Drones:Ensuringcost-effectivemaintenanceofoilandgaspipelinesWHITEPAPERMARCH2022Cover:Artpilot,GettyImages–Inside:GettyImagesContents3Executivesummary4Introduction51Droneusecasesforpipelines51.1Construction61.2Safety,operationsandmaintenance61.3Security71.4Managingcontingencies71.5Environmentalgains71.6Globaldeployments82Acceleratingdroneadoption82.1Policy92.2Stakeholders102.3Productdevelopmentandco-innovation102.4Skillsdevelopmentandtraining103Wayforward11Conclusion12Contributors13EndnotesDisclaimerThisdocumentispublishedbytheWorldEconomicForumasacontributiontoaproject,insightareaorinteraction.Thefindings,interpretationsandconclusionsexpressedhereinarearesultofacollaborativeprocessfacilitatedandendorsedbytheWorldEconomicForumbutwhoseresultsdonotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsoftheWorldEconomicForum,northeentiretyofitsMembers,Partnersorotherstakeholders.©2022WorldEconomicForum.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem.Drones:Ensuringcost-effectivemaintenanceofoilandgaspipelines2March2022Drones:Ensuringcost-effectivemaintenanceofoilandgaspipelinesExecutivesummaryOilandgaspipelinestransporthydrocarbonsaroundtheglobe.Drones,orunmannedaerialvehicles(UAVs),canhelpenhancetheworkinglifeandoperationalefficiencyoftheseimportantpartsoftheglobalenergyinfrastructure.Pipelinesarethebloodveinsoftheglobaloilandoperationallifetimeoftheexistingpipelinegassector.Theyareanestablishedmeansofinfrastructure.Drones,asasubsetofFourthsecureandcost-effectivetransportofcrudeoil,IndustrialRevolutiontechnologies,2arepoisednaturalgasandotherpetroleumproductsaroundtoplayatransformationalroleinthissector.Thistheworld.1Ensuringreliableaccesstotheseenergypaperisintendedforgovernmentofficials,pipelinelifelinesneedssystematicandcontinuouseffortsoperatorsanddronesectorstakeholders,andhasontwoprimaryfronts:one,higheroperationalthreebroadobjectives:efficiencyofpipelines;andtwo,longereffectiveTooutlinehowdronescanmakethetraditionalmeansofmonitoringandmanagingthisimportantsegmentoftheenergyinfrastructuresafer,moreeconomicalandmoreefficient.Toexplorediversetypesofdroneusesinthepipelinesegmentthatnotonlydeliverfasterreturnsoninvestmentbutalsospurgreaterefficacy.Toproposeasandboxapproachforacceleratingtheadoptionofdronesinthepipelinesegment.ThisdocumentwillserveasastartingpointforunderstandingofUAVsamongpipelineoperators,acommunity-basedapproachtoabroadergovernmentagenciesanddroneserviceproviders.Drones:Ensuringcost-effectivemaintenanceofoilandgaspipelines3IntroductionPipelinesareamongthemostwidespreadmethodsWhiletheupkeepofpipelinesisessentialforglobaloftransportinghydrocarbonsandpetroleumeconomicgrowth,thethreatemanatingfromproductsworldwide.3Theoveralllengthoftheoilnaturaldisastersandotherexternalfactors,etc.isandgastrunk(main)pipelinesgloballystoodat1.89omnipresent.Dronescanactasacriticalcoginthemillionkilometresin2020,4thatisnearlyfivetimesresponsemachineryforeachofthesechallenges,thedistancebetweentheEarthandthemoon.NorththerebyensuringsmoothenergytradeacrossAmerica,AsiaandAfricaareexpectedtoleadglobalregionsandaroundtheworld.pipelineexpansionforthenextfewyears.5Apartfromdomesticpipelines,severalcross-borderoilandTounderstandthescopeofdrones’applicabilityingaspipelinesoperateindifferentpartsoftheworld.thepipelinesegment,itisessentialtounderstandenergysupplychains.ConsideringthatglobalenergyAstheworldendeavourstoarriveatpre-pandemicreservesareunevenlyconcentrated,6theirtransportlevelsofeconomicactivity,thepromiseoflong-terminvolvesprimarilypipelines,inadditiontoshipping.7growthandacceleratedinfrastructureexpansionsuggeststhatglobalenergyconsumptionwillCross-countryandcross-borderpipelinestransportincrease.Withtheenhancedfocusonnon-crudeoil,petroleum,gasandotherassociatedconventionalenergysources,theoilandgastransitproductsacrosslongdistances.Incountriesthatinfrastructurewillneedtodeliverhigher-than-normalimportcrudeoil,pipelinestransportimportedcrudeoperationalefficiencywhileextendingthelifespantodedicatedstorageareas,andthentorefineriesofexistingpipelines.Theseimperativesopenuptobeconvertedintofinishedproducts.8Aftersignificantopportunitiesfortheuseofdronestoprocessing,thefinishedproductsarere-transportedsupportsuchinitiatives.throughaproductpipelinetodesignatedend-users.9Incaseofnaturalgas,theliquefiedgasisre-gasifiedatdedicatedplantsandtransportedfurtherviapipelines.10Insomeinstances,oilandgasreservesareconcentratedinoffshoreareas,requiringtheirtransportviaunderseapipelines.11Drones:Ensuringcost-effectivemaintenanceofoilandgaspipelines41DroneusecasesforpipelinesDronescanplayanimportantroleinensuringsaferelativelylowercosts.14Insomeinstances,industryoperationofpipelinesatdifferentstagesinthedataindicatesthatdronescouldslashthecostsofenergysupplychain.Theworldover,expertshaveinspectionofenergyinfrastructurebynearly50%.15discussedleveragingdronetechnologytoplanpipelineprojects,carryoutroutesurveysandperformFromtheperspectiveofsavingcostsandregularinspectionstoensuresafetyandsecurity.12resources,generatingaccuratedata16andensuringsafetyandsecurityofpersonnel,17thecaseforCombinedwithadvancedsoftware,dronescandeployingdronesisstrong.Astheregulatoryregimedeliversuperioranalysisandinsightsbasedonhigh-worldwideeasesincomingyears,moreandmoreresolutionimages,videosandassociatedgeospatialdronecompaniesareexpectedtoshowinterestindataonpipelines.Thiscanassistprojectplanners,participatinginpipelineprojectsandoperations.implementationagenciesandpipelineoperatorsinDronescanbeusedinmanywaysacrossarangemakingmoreinformeddecisions.Conventionally,ofpipelineactivitiesincludingprojectplanningandthetaskofperformingpipelinesurveysiscarrieddesign,constructionandoperations.18outbydeployinghumanresourcesonfoot,usingvehiclesorhelicopters.13ThesetasksinvolveThenextsectionexaminesthemostimpactfulconsiderablehumaneffortandexpenditure.usecasesinwhichdroneswouldnotonlyjustifyHowever,withdevelopmentsindronetechnologytheinvestmentbutalsodeliverbenefitsdifficulttoandassociatedvisualintelligencetools,theseachievebyothermeans.taskscanbeperformedmoreefficientlyandat1.1Construction1.Progressmonitoring:Constructionofanew3.Transportofmaterial:Logisticsdronescross-countryorinternationalpipelineinvolvesoffertheuniquepropositionofliftingandsubstantialinvestmentsandisanactivitytransportingequipmentandmaterialstoaidspreadoverlongdistances.Often,multipleconstructionactivity22inchallengingterrains.stakeholdersareinvolved,includinglendersTheycanalsobeusedtodropemergencyandinvestorsinpipelineinfrastructureassets.suppliestoworkersduringextremeweatherDronescanbeusedtocapturehigh-qualityeventsandothercontingencies.23imagesandvideofootageforplanningpipelineroutesandenhancingtheinvestmentpitchto4.Inventorymanagement:Dronescanperformpotentialinvestors.Onceconstructionbegins,on-siteinventorymanagement24ofconstructiondronescantakesimilarfootageatregularmaterialandequipmentusingradio-frequencyintervalstogeneratevisuallyappealingdatatagsandreaders,especiallywhenmaterialandabouttheprogressofconstructionactivityforequipmentarespreadacrossvastterrainsandinvestorbriefings.19havetobemovedfrequently.2.Real-timeremoteinstructions:Drones5.Saferblastingoperations:Dronesmountedmountedwithhigh-resolutioncamerasandwithhigh-resolutionopticalandthermalloudspeakerscanassistprojectmanagerstocamerascanassistconstruction25andsafetyremotelyperformreal-timemonitoringofactualmanagersinperformingblastingoperationsworkprogress20andrelayspecificinstructionssafelybyensuringnohumanbeingispresenttositesupervisors21basedontheirvisualwithintheradiusoftheblasteffect.26Moreover,assessmentfromthousandsofkilometresaway.dronescanhelpclearpeoplefromareasadjacenttotheblastsitebyannouncingtherisktotrespassersunawareoftherisktotheirlives.Drones:Ensuringcost-effectivemaintenanceofoilandgaspipelines5FIGURE1FirstcommercialmissionoverlandapprovedbytheFederalAviationAdministrationintheUSAUnmannedDatacentreaircraftsystemFixed-wingunmannedaerialvehicle(weight6kg,endurance2hours)RadioWideareafrequencynetworklinkRemoteoperationscentreBPPrudhoeBayoilfield,AlaskaGroundJune2014controlstationSource:BP(https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/news-and-insights/reimagining-energy/drones-provide-bp-eyes-in-the-skies.html),AeroVironment(https://www.avinc.com/).Indicativedepiction,notofactualdeployment.Imagesonlyforrepresentation.1.2Safety,operationsandmaintenance1.Detectingleakagesandspills:Gasleaksand2.Safetyaudits:Dronescanbeusedtoperformoilspillsfrompipelinesposetheriskofdamagecomprehensiveinspectionsandsafetyauditstotheenvironment,propertyandhumanlifeinofpipelineinfrastructure29toassistwithpipelineadjacentareas.27Timelycontainmentofsuchfailureinvestigation,compliancewithpersonalleaksandspillscanpreventfinanciallossandprotectiveequipmentnorms,etc.reputationaldamagetopipelineoperators.Usingspecializedsensors,dronescandetect3.Preventiveinspection:Dronesmountedwithsuchgasleaksandoilspills28andtheextentspecializedcamerasandpayloadscanbeusedoftheirspread.Further,dronescansendlivetocarryoutregularinspectionactivities30likefeedstoaiddisastermanagementauthoritiesincheckingthestructuralintegrityofpipelines31containmentoperations.andtheconditionofcompressorstationstopre-emptmaintenanceissuesanddamage.321.3Security1.Riskassessment:Pipelinesoftenpasswithspecialsensorscanassistsecuritythroughsensitiveareas.Toovercomemanagersinperformingsurveysinvulnerabilities33insuchareas,regularrisksuchareas.35assessmentexercisesareessential.34DronesDrones:Ensuringcost-effectivemaintenanceofoilandgaspipelines62.Replacingfootpatrolling:Regulardrone3.Incidentmanagement:Globally,pipelineflightscanreplaceconventionalformsofmaintenancehasbeenachallengingtask.37surveillancesuchasfootpatrolling.36ThiscouldWhenanyincidentsareanticipatedorhaveavertunnecessarysafetyriskstopatrollingoccurred,securitymanagerscanrapidlypersonnelsuchasfromsnakebites,slipsanddeploydronesforlivetrackingofintrudersandfalls,andunsafenightpatrols.relaytheirpreciselocationtolawenforcementauthorities.381.4Managingcontingencies1.Assistingindisastermanagement:Drones3.Telecomconnectivity:Telecommunicationscanaidtheauthoritiesincarryingoutdamagecompaniesarecarryingouttrialstoprovideassessmentandindeliveringessentialshort-termwirelessinternetconnectivityusingequipmentandemergencymedicalsupplies.39dronesinareaswithlimitedcommunicationTheycanalsoassistfirstresponderswithmoreinfrastructureduringpipelineconstructionorcomprehensivesituationalawarenessintheduringcontingencies.42affectedareasofapipeline.40Afterdisasters,dronescanassistcompanypersonnelin4.Insuranceclaimverification:Insuranceperformingrepairs.companiescanharnessdronetechnologytoverifydamagewhensettlinginsuranceclaims.432.Extinguishingfires:Dronesequippedwithspecialhosepipescansprayextinguishingfoamincaseofafire.411.5Environmentalgains1.Thedownstreamsegmentoftheenergysupply2.Byreplacingtraditionalfootpatrolling,vehicularchain,ofwhichpipelinesareanimportantandaerialsurveillancemethods,dronescanpart,isresponsibleformethaneemissions.44reduceoperators’carbonfootprint.Dronesmountedwithspecializedsensorsandcameras45canassistpipelineoperatorsinenvironmentalmonitoringandinaddressingemissions-relatedchallenges.461.6GlobaldeploymentsInvariouspartsoftheglobe,dronecompaniesInterestingly,thepipelinesegmentinIndiahashavebeenropedinforpipelineinspectionandalreadyshownforesightinrealizingthepotentialofmonitoring.Forinstance,afewentitiesinthedronetechnology.Forinstance,theGasAuthorityUSAhavereceivedpermissiononacase-by-caseofIndiahadplacedanorderin2016forconductingbasisfromtheFederalAviationAdministrationtoadrone-basedaerialsurveillancepilotprojectonperformtaskspertainingtopipelinemonitoringintwoofitsgaspipelines.49Recently,itwasreportedthebeyondvisuallineofsight(BVLOS)mode.47thattheIndianOilCorporationisworkingondrone-AleadingenergyentityinEuropehasreportedlybasedmonitoringofonesectionofatrunkoilbegunusingdronesforperformingsurveillanceofpipeline.50itspipelineinfrastructure.48Drones:Ensuringcost-effectivemaintenanceofoilandgaspipelines72Acceleratingdroneadoption2.1PolicyGlobally,governmentsaremakingrapidprogresssuitableflightstandardsandoperatingincreatingenablingpolicyframeworkstomaximizeprocedures,whilepipelineoperatorsanddronethepotentialofdrones.India,forexample,hasserviceproviderscouldtesttherobustnessofdronesignificantlyreformeditsdroneregulationsstartinguseinmeetingthepipelinesegment’sneedsunderwiththenotificationofnewDroneRulesinAugustvaryingconditions.Sector-specificexperiments2021toensuregreateradoptionofthetechnology.withtheparticipationofdifferentstakeholdersandAlmosttheentirecountry,excludingsensitivenationalitieswouldinducemorethoroughnessandlocations(redzones)andurbanareasaroundinterdisciplinaritytohelpformulatemoreinformedairports(yellowzones),hasbeenopenedupforregulations.Thiswillalsoenableinnovatorstocommercialuseofdrones(greenzone)uptoagaininsightsonprocessdesign,productvalueheightof400feet.51Mostofthecross-countrychains,productdevelopmentandkeyindustryonshoretrunkpipelines,fallinginthegreenzone,expectations.arebeginningtoadoptdronesfasterunderthesimplifiedrules.Atthesametime,thesandboxapproachwouldenablestakeholderstoanticipateandplanforThetraditional,labourintensivemeansofpotentialrisksordownsidessuchasprivacyperformingpipelinesurveysareyieldingdwindlingconsiderations,safetyconcernsduetomalfunctionprofitsevenasendusersexpectsuperiorresults.52orhacking,andsecuritythreatsfromrogueWithrespecttopipelines,dronesareuniquelydrones.Regulators,manufacturersandservicepositionedtoperformthesetaskswithlimitedprovidershavearangeofoptionstoaddressthese,humanintervention,usinginnovativetoolstoincludingtrackingofdronesinreal-time;traininggenerateaccuratedataatlowercosts,identifyingandcertificationofpilots;registrationofusers;andpainpointsalongtheright-of-wayandenablingmonitoringofdroneflights.optimaldecision-makingforconstructorsandoperators.53Afterobtaininglearningsfromtheproposedtrialsandconductingindustryconsultations,Toassessandprioritizevariousdroneusecasesregulatoryauthoritiescouldconsidermakingintheoilandgaspipelinessegment,eachregiondronedeploymentmandatoryforpipelineorcountrycansetuparegulatorysandboxinconstruction,rehabilitationandmonitoring,ascollaborationwithallstakeholders.ThiswouldtheNationalHighwaysAuthorityofIndiahashelpregulatorsderivekeylearningstopreparedoneforallnationalhighwayprojects.54Drones:Ensuringcost-effectivemaintenanceofoilandgaspipelines82.2StakeholdersThistableliststhestakeholderswhoneedtoplayaroleintheevaluationandadoptionofdronesinthepipelinesegment.TABLE1CommunityofstakeholdersEntityRoleEnergyministryDeriveinsightsfromsandboxtrialsforpolicyplanningandformulationProvideguidanceonsafetyandsecuritystandardsPromotetheuseofdronesforcross-countrypipelinesCivilaviationFormulateUAVpolicy;monitorandensurecomplianceauthoritiesObtaininsights;providesupporttoovercomedroneoperationchallengesPipelineassetCurateexperimentsforuseofdronesinwidevarietyofusecasesownersandDefinekeyfunctionalexpectationsandoutcomesrequiredoperatorsScopeoutdronemissionsandconductcost-benefitanalysisAdaptpotentialusecasesanddefinedatarepositoryandgovernanceparametersProjectmanagement,planningandUnderstandpotentialdroneapplicationsrelevantforeachcustomerconsultingagenciesSupportcustomersinpreparingrequestsforproposalsforinvitingbidsConducttechnicalevaluationsandmanagedeploymentsEngineering,procurementandEvaluateandadoptuseofdronesduringplanningandimplementationstagesofnewgreenfieldpipelineconstruction(EPC)projectscontractorsTransferunmannedaircraftsystemsascoresub-systemsforoperationsandmaintenancetothepipelineoperatorsDroneserviceprovidersDemonstratedrones’capabilitiesinthepipelinesegmentGaugeoperational,environmentalandtechnicalchallengesDronemanufacturers,Understandpipelineoperators’expectationspayloadoriginalEngagewithallstakeholderstodeliverend-to-enddrone-as-a-serviceequipmentmanufacturersDeliverdroneandsensorcapabilitiesmatchingcustomerneeds(OEMs),trainingSupportdeliveryofgenericandsector-specifictrainingofdronepilotsorganizationsProvidetrackingandtrafficmanagementespeciallyforBVLOSoperationsUnmannedtrafficContributetowardssafedroneusageinthepipelinesegmentmanagementanddigitalplatformOffertelecomcoverageinremoteareastosupportdroneoperationsandtrafficmanagementprovidersSupportproof-of-conceptandsandboxtrialenvironments;providetechnicalguidanceTelecomserviceEvaluateuseofdronesforinsurancesurveysprovidersIncentivizedroneusagebyofferingpremiumdiscountsInsuranceSurveypipelinesafterconstructiontoaddresslocalissuescompaniesSensitizethecommunityonthebenefitsofdroneuseLocalgovernmentCommunicatekeyexpectationsforresponsetoincidentsanddisastersofficialsEngageduringtrialstoprovideinputsanddrivebuy-inLawenforcementanddisastermanagementagenciesDrones:Ensuringcost-effectivemaintenanceofoilandgaspipelines92.3Productdevelopmentandco-innovationPipelinesoftencrisscrosslargedistanceswithMoreover,consideringthesubstantialnumberofvaryingenvironmentalconditions.Buildingdronesusecases,suchcollaborationbetweenpipelinewithhighmarginsofsafetyandgreaterenduranceoperators,droneserviceprovidersandstartupsandrobustnessrequiresacollaborativeapproachiscriticaltodevelopuser-friendlysoftwareandtowardsinnovationandproduct-marketfit.advanceddataanalyticssolutions.2.4SkillsdevelopmentandtrainingStudieshavealreadyhighlightedtheneedforawithpipelineoperators,regulatoryauthoritiesandskilledworkforcetohandledronesformonitoringdronemanufacturerstocreatestandardoperatingpipelines,especiallyinriskyenvironments.55Remoteproceduresfordronesurveysofpipelinesandtopilottrainingorganizationsmustworkcloselytraindronepilots.3WayforwardConsideringcountries’mutualdependenciesforsegment.Theexchangeofdataandsharingofenergysecurity,andintheinterestofexistingregulatoryinsightsarenecessarytogenerateandfutureenergysecuritycooperation,countriesinterestandpromoteinteroperability,whileboostingmustundertakejointtrials,knowledgesharinganddemandacrossdifferentcountries.capacitybuildingintheuseofdronesinthepipelineDrones:Ensuringcost-effectivemaintenanceofoilandgaspipelines10ConclusionWhilethepipelinesegmenthasafavourablesafetyTheoveralllengthofoilandgastrunkpipelinesrecord,thepotentialforpipelinefailurescannotgloballyisexpectedtoreach2.03millionkilometresbeignored–beitacaseofblockageorfiresin2024.58Foritspart,thedroneindustrymustthatadverselyimpactthesurroundinghabitation,recognizetheenormousbusinessopportunitiesinthefloraandfauna,56orpost-constructionconcernspipelinesegment.Nosingleentitycanofferintegratedraisedbylocalpopulations.Withthecomplexandaerialintelligencefortheenergysector,andadynamicnatureofsafety,securityandoperationalmultistakeholderapproachthatensuresfrequentrisks,thedeploymentofdronesforoilandgasdeliberationsandconsultationsisimperativetopipelineshasastrongrationale.Countriessuchasensuredeploymentofdronetechnology,associatedIndiahavealreadyintroducedenablingregulationsvisualintelligencesolutionsandtheirseamlessandpolicyinitiativestoencouragethemanufactureintegration.Participationfromallrelevantstakeholdersanduseofdronesandtheircomponents.57Industry,willfurtherensurethecreationofcost-effectiveacademiaandgovernmentmustcollaboratetodeliverymodels.Insummary,dronemanufacturersformulatesector-specificoperatingprocedures,firmandserviceprovidersmustcollaboratewithuptechnicalrequirementsandaddressconcernspipelineoperatorsandgovernmentauthoritiestopertainingtodemandcreation.deliversuperiorsolutionsandtoacceleratethecreationofenablingregulatoryframeworksthatcouldfast-trackdeployment.Drones:Ensuringcost-effectivemaintenanceofoilandgaspipelines11ContributorsRajanLuthraHead,SpecialProjects,OfficeoftheChairman,RelianceIndustries;Fellow,CentrefortheFourthIndustrialRevolution,IndiaRashmiBhangaleAssistantVice-President,SpecialProjects,JioPlatformsSanketKulkarniSeniorManager,JioPlatformsVigneshSanthanamProjectLead,AerospaceandDrones,CentrefortheFourthIndustrialRevolution,IndiaDrones:Ensuringcost-effectivemaintenanceofoilandgaspipelines12Endnotes1.Whalley,R.andAmeer,A.Abdul,“Energy-efficientgaspipelinetransportation”,SystemsScience&ControlEngineering,vol.2,no.1,2014;Green,KennethP.andJackson,Taylor,“Pipelinesaresafer,cheaperandgreener”,FraserInstitute,6October2015,https://www.fraserinstitute.org/blogs/pipelines-are-safer-cheaper-and-greener.2.“IndianUASRules2020willfacilitateIndustrialRevolution4.0:FICCIRecommendationstoGovernment”,FICCI,4July2020,https://ficci.in/pressrelease-page.asp?nid=3773.3.Green,KennethP.andJackson,Taylor,“Pipelinesaresafer,cheaperandgreener”,FraserInstitute,6October2015,https://www.fraserinstitute.org/blogs/pipelines-are-safer-cheaper-and-greener;“TransportingOil:WhyPipelinesStillRule”,Forbes,13May2016,https://www.forbes.com/sites/tortoiseinvest/2016/05/13/transporting-oil-why-pipelines-still-rule/?sh=558531cb12dc;Belvederesi,ChiaraandDann,MarkusR.,“Statisticalanalysisoffailureconsequencesforoilandgaspipelines”,InternationalJournalofSafety&SecurityEngineering,vol.7,no.2,2017,pp.103-112.4.“GlobalLengthandCapitalExpenditureOutlookforOilandGasPipelines,2020?2024:AsiaLeadsGlobalPipelineGrowth”,CisionPRNewswire,11June2020,https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/global-length-and-capital-expenditure-outlook-for-oil-and-gas-pipelines-20202024-asia-leads-global-pipeline-growth-301074333.html.5.“GlobalOilandGasPipelinesIndustryOutlookto2023-CapacityandCapitalExpenditureOutlook”,GlobalNewswire,13February2020,https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2020/02/13/1984385/0/en/Global-Oil-and-Gas-Pipelines-Industry-Outlook-to-2023-Capacity-and-Capital-Expenditure-Outlook.html.6.Rempel,Hilmar,“GeographicalDistributionofOilandNaturalGasDeposits-DifferentMeansofTransportationtotheConsumptionCenters”,PipelineTechnologyConference,2006,https://www.pipeline-conference.com/sites/default/files/papers/1%20Rempel.pdf.7.Stevens,Paul,“TransitTroubles:PipelinesasaSourceofConflict”,ChathamHouse,2009,https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Energy,%20Environment%20and%20Development/r0309_pipelines.pdf.8.“OilSupplyChain”,AmericanPetroleumInstitute,2015,https://energyinfrastructure.org/-/media/energyinfrastructure/images/about-us-ei/supply-chain-and-production/oil-supply-chain-vs-2.pdf?la=en&hash=BFCC558EBDEC2CC47292227AB5964E03EA99B0B1.9.Ibid.10.Menon,Hari,“TheLNGSupplyChainExplained”,MarineInsight,1November2021,https://www.marineinsight.com/maritime-law/lng-supply-chain/.11.Neelmani,SubramaniamandAl-Banaa,Khaled,“MinimumSafeBurialDepthofSubmarinePipelinesinWellGradedandHighHydraulicConductivitySand”,InternationalJournalofOceanandClimatesystems,vol.2,no.3,2011,https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1260/1759-3131.2.3.225.12.Singh,Kuljeet,“InspectingPipelinesusingUnmannedAerialVehicles”,Wipro,October2019,https://www.wipro.com/content/dam/nexus/en/service-lines/product-engineering/latest-thinking/inspecting-pipelines-using-unmanned-aerial-vehicles.pdf;Gomez,CristinaandGreen,DavidR.,“Smallunmannedairbornesystemstosupportoilandgaspipelinemonitoringandmapping”,ArabianJournalofGeoscience,2May2017,https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12517-017-2989-x;Whittaker,Sarah,“DronesinPipelineInspection”,DroneBelow,24November2017,https://dronebelow.com/2017/11/24/drones-pipeline-inspection/;“Preparingfortakeoff:Howthegovernmentsectorcanleveragedrones”,PricewaterhouseCoopersandDroneFederationofIndia,January2020,https://www.pwc.in/assets/pdfs/research-insights/2020/preparing-for-takeoff.pdf;Price,Dustin,“ProfessionalViewpoint:HowDronesOvercomeMajorObstaclesinPipelineSurveys”,DroneLife,25April2019,https://dronelife.com/2019/04/25/how-drones-overcome-major-obstacles-in-pipeline-surveys/;Gomez,ChristinaandGreen,DavidR.,“Small-ScaleAirbornePlatformsforOilandGasPipelineMonitoringandMapping”,UniversityofAberdeen,https://www.abdn.ac.uk/geosciences/documents/UAV_Report_Redwing_Final_Appendix_Update.pdf;Brooks,Jeff,“UnmannedAerialVehicles:RevolutionizingPipelineInspections”,Mapware,1July2019,https://www.mapware.ai/blog/unmanned-aerial-vehicles-revolutionizing-pipeline-inspections;Asadzadeh,Saeid,DeOliveira,WilsonJoseandRobertodeSouzaFilho,Carlos,“UAV-basedremotesensingforthepetroleumindustryandenvironmentalmonitoring:State-of-the-artandperspectives”,JournalofPetroleumScienceandEngineering,vol.208,partD,January2022.13.Gomez,CristinaandGreen,DavidR.,“Smallunmannedairbornesystemstosupportoilandgaspipelinemonitoringandmapping”,ArabianJournalofGeoscience,2May2017,https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12517-017-2989-x;“SafetyMeasuresonGAILPipelines”,LokSabhaStarredQuestionNo.217,GovernmentofIndia,9May2016,http://164.100.24.220/loksabhaquestions/annex/8/AS217.pdf.14.Price,Dustin,“ProfessionalViewpoint:HowDronesOvercomeMajorObstaclesinPipelineSurveys”,DroneLife,25April2019,https://dronelife.com/2019/04/25/how-drones-overcome-major-obstacles-in-pipeline-surveys/;Gomez,CristinaandGreen,DavidR.,“Smallunmannedairbornesystemstosupportoilandgaspipelinemonitoringandmapping”,ArabianJournalofGeoscience,2May2017,https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12517-017-2989-x.15.Katz,Nehemiah,“TakingtotheSkies:LaunchinganOilandGasDroneInspectionProgram”,NapiPipelines,2August2019,https://www.napipelines.com/taking-to-the-skies-launching-an-oil-and-gas-drone-inspection-program/;Gomez,CristinaandGreen,DavidR.,“Smallunmannedairbornesystemstosupportoilandgaspipelinemonitoringandmapping”,ArabianJournalofGeoscience,2May2017,https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12517-017-2989-x.Drones:Ensuringcost-effectivemaintenanceofoilandgaspipelines1316.Singh,Kuljeet,“InspectingpipelinesusingUnmannedAerialVehicles”,Wipro,October2019,https://www.wipro.com/content/dam/nexus/en/service-lines/product-engineering/latest-thinking/inspecting-pipelines-using-unmanned-aerial-vehicles.pdf.17.Price,Dustin,“ProfessionalViewpoint:HowDronesOvercomeMajorObstaclesinPipelineSurveys”,DroneLife,25April2019,https://dronelife.com/2019/04/25/how-drones-overcome-major-obstacles-in-pipeline-surveys/;Gomez,CristinaandGreen,DavidR.,“Smallunmannedairbornesystemstosupportoilandgaspipelinemonitoringandmapping”,ArabianJournalofGeoscience,2May2017,https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12517-017-2989-x.18.Pharris,T.C.,andKolpa,R.L.,“OverviewoftheDesign,Construction,andOperationofInterstateLiquidPetroleumPipelines”,ArgonneNationalLaboratory,November2007,https://corridoreis.anl.gov/documents/docs/technical/apt_60928_evs_tm_08_1.pdf.19.Whittaker,Sarah,“DronesinPipelineInspection”,DroneBelow,24November2017,https://dronebelow.com/2017/11/24/drones-pipeline-inspection/.20.Brooks,Jeff,“UnmannedAerialVehicles:RevolutionizingPipelineInspections”,Mapware,1July2019,https://www.mapware.ai/blog/unmanned-aerial-vehicles-revolutionizing-pipeline-inspections.21.Gomez,CristinaandGreen,DavidR.,“Smallunmannedairbornesystemstosupportoilandgaspipelinemonitoringandmapping”,ArabianJournalofGeoscience,2May2017,https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12517-017-2989-x.22.Pozner,Josh,“AComprehensiveListofCommercialDroneUseCases(128+AndGrowing)”,DroneGenuity,18June2020,https://www.dronegenuity.com/commercial-drone-use-cases-comprehensive-list/.23.Ibid.24.“Clarityfromabove”,PricewaterhouseCoopers,May2016,https://www.pwc.pl/pl/pdf/clarity-from-above-pwc.pdf;Wawrla,Lukas,Maghazei,OmidandNetland,Torbjorn,“Applicationsofdronesinwarehouseoperations”,DepartmentofManagement,TechnologyandEconomics,ETHZurich,https://ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/mtec/pom-dam/documents/Drones%20in%20warehouse%20opeations_POM%20whitepaper%202019_Final.pdf.25.Singh,Kuljeet,“InspectingpipelinesusingUnmannedAerialVehicles”,Wipro,October2019,https://www.wipro.com/content/dam/nexus/en/service-lines/product-engineering/latest-thinking/inspecting-pipelines-using-unmanned-aerial-vehicles.pdf.26.Bamford,Thomas,Medinac,FilipandEsmaeili,Kamran,“ContinuousMonitoringandImprovementoftheBlastingProcessinOpenPitMinesUsingUnmannedAerialVehicleTechniques”,RemoteSensing,MDPI,29August2020,vol.12,no.17,https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/17/2801;Shahmoradi,Javad,Talebi,Elaheh,Roghanchi,Pedram,andHassanalian,Mostafa,“AComprehensiveReviewofApplicationsofDroneTechnologyintheMiningIndustry“,Drones2020,vol.4,no.3,Drones,MDPI,15July2020,https://www.mdpi.com/2504-446X/4/3/34.27.Oden-Plants,Yorick,“InspectionandMaintenanceofCrudeOilTransmissionPipelinesintheGreatLakes-St.LawrenceRiverRegion”,GreatLakesCommission,September2017,https://www.glc.org/wp-content/uploads/GLSLR-Oil-pipeline-inspection-maintenance-report-Sept2017.pdf;Belvederesi,ChiaraandDann,MarkusR.,“Statisticalanalysisoffailureconsequencesforoilandgaspipelines”,InternationalJournalofSafety&SecurityEngineering,vol.7,no.2,2017,pp.103-112.28.Singh,Kuljeet,“InspectingpipelinesusingUnmannedAerialVehicles”,Wipro,October2019,https://www.wipro.com/content/dam/nexus/en/service-lines/product-engineering/latest-thinking/inspecting-pipelines-using-unmanned-aerial-vehicles.pdf;“Underwritingdrones”,SwissReInstitute,26October2016,https://www.swissre.com/institute/research/topics-and-risk-dialogues/digital-business-model-and-cyber-risk/Underwriting-drones.html.29.Al-Battbootti,MyssarJabbarHammood,Marin,Iuliana,Goga,NicolaeandPopa,Ramona,“OilandgaspipelinemonitoringduringCovid-19pandemicviaunmannedaerialvehicle”,UniversityPolitehnicaofBucharest,FacultyofEngineeringinForeignLanguages,Romania,2022,https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/2111/2111.09155.pdf;“PetroleumandNaturalGasRegulatoryBoard(TechnicalStandardsandSpecificationsincludingSafetyStandardsforNaturalGasPipelines)Regulations,2009”,PetroleumandNaturalGasRegulatoryBoard,GovernmentofIndia,11November2009,https://www.pngrb.gov.in/OurRegulation/pdf/Reference-Regulation/GSR808(E).pdf;“PetroleumandNaturalGasRegulatoryBoard(IntegrityManagementSystemforNaturalgaspipelines)Regulations,2012”,PetroleumandNaturalGasRegulatoryBoard,GovernmentofIndia,5November2012,https://pngrb.gov.in/OurRegulation/pdf/Reference-Regulation/F-No-Infra-IM-NGPL-12010.pdf.30.“Preparingfortakeoff:Howthegovernmentsectorcanleveragedrones”,PricewaterhouseCoopersandDroneFederationofIndia,January2020,https://www.pwc.in/assets/pdfs/research-insights/2020/preparing-for-takeoff.pdf.31.Al-Battbootti,MyssarJabbarHammood,Marin,Iuliana,Goga,NicolaeandPopa,Ramona,“OilandgaspipelinemonitoringduringCovid-19pandemicviaunmannedaerialvehicle”,UniversityPolitehnicaofBucharest,FacultyofEngineeringinForeignLanguages,Romania,2022,https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/2111/2111.09155.pdf.32.Ibid.;Gomez,CristinaandGreen,DavidR.,“Smallunmannedairbornesystemstosupportoilandgaspipelinemonitoringandmapping”,ArabianJournalofGeoscience,2May2017,https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12517-017-2989-x.33.Steinhäusler,Friedrich,Furthner,P.,Heidegger,W.,Rydell,S.andZaitseva,L.,“SecurityRiskstotheOilandGasIndustry:TerroristCapabilities”,StrategicInsights,vol.VII,no.1,February2008.34.Kraidi,Layth,Shah,Raj,Matipa,WilfredandBorthwick,Fiona,“Aninvestigationofmitigatingthesafetyandsecurityrisksalliedwithoilandgaspipelineprojects”,JournalofPipelineScienceandEngineering,vol.1,no.3,September2021,pp.349-359.Drones:Ensuringcost-effectivemaintenanceofoilandgaspipelines1435.Singh,Kuljeet,“InspectingpipelinesusingUnmannedAerialVehicles”,Wipro,October2019,https://www.wipro.com/content/dam/nexus/en/service-lines/product-engineering/latest-thinking/inspecting-pipelines-using-unmanned-aerial-vehicles.pdf;Das,Kaushik,“OilPipelineSecurityandMonitoringusingDronesandRobots”,WhatNext,27April2021,https://www.whatnextglobal.com/post/oil-pipeline-security-and-monitoring-using-drones-and-robots;“OilIndiaLimiteddeploysdronesurveillancesolutionforcrudeoilpipelines”,ExpressComputer,29October2021,https://www.expresscomputer.in/news/oil-india-limited-deploys-drone-surveillance-solution-for-crude-oil-pipelines/80689/.36.Singh,Kuljeet,“InspectingpipelinesusingUnmannedAerialVehicles”,Wipro,October2019,https://www.wipro.com/content/dam/nexus/en/service-lines/product-engineering/latest-thinking/inspecting-pipelines-using-unmanned-aerial-vehicles.pdf.37.Kraidi,Layth,Shah,Raj,Matipa,WilfredandBorthwick,Fiona,“Aninvestigationofmitigatingthesafetyandsecurityrisksalliedwithoilandgaspipelineprojects”,JournalofPipelineScienceandEngineering,vol.1,no.3,September2021,pp.349-359;Singh,Kuljeet,“InspectingpipelinesusingUnmannedAerialVehicles”,Wipro,October2019,https://www.wipro.com/content/dam/nexus/en/service-lines/product-engineering/latest-thinking/inspecting-pipelines-using-unmanned-aerial-vehicles.pdf.38.Singh,Kuljeet,“InspectingpipelinesusingUnmannedAerialVehicles”,Wipro,October2019,https://www.wipro.com/content/dam/nexus/en/service-lines/product-engineering/latest-thinking/inspecting-pipelines-using-unmanned-aerial-vehicles.pdf.39.Pozner,Josh,“AComprehensiveListofCommercialDroneUseCases(128+AndGrowing)”,DroneGenuity,18June2020,https://www.dronegenuity.com/commercial-drone-use-cases-comprehensive-list/;“Preparingfortakeoff:Howthegovernmentsectorcanleveragedrones”,PricewaterhouseCoopersandDroneFederationofIndia,January2020,https://www.pwc.in/assets/pdfs/research-insights/2020/preparing-for-takeoff.pdf.40.“PushingtheBoundariesofAerialInspectionwithDrones”,Medium,6February2019,https://medium.com/aerial-acuity/pushing-the-boundaries-of-aerial-inspection-with-drones-c2bd7b4bb9a7.41.Luthra,Rajan,“Dronesforfiresafetyandemergencyresponse”,FSAIJournal,May-June2021,pp.18-20,https://www.fsai.in/fsai_uploads/journals/32.pdf.42.Silver,Brad,Mazur,Michal,Wisniewski,AdamandBabicz,Agnieszka,‘Welcometotheeraofdrone-poweredsolutions’,CommunicationsReview,PricewaterhouseCoopers,July2017,https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/communications/pdf/communications-review-july-2017.pdf;Pozner,Josh,“AComprehensiveListofCommercialDroneUseCases(128+AndGrowing)”,DroneGenuity,18June2020,https://www.dronegenuity.com/commercial-drone-use-cases-comprehensive-list/.43.Pozner,Josh,“AComprehensiveListofCommercialDroneUseCases(128+AndGrowing)”,DroneGenuity,18June2020,https://www.dronegenuity.com/commercial-drone-use-cases-comprehensive-list/.44.deOliveiraBredariol,TomásandMichaels,K.C.,“Thecaseforregulatingdownstreammethaneemissionsfromoilandgas”,InternationalEnergyAgency,8September2021,https://www.iea.org/commentaries/the-case-for-regulating-downstream-methane-emissions-from-oil-and-gas.45.Hollenbeck,Derek,Zulevic,DemitriusandChen,Yangquan,“AdvancedLeakDetectionandQuantificationofMethaneEmissionsUsingsUAS”,Drones,MDPI,vol.5,no.4,14October2021,https://www.mdpi.com/2504-446X/5/4/117/htm#B69-drones-05-00117.46.Smith,KurtW.,“DroneTechnology:Benefits,Risks,andLegalConsiderations,”SeattleJournalofEnvironmentalLaw,vol.5,no.1,2015,https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1053&context=sjel.47.Ball,Mike,“BVLOSWaiverAchievedforDronePipelineInspectionFirm”,UnmannedSystemsTechnology,25March2021,https://www.unmannedsystemstechnology.com/2021/03/bvlos-waiver-achieved-for-drone-pipeline-inspection-firm/;“AerialProductionServices(APS)teamswithIrisAutomationtojumpstartFAApermissionsforpipelineinspectionswithdrones”,GeospatialWorld,18March2021,https://www.geospatialworld.net/news/aerial-production-services-aps-teams-with-iris-automation-to-jumpstart-faa-permissions-for-pipeline-inspections-with-drones/;Ustimenko,Anton,Gedgafov,YuriandSeymour,Sean,“UAVmarketpotentialanddevelopmentissues”,Ernst&Young,May2020,https://assets.ey.com/content/dam/ey-sites/ey-com/en_ru/topics/advisory/ey-uav-survey-eng.pdf.48.Frandrich,Dennis,“FirsteverdronebasedgaspipelinesurveillanceprograminFrance”,PipelineJournal,17July2015,https://www.pipeline-journal.net/news/first-ever-drone-based-gas-pipeline-surveillance-program-france.49.“SafetyMeasuresonGAILPipelines”,LokSabhaStarredQuestionNo.217,GovernmentofIndia,9May2016,http://164.100.24.220/loksabhaquestions/annex/8/AS217.pdf.50.“IndianOildeploysstate-of-the-arttechnologytofoilPipelinepilferage’,IndianOilCorporation,25August2021,https://iocl.com/NewsDetails/59280.51.“MinistryofCivilAviationnotifiesliberalisedDroneRules,2021”,PressInformationBureau,26August2021,https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1749154.52.Breinl,Anton,“UAVsinpipelinedesignandrehabilitationofconstructioncorridors”,UniversityofSouthernQueensland,2016,https://eprints.usq.edu.au/31379/1/Breinl_A_Gharineiat.pdf.53.Ibid.54.“NationalHighwaysAuthorityofIndiaMakesDroneSurveyMandatoryforAllNationalHighwaysProjects”,PressInformationBureau,16June2021,https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1727537.Drones:Ensuringcost-effectivemaintenanceofoilandgaspipelines1555.Mehrotra,Ranjan,“Sub-ConventionalArialPlatform(Drone)–Benefits&Risks”,OilIndustrySafetyDirectorateNewsletter,vol.8,no.2,July-December2019,pp.5-7.56.Singh,Kuljeet,“InspectingpipelinesusingUnmannedAerialVehicles”,Wipro,October2019,https://www.wipro.com/content/dam/nexus/en/service-lines/product-engineering/latest-thinking/inspecting-pipelines-using-unmanned-aerial-vehicles.pdf.57.“GovernmentApprovesPLISchemeforDronesandDroneComponents”,PressInformationBureau,15September2021,https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1755157.58.“GlobalLengthandCapitalExpenditureOutlookforOilandGasPipelines,2020?2024:AsiaLeadsGlobalPipelineGrowth”,CisionPRNewswire,11June2020,https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/global-length-and-capital-expenditure-outlook-for-oil-and-gas-pipelines-20202024-asia-leads-global-pipeline-growth-301074333.html.Drones:Ensuringcost-effectivemaintenanceofoilandgaspipelines16TheWorldEconomicForum,committedtoimprovingthestateoftheworld,istheInternationalOrganizationforPublic-PrivateCooperation.TheForumengagestheforemostpolitical,businessandotherleadersofsocietytoshapeglobal,regionalandindustryagendas.WorldEconomicForum91–93routedelaCapiteCH-1223Cologny/GenevaSwitzerlandTel.:+41(0)228691212Fax:+41(0)227862744contact@weforum.orgwww.weforum.orgDrones:Ensuringcost-effectivemaintenanceofoilandgaspipelines17
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