Whilenotingthatthenumberofnet-Camdacommunity3members–theGlobalClimatezeropledgesbycompaniescontinuesatspeed,theAction2023report,thefiftheditionofitsGlobalClimateauthorsalsopointedoutthattheycouldnotidentifyActionofCities,RegionsandCompaniesseries.TheemissionreductiontargetsfromfourUNFCCCmemberreportsoughttoexaminethestateofsomesubnationalstates,439statesandregionsinthetop25emittingandprivatesectorclimatepledgesandtheirambitioncountries,766majorcities,and734oftheworld’sinhelpingtoachieveglobalemissionsreductionsinlargestpubliclylistedcompanies.linewiththe1.5oCtemperaturegoal.Forthat,thereportanalysedasubsetofnon-PartystakeholdersOnthepositiveside,thereportfindsthatthenumberwithquantifiableemissionpledgesregisteredinGCAPofactorswithnet-zerotargetsnearlydoubledsinceitsfromtheG20countries,includingArgentina,Australia,firsteditionthreeyearsago–atleast1,475outofoverBrazil,Canada,China,theEuropeanUnion(EU),India,4,000entitiestheycurrentlytrackhaveannouncedIndonesia,SouthKorea,Japan,Mexico,Russia,Saudisuchtargetsagainst769inDecember2020.ThisArabia,SouthAfrica,Türkiye,theUnitedKingdom,andnumberincludes397subnationalactors(upfromtheUnitedStates,between2018and2022.3Camdacommunityisacommunityofdataandanalyticalexperts,formedtoassessandcommunicatetheimpactofclimateactionandtorecordandtrackambitionandprogressmadebyregions,cities,businesses,investorsandcivilsocietyinthecontextoftheParisAgreement.37YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023The3,008citiesand175regionsanalysedcover26.5Thisincludessupportingmembersofthecampaignpercentofthetotalglobalpopulation,withthelargestcommittohalvingemissionsby2030andreachingnumberofactorswithquantifiabletargetslocatedinnet-zeroGHGemissionsbynolaterthan2050.ThetheEU.Atotalof572ofthesesubnationalactorsarecampaign,launchedin2019,currently(asofAugustaimingfor100percentemissionreductions,carbon2023)has12,562non-Partystakeholderparticipants,neutralityornet-zero,withover35percentofthenet-representingagrowthof11percentsince2022.zerotargetsinthissubsetcomingfromEurope,26perMembersinclude9,387companies(ofwhich6,624centfromNorthAmericaandanother26percentfromaresmall-mediumenterprises),49statesandEastAsiaandthePacific.However,thereportfindsregions,1,147cities,662financialinstitutions,1,165thatonlyabouthalfoftheseactorshavereportededucationalinstitutionsand81healthcareinstitutions.quantifiableinterimtargets,akeyindicatorofanet-Asalreadymentioned,allmembersarerequiredtozerotarget’scredibilityandrobustness.pledgealignmentwiththecampaigngoals,discloseplansfortransition,takeaction,publiclyreportAsforthe2,839companiesanalysed,thereisarisingprogressandalignexternalpolicyandengagement.trendofemissionreductiontargetadoptionacrossThecampaign’scriteria,aimedatensuringintegrityvarioussectors,withmanufacturingandservicesinandacceleratingmeaningfulprogresstowardshalvingthelead.Companiesrepresentingacombinedrevenueglobalemissionsby2030,arereviewedannuallytoofoverUSD15trillionreportedsettingbetween1,667continuebeingclarifiedandstrengthened.Inaddition,and4,909quantifiableabsoluteemissionsreductiontothe‘Startingline’criteria,RacetoZeroalsoprovidestargetsintheirdisclosurequestionnairestoCDP,‘Leadershippractices’,whichsignalhowleadingmostspanningallcompanybranches.Asfornet-zeroentitiescanlightthewaytoanet-zeroworld.targets,therehasbeenasignificantincreasebetween2021and2022inCDPreporting,butthestudydidMembersofthecampaign,withsupportofRacenotassessifthosetargetsreferredtoCO2emissionstoZeroPartners,aredrivingchangeacrosstherealaloneorencompassedallGHGemissions.Thougheconomy,shapingasupportiveecosystemthatthecombinedemissionreductionplansofcorporateenablesgreateraction.Currently,20percentofmajoractorshavebeenincreasinginambition,thelimitedsupplysideactorsbyrevenueinthemajorityofsectorsnumberoftargetsbeyond2030disclosedinCDPoftheeconomyhavejoinedthecampaign.However,questionnairesindicatethatthesecombinedcompanythisbroadsectoralparticipationisnotmatchedwithpathwayswillnotreachnetzeroby2050.geographicaldiversity,where78percentofmembersinthecampaigncomefromWesternEuropeandTheoverallfindingofthereportisthat,whileclimateOthersgroup,followedbyAsia-Pacificwithonly11ambitionhasincreasedforsubnationalandcorporatepercent,LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean(7percent),actorsinthepastfewyears,thepaceandlevelofAfrica(2percent),andEasternEurope(1percent).ambitionarestillnotalignedwiththe1.5oCgoalandneedtobeaccelerated.Similarly,thegrowingnumberEnhancingAdaptationandResilienceofnet-zerotargetsisencouraging,butitisnecessaryforactorstoimplementinterimtargetsandactionWhiletheParisAgreementrequiresallParties,asplansdemonstratingtangibleprogressinordertoappropriate,toengageinadaptationplanningandenhanceaccountabilityandensuretheircredibility.implementation,non-PartystakeholdersareessentialFinally,greateralignmentwithnationalgovernmentstopartnersinsupportingandimplementingthosecollaborativelyaddressmoreimmediateactionisvital,measures.Subnationalactorsare,afterall,toooftentheespeciallybyintegratingclimateactionatalllevelsintofirstlineofdefenceinfrontingtheadverseimpactsofbroadernationalpoliciesandframeworks,asnear-climatechange.Anumberofbusinesssectorsarealsotermglobalemissionscontinuetoincrease(UtrechtquitevulnerabletotheseimpactsandneedtobuildUniversity,Data-DrivenEnviroLabandCDP,2023).internaladaptationandresiliencestrategiestoaddresstheriskstheyaresubjectto.RacetoZero,theflagshipglobalcampaignbytheHigh-LevelChampions,hasbeentakinganactiveIncontrasttomitigation,whereemissionreductionsroletoaddressthesechallengesbymobilizingandcanbeobjectivelymeasured,thereisnocommonlyguidingnon-partystakeholderstowardssettingagreedunifiedsetofmetricsand/orindicatorstorobustandcredibleemissions-reductiontargets.assesstheprogressoftheadaptationgoalunderthe38YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023ParisAgreement.Adaptationplansneedtobeadjustedwhichidentified692and590subnationalentitieswithtothespecificvulnerabilitiesandcircumstancesofthisrespectiveengagement.eachactor,anyway,somonitoringandevaluationsystemswillmeasuredifferentoutputsaccordingly.TheRacetoResiliencecampaign,asiblingtotheRaceThischallengeisbeingaddressedundertheGlasgow-toZero,setsahuman-centredmetricwithagoaltoSharmel-Sheikhworkprogrammeontheglobalgoalincreasetheresilienceoffourbillionpeoplelivingonadaptation,createdatCOP26.Theaimoftheworkinvulnerablecommunities.Thecampaignnowhasprogrammeistobetterunderstand,conceptualizeand33partnerinitiatives,pledgingtoincreaseresilienceultimatelyachievetheglobalgoaltoenhanceadaptiveof2.6billionpeople,collectivelyrepresenting644capacity,strengthenresilienceandreducevulnerabilityorganizationsacross162countries,507cities,and234toclimatechange,withaviewtocontributingtoregionsaspartofCitiesRacetoResilience.ItsMetricssustainabledevelopmentandensuringanadequateFrameworkenablesnon-Partystakeholderstoreportadaptationresponse,asstatedintheAgreement.climateresilienceactionsandtoquantifyandvalidatetheirimpactunderacommonframework,providingWhileworkisbeingcarriedoutundertheasolidtoolkitfortheirmonitoringandevaluationintergovernmentalprocesstoaddressthesechallenges,component.Throughout2023,theinitiativefocusednon-PartystakeholdersarealsoengaginginnoteworthyonenhancingtheframeworktoembedtheSAAactiontowardsachievingtheadaptationgoal.Thereoutcometargets,andtheirprogressisexpectedtobearecurrentlyaround12,000actorsregisteredinGCAPreportedatCOP28.reportingclimateactionfocusedonadaptation.Withinthissubset,370actorsreporttrackingprogressonFinancecommitmentsunderthePortal,forexample,throughclimateriskandvulnerabilityassessments,integratedNon-Partystakeholdersarealsocriticalactorsinclimateplansandparticipationindedicatedinitiatives.helpingmobilizethemeanstoimplementtheParisAgreement.AshighlightedintheSharmel-SheikhCDPalsocollectsdataspecificallyonsubnationalImplementationPlan,investmentoftrillionsofgovernmentstakingadaptationandresilienceaction.dollarswillberequiredtoimplementthenecessaryTheir2022datasetshowsthat730cities,statesandglobaltransformationtoalow-carbonandclimate-regionshaveconductedclimateriskandvulnerabilityresilienteconomy.Assuch,thedecisionalsocallsonassessments,and739reportedhavinganadaptationmultilateraldevelopmentbanksandinternationalplan.Thisshowsanincreasefromthe2021dataset,financialinstitutionstoreformpracticesandpriorities,39YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023alignandscaleupfunding,ensuresimplifiedaccessandFinanceMarkCarneyandtheCOP26Presidency.andmobilizeclimatefinancefromvarioussources,Withover650membersacrosseightsector-specificandcontributetosignificantlyincreasingclimateAlliancesandover50countries,GFANZaimstotackleambitionusingthebreadthoftheirpolicyandfinancialnet-zerotransitionchallengesandconnectthefinancialinstrumentsforgreaterresults,includingonprivatecommunity,climatescientistsandexperts,andcivilcapitalmobilization(UNFCCC,2023b).society.GFANZhasestablishedregionalnetworksforfinancialinstitutionsinAsia-Pacific,AfricaandLatinFinancialactorshavealsobeenfundamentalindrivingAmericaandtheCaribbeanregion.Amongothertheprivatesectortowardsbetterpracticesinclimateriskinitiatives,GFANZ–togetherwiththeCOP28Presidencyassessments,planninganddisclosure,suchasthroughandtheVoluntaryCarbonMarketsIntegrityInitiativetheworkcarriedoutundertheFinancialStabilityBoard’s(VCMI)–recentlyconvenedahigh-levelroundtableofTaskForceonClimate-relatedFinancialDisclosures(TCFD).businesses,financialinstitutions,andstandardsettersAsaresultoffollowingtheTCFDrecommendations,withthegoalofbuildinguphigh-integritydemandincompaniesareablenotonlytoimprovetheirclimate-voluntarycarbonmarkets.InSeptember,itlaunchedarelatedfinancialdisclosuresthroughexistingreportingconsultationonitsworktofurtherrefinethedefinitionsprocessesbutalsotomakemoreinformed,efficientofitstransitionfinancestrategiesandsupportfinancialcapitalallocationdecisions.Inthatsense,investors’institutionstoforecasttheimpactofthesestrategiesonengagementiscrucialtohelpalignfinancialflowswithreducingemissions.lowGHGemissionspathways.Also,thelaunchoftheTaskforceonNature-relatedFinancialDisclosuresmarksCREATINGACREDIBLEaremarkablemilestoneintheincorporationofnatureANDTRUSTEDVOLUNTARYintofinancialinstitutions’goodpractice.FRAMEWORKFORCOMMITMENTSThereare1,654investorscurrentlyregisteredinGCAPthatareengageddirectlyandindirectlyinclimateactionAkeypillaroftheParisAgreementistheactualdeliverythrougharangeofcommitments,whichincludereducingofthecommitmentsencompassedinambitioustheirownemissions,issuinggreenbonds,andfinancingpledges.AstheformerUNFCCCExecutiveSecretary,orensuringpartoftheirinvestmentportfoliosaremadePatriciaEspinosasaidafterCOP26,“promisespledgedupofclimate-friendlytechnologiesorassets,forinstance.[needtobe]promiseskept”.ThisappliestobothPartiesandnon-Partystakeholders.SomeclimateAccordingtotheNewClimateInstitute’sreportonpledges,however,havereportedlybeenfallingshortofInvestigatingFinancialinstitutionsNet-zeroportfoliotheirpromises.Inscrutinizingthenet-zerostrategiescommitments,byJuly2023,37oftheworld’slargestof24majorcompanieswithacombinedemission50assetmanagers,24ofthelargest50assetowners,footprintequivalenttoroughlyfourpercentofglobaland33ofthelargest50bankshadcommittedtonet-GHGemissionsin2019,forinstance,theNewClimatezeroportfoliotargets.ThereportsoughttoassessifInstitutefoundtheclimatestrategiesof15ofthesethesetargetsareactuallydrivingfinancialinstitutions’companiestobeofloworverylowintegrity,despiteclimateaction,andtheirreal-worldimpactvalue.theirambitiouspledges(NewClimateInstitute,2023).AlthoughthereportconcludesthatmostoftheThoughreplicablegoodpracticecouldbeidentifiedanalysedcommitmentsareunlikelytoachievewhatfromaminorityofcompaniesinthestudy,findingstheyintendtoatthemoment(net-zeroreal-worldsuchastheseraisetheneedtofurtherexamineglobalemissionsbymid-century),theyrecommendregardingthecredibilityofnet-zeropledgesingeneral.that“financialinstitutionsfocusonsupportingthetransitionofeconomiesandeconomicactorsbyInthissense,COP27alsoprovidedcentrestagetoaidentifying,engaging,buildingcoalitionstoadvocaterenewedfocusontransparencyandaccountabilityinfor,andsystematicallysupportingactorstransitioningcommitmentsmadebynon-Partystakeholdersinthistomoresustainablebusinessmodels”(Lütkehermöller,newphaseofimplementationoftheParisAgreement.MarquardtandKachi,2023).ThereportIntegrityMatters:NetZerocommitmentsbyBusinesses,FinancialInstitutions,CitiesandRegions,OnesuchcoalitionistheGlasgowFinancialAlliancelaunchedduringtheconference,presentedthefindingsforNetZero(GFANZ),launchedin2021bytheHigh-LevelChampions,UNSpecialEnvoyonClimateAction40YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023oftheHigh-LevelExpertGroupontheNet-Zeroensure,amongotherthings,theintegrity,credibilityEmissionsCommitmentsofNon-StateEntities(UNandtransparencyofvoluntarycommitments,andtheHLEG),establishedbytheUNSGinMarch2022.UNidentificationofsystemicbarriersfacedbynon-PartyHLEGwastaskedwithdevelopingstrongerandclearerstakeholdersinundertakingclimateaction.standardsfornet-zeroemissionspledgesbytheseactors,andbuiltonexistingcredibilityandstandardInordertoencouragewidestakeholderengagementsettingframeworksfornet-zeropledgestoformulateintheframeworkanditsdraftImplementationPlan,itsfindingsandrecommendations(UN,2022).theExecutiveSecretaryinvitedtwoco-chairstorunaconsultationprocesstoidentifyopportunitiesandInhisspeechatthelaunchofthereport,UNSGreinforcedbarrierswhichbusinesses,citiesandregionsfaceintheimportanceofmatchingthemuch-welcomedever-settingambitioustargetsandassessingprogress,risingnumbersofnet-zeropledgeswithrigorousandbetterunderstandhowtorefineapproachestorobustcriteriaandbenchmarkstoassessprogress,intransparencytopromotegreaterambition,andimproveorderforthesecommitmentstotranslateintoconcreteconsolidation,standardizationandcomparabilityacrossresults.Announcingnet-zerocommitments,afterall,commitments.Theprocessisopentoallinterestedinisjustthebeginningofthejourneytowardseffectiveparticipating,withtheaimoftakingstockofdifferentclimateactionthatcanindeedputtheworldontheperspectives,andwiththeexpectationofresultingrighttrackforthe1.5oClimit.inasetofrecommendationsfortheframeworktobedeliveredatoraroundCOP28.UNSGalsostressedthatfulltransparencyiscriticaltoensureaccountability,andreferredtoGCAPasaglobalTheUNFCCCsecretariatwilldeliverthisworkaspartandpublicplatformalreadyinuseforstakeholderstoofabroaderexerciseofupgradingGCAPandensuringregisterpledges,publishtransitionplans,andtrackthatallvoluntaryclimateactioncommitmentsandannualreportingonimplementation,calling“onallCCIsbynon-Partystakeholdersarerecognizedonnet-zerovoluntaryinitiativestoaccelerateeffortstothePortalandaresubjecttogreatervalidationandstandardizeprogressreports,inanopenformatandprogressreporting.Assuch,thefirstimplementationviapublicplatformsthatfeedintotheUNFCCCPortal”,planestablishesthatGCAPwillbetechnicallyupgradedasspecifiedinrecommendationeightofthereport.toallowindividualentitieswhoaremembersofHethenclosedhisremarkswithanumberofspecificcoalitions/initiativestoregisternet-zeropledgesasksforstakeholderstoimplementtheUNHLEG’sandtransitionplanstoGCAPandforinitiativesandrecommendations,suchasnon-Partystakeholderscoalitionstosubmitannualcollectiveprogressreports.puttingforthcredibleandtransparenttransitionplansTheotherexpecteddeliverablesareguidanceandbytheendof2023.standardizedreportingtemplatesforthesubmissionofnet-zeropledgesandtransitionplans;guidanceonInresponsetotheUNSG’srequestandtheParties’hownon-Partystakeholderswhoarenotmembersinvitationforthesecretariattoensuregreaterofregisteredcoalitionsorinitiativescanregistertheiraccountabilityofvoluntaryinitiativesthroughpledgesandplans;andpartnershipswithreportingGCAP,theUNFCCCsecretariatpublishedboththeplatformstoensurethatprogressdataisaggregatedRecognitionandAccountabilityFrameworkfornon-andmadepubliclyavailablethroughGCAP.Partystakeholders,andthefirstdraftImplementationPlanundertheframeworkinJune.Forthatpurpose,thesecretariatisworkingwiththeClimateDataSteeringCommittee(CDSC)anditsNet-TheRecognitionandAccountabilityFrameworkZeroDataPublicUtility(NZDPU)inordertodeliveraimsatboostingtherecognitionandtransparencyaunifiedglobalopenclimatedatautilitytoensureofvoluntaryclimateactioninitiativesandpledges,comparableandverifiabledataontheprogressofbysettingthenecessaryprinciplesofengagement,implementationofnon-Partystakeholders.CDSCgovernance,anddatamanagement,withindividualwasestablishedinJune2022byFrenchPresident,implementationplansaddressinghowtoproceedEmmanuelMacronandUNSpecialEnvoyonClimatewiththerecognitionandaccountabilityofindividualAmbitionandSolutionsMichaelR.Bloombergwithmembers.Theseimplementationplansaretosetthegoalofacceleratingandhelpingbuildabroadlyoutspecificobjectives,deliverablesandtimelinesinaccessiblefoundationofhigh-qualityclimateaccordancewiththeprinciplesoftheframeworktodata,consideringthechallengestiedtotheglobal41YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023availability,comparability,andtransparencyofclimateandaccountability.TheFashionIndustryCharterfortransition-relateddata,andNZDPUistheoutcomeofClimateAction,forexample,usedCDP’skeyperformancethisendeavour.Apilotversionoftheutilityisexpectedindicatorstoreportitsannualprogressin2023.ThistobedeliveredbyCOP28,anditwillultimatelybeindustry-ledinitiativeundertheglobalclimateactionintegratedwithGCAP.agendaisaimedatconnectingthediversestakeholdersinthefashionindustry,includingrawmaterialandInSeptember,NZDPUannouncedacollaborationtextileproducers,apparelmanufacturersandbrands,withCDP(formerlytheCarbonDisclosureProject)intoidentifynewareasforactionandtoscaleupordertoaccelerateaccesstocoreclimatedata.CDP,aexistinginitiativesthatconnectthevaluechain.ThekeyUNFCCCpartner,willprovideNZDPUwithaccessprimarymissionoftheCharter–whichcurrentlyhastodatafromabout400high-impactcompaniesthat100signatoriesacross23countriesandnineindustrydisclosepubliclythroughitsplatformforthelaunchsectors–istodrivethefashionindustrytonet-zerooftheNZDPUproofofconceptatCOP28.TheproofGHGemissionsbynolaterthan2050.Inaddition,ofconceptisintendedtodemonstratethetechnicalsignatoriescommittokeyprinciplesonclimateactionfeasibilityofdeliveringtheCDSC’srecommendedthatgobeyondindustry-widecommitments.repository.ItshowcasestheNZDPUcoredatamodel,whichisthefoundationonwhichtheUtilityisbuilt,TheCharter’s2023keyfindingsshowthatitsdisclosingandwillallowuserstoexperiencetheinitialsetofsignatorieshavesystematicallydemonstratedimprovedfeaturesandfunctionality,whichwillhelptoinformcarbonaccountingpractices,with99percentofthemfutureupdatesandreleases.PublicconsultationcalculatingandreportingtheiroperationalemissionsalongsidetheNZDPUproofofconceptatCOP28will(Scope1andScope2),andincreasinglycalculatingandprovideanopportunityforallstakeholderstoprovidereportingtheirScope3emissions(UNFCCC,2023d).feedbackthatwillinformfuturereleases.DisclosingandtacklingemissionsacrossthevaluechainiscriticalformitigatingGHGemissionsnotonlyCDPhasbeencollaboratingwithUNFCCCsincetheinthefashionsector,butforallindustriesandactors,asinitialreleaseofGCAPin2014asoneofitsmaindatastressedintheIntegrityMattersreport.partners.Oneofthelongest-runningglobaldisclosureplatformsforinvestors,companies,cities,statesandAspartofitsworktoalignexistinginitiativesunderregionstomanagetheirenvironmentalimpacts,CDPtheUNFCCCumbrellawiththeIntegrityMattersreportholdsthelargestenvironmentaldatabaseintheworldrecommendations,theRecognitionandAccountability–withmorethan23,000organizationsdisclosinginFrameworkanditsimplementationplans,the2023,representinganincreaseofmorethan300persecretariatdecidedtophase-downtheClimateNeutralcentsincetheadoptionoftheParisAgreement.InNowinitiative,launchedin2015.Whiletheinitiative’sadditiontothat,CDPscoresarewidelyusedtodriveaimistoencourageandsupportorganizationstoinvestmentandprocurementdecisionstowardsazero-actnowinordertoachieveaclimateneutralworldcarbon,sustainableandresilienteconomy.Bymeansby2050,itisnotentirelyalignedwiththeupdatedoftools,insightsandtechnicalguidance,CDPhelpsrecommendationsonnet-zero.Therefore,the2023stakeholdersdiscloseinformationinatransparentcalendaryearwillbethelasttomonitorpledgesundermanner,signallingwhichactionsinparticularconstitutetheinitiative,andexistingparticipantsareencouragedaccountability.Theorganizationhasalsobeenbuildingtojoinotherinitiatives,suchastheFashionCharter,upontheUNHLEG’srecommendationstoencourageSportsforClimateActionandtheinitiativesunderthenon-Partystakeholders’designandimplementationRacetoZerocampaign.ofscience-basedtransitionplans(CDP,2023a),andadvocatingtopolicymakerstoapply10keyprinciplesMeanwhile,RacetoZerowillfocusonworkingwithinmandatorydisclosureregulation.Guidanceinthisnon-Partystakeholders,networkpartnersandothersenseisimportant–CDPrecentlynotedthatonlyrelevantactorstosupporttheimplementationofnet-4,100outofthenearly20,000disclosingorganizationszerocommitmentsofitsmembersbyidentifyingandreportedhavingdevelopedaclimatetransitionplanaddressingbarriersandopportunitiesformobilizingthatis1.5°C-aligned(CDP,2023b).additionalnet-zeropledgesandactions.TwoofthecampaignproductsarealreadyusefultoolstohelpSomesectoralinitiatives,however,arestartingtonon-Partystakeholdersnavigatethenet-zero‘world’respondtotherequirementofensuringtransparencyinarigorousandtransparentmanner–theRaceto42YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023Zerodataexplorermentionedinchaptertwo,andsoastobetterprovidestakeholderswithusefulthe5thP(Persuade)Handbook,whichhelpsnon-toolstoimprovetheirmid-tolong-termplansandPartystakeholderstoaligntheiradvocacy,policyanddisclosuremechanisms.Anexampleistheworkoftheengagementwithnet-zerogoals,byintroducingafifthInternationalSustainabilityStandardsBoard(ISSB),criterion,‘Persuade’.establishedbytheIFRSFoundationduringCOP26withtheaimofsettingstandardsonsustainabilityFinally,alongwiththeUNHLEG’sreport,theUNFCCCdisclosureforprivatesector.InJune,ISSBpublishedworkwillalsotakeintoaccountexistingcoalitionsandtheirinauguralstandards–IFRSS1andIFRSS2.Thealliancesandtheirmemberswhichhelpedestablishformerprovidesasetofdisclosurerequirementsimportantscience-basednormsfortarget-settingtohelpcompaniesreporttheirsustainability-andprogressreporting.SBTi,forinstance,hasbeenrelatedrisksandopportunities,whereasthelatterisprovidingguidancetotheprivatesectorinscience-specifictoclimate-relateddisclosures,tobeusedinbasedtargetsettingforanumberofyearsnow.conjunctionwithIFRSS1.ThesestandardsbuiltuponCreatedasapartnershipbetweenCDP,theUNGlobaltherecommendationsoftheTCFD,withtheFinancialCompact,WorldResourcesInstitute(WRI),theWorldStabilityBoardhavingaskedtheIFRSFoundationtoWideFundforNature(WWF)andWeMeanBusiness,takeoverthemonitoringoftheprogressoncompanies’andrecognizedintheIntegrityMattersreport,SBTiclimate-relateddisclosuresfromTCFD.announcedinSeptemberthatithasincorporatedasanindependentlegalentityandfurtherseparatingInordertoprovidesomelightonthemanyinitiativesitstargetvalidationservicefromitsstandardsettingandstandardsaddressingnet-zerocredibility,serviceinordertosafeguardimpartialityinitswork.theNetZeroStocktake2023reportmentionedSBTialsoannouncedplanstoincreasetheirvalidationabove,providesacomparativeanalysisbetweencapacityinordertomeetthegrowinginternationalsomekeydocuments,includingtheUNHLEG’sdemandforscience-basedtargets.recommendations.Asummaryisprovidedinthefiguretakenfromthereport(Figure7),assessingBuildingonpreviousexercises,thesenormsandtheirlevelofconvergenceinordertotracecommonstandardsareconstantlybeingupdatedandrefined,andemerginggoodpractice.43YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023FIGURE7:COMPARISONOFNET-ZEROCRITERIABYINITIATIVESANDORGANIZATIONS(NETZEROTRACKER,2023)44YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023CHAPTER4PROGRESSANDGAPSINSYSTEMSTRANSFORMATIONTOWARDSTHECLIMATEGOALS45YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023SYSTEMSTRANSFORMATIONnatureofthesetopics.ItalsointroducessomekeyprogressmadebytheHigh-LevelChampionsthatIPCC’sAR6SYR,alreadymentionedinchapterone,contributestoovercomechallenges.explicitlynotestheimportanceofsystems-thinkingforclimateaction,stressingthat“rapidandfar-Similarly,theinterconnectednessofissuesacrosssectorsreachingtransitionsacrossallsectorsandsystemsareandsystemsismentionedandreferencedthroughoutnecessarytoachievedeepandsustainedemissionsthethematicareasinordertoconveytheimportancereductionsandsecurealiveableandsustainableofasystems-thinkingapproach.Notonlydoesitallowfutureforall”(IPCC,2023).Awhole-of-societyforaholisticviewofthechallengesandpotentialapproachinformedbylocalcontextcannotonlyhelpsynergies,co-benefitsandtrade-offsofclimateaction,acceleratemitigationactiontowardsthe1.5oCgoal,butitcanbetterinformdecision-makingprocessessobutalsogeneratesignificantco-benefitsinhelpingthatbenefitsaremaximizedand‘sideeffects’canbebuildresilienceandachieveotherSDGs.minimized.Inthatsense,Box2seekstoillustratesomeofthesepositiveandnegativeinteractions,aswellasThesynthesisreportofthetechnicaldialogueofthefirstcaveatsthatneedtobetakenintoaccount,whileBoxGST,summarizingtheoutcomesofthethreemeetings3andBox4providesomeadditionalconsiderationsheldinthebiennium,alsostressestheneedforsystemsontheprogressofresilienceandfinance,pointingtotransformationsthatmainstreamclimateresilienceandchallengesthatstillneedtobeaddressed.lowGHGemissionsdevelopmentacrossallsectorsandcontexts,ontheunderstandingthataholisticapproachFinally,whileimplementingthenecessarysystemsisrequiredtoachievethenecessarychangesforatransformationtowardsalow-carbon,climate-resilientsustainablefuture,includinginwhatconcernsclimateeconomy,itisextremelyimportanttoensurethechange.Italsorecognizestheimportanceofnon-Partywideparticipationofallrelevantactorsindecision-stakeholderparticipationindeliveringthesesystemsmakingprocessesandsolutions.Inclusivestakeholdertransformationsthroughcredible,accountableandengagement,especiallyofthosewhoaremostaffectedtransparentactions(UNFCCC,2023a).bytheimpactsofclimatechange,iskeytosuccessfuloutcomes.AsstatedintheBreakthroughAgendaAsmentionedinchapterone,theHigh-LevelReport2023,“theaccelerationinthegloballow-ChampionsandtheMarrakechPartnershiphavebeencarbontransitionmustbeconnectedwithinclusivefocusedonbringingnon-Partystakeholders’actiondevelopmentpathwaysthroughensuringlinkageswithunderasharedvisionandprovidingaroadmapforandcontributiontothe2030AgendaforSustainablesystemstransformationinthepastcoupleofyearsDevelopment”(IEA,IRENAandHLCs,2023).throughanumberoftoolsandinitiatives,suchastheClimateActionPathways,the2030Breakthroughs,theWhilethischapterismostlybasedonthefindingsBreakthroughAgendaandtheSAA.ThisworkalsoencompassedintheGSTandIPCCsynthesisreports,itisentailssupportingtheassessmentoftheoverallstatealsoinformedbyotherrelevantdocumentswhichsoughtofsystemstransformation,whichisessentialtotracktoassesstheprogressofclimateactioninthepastfewprogressandidentifyopportunitiesandgapsinaction.yearswithbothqualitativeandquantitativeindicators.TheyhaveengagedinthelaunchoftheBreakthroughAgendaReport2023,theStateofClimateActionENERGY2023(SoCA2023)report,andtheforthcomingfirstimplementationreportofSAA.Energyproductionandsupplyisakeyinputtoawiderangeofsectors,providingthemeansforarangeThissectionprovidesanoverviewofwhereweareandofactivitiestotakeplace.Astheprimarysourceofwhereweneedtobeintermsofsystemstransformation,emissions,itisalsoamaincomponentinsystemsofferinginsightsintopotentialopportunitiesaswellastransformation.Decarbonizationoftheenergysector–existinggapsandchallengesinhowtogetthere.ThewhichaccountsforamajorproportionofGHGemissionsseventhematicareasoftheMarrakechPartnership––willalsocontributetoreducingemissionssignificantlyEnergy,Industry,Transport,HumanSettlements,Landacrossindustry,transportandhumansettlements,forUse,Water,andOceansandCoastalZones–provideinstance,whileprovidingtheopportunitytoincreasetheframeworkfortheanalysis,whilethetwo-cross-energyaccessanddecreaseenergyinsecurity.Similarly,cuttingareas–FinanceandResilience–arereferencedthroughoutthemsoastohighlightthetransversal46YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023buildingtheresilienceofthesesectors–allofwhichenergyisstillaproblemglobally–675millionpeoplearearehighlyvulnerabletotheimpactsofclimatechangeyettobeconnectedtothegrids,andabout660million–canprovidearangeofbenefitsbothintheshortandpeoplewillstilllackaccesstoelectricityby2030ifthelong-term.AsnotedbyAR6SYR,“delayedmitigationcurrentpacecontinues–andincreasinginvestmentsinandadaptationactionwouldlockinhigh-emissionsrenewableenergyandenergyefficiencycanadditionallyinfrastructure,raiserisksofstrandedassetsandcost-helpthegoalofensuringenergyaccessforallby2030escalation,reducefeasibility,andincreaselossesand(UN,2023c).Inadditiontothat,technologicalanddamages”(IPCC,2023).geographicaldiversificationinenergysupplycanhelp“improveclimateresiliencebyreducingdependenceonForsystemstransformationintheenergysectortovulnerablesources”(e.g.hydropower)andrawmaterialshappen,though,itisimperativetotransitionaway(e.g.,criticalminerals,essentialforcleanenergyfromfossilfuelstoveryloworzero-carbonenergytransitions)(IEA,2022).sources,andthemostviableoptionsincludeswitchingtorenewables,andinvestinginelectrification,energyAsmentionedabove,integratedmitigationandefficiency,demand-sidemanagementandcleanenergyadaptationoptionsthattakeaholisticapproachhaveastorage(UNFCCC,2023a).Transitioningtolow-emissionbetterchanceofreducingthedirectandindirectimpactsenergysystemsis,insomesectorsandregions,lessofclimatechange,whileaccruingawiderrangeofco-expensivetodaythanimplementingormaintainingbenefits.Anintegratedapproachisalsonecessarytohigher-intensivesystems.Onthatsubject,IRENAaddressthepotentialsocio-economicconsequencesofreportedthatin2022,“therenewablepowerdeployedsystemstransformations,suchasthosederivingfromgloballysince2000savedanestimatedUSD521billionphasingoutfossilfuels,whoseindustriesemployavastinfuelcostsintheelectricitysector”(IRENA,2022).amountofindividualsaroundtheworld,andinregardstowhichsomeregionsareheavilydependentupon,Themostsuccessfulexamplesofprogressinthebothasproducersand/orusers.AsmentionedinthecompetitivenessofrenewableenergytechnologiesareSoCA2023report,whiletheshareofcoalinelectricitysolarandwindpower.Solarphotovoltaics,forinstance,generationneedstobephasedoutseventimesfastercostonaverage29percentlessthanthecheapestfossilthanwhatishappeningtoday,retiringcoal-firedfuel-firedsolutionin2022(in2010,itcost710percentpowerplants“risksdisplacingworkers,disruptingmore).Theaveragecostofelectricityfromsolar,wind,localeconomies,andreconfiguringthesocialfabricofbioenergyandgeothermalallfellin2022,despiterisingcommunities”(Boehmetal.,2023).Theriskappliestomaterialsandequipmentcosts(IRENA,2022).Nototherfossilfuelindustriesaswell.Ashighlightedinthesurprisingly,thesignificantdecreaseintheunitcostsynthesisreportofthetechnicaldialogueofthefirstGST,forthesetechnologiesinthepastdecaderesultedinacarefullydesignedclimateactioncanhelpminimizetheconsiderableincreaseintheirdeployment–solaranddisruptionscausedbyrapidchange,especiallythroughwindglobalpowercapacityhasbeendoublingeveryafocusoninclusionandequity(UNFCCC,2023a).3.5years,andiftheycontinueatthispace,canreacharoundeightterawatt(TW)annualinstalledcapacitybyInthatsense,thereportalsonotesthatsocially2030(IEA,IRENAandHLCs,2023).However,solarandinclusivephase-outplansshouldbedevelopedaspartwindenergyuseisestimatedtostillneedtoincreaseofjusttransitions,andthatthetimingofphase-outsto24percent/year,upfrom14percentinrecentyears,willdifferfordifferentcontextsandfuels,assomefuelsinorderfortheworldtostayona1.5oCpathwaybywillremainimportantforsomesectorsandregionsand2030(Boehmetal.,2023).Theshareofrenewablesinwilltakeabitlongertobefullyphased-out.Thereporttheenergymixasawholeneedstogrowsubstantiallyalsohighlightspromisingexamplesofinternational–net-zeroscenariosestimatethatatotal11TWcooperationinitiativessupportingnationalefforts,renewableenergycapacityisneededbythattimeframewithseveraldevelopingcountrieshavingrecently(IEA,IRENAandHLCs,2023).pursuedjustenergytransitionpartnerships.Finally,itidentifieseconomicdiversificationasakeystrategytoScalinguprenewableenergy–whichistechnicallyaddresssuchimpactsandpromotepositivesynergies,feasibleandeconomicallyviable–aswellasenergyandnotesthatlow-emissiondevelopmentcancreateefficiencysolutionsarenotonlywellplacedtomeetopportunitiesforjusttransitionsthatenhanceskillsclimatecommitments,buttocontributetoglobalenergyandcreatemoredurablejobsinotherindustries,andsecurityandaffordabilityaswell(IRENA,2023).Accesstothatglobaljobcreationresultingfromjustenergy47YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023transitionscouldbe3.5timesgreaterthanjoblossesby2030(UNFCCC,2023a).Worldwideemploymentinrenewableenergy,forinstance,reached13.7millionin2022,anincreaseofonemillionsince2021andupfromatotalof7.3millionin2012(IRENAandILO,2023).TheHigh-LevelChampionssupportedtheincomingCOP28PresidencyontheirintroductionoftheEnergyTransitionChangemakersinitiative,whichaimstoharnessprivatesectorcollaborationtorolloutimpactfuldecarbonizationprojectsworldwide,spotlightingpragmaticsolutionsthatspurtheenergytransition.Itinvitedsubmissionofprojectsacrossthefourssectors:i)renewables,renewableintegrationandcleanpower;ii)energyefficiency;iii)low-carbonhydrogen;andiv)heavyemittingsectors–steel,cement,andaluminium.SelectedprojectswillhavetheopportunitytopresentintheireventduringCOP28.INDUSTRYadvancesinnear-zeroemissionsteeldefinitionsandannouncements,buttheemissionreductionsanticipatedAshighlightedintheSoCA2023report,theindustryinthissubsectorstillfallshortofwhatisnecessary.sectorrepresentsthefastestgrowingsourceofGHGSimilarly,totalemissionsfromthecementsectorhavebeenemissionssince2000,whenaccountingforbothontherise,despiterecentlarge-scalenear-zeroemissiondirectemissionsfromfuelcombustionandindustrialcementprojectsbeingannounced.Demandforthistypeprocesses,aswellasindirectemissionsfrompowerofproduct–near-zeroemissioncementandsteel–needsandheatgeneration(Boehmetal.,2023).Therehastobecreatedandencouragedtoboostcollaborationonbeenanumberofadvancesinthesectorinthepastfewresearchanddevelopmentofkeytechnologiessotheycanyears,whichinclude,effortsdirectedatimprovingandbedeployedcommerciallyatscale.enforcingcorporateclimateriskdisclosures;emissionreductionstandard-settinginsectorssuchassteelAnotherkeytechnologythatneedstobefurtherandhydrogen;increasedinvestmentinandsupportiveadvancedreferstolow-carbonandrenewablegreen-policiestoindustrialdecarbonization(e.g.thosethathydrogenproduction.Withpromisingpotentialinsectorsfacilitateswitchingtonew,zero-carbonfuels,increasingsuchaslong-haultransport,ironandsteel,productionofelectrificationofindustrialprocesses,andmitigatingthistypeofhydrogenisstilllimited(0.7milliontonnesemissionsfromchemicalreactions);andenhanced(Mt)in2022,comparedwith70-125Mt/yearrequiredfinancialandtechnicalassistancetodevelopingcountriesby2030).Notonlythat,butthetotalemissionsfrominsomesectors(IEA,IRENAandHLCs,2023;Boehmetconventionalhydrogenproductionneedtofallbynearlyal.,2023).Thoughthesectordidshowsomemitigation50percentby2030.Thereis,however,anopportunityprogress–emissionsfromindustrydeclinedby1.7pertorapidlycreatelarge-scaledemandforrenewableandcentin2022(IEA,2023a)–thereispotentialformorelow-carbonhydrogeninsectorswherehydrogenisambitiousreductions.alreadyused,suchasfertilizersandrefining(IEA,IRENAandHLCs,2023).Inordertodecarbonizeproductionintheindustrialsector,arangeofmitigationoptionscanbedeployed,includingintroducingcircularmaterialflows,improvingdemandmanagement,materialsefficiency,andproductionprocesses–andtheyneedtocovertheentirevaluechain.Twomajorindustrialprocessesthatwarrantattentionarecementandsteelproduction.AccordingtotheBreakthroughAgendaReport2023,therehavebeen48YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023SomeotheropportunitiesthatcanbefurtherexploredTheshareofEVsinpassengercarsalesistheonlyindicatorincludeemissionreductionsinsectorssuchaschemicalsontracktoreachits2030targetundertheSoCA2023reportandplastics,andtheuseofCCUandCCS,tobedeployed–whichisapositiveadvancement,consideringtheyareinadditiontoemissionreductionstrategies.Enhancedmuchlessemittingthanthealternative,andcouldhelppublic-privatecollaborationonresearchandinnovationdecarbonizeroadtransport,whichcurrentlyaccountsforacrossseveralsectors,aswellastargetedcollaboration11percentofglobalGHGemissions(Boehmetal.,2023).ontrade,canhelpacceleratetheseopportunities.Atthebeginningof2023,thenumberofEVsinoperationhadregisteredanincreaseof93percentacrosstheworldTheHigh-LevelChampionsaremobilizingtheglobalincomparisonwiththepreviousyear,andalmost41percementindustrytoreducecarbonintensityofcementbycentoftheglobalpassengervehiclemarketwasthen25percentcomparedto2020throughoutthisdecade.coveredbytraditionalinternalcombustionenginephase-Inaddition,theyhavebeengivingparticularfocusonoutdatesormajornationalzero-emissionvehiclesboththeInformationandCommunicationTechnology(ICT)inthedevelopedanddevelopingworld(ClimateGroup,andmobileindustry,andthepharmaceuticalsindustry.2023).TheSoCA2023reportadditionallynotesthattheTheyaimtohave80percentofICTand70percentcoverageofrapidtransitneedstoincreasesixfold,withofthemobilesectorelectricityusetobedecarbonizedinvestmentsinabout1,300kilometres(km)ofmetrorails,by2030,andtohave95percentoflabsacrossmajorlight-railtraintracks,and/orbuslanesperyearthroughoutpharmaceuticalsandmedicaltechnologycompaniesarethisdecadeacrossthetop50highest-emittingcities,forcertifiedbyMyGreenLabatthehighestlevelby2030.the1.5oCgoaltobemet(Boehmetal.,2023).TRANSPORTOneofthekeytechnologiesthatsupportthefeasibilityofEVsisbatterystorage,whosepricesignificantlyTransportisnotonlyresponsibleforaconsiderablesharedecreasedinthepastdecade(Boehmetal.,2023).of,butitisalsoafast-growingsourceofglobalemissionsAdvancedbatterieswillcontributetolongerdurability,(Boehmetal.,2023).AccordingtotheBreakthroughwhichcanfurtherenhancethemarketcompetitivenessAgendaReport2023,emissionsfromroadtransportneedagainstconventionalvehicles.Therehasbeensometofallbynearlyone-thirdby2030togetontrackfornetprogressinthatarea.Inadditiontoincreaseddemandzero,thoughthereportalsonotessomeprogressreachedfortheconventionallithium-ionbattery,therehasbeeninreducingthenumberofpollutingusedvehiclesinariseinalternativetechnologies,suchaslithium-iron-internationaltradeinadditiontoanincreaseinelectricphosphateandtheestablishmentofsodium-ionbatteryvehicles(EVs)sales(IEA,IRENAandHLCs,2023).supplychains(IEA,2023b),whichisimportanttoavoiddependenceonasinglecomponent.Otherchallenges49YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023includethepotentialimpactsofbatteriesacrosstheirlifeotherhand,thenumberofgreenbuildingcertificationscycle,fromcomponentminingtosustainabledisposal.Itincreasedby19percentacrosstheworldfrom2020toiscrucialforthesupplychainstobesustainable,accessible2021,thoughmandatorybuildingenergycodesaroundandjust,fromminingtoend-of-lifemanagementandtheworldstillneedtoincreaseandalignwithnet-zerotheircarbonfootprint,whichcanbeachievedthroughemissiongoals(UNEP,2022).Thoughactionsarenotyetconsistentandconvergingregulatorystandardsandontracktodeliverthenecessarychanges,thereissomeinternationalcooperation(IEA,IRENAandHLCs,2023).modestprogressonthatfront,withadvancesinbuildingregulationsandanincreaseinsalesofheatpumps(aInadditiontotheshifttowardsEVsandincreaseduseoftechnologythatenablesthedecarbonizationofheatingefficientlow-carboncollectivemodesoftransportation,inbuildings),especiallyintheEU(Boehmetal.,2023).investingintheresearchanddevelopmentofnewtechnologiesandmoreeffectiveinternationalDevisingsolutionstoimprovingpeople’sliveswhilecooperationmayalsohelpacceleratethepaceofclimate-proofingbuiltenvironmentsisanexampleofasolutionstodecarbonizinglonger-haultransportsystems-thinkingapproach.Consideringitisestimatedmodes,suchastrucking,shippingandaviation.Inthatthatabout40percentoftheworld’spopulationwillbesense,thesynthesisreportofthetechnicaldialoguelivingwithoutadequatehousing,andthatthisfurtherofthefirstGSThighlightsthenet-zerogoalssetbyincreasespeople’svulnerabilitytotheimpactsofclimate-boththeInternationalMaritimeOrganizationandtherelateddisasters(e.g.flooding,windstorms),investmentsInternationalCivilAviationOrganizationtoreducetheinbetter,saferhousingneedtobeprioritized.Thereareemissionsfrominternationaltransport,withthecaveatinexpensivesolutionstomakeexistinghomesmorethatrigorousaccountingisneededtoavoidpotentialresilientandsafer,insteadofbuildingnewones–notoverlapsacrossandwithininitiatives,whichshouldbeonlyisitlesscostly,butupgradingexistinghousingalsoadditionaltoactionwithinNDCs(UNFCCC,2023a).enablespeopletoremaininthehomesandcommunitiestheyalreadylivein,reducingpotentialdisplacementsTheHigh-LevelChampions,atCOP27,facilitatedtheJointStatementonGreenHydrogenandGreenShipping,whichwassignedbyleadingorganizationsandinitiativesacrosstheshippingvaluechain,joinedbythelargestproducersofgreenhydrogen.Thestatementcommitstorapidandambitiousproductionanduseoflow-carbonfuelsbasedongreenhydrogentoacceleratedecarbonizationofglobalshipping.HUMANSETTLEMENTSCitiesarealsosignificantdriversofclimatechangeprimarilyduetoenergyuse,buildings,andurbantransportsystems.Reducingemissionsinurbansystemsisthereforecritical,anditentailssmarturbanplanningandmeasuressuchasreducingandproperlymanagingwaste,facilitating‘greener’transportationmethods,reducingtheneedformotorizedtravel(e.g.encouragingproximitybetweenpeople,jobs,goodsandservices)andimplementingashifttowardsmoreefficientand/orlow-carbonbuiltenvironmentsatallstages(i.e.design,construction,useandretrofits).AccordingtotheBreakthroughAgendaReport2023,operationalemissionsinthebuildingsectorneedtofallbyabout50percentfromtheir2022levelby2030,togetontrackwithnetzero(IEA,IRENAandHLCs,2023).Onthe50YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023(BuildChange,2022).InvestingingreenareasinurbanHeat-relateddeathshavealreadyriseninrecentcentres,ontheotherhand,canalsocontributetowardsyears–itincreasedby68percentbetween2000-04improvinginhabitants’health,whiledecreasingtheneedand2017-21,thoughthedeathtollwassignificantlyforcoolingsystemssuchasairconditioning–in2021,exacerbatedbytheconfluenceoftheCOVID-19only27percentof1,038globalurbancentresanalysedpandemic.Thespreadofinfectiousdiseasesisalsobyastudywereclassifiedasmoderatelygreenormorehigher–inadditiontoanincreaseinthenumberof(Romanelloetal.,2022).monthssuitableformalariatransmissioninsomeregionsofAfricaandtheAmericasfrom1951-60toAtthedownstreamofmostprocesses,wasteisalsoa2012-21,thelikelihoodofdenguetransmissionalsorelevantsourceofemissionsforwhichsystems-thinkingroseby12percentinthesameperiod.Healthimpactssolutionscanresultinadditionalgainsforsociety.inturncanexacerbatetheeconomiclossesassociatedImplementingmoresustainablewastewatertreatmentwithclimatechange,byincreasingpotentialincomesystems,forexample,canhelpimproveaccesstopotablelosses,forinstance–in2021,470billionpotentialwaterandstrengthenwasteandsanitationsystems,labourhourswerelostgloballyduetoheatexposurewithco-benefitsforhumanhealth.Wastewaterstatistics(Romanelloetal.,2022).arelackinginmanycountriesandreportingislow,butdatafrom140countriesandterritoriesrevealthatonlyTherearepositivenews,however.About86percentabout58percentofhouseholdwastewaterwassafelyofupdatedornewNDCsmadereferencetohealthtreatedin2022(UN2023c).in2022,andsubnationalauthoritiesatthecitylevelhavebeenprogressivelyidentifyingclimatechange-Attentionshouldalsobedirectedatplasticwaste,derivedrisksonthehealthoftheirpopulations,whichwhichmorethandoubledsince2000(OECD2022).canhelpdeveloptailoredresponsesandstrengthenTheproduction,conversionandwastemanagementoflocalhealthsystems.Thehealthsector–responsibleplastics–93percentofwhicharecurrentlyproducedfor5.2percentofglobalemissions–isalsoshowingwithfossilfuels–generateaboutfourpercentofGHGleadership,with60countrieshavingcommittedtoemissions,withthosefromincinerationaccountingfortransitioningtoclimate-resilientand/orlow-carbonor70percentoftotalend-of-lifeemissions(OECD,2023).net-zerocarbonhealthsystemsaspartoftheCOP26Aftertakingintoaccountlossesduringrecycling,inHealthProgrammein2022(Romanelloetal.,2022).2019onlyninepercentofplasticwastewasultimatelyrecycled,while22percentwasmismanaged,namelyUnderaholisticapproach,itisalsoimportanttodisposedofinuncontrolleddumpsites,burnedindevelopintegratedmitigationandadaptationoptionsopenpitsorleakedintotheenvironment,makingthethatmainstreamhealthintofood,infrastructure,currentplasticslifecyclefarfromcircular(OECD,2022).socialprotection,andwaterpolicies.EffectivePoliciesaimedataddressingtheplasticsproblemcanadaptationoptionswithpositiveimpactsonhumanresultinmulti-layeredsolutionsifallofitssocio-health,forinstance,include“strengtheningpublicenvironmentaldimensionsareconsidered.healthprogramsrelatedtoclimate-sensitivediseases,increasinghealthsystemsresilience,improvingSimilarly,whiledevelopingclimateapproachesandecosystemhealth,improvingaccesstopotablewater,solutionstoreduceemissionsandimprovequalityreducingexposureofwaterandsanitationsystemsofliveinhumansettlements,itisalsocrucialtotoflooding”andimprovingsurveillanceandearlyalsoaddressclimateimpactstohealth,societywarningsystems,amongotheractions(IPCC,2023).andlivelihoodasawhole.Theimpactsofclimatechangeonhumanhealth,forinstance,arepredictedSomeofthesehealth-relatedresponsescanalsotoworseninthecomingyears.Anincreaseinheat-partlyaddressotherrisksposedbyclimatechange,byrelatedhumanmortalityandmorbidity,food-borne,helpingbuildtheresilienceofaffectedcommunities,water-borne,andvector-bornediseases,andmentalsuchasthoseimpactedbysealevelrise,forinstance.healthchallengesarehazardsandassociatedrisksAround900millionpeople–oronein10peoplearoundexpectedinthenearterm,accordingtoAR6SYR.Itistheworld–liveincoastalzonesatlowelevations,worthnotingthatclimatechangeimpactsregionsandandsealevelrise,compoundedbyotherimpacts,ishumangroupsdifferently,andthemostvulnerable–alreadyforcingrelocationsinsomeoftheseplaces,historicallytheleasttocontributetotheproblem–aresuchasinsmallislanddevelopingStates(UN,2023c).disproportionatelyaffected(IPCC,2023).Quantifyingenvironmentalmigrationischallenging,51YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023andtherearedatagaps–especiallyformigrationduethattheproperconservation,protectionandrestorationtoslow-onsetenvironmentalprocesses–butsomeoftheseecosystemscanreducetheirvulnerabilitytoquantitativedataexistonpopulationdisplacementclimatechange,inadditiontocontributingtocarbonwithinacountry,andtoalesserdegreeacrossborders,uptakeandstorage(IPCC,2023).duetonaturalhazards(MigrationDataPortal,2023).SomeactivitiesthattakeplacewithinthesenaturalAccordingtotheInternalDisplacementMonitoringsystemsarehighlyemitting.LanduseandlandCentre,atotalof32.6millionpeoplewereinternallyusechange,suchasdeforestationandlarge-scaledisplacedin2022asaresultofdisasters.Oftheseagriculture,aresignificantsourcesofGHGemissions.displacedindividuals,98percentweretriggeredThus,naturalclimatesolutionssuchasconservation,byweather-relatedhazardssuchasfloods,stormsrestorationandimprovedlandmanagementprovideanddroughts–thehighestfigureinadecade.themostfeasibleandcost-effectiveoptionstobothDisplacementsarecompoundedbygrowingfoodreduceemissionsandenhancecarbonsequestration.insecurityworldwide,whichcallsforeffortstotackleAccordingtoAR6SYR,mitigationactionintheland-commondriversandimpacts,sincethesecrisesusechangeandforestrysector–alongwithenergyreinforceeachothertocreatelastingvulnerabilitiessupply–canreachnet-zeroCO2emissionsearlierandnumerouschallenges.Inthatsense,creatingthaninsectorssuchasindustryandtransportinmostpartnershipsandcollaborationwillbekey,aswellasglobalmodelledpathways(IPCC,2023).initiativesthatsupportpeople’sresiliencetoshocksviaanticipatoryactionandriskreductionmeasures.Deforestation,whichtakesplacemostlyintropical“Doingsothroughadevelopmentlenswouldhelptoregionsandislargelydrivenbytheglobalconsumptiontackletheunderlyingdriversofdisplacementincludingofcommodities,stillhappensatconsistentlyhighpoverty,inequalityandclimatechange”(IDMC,2023).rates.Haltingandreversingdeforestationandlanddegradation,forexample,throughzerodeforestationInJune,theHigh-LevelChampionsannouncedthat20targetsanddedicatedconservationandprotectionpercentofmajoractorswithinthebuiltenvironmentpolicies,isrequirednotonlytodrasticallyreducesectorhavepledgedcommitmenttoRacetoZero,emissionsfromecosystems,butalsotoachievelarge-reachingthekeymilestoneofthe‘BreakthroughscaleCO2sequestrationandstorage.AccordingtotheAmbition’–apointwhereanemergingalignmentisSoCA2023report,deforestationratesmustdeclinegatheredamongacriticalmassofkeyactors,enablingfourtimesfasterthancurrentlyhappeningtokeeponthemtodeviatefromthebusiness-as-usualtrajectorytrackwiththe1.5oCgoal,andsignificanteffortsneedandcollectivelydeliverbreakthroughoutcomesswiftly.tobedirectedtowardslarge-scalereforestationandrestorationactivities,particularlyofforests,mangrovesLANDUSEandpeatlands.PrioritizingtheprotectionoftheseecosystemsiscriticaltoensuringenvironmentalandAsisthecasewithotherthematicareas,landuseclimatebalance–notonlyisrestorationmorecostly,buthappensinthecontextofinterconnectedsystems.ittakeslongerforthemtoreturntotheirnaturalstateLand,freshwaterandoceanecosystemsprovidenotandfunctions,whichmeansthatecosystemscouldnotonlythebasicstaplesforhumanlife–forexample,fullyrecoverlostcarbonstocksontimescalesrelevantfood,waterandenergy–butalsoforthelivelihoodofatoreachingtheParisAgreementgoals(Boehmetal.,largeportionoftheworld’spopulation.Theyalsoplaya2023).Reforestationandrestorationactivitiesalsosignificantroleinregulatingtheclimatethroughnaturalprovideimportantadaptationsolutions.Restorationcarbonsinks,andarehighlyvulnerabletotheeffectsofofwetlandsandupstreamforestecosystems,forclimatechange,withcascadingimpactsonalloftheexample,havebeenproventobeeffectiveinreducingsystems.Inthisregard,AR6SYRnotesthatmaintainingfloodrisks(IPCC,2023).Inthatsense,incentivesystemstheresilienceofecosystemservicesdependsontheforforestconservationandrestoration(e.g.REDD+,4effectiveandequitableconservationofuptohalfofthepaymentforecosystemservices)provideadditionalworld’sland,freshwaterandoceanareas,andstressessolutionsthatcanhelpaddressbothmitigationandadaptationissues.4REDD+isdefinedinDecision1/CP.16asreducingemissionsfromdeforestation;reducingemissionsfromforestdegradation;conservationofforestcarbonstocks;sustainablemanagementofforests;andenhancementofforestcarbonstocks.52YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023Improvingagriculturalpracticesandmanagementinhigh-consumingregions–withthecaveatthatthisdoesatafasterpaceisalsovitaltomeetingtheParisnotapplytolow-consumingpopulations,especiallythoseAgreementgoals.TheBreakthroughAgendaReportinlow-incomecountries.Theauthorsfurtherstressthat2023notesthat,inordertogetontrackforthetheoverallprogressinglobaleffortstomitigateemissionsnet-zerogoals,emissionsinthissectorneedtofallfromfoodproductionandconsumptionhaslargelyto5.7gigatonnesofcarbondioxide(GtCO2)fromslowed,andthatincreasingandensuringsustainablethe7.3GtCO2reportedin2022,andagriculturalfoodproductiononexistingagriculturalland–withoutexpansion–akeydriverfordeforestation–needsexpandingtootherhigh-carbonecosystems–willrequiretohaltcompletely.Someofthesuggestedsolutionstheresearch,developmentanddeploymentofnewwithproveneffectivenessinclude“lowemissiontechnologies,amongotheractions(Boehmetal.,2023).fertilisers,alternativeproteins,cropandlivestockbreeding,measurestoreducelivestockmethaneAtthesametime,itisimportanttonotethatclimateemissions,reductionsinfoodlossandwaste,andchangealsohasimpactsonagriculture,affectingdigitalagricultureandclimateservicesforfarmers”,globalfoodsecurityandthelivelihoodsofanumberofforexample.Thesesolutionsrequire“increasedpeoplewhodependonit.AR6SYRsuggestsanumberdevelopmentassistance,sustainedandsubstantialofeffectiveadaptationoptionsforthesector,suchaspolicyexchanges,andcooperationonstandardsand“cultivarimprovements,on-farmwatermanagementtrade”(IEA,IRENAandHLCs,2023).andstorage,soilmoistureconservation,irrigation,agroforestry,community-basedadaptation,farmandTheSoCA2023reportalsoadvisesthat,inadditiontolandscapeleveldiversificationinagriculture,sustainablehalvingglobalfoodlossandwasteby2030,theworldlandmanagementapproaches,useofagroecologicalshouldalsoshifttowardsmoresustainablediets,withprinciplesandpracticesandotherapproachesthatworklowerruminantmeatconsumptionpercapita,particularlywithnaturalprocesses”(IPCC,2023).53YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023Thoughprogressingeneralremainsfartooslow,theofintegrationamongthemanypoliciesandplansSoCA2023reportnotessomepositivedevelopmentsaddressingwater-relatedissuesandwatergovernance.attheinternationalcooperationlevelconcerninglandThereportalsoprovidesexamplesofapproachesinuse,suchasthepledgesmadeundertheGlasgowwhichclimateactioncanstrengthencollaborationsLeaders’DeclarationonForestsandLandUse,theGlobalandpartnershipsbetweenwaterresourcemanagersMethanePledge,theadoptionoftheKunming-Montrealandwater/sanitationserviceproviders,namely,BiodiversityFramework,thecommitmentsunderthei)bottom-upwaterresilienceapproaches,usingAgricultureInnovationMissionforClimateandtheC40stakeholderengagementstoidentifymultidisciplinaryCities’GoodFoodCitiesAccelerator.Italsostressesthechallengesandadaptationactionsthatprovideco-needforthesepledges,goalsandtargetstobefollowedbenefitsforothersectors;ii)watersafetyplanningbyconcreteaction,includingtheprovisionofresourcesforclimateresilience,ariskmanagement-basedandenablingconditions,forthesecommitmentstobeapproachformanagingbothwateravailabilityandadequatelymet(Boehmetal.,2023).waterqualityriskstosafedrinkingwaterservices;andiii)CityWaterResilienceApproach,whichhelpscitiesAsnotedinchaptertwo,inSeptember,theHigh-buildthecapacityofurbanwatersystemstoendure,LevelChampionslaunchedtworeportsthatspecifyadaptandtransform,andwhichcaninformhowwaterrecommendationstobreakfinancingbarriersforprogrammesandprojectsareplanned,designed,justclimatetransitionandrestorenatureinthedeliveredandoperatedsoastoimproveoutcomes.developingcountries.TheyaredesignedtohelptoThereportalsostressestheopportunitiestoreducesecuretheUSDonetrillioninannualfinancethatemissionsinthesector,seeingthatwastewaterdevelopingcountriesneedby2030totakeeffectivetreatmentanddischargedirectlyaccountfor11.8perclimateactionandrestorenature,asshowninthecentand4.2percentofglobalmethane(CH4)andSAAandthe2030Breakthroughs.nitrousoxide(N2O)emissions,respectively,andthatdrinkingwaterandwastewatermanagementarealsoWATERresponsibleforindirectcarbonemissions,accountingforapercentageofglobalelectricityconsumptionInadditiontoconcernsmentionedaboverelated(approximatelyfourpercentin2014)(UN,2023d).totheneedtopreservefreshwaterecosystemsandimprovewastewatertreatment,theavailabilityTheHigh-LevelChampionssupportedthelaunchofofwaterisoneofthemainaspectsinwhichthistheAfricanCitiesWaterAdaptationFund–anewthematicareaisaffected.IncreasedweatherandinitiativebyWRIandpartnerorganizationswhichclimateextremeeventshaveexposedmillionsofaimstosupportthedevelopmentandimplementationpeopletoreducedwatersecurity,as“roughlyhalfofofmorethan200projectsin100Africancitiesby2032,theworld’spopulationcurrentlyexperienceseverebyusinganintegratedapproachtofinanceinnovativewaterscarcityforatleastpartoftheyearduetoaurbanwaterresiliencesolutionsatscale.combinationofclimaticandnon-climaticdrivers”(IPCC,2023).Althoughwater-useefficiency–whichisOCEANSANDCOASTALZONESakeysolutiontoaddresswaterstress–hasimprovedbyninepercentbetween2015and2020,waterstressOceansandcoastalzonesareaffectedbyclimatechangeandwaterscarcityremainaconcerninmanypartsofinamyriadofways(seesealevelriseimpactsabove).theworld,withanestimated2.4billionpeoplelivingOceanwarmingandoceanacidification,forinstance,inwater-stressedcountriesin2020.Implementinghavebeentakingplaceforseveralyearsnow,withwaterresourcesmanagementatalllevels,includingresultingimpactsonfoodproductionfromfisheriesandarrangementsfortransboundarywatercooperation,shellfishaquaculture(IPCC,2023).Oceanacidification–acanhelpmeetanumberofSDGtargetsandincreaseconsequenceofexcessCO2absorption,resultinginoceanstheresiliencetocrises,includingthoserelatedtotodaybeing30percentmoreacidicthanpre-industrialclimate,healthandpoverty(UN,2023c).levels–alsonegativelyimpactscoralsandshorelinedefences,degradeshabitatsandendangersfisheries,TheUNWorldWaterDevelopmentReport2023alertsaquacultureandtourismand,ironically,alsoreducesthat,althoughwaterisrecognizedasanessentialtheocean’sabilitytoabsorbCO2andtomitigateclimateresourcewithcross-sectorallinks,thereisoftenalackchange(UN,2023c).54YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023ThekeymessagesfromtheOceanandClimateChangeAsmentionedinChaptertwo,inJune,theUN’s193DialoguementionedinchaptertwohighlighttheneedMemberStatesadoptedthe‘highseas’treaty,alandmarktointegratemitigationandadaptationactionforcoastallegallybindingagreementonoceans.Thetreatycoversecosystemsintopoliciesandmanagementpracticesattwothirdsoftheplanet’soceans(highseasbeyondalllevels,andtosustainablymanagetheseecosystems,nationalboundaries)andisaimedattakingstewardshiprecognizingtheirdirectbenefitsbeyondmitigation,aswelloftheoceanonbehalfofpresentandfuturegenerations.astostrengthenbluecarbonaccountingmethodologiesandtools.Asforfisheries,inadditiontodecarbonizingtheInSeptember,inpartnershipwiththeHigh-Levelentirevaluechainofaquaticfoodproduction,itisvitalChampionsandtheGlobalFundforCoralReefs,thetouseanecosystemapproachtomanagingfish,andtoInternationalCoralReefInitiativelaunchedtheCoralintegrateaquaticfoodclimatesolutionswithinnationalReefBreakthrough.TheCoralReefBreakthroughaimsprocesses.Finally,ocean-basedsystematicobservation,tosecurethefutureofatleast125,000squarekmofresearchanddatamanagementmustbestrengthened,shallow-watertropicalcoralreefswithinvestmentspartnershipsmustbefostered,regulatoryframeworksofatleastUSD12billiontosupporttheresilienceofstrengthened,andawholeofsocietyapproachmustbemorethanhalfabillionpeoplegloballyby2030.Also,adoptedincludingvariousstakeholderstogiveclimateinOctober,theChampionssupportedthelaunchofpoliciessocialbuy-inandstabilityintheirimplementation.theOceanBreakthroughs–atransformativepathwaysIndigenousPeoplesandcoastalcommunities,inparticular,coveringfivekeyoceansectors,withtheaimofmustbeengagedfromprojectinceptiontobuildtrust,acceleratingactionandinvestmentstohelpunlockintegratelocalandtraditionalknowledge,andtorespectthepotentialoftheoceanasasourceofsolutionstotheirrightsandtakeintoaccounttheprincipleoffreeandthepressingchallengesposedbyclimatechangeandpriorinformedconsent(UNFCCC,2023e).biodiversityloss(alsomentionedinAppendix1).55YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023BOX2:Co-benefits,synergies,trade-offsandadditionalconsiderationsClimateactionacrossthethematicareashaveahostofco-benefits,suchasimprovedairqualityandageneralshifttomoresustainableandhealthierhabits(e.g.cycling).MitigationandadaptationactionsalsooffermultiplesynergieswiththeSDGs,bysupportingfoodsecurity,enhancingbiodiversityandecosystemfunctions,helpingreducepovertyandimprovinglivelihoods.Energysourcediversification,forinstance,alsodeliversbetterenergysecurityandreliability,whereasinclusivelong-termsustainableplanningcanimprovetheresilienceandwell-beingoflow-incomeandothervulnerablecommunities.Inadditiontothat,greenandblueinfrastructurecansupportcarbonuptakeandstorage,contributetowardslessenergyuse,andreduceclimatechangerisks,suchasheatwaves,flooding,heavyprecipitationanddroughts,whilegeneratingco-benefitsforhealth,well-beingandlivelihoods(IPCC,2023).Whiledecarbonizingenergysourcesiscrucial,itisalsoimportanttoensureenergyaccessgapsareaddressed,gridcapacityisexpanded,energystorageandflexibilityareprioritized,andconsiderationisgiventotheworkforceinfossilfuelindustries,toensureajusttransition(asexploredunderEnergy)(Boehmetal,2023).Ecosystemrestoration,reforestation,andafforestationcanalsohaveadversesocio-economicandenvironmentalimpactsasaresultofpotentialcompetingdemandsonland,requiringintegratedapproachestoaddresspotentialproblems.Inthatsense,itisalsonecessarytoavoidpotentialmaladaptationresponsesinthelongertermbyfocusingonsectorsandrisksinisolationoronshort-termgains,whichcancreatelock-insofvulnerability,exposureandrisksandworsenexistinginequities(IPCC,2023).Anotherrelevantcaveatisthat,asobservedintheBreakthroughAgendaReport2023,“investmentincleanenergytechnologiesandlow-emissionproductsandmaterialstendstobeconcentratedinadvancedeconomies,andnotinthecountriesundergoingthemostrapiddevelopmentandeconomicgrowth”,whichposessignificantobstaclesforscalingupthenecessarysolutionstoreducingemissionsatapaceconsonanttothe1.5°Cgoal(IEA,IRENAandHLCs,2023).BOX3:BuildingresilienceandavoidingmaladaptationThesynthesisreportofthetechnicaldialogueofthefirstGSTmentionstheimportanceofjustresilience,whichentails“avoidingactionsthatsimplyshiftriskstootheractorsorreinforceexistingvulnerabilities”(UNFCCC,2023a).Inthatsense,AR6SYRhighlightstheneedforflexible,multi-sectoralandinclusiveapproachestoadaptationplanning,toavoidshort-termactionsthatcanhavenegativeimpactsinthelongrun,especiallyformorevulnerablegroups.Theimplementationofseawalls,forinstance,“reduceimpactstopeopleandassetsintheshorttermbutcanalsoresultinlock-insandincreaseexposuretoclimaterisksinthelongtermunlesstheyareintegratedintoalong-termadaptiveplan”.Durableandtransformationaladaptationcanbereachedthroughfacilitation“bygovernmentsatalllevelsworkingwithcommunities,civilsociety,educationalbodies,scientificandotherinstitutions,media,investorsandbusinesses”(IPCC,2023).However,globalfinancialflowstoadaptationremaininsufficient,andfarbehindtheflowsdirectedatmitigation.Progressinadaptationplanningandimplementationistakingplaceacrossallsectorsandregions,buttherearegaps,especiallyamonglower-incomegroups,andmostadaptationresponsesarefragmentedandunequallydistributedacrossregions.Keybarriersinclude“limitedresources,lackofprivatesectorandcitizenengagement[and]insufficientmobilizationoffinance(includingforresearch)”(IPCC,2023).56YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023Inthatsense,in2023,SAAhasidentifiedpriorityactionsfromgovernments,publicandprivatefinancialinstitutionstomobilizefinanceforadaptationandresilience.Theinitiativetookstockofglobalprogressacrosssystemsandoutcomes,leveragingtheSAAprogressassessmentframeworkTheresultswillbepresentedtheirforthcomingfirstImplementationreport,whichincludesthefollowingfindings:i)Health:Whilethereisagrowingrecognitionofthehealth-climatenexus,financeremainsamajorgappreventingimplementation.ii)Humansettlements:Citiesareprioritizingadaptationbecausetheyareatthefrontlinesoftheclimatecrisis.Someprogresshasbeenmadeinplanningandpolicy,andmorecitieshavedetailed,science-basedclimateadaptationplansorstrategiesinplace.However,thegapinplanningandimplementationisstillsignificant.Urbanplanningatasubnationallevelcannothappeninisolationandneedstofurtheralignwithnationalgovernmentplans,strategies,andpoliciesthroughmulti-levelgovernance.iii)Oceanandcoastal:Thereisgreaterrecognitionoftheimportanceandpotentialofcoastalandmarinenature-basedsolutions.Fundingisstartingtoflowonmangroveprotectionandrestorationprojects,butoverallinvestmentsstillfallshortofneeds,despiteastrongeconomiccaseforcoastalandmarinenature-basedsolutions.And,intheabsenceofaglobalcoastalresiliencefinancetrackingmechanism,thetotalamountcommittedtocoastalandoceansolutionsisunclear.iv)Foodandagriculture:Whileagri-foodsystemsarefeaturedincountries’climateplans,implementationandintegrationwithother(sectoralandlocal)planningandinvestmentneedtoaccelerate.Asystems-basedshiftisrequiredthatengagesallactorsalongthefoodlifecycle.v)Waterandnature:Akeygapisthelackofintegratedplanningeffortsthatstreamlinewaterandnatureintoplanningandpolicy-makingatthenational,sectoral,andespeciallylocallevels.Planningtodatehasremainedquitesiloed,alsodrivenbyalackoftechnicalcapacityandknowledge,aswellasalackofdataandinformation,onthestatusandvalueofwaterandnaturalresources.vi)Infrastructure:Transportationandenergysystemsarebothinsufficientlyrepresentedincountries’adaptationandresilienceplanning,norisadaptationwellconsideredinnationalenergyplans,ornationaldevelopmentstrategies.Further,thereisnocommontaxonomyforresilientinfrastructure,andalackofstandardsandguidelinestosupporttheindustryinitstransition.vii)Adaptationfinance:Financefromallsources,especiallytheprivatesector,mustincreasetomeettheamountneededannuallyforadaptationindevelopingcountries.Publicfinanciersplayacriticalroleinnotonlyincreasingallocationofclimatefinanceforadaptationandresilience(toensureabalancedallocationoffundingbetweenmitigationandadaptationanddoublingofadaptationfinancingisdelivered),butalsoprovidingtheenablingenvironmentforprivatecapitaltoflow,includingbyincreasingconcessionalfinance,supportingcreditenhancement,andde-riskingadaptationprojects.viii)Planning:Tobuildresilienceforvulnerablepeopleglobally,adaptationandresilienceplanningisneededatthenational,state,region,andcitylevels,aswellasfortheprivatesectorwheretheflowofcriticalgoodsandservicescouldbedisruptedbyclimateshocksandstresses.57YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023BOX4:OverallstateofclimatefinanceClimatefinanceflowsingeneral,arestillbelowwhatisnecessaryforsystemictransformation.AR6SYRstatesthat,thoughthe“magnitudeofclimatefinanceflowshasincreasedoverthelastdecadeandfinancingchannelshavebroadened”,“publicandprivatefinanceflowsforfossilfuelsarestillgreaterthanthoseforclimateadaptationandmitigation”,andfallsshortofthelevelsneededacrossallsectorsandregions,includingclimatefinanceflowsfromdevelopedtodevelopingcountries(IPCC,2023).TheSoCA2023reportnotesthatincreasesinglobalpublicclimatefinance,forinstance,needtooccurroughlyeighttimesfasterthanhasbeenhappening(requiringanaveragegrowthofUSD162billionperyearbetween2020and2030)(Boehmetal.,2023).Ontheotherhand,theGSTsynthesisreportstressesthatmobilizationofprivatecapitalisrelevanttoachievingscale,andthatwhilepublicfinancewillcontinuetohaveakeyroletoplayinfinancingadaptation,increasedprivatesectorengagementisneededtomakefinancialflowsconsistentwithclimate-resilientdevelopment,notingthatitcouldincludetheprovisionofproductsandservicesaimedatbuildingresilience,orenhancingtheresilienceoftheirownoperationsandsupplychains,forinstance(UNFCCC,2023a).Inthisregard,itisnoteworthythattheCOP27PresidencyandtheincomingCOP28PresidencyhaveendorsedthecontinuationofthemandateoftheIndependentHigh-LevelExpertGrouponClimateFinance.ThereportpublishedbythegroupbeforeCOP27,pointsoutkeyrequirementstorealizenecessaryinvestmentsandsecuringfinancebyi)acceleratinginvestment;ii)mobilizingprivatefinanceatscale;iii)revampingtheroleofmultilateraldevelopmentbanks;iv)deliveringonandexpandingthescopeofconcessionalfinance;andv)tacklingindebtedness.BuildingontheoutcomesofCOP27andthisreport,thegrouphasbeenworkingwiththeaimtoadvanceaholisticfinancialframeworkforresourcemobilizationtodeliveranequitableandefficientclimatefinancesystem.TheywilllaunchafinalreportatCOP28andwillestablishanengagementplanofactionswithstakeholders.Also,theRegionalPlatformsforClimateProjectsinitiativehaveidentifiedover400projectsindevelopingcountries.AsreferredbytheCOP27High-LevelChampion,theeconomicopportunitytoinvestintheseprojectscanhelpbreaktheclimatefinancedeadlock.58YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023CHAPTER5LOOKINGAHEAD59YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023WHATISNEEDEDTOSCALEUPdeployment,includingaccesstoandavailabilityGLOBALCLIMATEACTION–KEYofsupport,sotheycanincreaseinpaceandMESSAGESscale.StakeholdersatalllevelscanplayamajorroleinupscalingtheenablingconditionsforaChapterfourprovidedanoverviewoffindingsrelatedtofasterandmorerobustsystemictransitiontoatheprogressachievedinthepastcoupleofyearstowardslow-carbonclimateresilientworld.ThechoicestheParisAgreementgoalswithintheframeofsystemsthataremadenowwillsignificantlyimpactbothtransformation,mappingouttheopportunitiesandgapsthenearandmoredistantfuture.inglobalclimateaction.SevenkeymessagesemergefromthisoverviewandfromthisYearbookasawholeiii)Non-PartystakeholdersarekeypartnersinrampingthatcanhelpinformactorsontheconclusionofthefirstupclimateactionandambitionGSTprocess,totakeplaceduringCOP28.Asmentionedinchapterone,theoutcomeoftheGSTwillprovidetheAshighlightedinchapterstwoandthree,non-PartybasisforPartiestoreview,updateandenhancetheirstakeholdershavebeencrucialinrampingupambition.NDCs,andforallstakeholdersinvolvedtobridgegapsNet-zeroinitiativesandcommitmentsskyrocketedinandrampupaction,inordertogetambitionontracktothepastfewyears,adaptationmeasuresarebeingmeetthe2030targetsundertheParisAgreement.mainstreamed,andtheseactorshavecontributedtoitinamyriadofways,fromclimateawareness-raisingi)Climateactionneedstoalignwiththegoalofkeepingtoimplementingmitigationandadaptationaction1.5oCclimate-resilientworldwithinreachontheground,mobilizingfinance,andpromotingknowledge-sharing,innovationandcapacity-building.•Theunderlyingmessageaboutprogressacrossallsystemsandsectorsisthattheworldisstilloffiv)Credibilityofactionandcommitmentsofnon-Partytracktomeetingthe2030targetsintimetokeepstakeholdersneedtobesystematicallyensuredupwiththegoalofkeeping1.5oCclimate-resilientworldwithinreach,andweneedtocourse-correctOntheotherhand,itistimeforactorstostepupthefast.ThoughtheupdatesandenhancementstogameandensureaccountabilityofclimateactionNDCsarequitewelcome,theystillfallshortofandstrategies,soastosafeguardtheirintegrityandthenecessaryambitiontoclosetheemissionsambition,aswellastoenableprogress-tracking.gapintime.Likewise,anever-increasingnumberofclimate-relatedannouncementsandactorsv)Internationalcooperationacrosssectors,regionsengagedinclimateactionpaintanencouragingandactors–guidedbytheprincipleofclimatepicture,butcommitmentsneedtobothalignjustice-isinstrumentalinsystemstransformationwiththegoalsandpathways,andbetranslatedintoconcreteandtrackableactionassoonasAkeyopportunitytoscaleupclimateactionpossible.AsAR6SYRalerts,thereisarapidlyandenablerapidsystemstransformationreliesclosingwindowofopportunitytoenableclimateonenhancinginternationalcooperationacrossresilientdevelopment,whichiscrucialtoadvancesectors,regionsandactorstoaccelerateinnovation,sustainabledevelopmentforall,anditisalsocrucialdevelopmentandtransferoftechnologies,aswelltoenhancecollaborativeinitiatives,planningasengagementinknowledge-sharingandcapacity-processesandfinancialmechanismtoensureswiftbuilding.Whilescalingupongoingsystems-basedandrobustprogressinbuildingresilience.collaborationissupportive,itisalsocrucialforactorstoidentifyandenhancecollaborationonii)Theopportunitiestoaccelerateclimateactionexist,marginalizedareas.AsnotedintheBreakthroughbutneedtobescaledupAgendaReport2023,well-targetedinternationalcollaborationisacriticalenablerateachstageoftheTherearemultipleexistingopportunitiesundertransition,andcandeliverimportantbenefits,suchallsystemsthataretechnicallyviableandasdecreasingdifficultiesandamplifyingindividualoftencost-effectivewithenormouspotentialtoactions,helpingtoensureafastertransitionbridgetheemissionsgap,aswellastoaddressandmakingcleantechnologiesandsustainableadaptationandresilience-buildingneeds.Itsolutionsmoreaccessibleandaffordabletoall(IEA,is,however,necessarytoidentifyandfindIRENAandHLCs,2023).solutionstothechallengesandbarrierstotheir60YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023vi)ClimateactionshouldnotbesiloedFocusshouldbeonincreasingtheshareofgrantsandconcessionalclimatefinancetodevelopingcountries,Howevercrucialitistorapidlyandsignificantlyaswellasfocusonmobilisingfurtherfinanceandreduceemissions,mitigationcannotbetackledininvestmentsinadaptationandmitigation.Thisisisolation.Neithercanadaptation.Potentialimpacts,crucialtoavoidincreaseintheindebtednessofconsequences,co-benefitsandtrade-offsofdevelopingcountriesandtoavoidcompromisingclimateactionneedtobetakenintoconsideration,theiralreadyvulnerablelong-termfiscalandwithintheframeofanequitable,inclusiveandjustmacroeconomicsustainability.Mainstreamingtransitiontoanetzero,climate-resilientworld.Ainnovativefinancemechanisms(e.g.debt-for-whole-of-societyapproachinformedbylocalcontextclimateswapsandcarbonmarkets)isofsignificantallowsfortransitiondisruptionstobeminimizedandimportance.Multilateraldevelopmentbanksneedtobenefitstobemaximized,ensuresalloftherelevantimplementcredit-enhancementandcredit-guaranteestakeholdersareproperlyengagedandheard,andschemestoincentiviseprivate-sectorparticipation.enablesgreaterambitionandbetteroutcomes.TherapidoperationalizationandresourcingoftheLossandDamageFundwillplayacrucialroleinaddressingvii)Fairfinanceflowsareneedednowthegrowingobservedandexperiencedimpactsofclimatechange.Inadditiontothat,thewiderangeofWithoutsufficient,efficientandfairflowsoffinance,actionsnon-Partystakeholdersaretakingtoaddresswewillfailtoprotectpeopleandourplanetfromallformsofclimatelossesanddamagesneedtobeclimatechange,andtherewillbenojusttransition.furtherscaledupandenhanced.61YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023TOWARDSCOP28ANDBEYONDrestorationandsustainablemanagementoftheworld’secosystemsneedtobeclearlyrecognized,Lookingtowardstheoutputscomponentofthefirstsupportedandprovided,bearinginmindthattheseGSTatCOP28,theHigh-LevelChampionsmadetheirnature-basedsolutionsprovideimmediateandcost-latestsubmissioninSeptember,listingelementsforeffectivebenefitsforbothmitigationandadaptationconsiderationandkeymessagesacrossmitigation,simultaneously,whilealsosupportingbiodiversityadaptation,financeflows,meansofimplementationconservationandtheSDGs.andsupportandcross-cuttingareas.Theseelementsrepresenttheexpertise,knowledge,andleadingworkAssetstoflows:asignificantpushisrequiredtoofthemanypartnerinitiativeswithintheMarrakechmeaningfullyimprovethescale,access,affordability,PartnershipforGlobalClimateAction,theRacetoZeroqualityandpaceofinvestmentandfinanceforprojectsandtheRacetoResiliencecampaigns,andinformationsupportingtheclimatechangeandsustainablerelatedtothe2030Breakthroughs,theBreakthroughdevelopmentagenda,especiallyindevelopingAgenda,andtheSAA.Thisfinalsectionpresentssomecountries.IncreasingadaptationandresiliencefinanceofthethoughtsoftheHigh-LevelChampionstowardsflows,improvingaccessibilityandprovidingappropriatetheconclusionofthefirstGSTatCOP28andbeyond,instrumentsareessentialtoacceleratingnear-termbuildingonthefindingsofthisYearbook.adaptationsolutions.2030ClimateSolutions:animplementationroadmap:Public-privatecollaborationonadaptation:strongertheHigh-LevelChampionsareworkingwiththecollaborationbetweennationalandsub-nationalMarrakechPartnershipandthewidercommunitytogovernments,theprivatesectorandcivilsocietycanbringtogetherasetofforward-looking‘2030ClimatedeliversystemstransformationstosupportadaptationSolutions:animplementationroadmap’thatstreamlineandresilientdevelopment.targetsandactionsandprovideacomprehensive,holistic,coherentandsharedroadmapforclimateRegionalizingclimateaction:applyingapproachesthatactionby2030aheadofCOP28thatprovidevariousaresensitivetospecificregionalandlocalcontextsandoptionsandapproachesthatcanbetailoredbyallthediversityofjourneysiscritical.Specialattentionactorsaccordingtotheirneedsandcontexts.needstobegiventohowclimateactionwilladdressquestionsofinclusivity,equity,socialandgenderCredibleandtransparentactions:theoutcomeofthejustice,intergenerationaljustice,theprotectionGSTisanopportunitytorecognizethepartnershipandandpromotionofhumanrights,justtransition,andinitiativespromotingcredibleandtransparentactionsenvironmentalintegrity.bynon-Partystakeholders,whichcanstrengtheneffortsforsystemstransformation.Ashighlightedintheirsubmission,theHigh-LevelChampionsfirmlybelievethataneffectiveresponsetoNatureandclimate:theinterlinkagesbetweenthetheGSTmustsetoutatransformationalroadmaptoclimateandbiodiversitycrisesmustbestrongly2030andbeyondthatwillgiveclaritytoallactorsonreinforcedandthepathwaysfortheprotection,theshareddirectionoftravel.62YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023REFERENCESCHAPTER1CHAPTER2IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC).UnitedNations(UN).2023a.SummaryofProceedings2023.SummaryforPolicymakers.In:ClimateChangebythePresidentoftheGeneralAssembly.United2023:SynthesisReport.ContributionofWorkingNationsConferenceontheMidtermComprehensiveGroupsI,IIandIIItotheSixthAssessmentReportofReviewoftheImplementationoftheObjectivesofthetheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange.CoreInternationalDecadeforAction“WaterforSustainableWritingTeam,H.LeeandJ.Romero(eds.).Geneva:IPCC.Development”,2018–2028.NewYork:UN.AvailableAvailableat:https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/.at:https://sdgs.un.org/sites/default/files/20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3.ClimateGroup.Availableat:https://www.theclimategroup.org/our-work/press/ev100-progress-ScienceBasedTargetsInitiative(SBTi).2023.SBTiand-insights-report-2023.MonitoringReport2022.SBTi.Availableat:https://sciencebasedtargets.org/reports/sbti-monitoring-InternationalEnergyAgency(IEA).2022.ClimateResiliencereport-2022.forEnergySecurity.Paris:IEA.Availableat:https://www.iea.org/reports/climate-resilience-for-energy-security.UN.2022.IntegrityMatters:netzerocommitmentsbybusinesses,financialinstitutions,citiesandregions.UN.IEA.2023a.CO2Emissionsin2022.Paris:IEA.AvailableAvailableat:https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/at:https://www.iea.org/reports/co2-emissions-in-2022.high-level_expert_group_n7b.pdf.64YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023IEA.2023b.GlobalEVOutlook2023.Paris:IEA.OECD.2023.Climatechangeandplasticspollution.Availableat:https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-Synergiesbetweentwocrucialenvironmentaloutlook-2023/trends-in-batteries.challenges.Paris:OECD.Availableat:https://www.oecd.org/environment/plastics/Policy-Highlights-Climate-IEA,InternationalRenewableEnergyAgency(IRENA)change-and-plastics-pollution-Synergies-between-andUNClimateChangeHigh-LevelChampionstwo-crucial-environmental-challenges.pdf.(HLCs).2023.TheBreakthroughAgendaReport2023.Paris:IEA.Availableat:https://www.iea.org/reports/RomanelloM,DiNapoliC,DrummondP,etal.2022.breakthrough-agenda-report-2023.The2022reportoftheLancetCountdownonhealthandclimatechange:healthatthemercyoffossilfuels.InternalDisplacementMonitoringCentre(IDMC)2023.Countdown.400(10363):pp.1619-1654.Availableat:2023GlobalReportonInternalDisplacement(GRID).https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01540-9.Geneva:IDMC.Availableat:https://www.internal-displacement.org/sites/default/files/publications/UN.2023c.TheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReportdocuments/IDMC_GRID_2023_Global_Report_on_2023:SpecialEdition.NewYork:UN.Availableat:https://Internal_Displacement_LR.pdf#page=6.unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2023/.IPCC.2023.SummaryforPolicymakers.In:ClimateUN.2023d.TheUnitedNationsWorldWaterDevelopmentChange2023:SynthesisReport.ContributionofWorkingReport2023:PartnershipsandCooperationforWater.GroupsI,IIandIIItotheSixthAssessmentReportofParis:UNESCO.Availableat:https://unesdoc.unesco.theIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange.Coreorg/ark:/48223/pf0000384655.WritingTeam,H.LeeandJ.Romero(eds.).Geneva:IPCC.Availableat:https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/.UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(UNEP).2022.2022GlobalStatusReportforBuildingsandIRENA.2022.RenewablepowergenerationcostsinConstruction:TowardsaZero‑emission,Efficientand2022.AbuDhabi:IRENA.Availableat:https://www.ResilientBuildingsandConstructionSector.Nairobi:irena.org/Publications/2023/Aug/Renewable-Power-UNEP.Availableat:https://globalabc.org/our-work/Generation-Costs-in-2022.tracking-progress-global-status-report.IRENA.2023.WorldEnergyTransitionsOutlook2023.UNFCCC.2023a.TechnicaldialogueofthefirstglobalAbuDhabi:IRENA.Availableat:https://www.irena.org/stocktake.Synthesisreportbytheco-facilitatorsonthePublications/2023/Jun/World-Energy-Transitions-technicaldialogue.FCCC/SB/2023/9.Bonn:UNFCCC.Outlook-2023.Availableat:https://unfccc.int/documents/631600.IRENAandInternationalLabourOrganization(ILO).UNFCCC.2023e.Informalsummaryreportbytheco-2023.Renewableenergyandjobs:Annualreview2023.facilitatorsoftheOceanandClimateChangeDialogueAbuDhabi:IRENA.Availableat:https://www.irena.2023–2024.Bonn:UNFCCC.Availableat:https://unfccc.org/Publications/2023/Sep/Renewable-energy-and-int/documents/631689.jobs-Annual-review-2023.CHAPTER5MigrationDataPortal.2023.EnvironmentalMigration.Berlin:InternationalOrganizationforMigration.IEA,IRENAandUNClimateChangeHigh-LevelAvailableat:https://www.migrationdataportal.org/Champions(HLCs).2023.TheBreakthroughAgendathemes/environmental_migration_and_statisticsReport2023.Paris:IEA.Availableat:https://www.iea.(lastupdatedon18September2023).org/reports/breakthrough-agenda-report-2023.OrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD).2022.GlobalPlasticsOutlook.EconomicDrivers,EnvironmentalImpactsandPolicyOptions.Paris:OECD.Availableat:https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/global-plastics-outlook_de747aef-en.65YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023APPENDIX1CaseStudiesfromnon-PartystakeholdersFOCUS:AdapttoClimateChangeandBuildResilienceFOODSCAPES:ACCELERATINGAGLOBALFOODSYSTEMTRANSITIONSubmittedby:TheNatureConservancyInJune2023,TheNatureConservancy(TNC)launchedaninteractiveFoodscapesmappingtoolthatallowsuserstoexploretheglobaldataandanalysisrepresentedintheFoodscapes:TowardFoodSystemTransitionreport(October2021),developedinpartnershipwithSYSTEMIQandtheInternationalInstituteforAppliedSystemsAnalysis(IIASA).TNCwantstobuildthescience,partnershipsandinvestmentpathwaysthatcatalysefoodsystemchangeataglobalscale.Theyareworkingtoinfluencesuccessbybuildingcoalitionsandcontinuouslylearning,adaptingandreplicatingwhatworkswhilebalancingpaceandscalewithequityandinclusionoflocalcommunities.OnewayTNCisachievingthisisthroughmappingfoodscapes,whichhelpsrealizethepotentialfornature-basedsolutionssensitivetolocalconditions,whilealsounderstandinghoweconomic,politicalandcommunitysystemsintersectwhenproducingfood.InNorthwestIndia,TNCisworkingacrossthePunjabandHaryanastatestoacceleratethetransitiontoregenerativefoodproductionbyenabling250,000farmerstoadoptbetterwaystomanagethecropresidue,preferablyusingno-tillandno-burnpractices.Giventhattwomillionfarmersburn12millionofpaddyresidueannuallytoquicklycleartheirfieldsduringtherice-wheatcroprotation,thisworkisprojectedtoreducecarbondioxideemissionsbysixmillionmetrictonsandsave500billionlitresofwater.Anumberoftechnologicalandnon-technicalsolutionsareavailabletofarmersastheytransitiontoano-burncroppingsystem.TheseincludestheHappySeeder,theSuperSeederandtheSmartSeeder–allofwhichsupportthedirectseedingofwheatintothepaddystubble.Manysmallandmarginalizedfarmersarealsodeployingnon-technicalsolutionsincludinghandbroadcastingseedsamongthestubbleandseeingbenefits.TNCiscoordinatinganefforttodemonstratetheHappySeedertofarmersandhelpagriculturalentrepreneurslaunchlocalbusinessestosupportfarmerswithrentalsoftheresiduemanagementmachineandcomplementaryproductsandservicessuchascustomhiring,soiltesting,efficientdairyfarming,financial,andmarketlinkages,andsupportforcropdiversification.TNC’seffortsresultedinthegovernmentofferingasubsidytoacceleratethemanufactureandpurchaseofHappySeederandotherequipmenttoeliminateresidueburning.66YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023PARTNERINGWITHINDIGENOUSPEOPLESTOCO-MANAGETHEMETROPOLITANFORESTINPARANÁ,BRAZILSubmittedby:Regions4–OnbehalfofParanáStateInthestateofParaná,inthesouthofBrazil,aninitiativetorestoretheMetropolitanStateForest,aprotectedarea,effectivelycombinesenvironmentaleducation,biodiversityconservation,tourism,andappreciationofIndigenouscommunitiesandtraditionalknowledge.Theprojectreceives2,000visitorsayear.TheParanástategovernmentsignedaManagementCooperationTermonApril19,2023,duringthecelebrationsofBrazil’sNationalDayofIndigenousPeoples.ThepartnershipbetweenInstitutoÁguaeTerra(IAT)andtheInstitutoeCentrodeFormaçãoEtnoBioDiversoÂngeloKretã,representingtheIndigenousandTraditionalCommunity,isunprecedentedinthecountry.Theinitiativeishometo50IndigenousPeopleswholiveintheMetropolitanForestanddevelopedaprogramofpublicuseandtourismintheprotectedarea.Amongtheactivitiescarriedout,theIndigenouscommunitypresentstraditionalindigenousmethodstothevisitors,suchasundergroundhouses,songsandancestry.TheenvironmentalrestorationledbytheIndigenouspeoples(4.4thousandhectaresofprotectedlandsofar),alsoincludesthesuppressionofinvasiveexoticspecies,suchaspine,whichisprocessedandusedfortheconstructionofhomesforthefamilieswithintheMetropolitanForest.Thepartnershipalsoenablestheprotectionofthespaceagainstintenseactionsofenvironmentalcrimesandotheractivitiescausingenvironmentaldegradation.TheseactivitiesweredrasticallyreducedwiththepresenceoftheIndigenouscommunity,whocarryoutperiodicroundstoinspecttheprotectedarea.Additionallytoimprovingthequalityoflifeoftheindigenouscommunity,thepartnershipcontributestothedevelopmentofasecondarysourceofincomewiththeinstallationofhivesofnativestinglessbees.Thisactioncontributestothemaintenanceofbiodiversitybypromotingspeciesofnativestinglessbees,andalsoprovidesasustainablesourceofincome,inwhichthecommunitycanbenefitfromproductssuchashoneyandothersfromthehives.TRANSFORMINGTHEFOODSERVICESECTORTOCOMBATCLIMATECHANGESubmittedby:WWFGermanyFollowingasystems-basedframework,theprojecttookathree-prongedstrategy,tacklingseveralleveragepointsatonce:workingwithbusinessestoadoptsustainablepracticesandbusinessmodels;raisingawarenessandmobilizingthepublic;andsupportinggovernmentwithdevelopingtransformativepolicies.Theprojectconvenedawiderangeofstakeholdersalongtheagri-foodvaluechainforthechallenginggoaloftransformingpracticesthatcauseenvironmentalandsocio-economicimpacts–andtotransitiontomoresustainableproductionandconsumption.Twopilotfarmingareaswereselectedatthebeginningoftheprojectthatprovedsuitablefortheconversionofmonoculturemaizefarmingtoadiversifiedsystemofperennialtrees,fruitsandvegetables,usingagroecologicalprinciples.Throughanagreementwithanagriculturallendingbank,severalfarmerswereabletorestructuredebtrepayments.Afinancialmechanism,FLR349,wascreatedin2018withpartners,aimedatsupportingfarmerstransitionsforsixyears.Keyprojectpartnersprovidedtrainingonagroecologicalapproaches,andwiththeverificationofproductionmethodsthroughtheParticipatoryGuaranteeSystems(PGS)fororganiccertification,whichposeslessbarrierstosmallfarmers.AmajorThairetailerpartneredwiththeprojecttosupportfarmersaccessingthemarket.67YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023Atotalof600hectaresofmaizeplantationwereconvertedawayfrommonoculture,ofwhich118hectareswerededicatedtoforestrestoration.Apolicybriefingplatformwasorganizedtoinformthegovernmentandotherstakeholdersaboutmitigationopportunitiesthroughactionsinthefoodsystem.Inthecollaborationwithoneofthelargestretailconglomeratesintheregion,CentralGroup,theprojectpromotedsustainablesupplychains,raisedconsumerawarenessthroughinformationtools,supportedlandscaperestorationthroughatraceabilityplatform,andsupportedfarmers’marketsacrossmanyprovincesaskeytransformationcatalysers.Variousactivitiessuchasworkshops,farmtrips,andfarm-to-tablediningeventsweredeveloped,aimedatbuildinganorganicfoodnetworkbyconnectingproducersandconsumers.UntilSeptember2020,40workshopswithmorethan200participantstookplace.FINANCINGANDINCUBATIONOFWATERANDCLIMATEPROJECTS:ANINNOVATIVETOOLTOACCELERATEADAPTATIONSubmittedby:InternationalNetworkofBasinOrganizations(INBO)ThewaterandclimateprojectsincubationplatformismanagedbytheInternationalNetworkofBasinOrganizations(INBO).Theobjectiveistosupporttheincubationofwaterandclimateprojectsaroundtheworld.Amodestbudget(EUR60,000onaverage)ismobilizedforeachincubatedproject.Thefundingisusedbyanoperatortoprovidetechnicalassistancefortheproductionofprojectproposals,fromaprojectideatoaconceptnotethatismatureenoughtobesubmittedtodonorsoftheclimatefinanceforfinancingoftheprojectsimplementation(withaleverageeffectfromoneto100).Projectstargetedinvolveactorsandusersofwaterresourcesinthebasinsoflakes,riversandaquifers(includingcities,companiesand,whereapplicable,desalinationactors)andmobilizeefficientadaptationsolutions,notonlygreyinfrastructures,butalsosoftandgreeninfrastructureslinkedtowaterresourcesmanagement.Projectsmustfocusonthefollowingthreetypesofactions:1.Knowledgeforadaptation(monitoringnetworks,data,waterinformationsystems,hydro-climaticmodelling,early-warningsystems);2.Nature-basedsolutionsforadaptationinactionplansandbasinmanagement(ecosystemservices,aquaticenvironmentandwetlandrestoration);3.Governanceandsustainablefinancialmechanismsforadaptation(institutionalcapacitybuilding,trainingofthestaff,consistencyofsectoralpolicies,impactstudies,vulnerabilitystudies,floodanddroughtpreventionactionplans,adaptationstrategy).Fiftyprojectswerealreadysupportedsince2017,focusingmainlyontheadaptationofhydrographicbasinsof39Africancountries(SouthAfrica,Angola,Benign,BurkinaFaso,Burundi,Cameroon,Comoros,CongoBrazzaville,IvoryCoast,Egypt,Eritrea,Ethiopia,Gabon,Ghana,Guinea,GuineaConakry,Kenya,Libya,Madagascar,Malawi,Mali,Morocco,Mauritius,Mauritania,Niger,Nigeria,Uganda,CentralAfricanRepublic,DemocraticRepublicofCongo,RepublicofCongo,Rwanda,Senegal,Seychelles,Sudan,SouthSudan,Tanzania,Chad,Togo,andTunisia).68YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023BUILDINGUPFINANCIALRESILIENCETHROUGHTHEGLOBALSHIELDAGAINSTCLIMATERISKSSubmittedby:GlobalShieldagainstClimateRisksTheGlobalShieldagainstClimateRiskshasalreadystartedtheIn-CountryProcess(ICP)inGhana.TheICPincludesawiderangeofrelevantstakeholderstoensureaninclusiveandparticipatoryprocess.ThemainoutputsoftheICParetheStocktake,theGapAnalysis,andtheRequestforclimateanddisasterriskfinanceandinsurance(CDRFI)Support.Toensurethecountrygovernment’sownershipthroughouttheprocess,theleadministryendorsesthemainICPoutputs,buildingonconsultationsamongstallrelevantgovernmententities.Theneedsandperspectivesofthemostvulnerablepeopleinthecountryaimtobecapturedandintegratedintothecountry’sunderstandingofprotectiongapsandtheresultingrequestforCDRFIsupport.Additionally,toensuretransparencyandcultivatemeaningfulmulti-stakeholderengagementinthisprocess,alloutputsaimtobesharedwithICPparticipantsforreview.TheICPbuildsonandintegratesexistingCDRFI-relatedconsultations,analysesandprojectstobenefitfromtheirlessonslearnedandbestpractices.TheRequestforCDRFISupportwillbesubmittedtotheGlobalShieldviatheGlobalShieldSecretariatinthecomingmonths.WithsupportoftheCoordinationHub,availablesupportbybilateral/multilateraldonors,implementingprogrammesandfurtherpartnerwillbeidentifiedtorespondtotheRequest.TheGlobalShieldFinancingStructureprovidessupportforthosefinancialprotectionneedsstatedintheRequestforCDRFISupportwhichcannotbefundedoraddressedthrougheffortsbyotherinstitutions.TheGlobalShieldSecretariat,buildingonconsultationswithintheCoordinationHubandtheFinancingStructure,willreverttothecountrywithaproposaloutlininghowthecountry’sRequestcanbeapproachedmosteffectively.Buildingonthecountry’sfinaldecision,theFinancingStructureand/orotherimplementinginstitutionswilldevelopatailoredCDRFIpackageandmobilizefinancialandtechnicalresourcestodeliverandimplementtheneededsupport.69YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023RUNNINGRIVERSFORTHRIVINGANDRESILIENTCOMMUNITIESINKWAZULU-NATAL,SOUTHAFRICASubmittedby:Regions4–onbehalfofKwaZulu-NatalThesecondmostpopulatedprovinceinSouthAfrica,KwaZulu-Natal,faceschallengessuchaswaterscarcity,inadequaterivercatchmentmanagement,andpollutionfrominformalsettlementsalongriversystems.Compoundedbyhighunemploymentrates,theregionfacesheightenedvulnerabilitytonaturaldisasterslikefloodsanddroughts,givenlimitedresourcesforpost-shockrecovery.Playingacentralroleinclimateadaptationandresilience,regionalgovernmentsarekeyforinnovativeriverinegovernance,unlockingvitalresponsesandaligningwithcitizens’welfare.In2021,theKwaZulu-NatalDepartmentofEconomicDevelopment,Tourism,andEnvironmentalAffairs(EDTEA)launchedthefirstphaseoftheTransformativeRiverineManagementProgramme(TRMP).Thisinitiativefocusesonsustainablyrehabilitatingandmanagingriverinecorridors,collaboratingcloselywithallaffectedstakeholders.Byadoptingacommunity-basedstrategy,TRMPaddressessocio-economicchallenges,generatingemployment,providingtraining,andfosteringskillsdevelopmentforlocals.Thisempowersthemtoaccesscompetitivejobmarketsandcreatesneweconomicprospectsforeconomically-disadvantagedcommunities.Thefirstphaseoftheproject,whichwasimplementedinEndumeni,KwaDukuzaandUguDistrictmunicipalitiesin2022-2023,hasbeenasuccessfuldemonstrationoftransformativeriverinemanagementforrestoringthenaturalresources,protectinginfrastructure,creatingjobopportunities,improvingresiliencetoclimate-relatedrisks,with:•1186peopledirectlyemployedintheprojects•109tonnesofwastecollected•98hectaresoflandclearedoffinvasivealienfloraspeciesKeylessonsfromthefirstphaseoftheprograminclude:thepotentialforsignificantimpactdespitelimitedinvestment;theneedtoupscaleprojectsacrossmunicipalitiesandrivercatchmentsforincreasedimpact;thenecessityofintegratingriverinemanagementintomunicipalbudgetsforsustainabilityandexpansion;theneedforfollow-uptreatmentsandampleresourcestoremoveinvasiveplantseffectively;therealizationthatlongerprojectperiodsandsufficientfundingarevitalforlastingparticipantlivelihoodimprovement;thecentralroleofeducationandawarenessforclimate-adaptiveriverandenvironmentalmanagement;theimportanceofallocatingresourcesfortrainingtoenablelocalparticipants’integrationintothelocaleconomy;andtheopportunitiesofferedbyestablishinglocalizedrecyclingcentrestodivertwastefromlandfills.70YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023FOCUS:MitigateGHGEmissionsNDC-TRANSPORTINITIATIVEFORASIASubmittedby:SLOCATPartnershipTheNDC-TransportInitiativeforAsiaprojectaimstofacilitateaparadigmshifttozeroemissiontransportacrossAsia.InpartnercountriesIndia,China,andVietnam,theprojecthasajointprojectofsevenimplementingorganizations,includingSLOCATPartnership.TheNDC-TIAForumforDecarbonisingTransport,aninitiativeofNITIAayogandWRIIndia,hasbroughttogetherclimatemodelers,transportpolicymakers,researchersandpractitionerstodeliberateondifferentmodelsforcarbon-neutraltransportsystemsinthecountry.GIZIndiaisalsomodellingdifferentpathwaystoachievenet-zerotargetsinthetransportsector.InVietnam,followingtheapprovalofitsNationalClimateChangeStrategy,thegovernmentannouncedanActionProgrammeonGreenEnergyTransformationwhichdetailsstepstoreducecarbonandmethaneemissionsfromtransport.However,significantpolicydesignandimplementationacrosskeysectorsisstillrequired,aswellasalignmentwithitsNDC.Toaidthisprocess,theNDC-TIAissupportingthegovernmentindevelopingtransportemissionmodels,electricmobilityroadmapsandnewfinancingmechanisms.Further,SLOCATisamemberoftheLeadershipGroupforCleanTransportinAsia(LG-CTA)initiative,alongwiththeGlobalClimateActionPartnership(GCAP).AttheG20CleanEnergyMinisterialinIndiainJuly,SLOCATpresentedontheLG-CTAinitiativeintheevent“AcceleratingtheEnergyTransitioninAsia’sTransportthroughSustainableandEquitableE-Mobility”.TUMIE-BUSMISSIONSubmittedby:TransformativeUrbanMobilityInitiative(TUMI)FundedbytheGermanMinistryforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(BMZ),acoregroupoforganizationssuchasC40Cities,DeutscheGesellschaftfürInternationaleZusammenarbeit(GIZ),TheInternationalCouncilonCleanTransportation(ICCT),TheInstituteforTransportationandDevelopmentPolicy(ITDP),ICLEI–LocalGovernmentsforSustainability,TheInternationalAssociationofPublicTransport(UITP)andWorldResourcesInstitute(WRI)worktogethertoacceleratethetransitiontoelectricbusesindevelopingcountries.Since2021,theTUMIE-BusMissionisleadingthechargetowardsasustainableurbantransportfuturebyfosteringglobalandcity-specificcoalition-building.Withafocuson20deepdivecitiesandinspiring100more,themissionisprovidingroadmapsandtechnicalassistancetosupporttheirtransitiontoe-busfleets.Bybringingtogetherprivateandpublicsectorpartners,aglobalcommunityisbeingestablishedtodrivethisimportanttransformationtowardscleaner,greener,andmoreliveablecities.ThecitiesofCuritiba,Campinas,RiodeJaneiro,Salvador,SãoPaulo(Brazil),Barranquilla,Bogotá,Valledupar(Columbia),Guadalajara,MexicoCity,Monterrey(Mexico),Ahmedabad,Bengaluru,Chennai,Delhi,Mumbai71YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023(India),Jakarta(Indonesia),HoChiMinhCity(Vietnam),Nairobi(Kenya),Kampala(Uganda),Durban(SouthAfrica)havecommittedtoimplementatleast22,469e-busesuntil2030and57,518e-busesuntil2050.Thiswillresultinareductionof15MegatonnesCO2emissions.TheTUMIE-BusMissionisalsoworkingonincreasingthecircularityofe-busesandincreasingfemaleworkforceparticipationinthesectorasintegralpartofaJustMobilityTransition.WALES’NATIONALPEATLANDACTIONPROGRAMME:REVIVINGPEATLANDSFORCLIMATEGOALSSubmittedby:Regions4–onbehalfofWalesWorldwide,peatlandscontainuptoone-thirdoftheworld’ssoilcarbon,whichistwicetheamountofcarbonfoundintheworld’sforests.However,about12percentofcurrentpeatlandshavebeendrainedanddegraded,contributingtofourpercentofannualglobalhuman-inducedemissions.InWales(UnitedKingdom),wherefourpercentoflandcoverageispeatlandlockingin30percentofthecountry’sland-basedcarbon,90percentofthepeatlandisinadegradedcondition.Toaddressthischallenge,WalesstartedworkingontheNationalPeatlandActionProgramme(NPAP),whichisaninitialfive-yearplanofpeatlandrestorationinWalesthatprioritisesactionacrossthemainareasofpeatlanddamageforthecombinedbenefitofbiodiversity,decarbonizationandotherecosystemservices.TheProgrammetargetspeatlandbodiesmostinneedofrestorationaswellassafeguardingthoseingoodconditionandrecovering.Theaimistodeliver600-800hectaresofrestorationperyearandactivityisdeliveredacrossarangeoflandusesonbothprivateandpubliclandbyNaturalResourcesWales(NRW)andpartnerorganisations.Thekeyactionsareasarepeaterosion;peatdrainage;sustainablemanagementofdegradeduplandpeatlands;sustainablemanagementofdegradedlowlandpeatlands;afforestedpeatland,andhyper-modifiedpeatlands.Initialestimatesforyearthree(2022-2023)provideaconservativefigureof630hectaresunderrestorationactivity,andthisthisfigurebuildsuponthesuccessofyeartwo(2021-2022)delivering1,000hectares,andyearone(2020/21),delivering650hectaresofrestorationactivitieswhichweredeliveredacrossover20sitesspanningthefullecologicalrangeofsemi-naturalpeatlandhabitatsinWales.Apartfromconservationandrestorationactions,theProgrammealsoincludesthedevelopmentofamonitoringprogrammethroughconditionmappingofNPAPsites,aswellasthedevelopmentofanoverallmonitoringstrategyforthehydrologicalmonitoringneeds,andcontinuedsurveyingofafforestedpeatontheWelshGovernmentWoodlandEstate(WGWE)toinformtheupcomingForestResourceplanningprocess.Additionally,itinvolvesthecreationofatoolcalledTheWelshPeatlandDataPortal.Thisisdesignedasaninteractiveweb-basedmappingtoolthatbringstogethermapsandassociateddatasetstofacilitateengagementwithpartnersundertakingorplanningpeatlandrestorationandtosupportNPAP’sactionplanningandreportingrequirements.Thepeatportalhostsalloftheopenlyavailablepeatdatainapubliclyaccessibleformatforthefirsttime.Workhasalsobeenunderwaytodevelopstandardisedpeatlandrestorationactivityreportingformats,acrossNPAPandpartners,tostreamlinereporting.Finally,theProgrammealsofocusesonpromotingpublicandcross-sectoralunderstandingofthebenefitspeatlandsprovide.72YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023ACCELERATINGCLEANENERGYTRANSITIONINDAIRYCOLDCHAINININDIASubmittedby:WWFIndiaWWF-IndiaaspartofHSBCfunded‘ClimateSolutionsPartnership’(CSP)hasbeenworkingwithlocalDairyfarmersandDairyMicro,Small,andMediumEnterprises(MSMEs)since2021toacceleratecleanenergytransitioninDairycoldchaintohelpinGreenhouseGas(GHG)emissionsreductionandalsoenhancedairyfarmer’ssocio-economicstatus.Theprojectworkswithmultistakeholdersincludinggovernmentandwithcollaborationinyear2022-23,38SolarbasedRenewableEnergybasedmilkchillersoftotal175kilowattinstalledandprocessing26000litersmilkperdayintwolargestmilkproducingstates(UP&Rajasthan)ofIndia.DeploymentofSolarbasedmilkchillersresultinreductionofdieselgeneratorusage,savingsinelectricitybillsandavoidanceofmilkwastage.Throughthisprojectinitiatives,with25DairybasedMicro,Small,andMediumEnterprises(MSMEs)andmorethan5000Dairyfarmersincludingwomenarereceivingbenefits,whilealsomitigating210tonnesofGHGemissionsannually.Around70millionruralhouseholdsareengagedinmilkproduction,mostofthembeinglandlessorsmallandmarginalfarmersdependingonforone-thirdoftheirannualincome.Therefore,thesectorhastransformationalpotentialforwideruptakeofcleanenergyandWWF-Indiaisworkingwithmulti-stakeholdersincludinggovernmenttoexpandthelearningsandbringpositiveimpactinthelivesofdairyfarmerswithGHGmitigationascobenefit.2030OCEANBREAKTHROUGHSTODELIVERSUSTAINABLE,EQUITABLEANDEFFECTIVESOLUTIONSFORARESILIENTANDREGENERATEDOCEANSubmittedby:Ocean&ClimatePlatformUndertheMarrakechPartnershipandtheleadershipoftheHigh-levelClimateChampions,theOceanandCoastalZonesgroupsisworkingondeliveringanoverarching‘OceanBreakthroughs’focusingonfivekeysectors:marineconservation,ocean-basedtransport,oceanrenewableenergy,aquaticfood,andsustainablecoastaltourism.Thesesectorsreflecttheportfolioofocean-basedclimatesolutionsthathavebeendiscussedundertheUNFCCCtobuildonandamplifyexistingwork(e.g.,theMangroveBreakthroughortheShippingBreakthroughwhichsetverygoodexamples).TheOceanBreakthroughscanbeunderstoodassectoralobjectivestoguidethedeliveryofnature-positiveandnet-zeroactions,andinturnraisetheambitionofgovernments.Itaimsatdefiningasetofoceanpathwaystodrivethetransitiontowardsanet-zeroworld-inspiringocean-climateactionforthecomingyears-andpositiontheoceanincriticalclimatenegotiations,suchastheOceanandClimateChangeDialogueandtheglobalstocktake.73YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023CONTRIBUTIONOFTHEAMAZONPROTECTEDAREASPROGRAMTOAVOIDDEFORESTATIONANDEMISSIONSSubmittedby:WWF-BrasilBrazilestablishedin2002theAmazonProtectedAreasProgram(ARPA)tosupporttheconsolidationofatotalof60millionhectaresofprotectedareasintheAmazon,creatingtheworld’slargestinitiativeforconservationoftropicalforests.CoordinatedbytheBrazilianMinistryoftheEnvironment(MMA)andmanagedbytheBrazilianFundforBiodiversity(FUNBIO),ARPAisapublic-privatepartnershipthatsince2014isbasedonanapproachcalledProjectFinanceforPermanence(PFP),whichhelpsestablishpublicpoliciesandsecurenecessaryfundingtomeetspecificgoalswithinadefined,long-termperiod.TheProgramsupportedtheestablishmentofover27millionhectaresofnewprotectedareas(PAs)intheAmazonandcurrentlysupports120federalandstatestrictlyprotectedandsustainableuseareas,coveringtheequivalentof20percentoftheremainingAmazonForestinBrazil.Astheprogramcelebratedits20thanniversaryin2022,Britaldoetal(2023)evaluateditseffectonreducingdeforestationandassociatedCO2emissionsintheAmazonbetween2008and2020.ResultsofthestudyindicatedthatbothgroupsofPAs(strictlyprotectedandsustainableuse)withARPAsupporthavelowerdeforestationratesthanthoseofcontrolgroupsandthatARPAinvestmentsplayedaroleincausingthisdifference.TheshareofreduceddeforestationbyPAswithARPAsupporttotaled264±25thousandhectares,theequivalentof104±10milliontonnesofreducedCO2emissions,roughlyequivalenttoBelgium’stotalemissionsin2021.Moreandmoregovernmentsaroundtheworldrecognizethattheclimateandnaturelossagendasareinextricablyintertwined.ARPAresultssuggestthatsupportinglargenetworkofPAsplaysapivotalroleinconservingforests,alongwiththeirinvaluableecosystemservices.ThePFPmodelhasalreadybeenappliedtoconservationinitiativesinBhutan,Brazil,Canada,Colombia,CostaRicaandPeru.Together,theseprojectshavefinancedtheprotectionofover120millionhectares–alltothebenefitoflocalcommunities,biodiversityandtheclimate.74YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023APPENDIX2ListofCooperativeClimateInitiativesSupportedtheSurveyAnalysisFASHIONINDUSTRYCHARTERFORCLIMATEACTIONINTELLIGENTCLIMATE&ECO-CIVILIZATIONINITIATIVE75YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023LEADERSHIPFORURBANCLIMATEINVESTMENT(LUCI)NETZERONETZEROINVESTMENTNONEWCOALBANKINGALLIANCECONSULTANTSINITIATIVEENERGYCOMPACT(NZBA)(NZICI)SPORTSFORCLIMATEACTION76YEARBOOKOFGLOBALCLIMATEACTION2023GlobalGlobalClimateActionClimateAction

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