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EMPOWERING MIGRANTS

AND COMMUNITIES:

Private Sector Engagement

for Inclusive Sustainable

Development

The opinions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily re-

ﬂect the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM) or of the United Nations

Development Programme (UNDP). The designations employed and the presentation of

material throughout the report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on

the part of IOM or UNDP concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or

of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries.

IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration beneﬁts migrants

and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the inter-

national community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance

understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through

migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. This publication was

issued without formal editing by IOM. This publication was issued without IOM Publications

Unit (PUB) approval for adherence to IOM’s brand and style standards. This publication was

issued without IOM Research Unit (RES) endorsement.

UNDP is the leading United Nations organization ﬁghting to end the injustice of poverty,

inequality and climate change. Working with our broad network of experts and partners in

170 countries, we help nations to build integrated, lasting solutions for people and planet.

Learn more at undp.org or follow us at @UNDP.

_____________________________

system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,

recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher.

October 2023

Acknowledgements

This publication was produced within the framework of the IOM-UNDP Joint Global Pro-

gramme ‘Making Migration Work for Sustainable Development’ (M4SD), with ﬁnancial sup-

port from the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC).

It was prepared by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Crisis Bureau,

Recovery Solutions and Human Mobility Team. The drafting was led by Charlotte Müller,

Migration and Private Sector Analyst, under the guidance of David Khoudour, Global Advis-

er – Human Mobility, and Johannes Tarvainen, Migration and Displacement Specialist, with

support from Angie Montenegro, Jean-Edwidge Petit-Frère and Leonie Rauls.

The elaboration of the publication involved a consultation process within UNDP, including

with designated focal points in all programme countries, regional hubs, the Crisis Bureau

Recovery Solutions and Human Mobility Team in New York, and also involved contributions

from the International Organization for Migration (IOM) country oces, IOM thematic ex-

perts, the M4SD Programme Management Unit and the International Organisation of Em-

ployers (IOE).

Invaluable inputs were received from the following colleagues:

IOE: Mirela Stoia, Stéphanie Winet

IOM: Maria Alexandra Bassermann, Killian Cliord, Adriana Garces, Philip Hunter, Audrey

Hickcox, Joanne Irvine, José Fabio Jimenez, Larisa Lara, Julia Melnichouk, Shahreen Munir,

Monika Petrovic, Mamunur Md. Rashid, Prajwal Sharma, Andrés Tapia,

UNDP: Hala Abedrahboh, Zinaida Adam, Cristina Burgos, Awa Ciss, Patricia De la Cruz,

Babacar Faye, Erick Hernandez, Yuko Hirose, Selma Cheikh Malainin, Napoleon Maneg-

deg, Jamaro Marville, Serigne Mbacke, Daniela Paredes, Monika Peruo, Catherine Os-

born, Patrick Nicholson, Carlo Ruiz, Johanna Saenz, Martina Salini, Safa Samid, Annabella

Skof, Camille Soriano, Lana Stade, Xin Tong, Apurba Swatee and Yuxuan Wen.

/72

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EMPOWERINGMIGRANTSANDCOMMUNITIES:PrivateSectorEngagementforInclusiveSustainableDevelopmentOctober2023Theopinionsexpressedinthereportarethoseoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyre-flecttheviewsoftheInternationalOrganizationforMigration(IOM)oroftheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP).ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialthroughoutthereportdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartofIOMorUNDPconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,cityorarea,orofitsauthorities,orconcerningitsfrontiersorboundaries.IOMiscommittedtotheprinciplethathumaneandorderlymigrationbenefitsmigrantsandsociety.Asanintergovernmentalorganization,IOMactswithitspartnersintheinter-nationalcommunityto:assistinmeetingtheoperationalchallengesofmigration;advanceunderstandingofmigrationissues;encouragesocialandeconomicdevelopmentthroughmigration;andupholdthehumandignityandwell-beingofmigrants.ThispublicationwasissuedwithoutformaleditingbyIOM.ThispublicationwasissuedwithoutIOMPublicationsUnit(PUB)approvalforadherencetoIOM’sbrandandstylestandards.ThispublicationwasissuedwithoutIOMResearchUnit(RES)endorsement.UNDPistheleadingUnitedNationsorganizationfightingtoendtheinjusticeofpoverty,inequalityandclimatechange.Workingwithourbroadnetworkofexpertsandpartnersin170countries,wehelpnationstobuildintegrated,lastingsolutionsforpeopleandplanet.Learnmoreatundp.orgorfollowusat@UNDP._____________________________©IOMandUNDP2023Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwisewithoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher.2AcknowledgementsThispublicationwasproducedwithintheframeworkoftheIOM-UNDPJointGlobalPro-gramme‘MakingMigrationWorkforSustainableDevelopment’(M4SD),withfinancialsup-portfromtheSwissAgencyforDevelopmentandCooperation(SDC).ItwaspreparedbytheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)CrisisBureau,RecoverySolutionsandHumanMobilityTeam.ThedraftingwasledbyCharlotteMüller,MigrationandPrivateSectorAnalyst,undertheguidanceofDavidKhoudour,GlobalAdvis-er–HumanMobility,andJohannesTarvainen,MigrationandDisplacementSpecialist,withsupportfromAngieMontenegro,Jean-EdwidgePetit-FrèreandLeonieRauls.TheelaborationofthepublicationinvolvedaconsultationprocesswithinUNDP,includingwithdesignatedfocalpointsinallprogrammecountries,regionalhubs,theCrisisBureauRecoverySolutionsandHumanMobilityTeaminNewYork,andalsoinvolvedcontributionsfromtheInternationalOrganizationforMigration(IOM)countryoffices,IOMthematicex-perts,theM4SDProgrammeManagementUnitandtheInternationalOrganisationofEm-ployers(IOE).Invaluableinputswerereceivedfromthefollowingcolleagues:IOE:MirelaStoia,StéphanieWinetIOM:MariaAlexandraBassermann,KillianClifford,AdrianaGarces,PhilipHunter,AudreyHickcox,JoanneIrvine,JoséFabioJimenez,LarisaLara,JuliaMelnichouk,ShahreenMunir,MonikaPetrovic,MamunurMd.Rashid,PrajwalSharma,AndrésTapia,UNDP:HalaAbedrahboh,ZinaidaAdam,CristinaBurgos,AwaCiss,PatriciaDelaCruz,BabacarFaye,ErickHernandez,YukoHirose,SelmaCheikhMalainin,NapoleonManeg-deg,JamaroMarville,SerigneMbacke,DanielaParedes,MonikaPeruffo,CatherineOs-born,PatrickNicholson,CarloRuiz,JohannaSaenz,MartinaSalini,SafaSamid,AnnabellaSkof,CamilleSoriano,LanaStade,XinTong,ApurbaSwateeandYuxuanWen.31.TABLEOFCONTENTSExecutiveSummary51.Introduction81.1.Keyterms101.2.Background131.3.Approachandstructure152.Howtobuildevidence-informedstrategiesforprivatesectorengagement?162.1.Studyfocusandkeyelementsoftheprivatesectormapping162.2.Datasourcesandmethods222.3.Keyrecommendationsforaction293.Howtocontinueadvocacywiththeprivatesector?303.1.Whyprivatesectorengagementcontinuestomatter313.2.Examplesofaction373.3.Keyrecommendationsforaction424.Howtoengagetheprivatesectormoreefficiently?454.1.Modalitiesforincreasedengagement454.2.Challengesandkeyactions524.3.Keyrecommendationsforaction645.References654EXECUTIVESUMMARYEmpoweringMigrantsandCommunities:PrivateSectorEngagementforInclusiveSus-tainableDevelopmentoffersaroadmaptogovernmentsandotherstakeholdersonscal-inguptheparticipationoftheprivatesectorindeliveringthedevelopmentbenefitsofmigration.ThereportdrawsontheexperiencesoftheInternationalOrganizationforMigra-tion(IOM)andtheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP),andbuildson‘MakingMigrationWorkforSustainableDevelopment’(M4SD),ajointglobalprogrammesupportedbytheSwissAgencyforDevelopmentandCooperation(SDC).Migrationisusuallyatriple-winsituationformigrantsthemselvesaswellastheircoun-triesoforiginanddestination.Yet,aseriesofchallenges,includinglimitedaccessformigrantstotheformallabourmarket,butalsotofinance,healthcareandeducation,combinedwithdifficultiesinhavingtheirskillsordiplomasrecognized,andincreasingxenophobia,racismanddiscrimination,tendtolimitthebenefitsofhumanmobilityforsustainabledevelopment.Asamajordriverofjobcreationandeconomicgrowth,theprivatesectorcanhelpovercometheseobstaclesbycreatingemploymentopportuni-tiesformigrantsandothercommunities,supportingentrepreneurship,improvingaccesstoproductsandservices,andadvocatingformigrants’socioeconomicintegration.Thisisparticularlyimportantforlessdevelopedregions.However,turbulentglobalheadwindsandacountry’soveralleconomicandsocialcondi-tions,aswellasitslegal,regulatoryandpolicyframeworks,significantlyaffectthefeasibilityofinvolvingtheprivatesector.Withintheprivatesectoritself,limitedcapabilities,abiasornegativeattitudestowardsmigrants,considerationoftradeunionsandgender-baseddis-criminationraisefurtherbarriers.Allofthisoccurswithinacontextwherethegovernmentsthatcouldplayapivotalroleinpromotingmorerobustprivatesectorengagementoftenlackthenecessarycapacitiesandincentivestodoso.Theneedtoexpandprivatesectorengagementforenhancedmigrationandsustainabledevelopmentoutcomesisveryclear.Governmentsandinternationalcooperationshouldfocusonevidence-informed,participatoryandlong-termmulti-stakeholdersolutions.OperatinginBangladesh,Ecuador,Jamaica,Kyrgyzstan,Moldova,Morocco,Nepal,thePhilippines,Senegal,SerbiaandTunisia,theM4SDProgrammeutilizedmappingoftheprivatesector;advocacytoovercomehostility,reluctanceordisinterest;capacitydevel-opmentandtechnicalassistance;conveningandknowledge-sharing;andservicedeliveryandcollaboration.ThemappingscarriedoutwithintheframeworkonthisglobalProgrammehelpedidentifyprivatesectorprioritiesandrelevantactorscurrentlyparticipatinginmigrationandsustain-abledevelopmentinitiatives,aswellasthosetobeengaged.InNepalforinstance,theprivatesectormappingfocusedonreturningfemalemigrantworkers,themajorityofwhomtakeupemploymentintheinformaleconomy.Themappingshowedtheneedtoaddressgenderequalityandsocialinclusioninbusiness.InSenegal,themappingshowedhowhighunemploymentdrivesyoungpeopletoemigratetoEurope,mostlyusingirregular5routes,andidentifiedmeasureswiththeprivatesectortocreateneweconomicopportuni-tiesathomeforpotentialemigrantsandreturnmigrants.InEcuador,mappingsshowedthatindifferenceanduncertaintytowardsmigrationtopicsprevailintheprivatesector.Manyperceptionsofmigrantsarerootedinfalsenarrativesandmisinformationandareoftenfuelledbyxenophobiaandracism.Bymakingthepartsoftheprivatesectorwhoareskeptical,disinterestedorunwillingtobeinvolvedawareofthebenefitsthatmigrationcanbringfortheirbusinesses,positivechangescanbeachieved.PartnersinEcuadorcarriedoutseveralactivitiestofacilitategreaterunderstandingbytheprivatesectoronthecontributionsthatmigrantscanbringtotheirbusinesses,namelytrain-ingsoninclusivehiringpracticesfortheprivatesectorandonCVwritingforcommunitymembers,includingmigrants,andthecreationofmunicipaljobbanks.Tosupportgovernmentsinenhancingprivatesectorengagement,theM4SDProgrammeprovidedtechnicalsupporttostrengthenlocalornationalcapacitiestoworkmorecloselywiththeprivatesector.InSerbia,theprivatesectormappinghighlightedopportunitiesforcooperationamongSerbianbusinessesandthediaspora.TheM4SDProgrammesupport-edtheBusinessCouncilforDiasporaoftheChamberofCommerceandIndustryinSerbia(CCIS)indevelopinganew,results-basedstrategy,providingaclearactionplantoharnessthepotentialofthediaspora,whilepromotingeconomicgrowthandcollaboration.Knowledge-sharingservestobetterunderstandandmutualizewhatworksandwhatdoesnotworktoimproveprivatesectorengagement,partnershipsandprogramminginissuesrelatedtomigration,includingidentifyingandscalinguppotentialareasforcollaborationandfutureconcretenextsteps.Toenhancethewell-beingofcommunitymembers,includingmigrants,governmentsshouldworkwiththeprivatesectoronprovidingaccesstodecentjobs.InBangladesh,theNa-tionalIntelligenceforSkills,Education,EmploymentandEntrepreneurship(NISE)platformaimstobridgethegapbetweenthedemandandsupplysidesbymatchmakingamongthegovernment,publicandprivateskillsserviceproviders,employersandyouth.Tocreateanenablingenvironmentforprivatesectorengagement,governmentsshouldaddresspolicyandregulatorybarriersthatrestricttherightsofmigrants,especiallywom-enandyouth,andinhibittheiraccesstoemployment,education,health,socialprotec-tion,amongothers.TheM4SDProgrammehassupportedlocalandnationalauthoritiesincomprehensivelymainstreamingmigrationconsiderationsindevelopmentpoliciesandplanning.Forinstance,theM4SDProgrammeprovidedtechnicalassistanceindraftingtheNationalDiasporaPolicyinJamaica.6Keyrecommendationsforgovernmentsanddevelopmentactors>UseprivatesectormappingssuchasthosedevelopedintheM4SDProgrammetobuildevidence-informedstrategies,enhancedbycollaboratingwiththeprivatesector.>Advocatewiththeprivatesectortoraiseawarenessofthebenefitsthatmigrationcanbringfortheirbusinesses.>SupportthecreationofPublic-PrivatePartnerships(PPPs)andpromoteprivatesector-drivenknowledgeexchangeattheglobal,regional,nationalandlocallevels.>Increaseaccesstodecentjobsformigrants,especiallywomenandyouth,throughtargetedtraineeships,mentoringandtheprovisionofchildcaresolutions.>Addresspolicyandregulatorybarrierstomigrants´integration,whilepromotingsocialcohesion.>Involvetheprivatesectorindecision-makingprocessesregardingmigrationpoliciesaswellassectoralpoliciesaffectedby,orhavinganimpacton,migration,inparticularlabourmarketpolicies.LocalM4SDprojectsinthemunicipalitiesofMantaandSantoDomingoinEcuadorfocusedonsustainabledevelopmentthroughemploymentandsocioeconomicinclusion.©M4SD71.INTRODUCTIONTheprivatesectorcanbeacrucialpartnerforgovernmentsandorganizationsinthefieldofinternationaldevelopmentcooperationinimprovingthelivesofmigrants1andcommuni-tiesaroundthem,bolsteringmigrationgovernanceandamplifyingmigrants’contributionstosustainabledevelopment2.Thisisparticularlyimportantfordevelopingcountries,whereintricatechallengesfrequentlyimpedesocioeconomicprogress.Lessdevelopedregionsarehometoaround40percentofinternationalmigrants,witharound80percentofmi-grantshailingfromtheseveryregions(UnitedNationsDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs(UNDESA),2020).Despitetheimportantcontributionsmigrantscanmaketotheircountriesofdestination,transitandorigin,theseareoftenrestrictedbyseveralchallenges,includinglimitedaccesstotheformallabourmarket,difficultiesinhavingtheirskillsrecognized,inadequateaccesstofinance,healthcareandeducation,andxenophobia(InternationalLabourOrganization(ILO),2018);OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD),2016a).Migrantwomenfaceevengreaterobstacles,resultinginhigherratesofunemployment,informalworkandincreasedvulnerabilities(OECD,2020).Inthiscontext,engagingtheprivatesectorallowsgovernmentsandorganizationsinthefieldofinternationaldevelopmentcooperationtoaddressthechallengesfacedbymigrantsandothercommunitymembersindevelopingcountriesmoreeffectivelyandefficiently,toharnessmigrants’contributionstothedevelopingcountriestheyresideinorarefrom,andtoachievesustainabledevelopmentforall.Asamajordriverofeconomicgrowthandjobcreation,theprivatesectorcancreateemploymentopportunitiesformigrantsandothercommunitymembers,supportentrepreneurship,improveaccesstoproductsandservicesandadvocateformigrants’inclusion(Bisong&Knoll,2020;DosReisetal.,2017;LópezGrossetal.,2021).Despitethebenefitsofgovernmentsandorganizationsinthefieldofinternationaldevelop-mentcooperationengagingtheprivatesectorforthewell-beingoftheentirecommunity,includingmigrantsandtheprivatesectoritself,thereremainsaneedtostrengthenandenhancethisengagementasinadequateinformation,alackofprivatesectororpoliticalwillanddirectorindirectdiscriminationtowardsmigrantslimitprivatesectorinvolvement.1Followinganinclusivedefinitionofmigration,thefollowingdefinitionofmigrantsfromtheIOMglossarywillbeusedwhichdefinesamigrantas“[a]numbrellaterm,notdefinedunderinternationallaw,reflectingthecommonlayunderstandingofapersonwhomovesawayfromhisorherplaceofusualresidence,whetherwithinacountryoracrossaninternationalborder,temporarilyorpermanently,andforavarietyofreasons.Thetermincludesanumberofwell-definedlegalcat-egoriesofpeople,suchasmigrantworkers;personswhoseparticulartypesofmovementsarelegallydefined,suchassmuggledmigrants;aswellasthosewhosestatusormeansofmovementarenotspecificallydefinedunderinternationallaw,suchasinternationalstudents.”(IOM,2019,p.132).Thisdocument,nonetheless,mainlyfocusesoninternationalmi-grantsbutalsoincludesprospectivemigrants,internalmigrantsanddisplacedpeople.2Alongtheselines,internationalagreementsandagendashaverecognizedthattheprivatesectorhasacriticalroletoplayinensuringthatmigrationismanagedinasafe,orderlyandregularmannerandthatmigrantscancontributetosustainabledevelopment.SeeforinstancetheGlobalCompactforSafe,OrderlyandRegularMigration(GCM)andtheGlobalCompactonRefugees(GCR),the2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment.Seesection1.2.formoredetail.8Againstthisbackground,theUnitedNationssystemandinternationalorganizationshaveanimportantroletoplay,togetherwithgovernments,tostrengthenprivatesectorengage-ment(PSE)forthemutualbenefitoflocalcommunities,includingmigrantsandtheprivatesector.Forthisreason,thispublicationaimstosupportnationalandlocalgovernmentsandorganizationsinthefieldofinternationaldevelopmentcooperationaimedatincreasingprivatesectorengagement.ThedocumentdrawsonUNDPandIOM’slong-standingexpe-riencesofworkingwiththeprivatesectorandonspecificexperienceswithprivatesectorengagementaspartoftheIOM-UNDPJointGlobalProgramme,‘MakingMigrationWorkforSustainableDevelopment’(M4SD).FundedbytheSDC,theM4SDProgrammeaimstoharnessthedevelopmentbenefitsandtoreducethenegativeeffectsofmigrationonhostandhomecommunities,onmigrantsandontheirfamilymembers.ItbuildsontheachievementsoftheprevioustwophasesoftheJointGlobalProgrammeonMainstreamingMigrationintoDevelopmentStrategies,whichhavebeenjointlyimplementedbyIOMandUNDPsince2011,andontheJointMi-grationandDevelopmentInitiative.TheProgramme’sthirdphaseaimstofurthersolidifyresultsandachievementsreachedtodateandtohelptranslatepolicy-orientedandpro-cess-drivenactionsintoconcreteresultsontheground.TheProgrammeoperatesin11countries:Bangladesh,Ecuador,Jamaica,Kyrgyzstan,Mol-dova,Morocco,Nepal,thePhilippines,Senegal,SerbiaandTunisia.3Itsupportsnationalandlocalgovernmentstoapplya‘whole-of-government’approachtomigrationgover-nancewithafocusonfourmainsectoralareas:education,economicinclusionandemploy-ment,health,socialsecurityandhumanrights.Inawhole-of-societyapproach,theconcreteinitiativesoftheProgrammeincludemigrantsandlocalcommunities,theprivatesector,diasporasandcivilsociety.TheselocalinitiativesareoverviewedinFigure1.PrivatesectorengagementhasbeenonecomponentwithintheProgramme´sconcreteinitiativesthataimstoenhancepartnershipswiththeprivatesectorandtojointlyiden-tifyopportunitiesforcooperation,therebyenablingtheprivatesectortocontributetotheroll-outofconcreteinitiativesatthecommunitylevel.Furthermore,synergiesweresoughtwiththeProgramme’sdiasporaengagementcomponent.3FormoredetailseetheM4DNet(migration4development.org)andtherespectivecountrypages.9Figure1:Local-levelinitiativesinthe11M4SDProgrammecountriesandprivatesectorengagementcomponentImprove,strengthenandsharethePromotinglivelihoodsopportunitiesReintegrationassistancetopsychosocialapproachinthehealthcareforunemployedyouth,prospectivereturneemigrants(RAM)assistanceofwomenandchildrenvictimsandreturningmigrants(manyofKoshiProvince(previouslyofviolencewhomareRoma)Province1)>NEPALOrientalregion>MOROCCOIvanjica,KnjazevacandProkuplje>PSE:ReintegrationofEconomicintegrationandpromotionofSERBIAreturnmigrantworkersentrepreneurialspiritofyoungcommunitymembersthroughthesupportforPSE:DiasporaengagementmicroenterprisesandintegrationintothejobmarketSERBIAMOLDOVAKYRGYZSTANTangier-Tétouan-AlHoceïma>MOROCCONEPALTUNISIAPSE:EconomicintegrationMOROCCOBANGLADESHJAMAICASENEGALPHILIPPINESECUADORSupportinglocalco-developmentEmpoweringyouthandyounginitiatives,linkingmigrants,localprospectivemigrantsthroughSocioeconomicintegrationauthoritiesandinvestors&settingemployment,trainingandpolicyMantaandSantoDomingoupaterritorialplatformtopromote>TUNISIAdelosTsáchilas>ECUADORemploymentDiourbel,Sédhiou,SaintLouis>PSE:YouthemploymentandPSE:EmployabilityandeducationﬁnancialinclusionSENEGALPSE:ReintegrationandentrepreneurshipSource:Ownelaboration.PSEreferstotheprivatesectorengagementcomponentoftheM4SDProgramme.1.1.KeytermsWhilenouniversallyagreed-upondefinitionexists,privatesectorengagementcanbedefined“asanactivitythataimstoengagetheprivatesectorfordevelopmentresults”(OECD,2016b,p.1),or,inthecontextofthisdiscussion,toachieveimprovedmigrationanddevelopmentoutcomes.Itreferstoaprocessledbynationalorlocalgovernments,orbyorganizationsinthefieldofinternationaldevelopmentcooperation.WhiletheSDChigh-lightsthatPSEimplies“joiningforcesonanequalfootingforanimpact-drivendevelopmentintervention”(SDC,2021,p.7),otherdefinitionshaveemphasizedtheactiveroleoftheprivatesector(DiBellaetal.,2013;OECD,2016b)ascharacteristicofPSE.PSEmaytakevaryinglevelsofformality,rangingfrominformalcollaborationstoformalizedpartnerships,suchaspublic-privatepartnerships(OECD,2016b).TheOECDputforwardarathercompletetypologyofprivatesectorengagementindevelopmentcooperation,distinguishingbetweenfivemodalities(knowledgeandinformation-sharing,policydia-logue,technicalassistance,capacitydevelopmentandfinance),foreachofwhichdifferentmechanismscanbeused(seeOECD,2016c,p.44).Forinstance,knowledgeandinforma-tion-sharingcanbefacilitatedthroughmulti-stakeholdernetworks,learningplatforms,con-10ferences,seminars,workshopandotherevents,aswellasthroughfundingforresearch.Othermechanisms,notincludedinthistypology,includeexploratoryconsultations,linkingbusinessestonewopportunitiesandadvocatingbusinesspractices(DonorCommitteeforEnterpriseDevelopment(DCED),2019).Here,thefocusisonPSEaspartofmigrationanddevelopment-relatedinitiatives.ThismeansPSEthatleveragesthedevelopmentbenefitsandmitigatestheadverseimpactsofmigrationonhostandhomecommunities,migrantsandtheirfamilymembersandthatfosterssustainabledevelopment.Thisincludesthefollowingprocesses:>Integration,beingdefinedasthe“…two-wayprocessofmutualadaptationbetweenmigrantsandthesocietiesinwhichtheylive,wherebymigrantsareincorporatedintothesocial,economic,culturalandpoliticallifeofthereceivingcommunity.Itentailsasetofjointresponsibilitiesformigrantsandcommunitiesandincorporatesotherrelatednotions,suchassocialinclusionandsocialcohesion.”(IOM,2019,p.106).>Reintegration,referringtothe“…processwhichenablesindividualstore-establishtheeconomic,socialandpsychosocialrelationshipsneededtomaintainlife,livelihoodanddignityandinclusioninciviclife.”(IOM,2019,p.176).>Socialinclusion,definedas“theprocessofimprovingtheability,opportunityanddignityofpeopledisadvantagedbasedontheiridentity,totakepartinsociety.”(WorldBank,2013,p.4).>Socialcohesion,referringto“theextentoftrustingovernmentandwithinsocietyandthewillingnesstoparticipatecollectivelytowardasharedvisionofsustainablepeaceandcommondevelopmentgoals.”(UNDP,2020d,p.11).Thereby,PSEmutuallybenefitsmigrants,localcommunitiesandtheprivatesector,enhanc-ingmigrants’andlocalcommunities’socioeconomicwell-beingbyensuringthateveryonecanequallyparticipateinsociety,enjoyequitableaccesstorightsandbenefitsandbypromotingandenhancingprivatesectorprofitandmarketaccess.Amigrantcanbedefinedasany“personwhomovesawayfrom[their]4placeofusualresidence”(IOM,2019,p.132),therebyincludingindividualswhomoveinternallyandinter-nationally,andfordifferentdurationsandreasons.5M4SDProgrammecountriescompriseavarietyofmigrationanddevelopmentcontexts.TheProgrammetakesaninclusiveap-proachtomigration,includingprospectivemigrants,internalmigrantsanddisplacedpeo-ple,eventhoughthefocusisoninternationalmigrants.Inthecaseofinternationalmigrants,thetermmigrants–asusedthroughoutthisdocument–encompassesthedifferentstagesoftheinternationalmigrationcyclethatmigrants,includingrefugeesandasylumseekers,couldpassthrough,namelyemigration,transitmigration,immigrationandreturnmigration(UNDP,2020a).PSEhasalsoaddresseddiasporas–heredefinedascommunitiesofemigrantsandtheirdescendantswhoidentifywiththeircountryoforiginandmaintainstrongtieswiththesame4Theoriginaldefinitionstates“hisorher”whichwasreplacedby“their”tobeinclusiveofallgenders.5“Thetermincludesanumberofwell-definedlegalcategoriesofpeople,suchasmigrantworkers;personswhoseparticu-lartypesofmovementsarelegallydefined,suchassmuggledmigrants;andathosewhosestatusormeansofmovementarenotspecificallydefinedunderinternationallaw,suchasinternationalstudents.”(IOM,2019,p.132).11(seeIOM,2019).Throughoutthisdocument,thetermsmigrantsanddiasporamemberswillbeusedseparately,acknowledgingthat–inlinewiththeabovedefinition–notalldiasporamembersaremigrantsandnotallmigrantsarepartofthediaspora.Privatesectorengagementaspartofmigrationanddevelopment-relatedinitiativesmostlyincludesthefollowingentities(UNDP,2020b):>Companies,includinglargecompanies,micro,smallandmedium-sizedenterprises(MSMEs),cooperativesandsocialenterprises>Intermediaryinstitutionsandinterlocutors,suchaschambersofcommerce,industryandbusinessassociations,businessalliancesandroundtables>Financialinstitutions,suchascommercialbanks,microfinanceinstitutionsandcooperativebanksOtherprivately-ownedentities,suchasprivateschools,universitiesandthemedia,arenotconsideredhere.Throughoutthisdocument,thespecificfocuswillbeputonlargecompaniesandMSMEs,intermediaryinstitutionsandfinancialinstitutions.Incountriesoforigin,transitanddestination,theseentitiesmaysupporttheeffortsofgovernmentsandorganizationsinthefieldofinter-nationaldevelopmentcooperationtobuildprosperousandresilientsocietiesthatencom-passeveryoneandensureopportunitiesforall,dependingonthetypeofentity,aspresentedinFigure2.Figure2:Privatesectoractivitiesrelatedtoeducation,employmentandeconomicinclusion,health,socialsecurityandhumanrightsEDUCATIONEMPLOYMENT&HEALTHSOCIALECONOMICINCLUSIONSECURITY&Largecompanies&MSMEsLargecompaniesHUMANRIGHTS>Supportskillstraining,Largecompanies&MSMEs>Supportaccess>HiringLargecompanieslanguagecourses>Supportincubatorstohealthcare,>Promote>Providementorshipenergyandother>Offerapprenticeships&acceleratorsbasicservicesinclusive>Investin/sourcefromhiringpracticesFinancialinstitutions>SupportfinancialmigrantenterprisesIntermediaries>PromoteliteracyprogrammesFinancialinstitutions>Intermediaries>ImproveaccesstoinclusivehiringpracticesIntermediariesfinancialservices>Coordinateeducational>TailorfinancialservicesopportunitiesIntermediarieswithcompanies>IntroduceawardsandrecognitionsENGAGEINPOLICYMAKINGANDPRIORITYSETTINGWITHNATIONALANDLOCALGOVERNMENTSSource:Ownelaborationbasedonareviewoftheliterature.12Whiletheprivatesectormayengagewithmigrantsinotherwaysaswell,forinstancebyfundinghumanitarianassistance(seeInternationalFinanceCooperation,2019)orbypro-vidingservicesonbehalfofgovernments(seeBisong&Knoll,2020),thereportfocusesontheaforementionedformsofprivatesectorpracticesastheyfosterinclusivesustainabledevelopment.Whilemigrantsareoftenviewedasbeneficiariesofprivatesectorengagement,andthere-foreseparatefromtheprivatesector,theycanalsobeactiveparticipantsintheprivatesec-torthemselves.Bothmigrantsanddiasporamemberscanbebusinessowners,investorsandentrepreneursincountriesoforiginanddestinationand,assuch,canbepartoftheprivatesector(Bisong&Knoll,2020).1.2.BackgroundPrivatesectorengagementisnotarecentphenomenonbuthasgainedincreasingattentionandimportanceasstakeholdersrecognizethevalueofpartnershipsandmulti-stakeholderapproachesinmaximizingthepositiveimpactofmigrationonindividuals,communitiesandeconomies.Internationaldevelopmentagendas,withthe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopmentandits17SustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)intheforefront,havehigh-lightedtheimportanceofmulti-stakeholderapproaches,includingengagementwiththeprivatesectortogetherwithothernon-governmentalstakeholders,aspartofforgingmorecomprehensivesolutionstosustainabledevelopment.ThisisparticularlythecaseforSDG17onpartnerships.Alongtheselines,theUnitedNationshaslongembracedamulti-stakeholderapproach,recognizingtheprivatesec-torasacrucialpartnerinaddressingglobalchallenges.MajorinitiativesincludetheUNGlobalCompact,theUNPrivateSectorForum(PSF)andtheBusinessandIndustryMajorGroup(B&IMG),advancingsustainableandresponsiblebusinesspracticesandpromotingdialogueonglobalissues,suchasclimatechange,sustainabledevelopmentandhumanrights.Inadditiontothesewell-establishedforumsandinitiatives,theUnitedNationsSecre-tary-General(UNSG)hascontinuouslyemphasizedtheroleoftheprivatesectorinsus-tainabledevelopment.6Inhisreport“OurCommonAgenda”theUNSGcalledformore“inclusivemultilateralism”,includingtheprivatesectorandothernon-stateactors,andan-nouncedthe“SummitoftheFuture”in2024asanotherhigh-level,multi-stakeholderforum(UnitedNations,2021).UNagenciescollaboratewithnumerousprivatesectorcompaniesandhavedevelopedtheirprivatesector(engagement)strategies.7Initiativesincludethefollowingones:6https://press.un.org/en/2022/sgsm21472.doc.htm7See,forexample,UNDP’sPrivateSectorStrategy(2018-2022)updatedinOctober2023toUNDP’sPrivateSectorStrat-egy(2023-2025),orIOM´sPrivateSectorEngagementStrategy2023-2027.13>TheConnectingBusinessinitiative(CBi)whichengagestheprivatesectorindisasterpreparedness,responseandrecovery.>TheSDGPhilanthropyPlatformwhichaimstooptimizeeffortsandresourcestoachievetheSDGs.>TheBusinessandHumanRightsInitiativewhichaimstoimprovehumanrightsstandardsinbusiness.>TheGenderEqualitySealforPrivateSectorwhichpromotesgenderequalityandwomen’sempowermentintheprivatesector.Theimportanceofprivatesectorengagementinmigrationgovernancehasbeendemon-stratedbythecreationoftheGlobalForumonMigrationandDevelopment(GFMD)-Busi-nessMechanism,whichculminatedintheprivatesector´srecognitionasadistinctandseparatestakeholder.Createdin2015,andhousedattheInternationalOrganisationofEm-ployers(IOE),theGFMDBusinessMechanismservestoincludeprivatesectorperspectivesinmigrationanddevelopmentpolicydialogues(GFMD,2023).ThemechanismthenplayedanimportantroleincontributingtotheGlobalCompactforSafe,OrderlyandRegularMi-gration(GCM),oneofwhichguidingprinciplesisawhole-of-societyapproach:TheGlobalCompactpromotesbroadmulti-stakeholderpartnershipstoad-dressmigrationinallitsdimensionsbyincludingmigrants,diasporas,localcommunities,civilsociety,academia,theprivatesector,parliamentarians,tradeunions,nationalhumanrightsinstitutions,themediaandotherrele-vantstakeholdersinmigrationgovernance.(UnitedNationsGeneralAssembly,2019,Para.15,j)TheGCMhighlightstheroleoftheprivatesectortoinvestinhumancapitaldevelopment,providingaccurateandtimelyinformationatallstagesofmigration,enhancingtheavail-abilityofregularpathwaysformigration,facilitatingfairandethicalrecruitment,addressingvulnerabilitiesinmigration,promotingskillsrecognition,createconditionsformigrantsanddiasporastofullycontributetosustainabledevelopmentinallcountries,promotefaster,saferandcheapertransferofremittancesandfosterfinancialinclusionofmigrants.Whiletheneedforprivatesectorengagementforenhancedmigrationanddevelopmentoutcomesisveryclear,moreneedstobedonetoengagetheprivatesectorinaneffectiveandefficientway.141.3.ApproachandstructureReintegrreturneTostrengthenPSE,thispublicationfocusesonthreekeyaspects,whichaimtobuildtheKoshiPrgroundforlonger-termpartnershipswiththeprivatesector:Provinc1.Privatesectormapping(Chapter2)whichservestoinformprivatesectorengagementPSE:Restrategies,returnm2.Advocacy(Chapter3),whichallowsincreasingPSEtobeactivelyinvolvedinissuesrelatedtomigrationandsustainabledevelopment,3.InstrumentstostrengthenPSE(Chapter4).Itshouldbenotedthattheyarecomplementaryandmaybeundertakensimultaneouslyorconsecutively.Theydifferaccordingtotheiraim,thedepthofengagementwiththeprivatesector,theroleoftheprivatesector,thefrequencyofinteractionandresourcesbroughtin(seeFigure3).Theengagementmodalitiespresentedinthispublicationarenotnewandhavebeenusedforprivatesectorengagementinothercontexts,namelydevelopmentandcrisisrecovery,amongothers.Theirconceptualizationhasbeenadaptedfrompreviouspublications(seeDCED,2019;OECD,2016b,c).Nonetheless,thispublicationillustratestheirapplicationaspartofmigrationandsustainabledevelopmentrelatedinitiatives.Figure3:OverviewofapproachandstructureMinimal/noneLowMediumHighCapacityDepthofengagementwiththeprivatesectordevelopment/technicalassistanceConveningandServicedelivery/ParternershipswiththeprivatesectorknowledgesharingcollaborationCh.2Ch.3Ch.4MAPPINGADVOCACYOTHERINSTRUMENTSPreparethegroundforlong-termpartnershipsTargetRoleoftheprivatesectorResourceproviderParticipantSource:OwnelaborationdrawingonDCED(2019),OECD(2016b,c).152.HOWTOBUILDEVIDENCE-INFORMEDSTRATEGIESFORPRIVATESECTORENGAGEMENT?Designingeffectiveprivatesectorengagementstrategiesthatbenefiteveryone,requiresasoundunderstandingoftheprivatesector´scharacteristics,theircurrentinvolvementrelatedtomigrationandsustainabledevelopment,potentialchallengestotheirengage-mentandopportunitiestoengagewithmigrationandsustainabledevelopmentpoliciesandpractices.IntheM4SDProgramme,privatesectormappingswereusedtogeneratethisin-depthunderstandingoftheprivatesectorandtoinformtheconsequentstrategiesforprivatesectorengagement.MappingswereconductedinallsixcountriesofM4SDwherecon-cretecommunityinitiativeswereestablished(Ecuador,Morocco,Nepal,Serbia,SenegalandTunisia)8.Theprivatesectormappingexerciseswereacrucialcomponentinthedevel-opmentoftheprivatesectorengagementpracticesineachcountry.Mappingsallowedtheidentificationoftheprivatesector´sthematicorgeographicpriorities;theengagementofspecificprivatesectoractorsintheimplementationoftheinitiatives;andtheidentificationofhowtheprivatesectoriscurrentlyengagingonmigrationissues,sustainabledevelop-mentandonthemosteffectiveformsoftheirengagement.Themappingsfacilitatedtheidentificationofthemainchallengesorthreatsandtheop-portunitiesorentrypointsforprivatesectorengagement.Then,basedonthese,modelsweredevelopedtoengageandtoworkwiththeprivatesectortoincreasetheresultsandsustainabilityofsmallinitiativessupportingmigrantsandcommunities.ThischapterpresentstheprivatesectormappingmethodologydevelopedandtestedaspartoftheM4SDProgramme.Thistoolcanbereplicatedandadaptedindifferentcontexts.Thechapteroutlinesthekeystepsandconsiderationstoconductaprivatesectormap-ping,includingdatasourcesandmethodologicalconsiderations.Italsopresentsalterna-tiveassessmentsthatcanbeconducted.2.1.StudyfocusandkeyelementsoftheprivatesectormappingBeforethestartofprivatesectormapping,itsobjectivesandscopeshouldbeclearlyde-fined.Thiswillhelptoensurethatthemappingmeetstheneedsandexpectationsoftheimplementingorganizationandofallstakeholdersinvolved.Criteriatodefinethescopeofthemappingexerciseinclude:1.Studyobjective:Clearlydefiningthepurposeofthemappingstudyanddeterminingthespecificinformationneedswillensurethatthestudymeetsitsgoals.8SeeEcuador–Félix(2020);Morocco–H2YConseil(2021);Nepal–Arjal(2023);Serbia–IOM,SDCandUNDP(2022);Senegal–Wade(2022),Sy(2022a,b);Tunisia–Saibi(2021).162.Previousstudies:Existinglocal,regionalorinternationaleffortstomaptheprivatesectorcanserveasastartingpointtodefinethescopeofthemappingexercise.Focusingonresearchgapsinpreviousstudiesensuresthatthetimeandeffortspentonthemappingareutilizedefficiently.3.Geographicalscope:Determiningthegeographicareatoincludeinthestudy(region/country/province/city).Focusingononeareacanenablemorein-depthanalysiswhilechoosingseveralgeographicareascanallowforcomparativeanalysis.4.Sectorfocus:Definingwhetherthestudytakesasector-specificoracross-sectoralapproach.Identifyingthespecificindustryorsectortomapcanallowforamorefocusedanalysis.5.Privatesectorofinterest:Decidingwhetherthestudywillcoveralltypesofprivatesectorentities,orifitwillfocusonspecificcompanysizes(e.g.MSMEs),orsectors(e.g.financialinstitutions).6.Populationofinterest:Decidingwhetherthestudywillfocusonaspecificgroupofmigrants(e.g.migrantworkers,refugees),orspecificcommunitymembers(e.g.youngpeople,women).7.Datacollectionmethods:Determiningthemethodsfordatacollection(deskresearch,qualitative,quantitative,mixedmethods)basedonresourcesavailable,timeconstraintsandthelevelofdetailrequiredforthestudy.8.Timeframeandbudget:Settingarealistictimeframeandbudgetforthestudy,consideringthecomplexityoftheindustry/sector,datacollectionmethodsandthedepthofanalysisrequired.Privatesectormappingscomprisefivemainelements(assummarizedinFigure4below):theprivatesector´scurrentinvolvementincreatingmoremigrant-inclusivecommunities,contextualinformation,theprivatesector´scharacteristics,entrypointsoropportunitiesforprivatesectorengagementandchallengesandthreats.Figure4:KeyelementsoftheprivatesectormappingDetermineProvideIdentifykeyDetectentryDiagnosewaysinwhichcontextualcharacteristicsofpointsandchallengestheprivatesectorinformationtheprivatesectoropportunitiesandthreatsiscurrentlyengagingSource:Ownelaboration.Firstandforemost,theprivatesectormappingaimstoidentifywaysinwhichtheprivatesectoriscurrentlyinvolvedinissuesrelatedtomigrationandsustainabledevelopment.Privatesectoractivitiesmayencompassthefollowing:17>Thein-companyprovisionor(co)fundingofexternalskillstraining,languagecourses,mentorship,apprenticeshipsandfinancialliteracyprogrammesformigrantsandcommunities.>Theengagementwithmigrantsasemployees,suppliers,clientsorbeneficiariesofsocialresponsibilityinitiatives.>Theparticipationinspecificinitiativesforhiringandskills-matching,suchasmembershipinanalliancesupportingthe(re)integrationofmigrants(e.g.hiring,mentorship),commitmentstohiremigrantsandparticipationinajob-matchingplatformformigrants.>Theprovisionofbusinessincubationtraining,start-upgrantsorseedfundingtomigrantentrepreneurs,implementationofaspecificprogramme/project/policiestohiremigrantsinsupplychainsandtheprovisionoftargetedfinancialproductsformigrants.>Thesupporttolocalgovernmentsinincreasingaccesstohealthcare,housing,energyandotherbasicservices.>Theadvocacytogovernmentstoimprovemigrationpathwaysandimmigrationandreturnprocessesforemployment,ultimatelyenabling/allowingmigrantstowork.M4SDProgrammesupporteddevelopmentinitiativesinSenegal,linkingmigrants,localauthoritiesandinvestorsandsettingupplatformstopromoteemployment.©M4SD18BOX2.1PRIVATESECTORACTIVITIESINECUADOR,MOROCCOANDSERBIAThewaystheprivatesectorengageswithmigrantsandcommunitiesarequitefar-rangingandcanbevastlydifferentbetweencountriesbutalsobetweencitiesorregionswithincertaincountries.TheM4SDProgramme’ssmallsetofexamplesillustratesasnapshotofthisvariety:InEcuador,respondentsfromprivatesectorcompaniescompletedasurveywhichwascomplementedthrough20interviewswithprivatesectorrepresentativesandotherkeyinformants.>Outofthe30surveyrespondents,nearlyonethird(28percent)reportedhavingworkedwithpeopleonthemove,whichinEcuadorcurrentlyaremostlyVenezuelanmigrantsandrefugees.>Ofthosewhohad,approximately71percentindicatedthattheircompanieshademployedmigrants.>Additionally,about43percentreportedworkingwithmigrantsthroughcorporatesocialresponsibilityinitiatives.Theprivatesectoractingassuppliers(28percent)andclients(14percent)ofmigrantswerelesscommonlymentionedrelationships.Ontheotherhand,inMorocco,wheretheprivatesectormappingexercisefocusedonemploymentandself-employmentforimmigrantswithintheTangier-Tétouan-AlHoceïmaregion,thestudyfindingsshowedthatonlythreeofthe59companies(5percent)includedinthestudyhademployedimmigrants.>Inaddition,asimilarlylowshareofcompanieswaswillingtohireandofferinternshipstoimmigrantswhilethevastmajoritywerenot.Yettheprivatesectormayalsobeinterestednotonlyinhiringmigrantsbutalsoindecision-makingaroundmigrationanddevelopmentgovernance.InSerbia,theprivatesectormappingexercisefocusedontwotypesofengagementformigrantsandsustainabledevelopment:cooperationbetweentheSerbiandiasporaabroadandbusinessesinSerbiaandtheemploymentofmigrants.>Thestudydrawsonasurveyof646companiesacrossfourcities(Ivanjica,Knjaževac,ProkupljeandBelgrade).>Thirty-sixpercentofbusinessessurveyedparticipatedincreatingorimplementingdevelopmentand/ormigrationpoliciesthroughvarioustypesofcooperationbetweenthebusinesssectorandlocalstakeholders.Sources:AbdoFélix(2020),H2YConseil(2021),IOM,SDCandUNDP(2022).19Theanalysisofhowtheprivatesectorisengagingwithmigrantsshouldbeembeddedalongwithcontextualinformationontheareaofstudy.Thismayincludethefollowing:>Keysocioeconomicindicators>Anoverviewofthenationalandinternationallegal,regulatoryandpolicyframeworkrelatedtotheprivatesector,migrantsandtheirsocioeconomic(re)integration,includingaccesstoemployment,entrepreneurshipandeducation.Tounderstandhowtheprivatesectorcanengage,itisalsoimportanttoprovideaclearpictureofthemigrantpopulationinquestion.Dependingonthemigrantpopulationcho-senfortheprivatesectormappingexerciseandkeycharacteristicsofthispopulation,thefollowingshouldbeprovided:>Sizeandgeographicallocationofthemigrationpopulation.>Demographiccharacteristics,suchasgender,age,householdcompositionsandlivingarrangements.>Socioeconomiccharacteristics,suchaseducationalattainment,labourforceparticipation,occupation,industry,income,povertyrates,homeownership.>Migration-relatedinformation,suchaslegalstatus,reasonsformigration,thecontinuumbetweenvoluntarymigration,suchaslabourmigration,familyformationorreunification,educationandforceddisplacement,andthecountriesoforiginordestination(asapplicable).Thecharacteristicsofthemigrantpopulationshouldbeconsideredinrelationtothemainmigrationtrendswithinthegeographicalareaofstudy,usingtheinformationontheforeignandforeign-bornpopulation,thenetmigrationrate9andthemigrantstock,forinstance10.Forthispartofthemappingexercise,theIOMguideformigrationprofilescouldbeconsult-ed(seeIOM,2011).9Thenetmigrationrate–ascalculatedbytheUnitedNationsPopulationDivision–isthedifferencebetweenthenumberofimmigrantsandthenumberofemigrantsofonecountrywithinacertainperiod.10Thenumberofmigrants,whichgenerallyareestimates,arecalculatedatacertainpointintime.20BOX2.2.RETURNEEFEMALEMIGRANTWORKERSINNEPALFocusingtheassessmentonacertainpopulationallowsforthegenerationofspecificinsightsforthisgroup,whichservesasabasisfortargetedinterventions.TheprivatesectormappinginNepalfocusedonassessingtheprivatesector’sneedsandrequirementstoreintegratereturneefemaleworkersinNepal.In2021,womencomprised13percentofreturneemigrantworkers,themajorityofwhomtakeupemploymentintheinformaleconomy.ThemappingshowedtheneedtomainstreameffortstoaddressgenderequalityandsocialinclusionintheoperationsofSMEs,federationsandassociationstosupporttheeconomicreintegrationoffemalereturneeworkers,toincreaseunderstandingofthegenderednuancesofemploymentandentrepreneurshipandtoincludethesefeaturesinthecorefunctionsoforganizations.Source:Arjal(2023).Inaddition,themappingexerciseshouldidentifykeycharacteristicsoftheprivatesectorinthecountry,regionorareaoffocus.Thismayinclude:>Composition>Concentrationbyterritories>Economicsectors>Typesoforganizations>Companysize>Yearofestablishment,orlengthofcompanyoperation21BOX2.3.CONTEXTUALINFORMATIONANDPRIVATESECTORCHARACTERISTICS,SENEGALInSenegal,separateprivatesectormappingswereconductedforeachofthethreeregionsincludedintheprogramme:Diourbel,Saint-LouisandSédhiou.Agricultureisanimportantsectorinallthree,withover80percentofhouseholdsinSédhioupracticingagriculture.Inaddition,theprivatesectorisactiveinlivestock,fishingandtradeandtourism.Agro-industrycompaniesincludelargecompaniesandMSMEs.SincehighratesofunemploymentdriveyoungSenegalesetomigratetoEurope,mostlyusingirregularroutes,identifyingmeasureswiththeprivatesectortocreateneweconomicopportunitiesforpotentialemigrantsandreturnmigrantswillgenerategreaterlocaldevelopmentforall.Source:Wade(2022),Sy(2022a,b).2.2.DatasourcesandmethodsTheprivatesectormappingexercisemayemployquantitativeorqualitativemethods,aswellasamixedmethodsapproach.Thechoiceofmappingmethodologydependsontherealitiesonthegroundineachcountryandtheavailabilityofresources.Inaddition,thecharacteristicsofeachmethod,itssuitabilitytothecontextofthemappingexerciseandtheobjectivesofthestudyshouldbeconsidered.Quantitativeresearchallowsonetotestortoconfirmhypotheses.Qualitativeresearchallowsonetoexploreacertaintopicorissueindetailandtogeneratein-depthinsightstoimproveourunderstandingofthisspecificissue.Independentoftheapproachchosen,adeskreviewofexistingdatasourcesshouldbeconductedbeforeanycollectionofprimarydatatakesplace.Aninceptionreportmaybeusedtoguidetheprivatesectormappingexercise.22BOX2.4INCEPTIONREPORTASATOOLTOGUIDETHEPRIVATESECTORMAPPINGEXERCISEObjective:Chartacourseofactionthatcanstructuretheprivatesectormappingexercise.Ineffect,theinceptionreportmayalreadyoutlineastep-by-stepapproachtoconductingthemappingexerciseandshouldbeharnessedasausefulresourcetoavoidtheduplicationofefforts.Elements:>Objectives,purposeandscopeoftheprivatesectormapping.>Backgroundinformation(e.g.contextonthecompositionoftheprivatesector,migrationflows,effectsoftheCOVID-19pandemiconemployment)thatcanbeusedtocontextualizeandguidethemapping.>Workplanwiththetimerequiredtocompleteeachtaskduringthemapping.Thistimelineshouldbeadjusted,ifnecessary,butservesasaguidetoplanthemappingexercise.>Listofrelevantliterature,tobereviewedbytheconsultant(assumingaconsultantishired).>Draftsurveyquestionnaireforprivatesectoractors.Source:seeArjal(2022).Datafortheprivatesectormappingcanbecollectedinseveralways.Secondarydatashouldbeidentifiedthroughadeskreviewandusedasavailabletoprovideanoverviewofthegeneralcontext,privatesectorcharacteristicsandmigrationtrends.Dependingonthequalityofdataavailable,theymayalsobeusedforquantitativeanalysis.Thedeskresearchshouldcoverexistingdatabases,suchasadministrativedatabasesandexistingsurveys.Inaddition,publicationsfrominternationalnon-governmentalorganizations(INGOs)andpublicinstitu-tions,scientificpapers,policydocumentsandlegislativedocumentsshouldbereviewed.Inthatregard,nationalandinternationalsourcesshouldbeconsulted.Insomecountrycon-texts,secondarydatamaybescarce,aswasthecaseintheregionofDiourbelinSenegal.Primarydatacollectionshouldthenbeusedtoaddressthedatagapsandgeneratemoredetailedinsightsregardingthespecificfocusofthestudy.Inthefollowing,themainsourc-esandtoolsforeachdatatypewillbediscussed.Primarydatashouldbecollectedwhereexistingdataarenotsufficient.Themaindatacollectionmethodsdiscussedherearesur-veys,focusgroupsandinterviewswithkeyinformants.Thesemethodsmaybecombinedtocomplementeachother.23Asurveyallowsinformationtobecollectedfromalargersamplesize.Forinstance,inSer-bia,anonlinequestionnairewasconductedwithaconveniencesampleof646businesses.Incontrast,focusgroupsandin-depthinterviewsallowthecollectionofmoredetailedin-formationfromasmallergroupofpeople.Allthreemethodsmaybeconductedvirtuallyorinperson.Ifoptingforavirtualoption,accessibilitytotheinternet,familiaritywithandsocialacceptanceofonlinesurveying,locallanguagesordiversityoflanguagesspokenbyleadersintheprivatesectorandmigrants,datavalidityorverificationandotherfactors,areallaspectstoconsider.BOX2.4.SECONDARYDATASOURCES–EXAMPLESFROMTHEM4SDSERBIAPRIVATESECTORMAPPINGEXERCISEAdministrativedatabases>NationalStatisticalOfficeofSerbia,companydata>SerbianChamberofCommerceandIndustry,quarterlyreportsoncompanyperformanceExistingsurveys>USAIDAnnualSurveysofSerbiancompaniesPublicationsfromINGOs>EuropeanTrainingFoundation.(2021).HowMigration,HumanCapitalandtheLabourMarketInteractinSerbia>FeasibilityStudyFacilitatingDiasporaInvestments,Vienna,ICMPD>HowMigration,HumanCapitalandtheLabourMarketInteractinSerbia,ViennaInstituteforInternationalEconomicStudiesPublicationsfrompublicinstitutions>MigrationProfileoftheRepublicofSerbia,CommissariatforRefugeesandMigrationoftheRepublicofSerbia>TheimpactoftheCOVID-19pandemicandmeasurestopreventitontheemploymentandworkingconditionsofwomenandmeninSerbia,SeConSDevelopmentInitiativeGroup24Policydocuments>SerbianEconomicMigrationsStrategyfor2021-2027andtheaccompanyingActionPlan>MigrationManagementStrategy>StrategyforSafeguardingandStrengtheningtheRelationsbetweenSerbiaanditsDiasporaandbetweenSerbiaandtheSerbsintheRegion>Localactionplans>SerbianAssociationofEmployers’reportontheeffectsofCOVID-19Legislativedocuments>LawonMigrationManagement>LawontheDiasporaandtheSerbsintheRegion>LawonForeigners>LawonEmploymentofForeigners,LawontheConditionsforPostingWorkersAbroadforTemporaryAssignmentsandontheirProtection.Source:IOM,SDCandIOM(2022).Theselectionofprivatesectorrespondentsforsurveys,focusgroupsorin-depthinterviewsshouldbeguidedbyinclusionandexclusioncriteria,whichmayincludethefollowing:>Size(micro,small,mediumandlargecompanies)>Location>Scopeofoperations(city/town,state/regional,national)>Thesectorofoperation.Arecommendationputforwardistotakethecomplementarityofdataandpossibilitiesfordatatriangulationintoaccountthroughtheuseofprimaryandsecondarydata.25BOX2.5.DATACOLLECTIONMETHODSDatacollectionSurveyFocusgroupsIn-depthmethodinterviews>PrivatesectorTargetgroup>Privatesector>Migrants>KeyinformantsModality>Online,self->Virtual>Virtualadministered>Inperson>InpersonTheCOVID-19pandemichasrestrictedtheextenttowhichdatacouldbecollectedinper-son,creatingtheneedforvirtualmodesofdatacollection.Whilevirtualmodesofdatacollectionmaynotbeequallyeffectiveasin-persondatacollection,theyprovideavalidalternative,especiallywherein-persondatacollectionisnotpossible.AsBox2.5.shows,themaindatacollectionmethodsforthemappingexercisecanallbeimplementedvirtually.Anotherwaytofacilitateaccesstorespondentsinmultiplelocationsistolocalizethemap-pingexerciseatasubnationallevel.WithintheM4SDProgramme,thisapproachwascho-seninSenegalwhereUNDPcontractedresearchersfromuniversitiesinthreeregionsofthecountry(Diourbel,Saint-Louis,Sédhiou)whothenreachedouttothelocalprivatesec-tor,tappingintopre-existingnetworksoflocalstakeholdersandexperts.Thisalsoallowsforanin-depthanalysisofallthreeregions.26Toaccessabroaderaudienceandtoidentifyprivatesectoractors,itisrecommendedtopartnerwithglobalandlocalnetworksthatcanfacilitatecontactwithprivatesectorentities.Thismayinclude:>IOE:Withover150memberorganizations,theIOEisthelargestprivatesectornetwork.Itsmembers,theNationalEmployersFederations,canbeusedasanentrypointatthenationallevelastheycanpointtosectoralassociationsorcompanies.>CBiMemberNetwork:Launchedin2016,thejointUNDPandOCHAinitiativeengagestheprivatesectorindisasterpreparedness,responseandrecovery.>GlobalCompactLocalNetwork:GlobalCompactLocalNetworksarebusiness-led,multi-stakeholderplatformsthatworkdirectlywithbusinessestohelpthemimplementtheTenPrinciplesoftheUNGlobalCompactandtoadvancetheSDGs.>GFMDBusinessMechanism.>Localbusinessnetworks.>Businessandindustryassociations,localchambersofcommerceandemployerassociations.WhileprivatesectormappingswereusedtoinformthePSEstrategieswithinthePro-gramme,someothertoolswereemployedtoanalysePSEandrelatedactivities.Thisin-cludedthefollowing:1.Labourmarketanalyses-Labourmarketanalysesservetounderstand,planandimprovelabourmarketdynamicsbypredictingfuturelabourmarketrequirementsanddemographics.Theyconstituteanimportantbaseofinformationtodeveloptargetedpoliciesandinitiativestoaddressskillsmismatchesandfacilitatethealignmentofeducationandtrainingprogrammes.Totailoremploymentandskillstrainingtothelocallabourmarkets,twoanalysesinIvanjicainSerbiawerecarriedout,oneofwhichconsistedofananalysistounderstandtheneedsofbothunemployedyouthandlocalbusinesses.Akeyfindingwasthatwood,metalandagriculturalemployersneedskilledmachineoperatorsandtechnicians.Suchanalysesensurethattrainingprovidesyouthwithskillsthatcanbematcheddirectlywithavailableopportunities.Similarly,ananalysisoftheneedsandconditionsofthelabourmarketsinMantaandSantoDomingoinEcuadorwascarriedoutwhichservedtoidentifythemainopportunitiesandchallengesonhiringmigrants.2.Needsassessmentswithcompanies-Whilelabourmarketanalysisprovidesthebiggerpictureofacountry,regionormunicipality,needsassessmentswithcompaniesareessentialforgainingacomprehensiveunderstandingofcompanies’specificrequirements,challengesandareasofimprovement.Thisisparticularlyimportantinaneramarkedbyadvancementsinartificialintelligenceandbyanincreasingprevalenceofremoteworkopportunitiesincertainprofessions,whichrapidlytransformthelandscapeoftheworkforceandlabourmarket.Additionally,theeffectsofclimatechangearedevastatingtomoretraditionallivelihood27options.Theseprofoundshiftsarereshapingthewayemployersperceive,desireandevencanhirecommunitymembers,includingmigrants.Toinformvacanciestobeincludedinthemunicipaljobbanks,aneedsassessmentwasconductedinMantaandSantoDomingothatidentifiedthehiringneedsofcompaniesinbothEcuadoriancities.TheassessmentshowedthatinSantoDomingo,thecompanieswiththegreatestjobopportunitiesarethoseoflogistics,agro-industrialandtradeservices,whileManta’seconomicdynamicsrevolvearoundtheport,sothemainvacanciesareconcentratedinfishingproductionoperators.InManta,economicshocks,suchasthewarinUkraineandtheCOVID-19pandemic,stronglyaffectedinternationaltrade,havingadirectimpactonthereductionofjobs.Themostrequiredprofilesinbothcitiesareofacommercialandindustrialnature,andthelevelofeducationrequiredformostvacanciesareahighschooldiplomaandtechnologicaltraining.Theissueofnationalityatthetimeofhiringislargelyirrelevantinbothcities,althoughcertainemployersprefertohireEcuadoriannationalstoavoidpossibledocumentationproblemsorstaffturnover,whichtheythinktheywillexperiencewhenhiringmigrants,whileothersopttoprioritizelocallabour.3.Policyassessments-Byevaluatingtheimpact,effectivenessandcoherenceofpolicies,policyassessmentsprovidevaluableinsightsintotheoutcomesandimplicationsofexistingpolicies.InNepal,theM4SDProgrammesupportedtheassessmentofprovincialpoliciesonmigrationanddevelopment.4.Skillsandinterestmappingswithmigrantsandcommunitymembers-Byidentifyingthetalents,skillsandexpertisepresentwithinbothmigrantpopulationsandlocalcommunities,skillsandinterestmappingsenablethematchingofskillswithavailableopportunitiesandtheidentificationofskillgapsandareasfortrainingandtailoredsupport.Theyalsoallowleveragingthediversityofskillsandintereststofosterinnovation,problem-solvingandentrepreneurshipwithinthecommunity.AnexampleofsuchananalysisfromtheM4SDProgrammeisthesecondanalysiscarriedoutinIvanjica(Serbia)whichconsistedofastudytounderstandyoungpeople’sinterestsinself-employmentandbusinessstart-ups.Itfoundthatthreeinfouryoungpeoplewereinterestedinstartingtheirownbusinessinawiderangeofareas.Digitaltoolsareincreasinglybeingusedtocollectandtransformthisinformation,makingitreadilyaccessibleformigrantsandtheirpartnersinvolvedinfacilitatinglabourmarketintegrationandinfosteringinclusion.Forinstance,withinthecontextoftheLINKITproject,implementedbyIOMUK,apre-departureSkillsProfileToolwasdevelopedwhichservestocollectinformationonrefugees’educationhistory,workexperience,personalskills,digitalskills,lingualabilities,aspirationsandotherrelevanthealth/caringconsiderations,basedonwhichaSkillsProfilewasgeneratedandmaintainedbytherefugeesthemselves.5.Mappingofservicesforcommunitymembers,includingmigrants-Toensurethecomprehensivenessandcomplementarityofservicesforcommunitymembers,includingmigrants,mappingsofservicesallowtosystematicallycollectthenecessaryinformation.Forinstance,inNepal,amappingofreintegrationserviceswascarriedout.Thisstudyallowedthemappingofavailableservicesthatdirectlyorindirectlycontributetothesustainablereintegrationofreturningmigrantworkers.282.3.KeyrecommendationsforactionThischapterpresentedtheprivatesectormappingmethodology,thecriteriaforselectingthestudyfocusandthekeyelementsofthemapping,datasourcesandmethods.Theexperiencespresentedinthischaptercanbeusedtoimplementprivatesectormappingstoinformconse-quentengagementstrategies.1.UseprivatesectormappingsBetterunderstandingprivatesectorinterests,labourmarketneedsandmigrants´skillsrequiresdata,andgovernmentsthemselvesshouldtaketheleadondatacollection.Organizationswork-ingininternationaldevelopmentcooperationcansupporttheseefforts.Toidentifytheprivatesector´sthematicorgeographicpriorities,privatesectoractorstobeengaged,existingengage-mentandthemosteffectiveformsofengagement,governmentscouldconductprivatesectormappings.Privatesectormappingsservetoinformconsequentengagementstrategies,allowingtheidentificationofprivatesectorpriorities,theprivatesectoractorstobeengagedandthemosteffectiveformsofengagement.Inthatregard,governmentscandrawontheapproachpresentedinthischapter.2.CollaboratewithprivatesectorentitiesTobenefitfromtheirreachandexpertise,governmentscouldcollaboratewithexistingprivatesectornetworksandassociations.Globalandlocalbusinessnetworksandassociationsandchambersofcommercecanhelpwhenidentifyingprivatesectorpartners.Drawingontheirreachandexpertise,theycanhelptoidentifyprivatesectorprioritiesandselectprivatesectorentitiestoworkwith.Dependingonthenetwork,theymayalsobeaprivatesectorpartnerthemselves,especiallyformodalitieswithminimalorlowdepthofengagement,suchascapacitydevelop-mentandadvocacy.Inthecasethataprivatesectormappingisconducted,privatesectornet-worksandassociationscanfacilitatedatacollectionbyconveningprivatesectorentitiesforfocusgroupsorfordistributingasurvey.Todeterminetowhatextentmigrants´skillsmeetthegenerallabourdemandsofcompaniesandtheirneedforspecificskillsandtoinformthedesignofskilltrainingprogrammes,governmentsandorganizationsworkingininternationaldevelopmentcooperationcouldpartnerwithbusiness-es.Particularlylargecompaniescouldusetheirresourcesandnetworkstoconductassessmentsusingbigdata,forinstancethroughgeo-locatedsocialmediaactivityonplatformssuchasX(formerlyknownasTwitter)andFacebook.3.Collectdisaggregateddataforage,genderanddiversityPrivatesectormappingsandskillsassessmentsshouldincludedisaggregateddataforage,gen-deranddiversityinordertodesigninterventionsaccordingly.Toensurethatgovernmentshavethedataforevidence-informedstrategiesforprivatesectorengagement,organizationswork-ingininternationaldevelopmentcooperationcansupportassessmentsanddatacollection.Thisshouldincludethecollectionofdisaggregateddataforage,genderanddiversitytoidentifyexist-ingorpotentialinequalities,intersectionalityandspecificprotectionneeds.293.HOWTOCONTINUEADVOCACYWITHTHEPRIVATESECTOR?Atthisstage,thetwoissuesofwhymigrationmattersfortheprivatesectorandwhytheprivatesectorshouldbeinvolvedinmigrationpolicymakinghavebeenclearlypresented.11Insectorsorareaswithahighdependencyonmigrantlabouroracuteskillsshortages,theprivatesectorhasdemonstratedgreatinterestinmigrationtopicsandisinvestedinadvancinglabourmigrationpathwaysandlegalframeworksforthemobilityofskills,inad-ditiontoinitiativesaspartofcompanies’corporatesocialresponsibilityactivities.12Adifferentpictureemergesincontextswheretheprivatesectorhaslimiteddependencyonmigrantlabourandmigrationoccursindependentlyfromemployers.Thisisespeciallyrelevantindevelopingcountrieswithlimitedjobopportunities,resultinginhighunemploy-mentratesandinformalorlow-payingjobsformanyindividuals.ExperiencewithintheM4SDProgrammehasshownthattheprivatesectorcanbereluctanttoengageonmigra-tion-relatedissues.InEcuador,theprivatesectormappingshowedthatindifferenceanduncertaintytowardsmigrationtopicsprevailintheprivatesector.Immigrantsaremainlyperceivedasbenefi-ciariesofcorporatesocialresponsibilityprogrammes,lessaspotentialemployeesorser-viceproviders.InMorocco,onlyfouroutofthe59companiesincludedinthestudyvoicedawillingnesstohireorofferinternshipstoimmigrants.Thiswasmostlyattributedtoalackofincentives,showingtheimportanceofadvocacy.InSerbia,wherethefocuswasonlocaldevelopmentplans,45percentofbusinessessurveyedexpressedawillingnesstoparticipateinthedevelopmentorimplementationoflocalactionplansmoregenerally.Yet,amongthesebusinesses,only5percentexpressedaninterestinlocalactionplansspecificallyformigrants,whileinterestinlocalactionplansonothertopicsprevailed(41percentoneconomicandsocialdevelopment;30percentonyouth;and24percentonemployment)13.Sinceallthesetopicsarecloselyrelatedtomigra-tion,businessescouldbeengagedonthesetopicswhileincorporatingmigration-relatedthemes.Inaddition,twothirdsofbusinesseswereinterestedinhiringmigrantsand30percentwerewillingtoprovidetraining.InlightofthepoliticalandeconomicsituationinTunisiaandthecontextoftheCOVID-19pandemic,whenthemappingwasconductedinmid-2021privatesectorrespondentswerehesitanttorespondanyquestionsrelatedtomigrants,resultinginaresponserateof15percentforthispartoftheprivatesectormappingexercise.Besidesbeingamajorstudylimi-tation,thislowlevelofresponseisemblematicofabroaderhesitanceandlackofinterest11Seethefollowingpublications:BusinessAdvisoryGrouponMigration(2022),DosReisetal.(2017),Harnossetal.(2022)andWorldEconomicForum(2013).12See,forexample,theviewsofAfricanandAsianemployers’organizations,assummarizedintheIOEandtheBusinessAdvisoryGrouponMigration(2022a,b).13Thesurveyquestionaskedabout“LocalActionPlansforMigrants”withoutspecifyingwhetheranysuchactiontosupportmigrantswouldbepartofwidereconomicandsocialdevelopmentinitiativesthathostcommunitieswouldalsobenefitfrom.30togetinvolvedinmigration-relatedissuesinacrisiscontext.Atthesametime,thefactthattheprivatesectordoesnotnecessarilyperceivemigrationasan“issuetobesolved”–ashasbecomeacommonnarrativeinmanycontexts–mayalsoconstituteanopportunityasitmaypointtotheprivatesector´sunderstandingthatmigrationisapositivepartoftheirprofit.ThemappinginEcuadoralsoshowedthatfinancialinstitutionsseeabroadspectrumoffi-nancialriskswithmigrantsasclients,namelythelossofpaymentcapability,theabsenceofacredithistory,instabilityandmoneylaundering,amongvariousotherissues.Itiscrucialtorecognizethatmanyoftheseperceptionsarerootedinfalsenarrativesandmisinformation,andareoftenfuelledbyxenophobiaandracism.Toensuretherealizationofthesustain-abledevelopmentgoals,itisimperativetotacklethesystemic,cultural,societalandeco-nomicchallengesunderlyingtheseperceptionsthroughinformedpoliciesandpractices.Thelackofinformationintheprivatesectorrelatedtoissuessurroundingmigrantsandsustainabledevelopmentconstitutesanotherchallenge.Thismayincludealackofinformationaboutthequalificationsofmigrants,includingthosewhohavereturnedafterworkingabroad,thelegalframeworktoemployimmigrantsandthecollaborationmecha-nismsaimedatfacilitatingtheinclusionofmigrantsinsocietyandintheeconomy.Forin-stance,inMorocco,theprivatesectormappingexerciseshowedthatprivatesectorentitieswerenotinformedabouttheNationalImmigrationandAsylumStrategywhichprovidesthebasisforintegratingregularizedmigrants.InSerbia,wherethemappingexercisefocusedonexploringthepossibilitiesforcoop-erationbetweenSerbianbusinessesandtheSerbiandiasporawiththeuseofPPPs,themappingshowedthatbusinesseslackedinformationaboutthediaspora,theprocessandbenefitsofPPPsandimmigrants´qualifications.Thesefindingsconfirmwhatastudyonprivatecompanies´engagementinthelabourmarketintegrationofrefugeesidentified:amongMSMEsaninformationgapexistsonavailablesupportservicesforcompaniesem-ployingrefugeesandforrefugeesthemselves(Torfaetal.,2022).Toaddressthis,itisimportanttocontinueadvocacywiththeprivatesector.Byconvincingthoseintheprivatesector,whoaresceptical,disinterestedorunwillingtobeinvolved,tobeawareofthebenefitsthatmigrationcanbringtotheirbusinessandthepositivechang-esthatcanbeachieved.Thisbuildsthegroundforengagingtheprivatesectoraspartofmigration-anddevelopment-relatedinitiatives.3.1.WhyprivatesectorengagementcontinuestomatterMigrationmattersfortheprivatesector,asmigrantsmayallowaddressinggenerallabourshortagesandbusinesses´needsforspecificskills,increasingcreativityandinnovationthroughdiversityandhelpingMSMEstoadapttointernationalmarketsandtobuytheirproducts.Theprivatesector´sresourcesanduniquecapabilitiesmakeitacrucialpartnerforimprovingthelivesofinternationalmigrantsandcommunitiesaroundthem,andforen-hancingthecontributionofmigrantstosustainabledevelopment.31WhymigrationmattersfortheprivatesectorAlthoughbusinessesmaybedrivenbyasenseofsocialresponsibilitytoworkwithmigrants,inpracticethissenseofsocialresponsibilityismorefocusedondisplacedpopulations,asevidencedforinstanceinrelationtothearrivalofalargenumberofrefugeesinGermanyin2015/2016(Müller,2021;Torfaetal.,2022),orduringtheUkrainecrisis(Beaulieu&Elbayar,2022).However,thereisalsoaclearbusinesscaserelatedtotherelevanceofotherformsofhumanmobilityfortheprivatesector,withestimatessuggestingthatmigrationmaygrowintoaUS$20trillionopportunityforbusinessby2050(Harnossetal.,2022).Hiringmigrantscanmitigategenerallabourshortagesandaddressbusinesses´needsforspecificskills(BusinessAdvisoryGrouponMigration,2022;DosReisetal.,2017).In2019,therewere169millioninternationalmigrantworkersintheworld,constituting4.9percentofthegloballabourforceindestinationcountries(ILO,2021).Well-managedmigrationcanmatchskillstofilllabourmarketgapsincountriesofdestina-tionandrespondtolabourmarketsurplusesincountriesoforigin.AccordingtotheEm-ploymentOutlookSurveyconductedbyManpowerGroup,75percentoftheover40,000employersacross40countriesandterritories,withpredominantlyveryhighorhighlevelsofhumandevelopment,wereexperiencingtalentshortagesin2022(ManpowerGroup,2022).Serbiancompaniesarecurrentlyexperiencingashortageofworkersinvariousoc-cupations,suchasproductionworkers,welders,cooks,computernumericalcontrol(CNC)operatorsandelectricians(ChamberofCommerceandIndustryofSerbia,2022).Inparticu-lar,smallandmedium-sizedcompaniescanbeinterestedinemployingmigrantstoaddresscompanies´labourshortages14.Whileskillshortagesduetoageingpopulationsanddecliningbirthratescurrentlymostlyaffectcountrieswithveryhighlevelsofhumandevelopment,addressingskillgapsplaysasignificantroleincreatingbetterdevelopmentoutcomesandskillsshortagesareanissueinmanydevelopingcountries.Forexample,Senegalfacesmajorshortagesinhorticul-ture,tourismandagro-processing(AlyMbayeetal.,2021).InTunisia,whereyouthunem-ploymentrateshavebeenhigh,employersarefacingdifficultyinfindingskilledworkers,resultingin45percentofadvertisedjobvacanciesremainingunfilledin2018(Grundke&Goldstein,2022).Identifyingsolutionstoaddressthemismatchbetweentheskillsofunem-ployedpeopleandbusinesses’needswouldcreatemoreopportunitiesforall.14See,forinstance,Torfaetal.(2022)astudyintheGermanycityofStuttgartwhichshowedthatsmallandmediumen-terpriseswereparticularlyinterestedinemployingrefugeeswithtechnicalqualificationstrainingtoaddresstheirlabourshortages.32BOX3.1.TRIPLEWINThroughprivatesectorengagement,sector-specificlabourshortagesinonecountrymaybeaddressedthroughlaboursupplyfromanothercountry.TheTripleWinprogrammeoperatedbytheGermanAgencyforInternationalDevelopmentCooperation(GIZ)andtheServiceCentreforProfessionalRecognitionattheFederalEmploymentAgencyaimstoaddresstheshortageofqualifiednursesinGermanybyplacingnursesfromBosniaandHerzegovina,thePhilippines,SerbiaandTunisiainGermany.´Triplewin´referstothecontributionstheprogrammeaimstomakeinthefollowingspheres:(1)labourmarketsincountriesoforigin;(2)sustainabledevelopmentincountriesoforigin;and(3)thedemandfornursesinGermany.Source:GIZ(2021).AshighlightedinIOM´smostrecentWorldMigrationReport,“migrantsprovideasourceofdyna-mismglobally,andareoverrepresentedininnovationandpatents,artsandsciencesawards,start-upsandsuccessfulcompanies”(McAuliffe&Triandafyllidou,2021,p.301).AmpleempiricalevidenceexistsregardingtheimpactofmigrationoninnovationintheUnitedStatesofAmericaandEurope15,whilescantattentionhasbeenpaidtotheeffectofmigrationoninnovationinde-velopingcountries.Whatisimportantfromtheemployer’sperspectiveisthat“[a]morediverseworkforcetendstoboostcreativityandinnovation[…]”(Legrain,2017,p.6).Evidencefromsmall-andmedium-sizedenterprisesintheUnitedKingdomsuggeststhatfirmswithagreatershareofmigrantownersorpartnersaremorelikelytointroducenewproductsandprocessesduetoa“diversityeffect”(Lee,2015).MigrantscientistscreatedseveraloftheCOVID-19vaccinesandmanymultinationalcompanieshavebeenfoundedbymigrants,forexample,theZoomplatform(Anderson,2020;Ewing,2020).Finally,migrantsmayallowcompaniestoexpandtheirmarketsandaccessnewones(Leg-rain,2017).Inparticular,MSMEsmaybenefitfrommigrants´anddiasporamembers´networksincountriesoforiginanddestinationtohelpthemadapttointernationalmarketsandtounder-standregulatoryrequirements(IOM,2022).Migrantentrepreneursoftenconnectmarketsandconsumersincountriesoforigin,transitanddestination.Forinstance,inMorocco,micro-en-trepreneurshavebeensourcingproductsfromtheircommunitiesinWestAfricatosellthem(formoredetailseetheM4SDcasestudy“Businessincubationandemploymentsupportforregularmigrantsandcommunities”).Migrantsmayalsobeimportantconsumersthemselves.In2014,immigrant-ledhouseholdsheld14.3percentoftotalU.S.spendingpower(NewAmericanEconomy,n.d.).ThetotaltaxrevenuesgeneratedbyVenezuelanmigrationinEcuadorin2021represented0.04percentofGDPforthatyear(Cavenpe&Kas,2022).Furthermore,public15SeeLissoni(2018)forareviewoftheliterature.33supportforvulnerablemigrants,includingrefugees,canhelpbusinessesgarnerfurthercon-sumerbacking(EconomistImpact,2021).WhyengagingtheprivatesectormattersforenhancedmigrationanddevelopmentoutcomesBOX3.2.PROXIMITYTalentBeyondBoundariesfacilitatesskilledlabourmigrationpathwaysforrefugees.Asthebelowquoteillustrates,theirexperiencesarealsoapplicablewhentheprivatesectoristobeengagedtofosterintegrationandinclusion.“BusinessescanbeandareanincrediblyeffectiveagentforpositivesocialintegrationandtheexperienceTalentBeyondBoundariesandourcandidateshavehadconfirmsthat.We’veseenbusinessesmakeseriouseffortstoensuretherelocationofworkersandtheirfamiliesandthatthey’rewelcomedintotheirnewcommunities,everythingfromemployerscollectingthefamilyfromtheairport,[…]andarrangingbuddiestohelpthemorienttothelocalareatoprovidingcashonarrival,transitionalhousing,assistancefindinglong-termaccommodations,payingforEnglishlanguageclassesandassistingwithfindingschoolingforchildren.”GarySlaiman,CorporateOutreachAdvisortoTalentBeyondBoundariesSource:InternationalMigrationReviewForumSideEventorganizedbyUNDP.Theprivatesector’sresourcesanduniquecapabilitiesmakeitacrucialpartnerforgov-ernmentsaimingtoimprovethelivesofmigrantsandcommunitiesaroundthem,andforenhancingthecontributionofmigrantstosustainabledevelopmentincountriesoforiginanddestinationalike.Theprivatesectoristhelargestemployerofmigrantworkersandaccountsfor90percentofalljobsintheaveragedevelopingcountry(OECD,2015;WorldEconomicForum,2019).Theroleofcompaniesasemployersandtheircapacitiesandfinancialresourcescanbeavaluableassetinsupportinginitiativestoimproveemploymentandeducationamongcommunitymembers,includingmigrants,allowingthemtoofferor(co)fundtrainingforcon-sequentemployment.IntheSerbianMunicipalityofIvanjica,forexample,40youngpeople34weregivenaninternshipandworkpracticeopportunitieswitheightlocalbusinesses,20ofwhomwereofferedajobaftercompletingtheworkpractice.Another20youngpeopleweretrainedtobecomeCNCoperators,forwhichstudentswerepaidbyMATIS,alocalbusiness.Alocalacademycertifiedallstudents:thecompanythenhiredall20graduates.Thisexampleillustrateshowbyengagingtheprivatesector,localgovernmentscancreatedirecttraining-to-employmentpathwaysforunemployedyouth.Privatesectorengagementservestoachievegreaterreachthanotherwisepossibleandbuildsthegroundforlong-lastingsolutionsbynotonlyofferingtrainingbutemployment,illustratinghowprivatesectorengagementservestosupportandscaleuptheimpactofmi-grationanddevelopmentinitiatives.(FormoredetailseetheM4SDcasestudy“Triple-win:Improvingyoungpeople’squalityoflife,prosperoustownsandgrowingbusinesses”.)Thus,theprivatesectormaynotonlyincreaseemploymentandeconomicinclusionformi-grants,butitcanalsocontributetocombattingforcedlabourandprotect(migrant)workers’rightsthroughouttheirsupplychain.Thisisparticularlyrelevantforcountrieswithhighsharesofmigrantsinvulnerablesituations,includingrefugees(Verité&TENT,2021).Companiessourcingfromthesecountriesmaythereforehaveaninterestinensuringthattheirsuppliersemploymigrantsunderdecentworkconditions.Businessescanassumearolemodelfunc-tionbyadvocatingfortheprotectionof(migrant)workersandbyimplementingtheEmployerPaysPrinciplewhichguidescompaniestopaythefullcostsofrecruitment.AnexampleisH&M’sGroupForeignWorkerProgrammeinTürkiye(seeBox3.3.).16WithintheM4SDProgramme,projectsinlocalcommunitiesinSerbiahaveempoweredyoungpeopletobuildtheircareers.©M4SD16AtooltheprivatesectorcanuseistheLabourMigrationProcessMappingGuidewhichaimstohelpbusinessenterprisesidentify,mitigateandaddresshumanandlabourrightsrisksfacedbymigrantworkersinglobalsupplychains(seeIOM,2023a).35BOX3.3.H&MGROUP’SFOREIGNWORKERPROGRAMMEInTürkiye,theH&MGroup–amemberofUNDP’sBusinessCalltoAction(BCtA)–hasbeenworkingwithsuppliersaspartoftheirForeignWorkerProgramme.WhenjoiningtheBCtAin2014,theH&MGroupcommittedtoaddressingtheneedforskilledworkersandqualityvocationaltraininginthetextileindustryinBangladeshbyprovidingtrainingto5,000individualsinitssupplychainby2016.In2021,theH&MGrouprenewedtheircommitmentthroughtheForeignWorkerProgrammeinTürkiye.TheprogrammeaimstofostertheintegrationofrefugeesinTürkiyeandtoincreaseawarenessaboutformalemploymentinH&M’ssupplychaintherethroughtrainingonfairandequallabourprinciplesandadvocacyforfairlabourrecruitmentpractices.Source:UNDPBusinessCalltoAction(2021).Privatesectorentitiesalsohavespecifictechnicalknowledgethat–whencombinedwithgovernments–allowsthemtoco-designinnovativesolutions.Migrantsmayalsobenefitdi-rectlyfromtheprivatesector´stechnicalexpertise,forinstancethroughmentoringorbusi-nessdevelopmentcounsellingformigrants(Huang,2017).Alongtheselines,theprivatesectorcansupportbusinessincubationprogrammesthatenablemigrantstoacquirenewskillsbasedonthedestinationcountry’slabourmarketrequirementsandtofostermigrantentrepreneurshiptoalleviatejobscarcity.Anotherwaytosupportmigrantentrepreneur-shipisthroughdirectinvestmentinmigrant-ownedormigrant-ledenterprises(Bisong&Knoll,2020;Hachigian,2016;Haller&Kreiner,2019;Klugeetal.,2018).Theprivatesectorcaninfluencepolicyanddecision-making.Inparticular,businessasso-ciationsorlargecompaniesmayusetheirinfluenceonalocalornationalleveltolobbyformigrants’economicinclusionandintegrationsupport(Bisong&Knoll,2020;Huang,2017).Intheircapacityasparticipantsinnationalmigrationsystems,theprivatesectorpossessesknow-howthatisofrelevancewhendesigninglabourmigrationandintegrationpolicies(BusinessAdvisoryGrouponMigration,2020).36BOX3.4.SKILLSPASSPORTTheSkillsPassportallowsreturningmigrantworkersinSriLankaacertificationoftheskillsandexperiencesobtainedinformally,atthesametimefacilitatingrecruitmentforemployers.TheinitiativeisajointprojectoftheMinistryofSkillsDevelopment,EmploymentandLabourRelations,theEmployers’FederationofCeylonandtheInternationalLabourOrganization(ILO).Source:BusinessAdvisoryGrouponMigration(2020).3.2.ExamplesofactionAdvocacyshouldfocusonraisingawarenessamongprivatesectorentitiesabouttheneedsforandbenefitsofengagingwith,hiring,empoweringandadvancingpartnershipswithmigrants.Itcanincludeactivitiestosensitizeandchangeattitudesamongtheprivatesectorglobally,nationallyorlocally,makingaclearbusinesscaseforinvolvementintheareaofmigration.Advocacycancentrearoundthefollowingkeymessagestohighlightthecaseforbusiness:1.Privatesectorengagementforenhancedmigrationanddevelopmentoutcomesbenefitseveryone:Emphasizethattheprivatesector’sactiveinvolvementinmigration-anddevelopment-relatedinitiativesbenefitstheprivatesectorbutalsothebroadersociety,therebyfosteringeconomicgrowth,socialcohesionandsustainabledevelopment.2.Employingmigrantsallowsonetomitigategenerallabourshortagesandtoaddressbusinesses´needsforspecificskills:Highlighthowmigrantscanfillcriticallabourgaps,enablingcompaniestomeettheirstaffingrequirementsandtoaccessspecializedskillsthatmaybescarceinthelocalworkforce,therebyenhancingproductivityandcompetitiveness.3.Withmigrants,theprivatesectorcangainnewcustomers:Showcasehowthepresenceofmigrantcommunitiesopensupnewmarketopportunities,asmigrantsoftenmaintainconnectionswiththeircountriesoforigin,creatingavenuesforexpandedtrade,culturalexchangeanddiverseconsumerpreferencesthatcanfuelbusinessgrowth.4.Migrantsincreasecreativityandinnovationthroughdiversity:Communicatetheadvantagesofdiverseworkforces,emphasizingthatmigrantsbringuniqueperspectives,experiencesandculturalbackgrounds,whichcontributetoincreasedcreativity,innovationandproblem-solvingwithintheprivatesector.37Inpractice,advocacymaycompriseinformationandawareness-raisingcampaigns,work-shops,closed-doormeetingsorworkinggroups.Informationandawareness-raisingcampaignsInformationandawareness-raisingcampaignsserveaspowerfultoolstoeducateandin-formtheprivatesectoraboutthebenefitsofactiveparticipationinmigration-anddevelop-ment-relatedinitiatives.Bydisseminatingaccurateandrelevantinformationabouttheeco-nomicadvantages,socialimpactandlegalframeworksassociatedwithmigration,thesecampaignscanhelpalleviatemisconceptionsandcreateaconduciveenvironmentforprivatesectorinvolvement.Emphasizingtheadvantagesofmigrationcanencouragecom-paniestoprioritizedecentwork,toprotecttherightsofmigrantworkersandtopromoteinclusivepractices.Theyalsoservetohighlightthepositivecontributionsthatmigrantsbringtocommunitiesforabroadaudience.Onaglobalscale,the“ItTakesaCommunity(#ITAC)”campaignisanexampleofaninter-nationalmulti-stakeholdercampaign.FacilitatedbytheGFMD,throughtheAdHocWorkingGrouponPublicNarrativesonMigrationandledjointlybyIOMandtheGovernmentsofCanadaandEcuadorandtheGFMDMayorsMechanism,thecampaignshowcasesthepositiveimpactthatmigrationcanhaveoncommunities,contributingtoglobalendeavourstofostersocialcohesion,managemigrationandcombatxenophobiaandthediscriminationofmigrants.FromApriltoAugust2021,ITACachievedsignificantoutreachthroughitssocialmediaplat-forms,generatingover6.4millionimpressions.Inaddition,morethan115piecesofcontentwerecreatedonthecampaignwebsiteandthecampaigntoolkitreachedanaudienceofover10,000individuals.TheGFMDBusinessMechanismcontributedtothecampaignbyrecording20videoswithprivatesectorsleadersadvocatingforwell-managedmigration.17Country-levelexamplesofsimilarcampaignsincludetheTuCausaesMiCausa(YourCauseisMyCause)campaigninPeru,whichseekstoreinforcesolidaritywithrefugeesandmi-grants,particularlyVenezuelans,andtheSomosLoMismo(WearetheSame)campaigninPanama,promotingsolidarityandintegrationamongmigrantsandothercommunitymem-bers.Whilesuchcampaignsallowforreachingabroadaudience,whichmayincludetheprivatesector,campaignstargetedtotheprivatesectorallowforprovidingspecificinformationaboutthelegal,regulatoryandpolicyframework,inadditiontohighlightingtheimportanceofprivatesectorengagement.AspartoftheM4SDProgramme,twoawareness-raisingvid-eosweredevelopedinMorocco.ThefirstvideotargetedtheprivatesectorandaimedtodisseminateinformationabouttheNationalImmigrationandAsylumStrategy,aswellastheincentivesandbenefitsprovidedbytheNationalAgencyforthePromotionofEmploymentandSkillstosupportbusinessesinrecruitingmigrantsandpromotingdiversity.17VideoscanbeseenonIOE’sYouTubeChannel,https://www.youtube.com/@IOEmployers/videos38ThesecondvideowasdirectedatmigrantsresidinginMorocco,informingthemabouttheopportunitiesandavailableservicesthatfacilitatetheirlabourmarketintegration.Thisisim-portantinacontextwhereboththeprivatesectorandmigrantsvoicedalackofinformation.Awareness-raisingworkshopsandtrainingComplementarytoinformationandawareness-raisingcampaigns,awareness-raisingwork-shopscreateaplatformtobuildtheprivatesector’scapacityanddeepenitsknowledgearounddiversity,inclusionandsustainablepractices.Throughworkshopsandtraining,par-ticipantscandevelopadeeperunderstandingofthechallengesfacedbymarginalizedgroups,suchasmigrants,andthepotentialcontributionstheycanmaketotheworkforce.Throughinteractivesessionsanddiscussions,participantsgaininsightsintotheimportanceofethicalrecruitment,non-discriminationanddecentworkforallemployees,regardlessoftheirbackground.Theseworkshopsalsofacilitatetheexchangeofbestpracticesandsuc-cessfulcasestudies,inspiringbusinessestoadoptmoreinclusivepoliciesandpractices.AsthetwolocalM4SDprojectsinthemunicipalitiesofMantaandSantoDomingoinEcuadorfocusedonsustainabledevelopmentthroughemploymentandsocioeconomicinclusion,theM4SDProgrammesupportedseveralcomplementaryactivitiestopromotetheemployabilityofmigrantsandothercommunitymembersthroughprivatesectorengagement.Topromotetheemployabilityofnewarrivals,suchasVenezuelanandColombianindi-vidualsdisplacedtoEcuadorandothercommunitymemberswhomayfinditdifficulttoaccessthelabourmarket,includingEcuadorianyouthandwomen,FundaciónEsquel,alocalNGO,carriedoutseveralactivitiestofacilitategreaterunderstandingbytheprivatesectoronthecontributionsmigrantscanbringtotheirbusinesses.PSEactivitiescombinedawareness-raisingcampaignandtrainingoninclusivehiringpracticesfortheprivatesectorwith“TrainingofTrainers”(ToT)oninclusivehiringpracticesintheprivatesectorforpublicofficialsandtrainingonCVwritingforcommunitymembers,includingmigrants,andthecreationofmunicipaljobbanks.Withregardstotheprivatesector,79stafffrom41compa-niesinMantaandSantoDomingoweretrainedininclusivehiringpractices.Simultaneously,companieswerepartofanawareness-raisingcampaign.Thetrainingandcampaignaimedtoencouragecompaniestoadoptmoreinclusivehiringpracticesandemploymigrants.Thetrainingconsistedoffourthematicsessions:181.Fundamentalconceptsofhumanmobility2.Normativeframework3.Employabilityguide4.Selectionandrecruitmentprocess18Apromotionalvideowasdevelopedwhichsummarizestheaimandcontentofthetraining.39BOX3.5.MYTHSANDFACTSABOUTMIGRATIONThefollowingmythsandfactswerediscussedwithparticipantsaspartoftheinclusivehiringtraininginMantaandSantoDomingo.MythFactTheforeignerprobablydidDifferentmigrantsexperiencedifferentsomethinginappropriatethatforcedmotivations(academic,employment,themtoleavetheircountry.economic)orcompulsions(armedconflict,humanitariancrisis,naturalMigrantsarecriminals.disasters)toleavetheircountry.Itisprejudicialtothinkthatcrimeislinkedtonationality.Migrantsarepoor.Povertystatusdoesnotdependonnationality.Source:TrainingmaterialelaboratedbyFundaciónEsquel.Teresa,ownerofbusinesssellingpharmaceuticalproductsandparticipantofthetraininginSantoDomingo,describedtheexperienceasfollows:“Thiscoursehashelpedmetobecomemoreaware[…]wehavesomeworkers,includingsomepeople[whohavebeendeniedopportunities]be-causetheydidnothavethenecessarydocumentationandinotherplac-estheyhavebeenexploited,butherewehavesupportedthemuntiltheywereabletoregularizetheirstatus.Thiscoursehasallowedmetounder-standthelegalframework[…].ItgivesmejoytoseethatinourcountrythelegalregulationstreatimmigrantsandusEcuadoriansequally.”Consequently,localgovernmentofficialsinthreeEcuadorianmunicipalities(Manta,Por-toviejo,andSantoDomingo)weretrainedininclusivehiringpracticesand57migrantsandmembersofhostcommunitiesreceivedtrainingonCVwriting,preparingthemtosignupforthemunicipaljobbanks,thecreationofwhichwassupportedsimultaneously.40Closed-doormeetings,workinggroupsandalliancesClosed-doormeetings,workinggroupsandalliancesplayacrucialroleindrivingcollab-oration,innovationandcollectiveactionwithintheprivatesector,buttheyalsoserveasaplatformtoraiseawarenesswithintheprivatesector.Byconveningclosed-doormeetings,governmentsandotherstakeholderscanengageinconfidentialandstrategicdiscussions,allowingforopendialogueonsensitivetopics,fosteringtrustandenablingfocusedprob-lem-solving.Forinstance,inthePhilippines,UNDPhasledbilateraldiscussionswithbusi-nessgroupsaboutmigrant-relatedissuessuchasreintegrationandemployment.Similarly,workinggroupsandalliancesallowbusinessestojoinforceswithlike-mindedor-ganizations,leveragingtheircombinedresources,influenceandexpertisetodriveimpact-fulchange,tacklespecificchallengesorpursuesharedobjectives.Thesealliancesprovideaunifiedvoiceoncriticalmatters,enhancingadvocacyeffortsandstrengtheningthepri-vatesector’sabilitytoinfluencepolicy,todriveinnovationandtopromotesustainableprac-tices.Thus,alliancescanserveasaplatformtoraiseawarenessaroundtheimportanceofprivatesectorengagementforenhancedmigrationanddevelopmentoutcomesandtoallowprivatesectoractorstoencourageengagementfromfellowprivatesectoractors.Forinstance,theInternationalRecruitmentIntegritySystem(IRIS)isIOM’sflagshipinitiativeandaglobalIOM-ledmulti-stakeholderengagementthatassistsgovernments,civilsociety,privatesectorandrecruitingagenciesintheethicalrecruitmentofmigrantworkersforthepromotionofsafelabourmigration.TheseincludetheIOE,theWorldEmploymentCon-federation,theLeadershipGroupforResponsibleRecruitment,theResponsibleBusinessAlliance(RBA),theConsumerGoodsForum,Amfori,AssociationofLabourProviders(UK),SustainableHospitalityAlliance,amongothers,aswellasglobalbrandsandemployers(IOM,2023b).TheIRISSecretariatsignedaprojectagreementwithseveralcompanies,includingtheH&MGroup.IOMconductsawareness-raisingandcapacity-buildingontheethicalrecruitmentforstaffinH&Moperationsandsupplychains.TheprojectreflectstheIRISmulti-stakehold-erapproachtocreateanenablingenvironmentforethicalrecruitmentandreinforcesstra-tegiceffortstobuilddemandforethicalrecruitmentinglobalsupplychains.TheinitiativeincludedthefollowingactivitiesintwoProgrammecountries:>IOMBangladeshfacilitatedaseriesofintroductorytrainingsessionsontheIRISStandardsbetween2020-2022.PrivaterecruitmentagencieswhosoughttopursueIRIScertificationaftertheintroductorytrainingwerelaterinductedintotheIRISLabourCapacity-BuildingProgramme,wheretheyreceivedhands-onsupportinimplementingpolicychangesintheirrecruitmentoperationstoadheretoIRISEthicalRecruitmentStandards.Asaresult,twoprivaterecruitmentagencies(CatharsisInternationalandImperialResourcesLimited)whoarepartoftheIRIScertificationprogrammehavesent20workerstoMalaysiafollowingthe‘EmployerPaysPrinciple’in2023.>IOMNepal,withthefundingsupportfromtheIOMDevelopmentFundandtheRBAregionalprojectsorganizedatwo-dayIRISintroductorytraininginsevenprovinceswhereover300targetedstakeholderrepresentativesweretrainedfromcivilsocietyorganizations(CSOs),migrantresourcecenters(MRCs),migrants’community,private41recruitmentagenciesandministries.Additionally,nationalworkshopsandmulti-countryround-tabledialogueswereconductedwiththeobjectiveofpromotingengagedstakeholders,i.e.privatesector,businessesandgovernmentalbodiessothattheyrespect,promoteandremedythehumanandlabourrightsduediligenceofmigrantworkersinthelabourmigrationcorridor.TheIRISprogrammeinterventionhasprovidedsupportinadvancingtheSDGandGCMofwhichtheGovernmentofNepalisaChampionCountry.3.3.KeyrecommendationsforactionThischapterhasillustratedthatmigrationmattersfortheprivatesector,asmigrantsmayaddressgenerallabourshortagesandbusinesses´needsforspecificskills,increasecre-ativityandinnovationthroughdiversity,helpMSMEsadapttointernationalmarketsandtobuytheirproducts.Theprivatesector´sresourcesanduniquecapabilitiesmakeitacrucialpartnerforimprovingthelivesofmigrantsandcommunitiesaroundthem,andforenhanc-ingthecontributionofmigrantstosustainabledevelopment.1.Raiseawarenesswithgovernments,theprivatesectorandcivilsocietyTocreateanenablingenvironmentforprivatesectorengagement,organizationsinthefieldofinternationaldevelopmentcooperationcouldfocusonawareness-raisingwithgov-ernments,theprivatesectorandcivilsociety.Awareness-raisingwithgovernmentsshouldhighlighttheimportanceofenhancedmigrationanddevelopmentprocessesandofen-gagingtheprivatesectortoenhancetheseprocesses,whileawareness-raisingwiththeprivatesectorshouldhighlightitsbenefits.Implementingorganizationscandrawonthekeymessagespresentedinthischapter.Someofthesemessagescanalsobeusedforawareness-raisingwithcivilsociety,whichshouldhighlightthepositiveimpactofmigrationonindividuals,communitiesandeconomies.Inadditiontoawareness-raisingwithbroadercivilsociety,governmentsandorganizationsinthefieldofinternationaldevelopmentcooperationmaytargetspecificcivilsocietygroups,suchastradeunions.Sincetradeunionsrepresenttheinterestsoflocalworkers,theymayperceivemigrationasthreateningthewagesandinterestsoftheirmembers.Raisingawarenessamongtradeunionsofthebenefitsthatmigrantsmayhaveforlocaleconomiesandlocalworkersisthereforeimportant.Forallgroups,awareness-raisingshouldaimtochangetheperceptionsofmigrants,tocombatxenophobiaandtominimizediscrimination,therebyemphasizingtheprotectionandpromotionofthehumanrightsofallindividuals,includingmigrants,throughoutallstagesofthemigrationprocess.422.Involvetheprivatesectorindecision-makingprocessesandmigrationpolicymakingToensurethatpoliciesreflecttherealitiesoftheprivatesectorandthatinitiativesthaten-gagetheprivatesectoraddressitsinterestsandneeds,governmentsshouldinvolvetheprivatesectorindecision-makingprocessesandmigrationpolicymaking.Thisincludesthedesignandformulationoflabourmarketpolicies,e.g.relatedtoimmigrants´integrationintothelabourmarketandpoliciesintheareasoffinancialinclusionandbusinesscreation.Theprivatesectoritselfcanalsouseinternationalforumsandmechanisms,suchastheGFMDthroughitsBusinessMechanismtodisseminategoodexperiences,challengesandprioritiesandtoadvocatethatnationalandlocalgovernmentsopenspacesforthemtocontributetonationalandlocalpolicymaking.Governmentsandorganizationsinthefieldofinternationaldevelopmentcooperationplayaroleinreinforcingandcultivatingsuchinvolvement.Therebythefocusshouldbeoncollaboratingwiththemostrepresentativeandorganizednationalemployers’bodiesandassociationstoensurethattherightprivatesectoractorsareinvolved.3.BalancedevelopmentandcommercialgoalsBalancingdevelopmentandcommercialgoalswithinprivatesectorengagementstrategiesallowsforpromotingsustainabledevelopmentformigrantsandhostcommunitieswhileensuringprivatesectorbuy-in.Privatesectorengagementintheareaofhumanmobilityshouldincludeactivitiesforthemutualbenefitofmigrants,localcommunitiesandthepri-vatesector,enhancingpeopleonthemove´s(localcommunities)socioeconomicwell-be-ing,participation,equitableaccesstorightsandbenefitsandprivatesectorprofitandmar-ketaccess.Demonstrating,orcreating,acommercialincentivefortheprivatesectorisimperative.Thus,targetingprivatesectorengagementtoareasofkeyinterestandmeetingtheneedsoftheprivatesectorentitiesensuresitsbuy-in.Thecloserprivatesectorengagementisalignedwiththeneedsandinterestsoftheprivatesector,theeasierthebusinesscaseforPSE.Tosecureprivatesectorinterestandcommitment,privatesectorengagementshouldfocusonareasofinteresttotheprivatesector.InEcuador,theprivatesectormappingexer-ciseshowedthatbuy-infromtheprivatesectormaybemoreattainableforspecificissuesorsubtopics,suchaseducation,gender,employabilityandentrepreneurship.Atthesametime,ashighlightedinthestudiesfromEcuadorandSerbia,theCOVID-19pandemichascreatednewdemandsforskillsandsolutions.Focusingonaspecificareaofrelevanceformigrantsandsustainabledevelopmentandaddressingareasofkeyin-terest,forinstanceinthefieldofinnovationandtechnology,willmakethesetopicsmoreapproachableandrelevantfortheprivatesectorandthereforehelpsecureprivatesectorinterestandcommitment.434.MeasureandshowcasetheimpactToincentivizetheprivatesectortoengage,itisimportanttopromotethecollectionofdataonthepositiveimpactofprivatesectorengagementinenhancingmigrationanddevelop-mentoutcomesandtohighlightthebenefitsofthisengagementfortheprivatesector.Thiscanbedonebysharingsuccessstories,casestudiesandimpactassessmentsthatdemon-stratethevalueofprivatesectorengagement.Akeyaspectistheprivatesectorseeingexplicitfinancialgainsfromengagingwithmigrants.Inaddition,providingincentivesfortheinvolvementoftheprivatesector,suchasrecognitionandprizes,canpromotethesame.Theseincentivescanalsocomefromwithintheprivatesectoras,forinstance,intermediaryinstitutionssuchaschambersofcommercecouldintroduceawardsandrecognitions.InMorocco,theM4SDProgrammeworkedwithcivilsocietyorganizationsandthelocalgovernmenttohelpmigrantsandmembersofthehostcommunitytolearnin-demandskills,setupbusinesses,andfindjobopportunities.©M4SD444.HOWTOENGAGETHEPRIVATESECTORMOREEFFICIENTLY?Whileadvocacyservestoaddressalackofwillandinformationintheprivatesector,effi-cientlyengagingtheprivatesectorrequiresfurtheraction.ThischapterhighlightswaysinwhichtheM4SDProgrammehassupportedprivatesectorengagementtoenhancemigra-tionandsustainabledevelopment.Thestrategies,solutionsandactionspresentedinthischapterderivefromthespecificexperienceswithintheM4SDProgrammeandIOM´sandUNDP´sbroaderworkonprivatesectorengagement.4.1.ModalitiesforincreasedengagementThissectiondiscussedthreemodalitiesforincreasedPSE,whichhavebeenimplementedwithintheM4SDProgrammeandwhichcanbeadapted,replicatedorscaledbygovern-mentsandotherpartners.CapacitydevelopmentandtechnicalassistanceTosupportgovernmentstoenhanceprivatesectorengagement,theM4SDProgrammeprovidedtechnicalsupporttostrengthenlocalornationalcapacitiestoengagetheprivatesector.Thisincludesestablishingmechanismsforcollectiveactionorworkinggroupsandforreinforcingexistingones:>InEcuador,trainingwasgiventolocalgovernmentofficialstocreateandfosteropportunitiesformigrants’employment,livelihoodsandincomegeneration.BetweenSeptemberandOctober2022,atotalof47localgovernmentofficialsweretrained(15inManta,15inPortoviejo,17inSantoDomingo)througha“TrainingofTrainers”(ToT)oninclusivehiringintheprivatesectorforpublicofficials.Thereby,theToTbuiltonthetrainingmaterialfromthe2021trainingprocessonemployability(seeChapter3).Thisprocessfosterspartnershipsbetweenlocalgovernmentsandtheprivatesectorandwillallowmunicipalitiestocontinuetotrainprivatesectoractorsoninclusivehiringprocessesbeyondthedurationofthejointprogramme.>InSerbia,there-establishmentoftheBusinessCouncilforDiasporaoftheChamberofCommerceandIndustryinSerbia(CCIS)hasbeensupported.Foundedin2002,theDiasporaBusinessCouncilfocusesonharnessingthepotentialoftheSerbiandiasporaforeconomicdevelopmentandfosteringcollaborationbetweenSerbianbusinessesandindividualslivingabroad.ThecounciloperatesundertheumbrellaoftheCCISanddifferentgovernmentagenciesareinstitutionalmembersoftheCouncil.TheprimaryobjectiveoftheBusinessCouncilforDiasporaistostrengtheneconomictiesandtofacilitatebusinessopportunitiesbetweenSerbian45diasporamembersandbusinessesinSerbia,servingasaplatformforknowledgeandtechnologiestransferonmultiplegovernmentlevels(central,regionalandlocal).Despiteitsdecadeofexistenceandtrackrecordinconnectingdiasporasandbusinesses,theCouncilwasconfrontinganumberofchallengesanduntappedopportunities,includingalackofinterestfromitsmembers,alackofskilledlabourintheSerbianeconomyandthelimiteduseofdigitalplatforms.ToenhancetheCouncil’seffectiveness,thedevelopmentofanew,results-basedstrategywassupportedbytheM4SDProgramme.Thisstrategyrepresentstheculminationofacapacitygapanalysis,incorporatinginputsfromvariouskeystakeholdersandaligningwiththegovernment’sdiasporaengagementstrategyfordevelopment.ItalsodrawsinspirationfromtheaccomplishmentsoftheChamberofCommerceandIndustryofSerbiathroughtheLinkUp!SerbiaIIproject,implementedbytheInternationalCentreforMigrationPolicyDevelopment(ICMPD)fromDecember2019toNovember2022.ThestrategyservesasaroadmapfortheCouncil,providingacleardirectionandactionplantoharnessthepotentialofthediasporaandtopromoteeconomicgrowthandcollaboration.>InMoldova,jointlocaleconomiccouncilswereestablished.TheSDC-UNDP“MigrationandLocalDevelopment”Project(2019-2022)aimedtoimprovethelocalbusinessenvironmentandtocreateadditionalincome-generatingopportunitiesincommunitiesfromMoldovaaffectedbyoutwardmigration.Theprojectsupportedthebuildingof“four-leafcloverpartnerships”(LocalEconomicForums)bybringingtogetherthepublicandprivatesectors,civilsocietyorganizations,andlocaldiasporaorganizations(HometownAssociations)tojointlyelaborateandimplementLocalEconomicDevelopmentRoadMaps.46BOX4.1METHODOLOGYTODEVELOPANDADOPTTHESTRATEGYFORTHEBUSINESSCOUNCILFORDIASPORAOFTHECHAMBEROFCOMMERCEANDINDUSTRYOFSERBIAThere-establishmentoftheCouncilthroughitsnewstrategyfollowedthestepsdescribedbelow:Step1:Capacitygapanalysiswhichassessedtheinstitutionalexperienceandincludedinterviewswithkeystakeholdersandaquestionnairefilledoutbyrelevantsectors,associationsandregionalChambersofCommerce.ItalsoincludedananalysisofhowtheCouncilcouldsupportthe“StrategyoneconomicmigrationoftheRepublicofSerbiafortheperiod2021-2027”.Step2:DraftStrategy,basedonthecapacitygapanalysis.Step3:Consultationprocessbasedonthedraftstrategy,includingactiveconsultationswithdiasporainvestors,entrepreneurs,businessownersandengineersintheDACHregion(Austria,SwitzerlandandGermany)androundtableswithexperts,stakeholdersandpartnersinBelgrade.Step4:OnboardingofCouncilMembersandAssemblyinBelgradeFollowingthedevelopmentofthestrategy,membersoftheCouncilweretakenonboardandinvitedtoaBusinessCouncilAssemblyMeeting.Themeetingservedtofinalizethestrategyinfull;relevantnationalpartnerswereproposedandapprovedforimplementation;andthesubmissionofthestrategyasaprojectdocumentwaspresentedtotherelevantdonorforfunding.Step5:StrategyadoptionTheStrategyfortheBusinessCouncilforDiasporaCCIS2023-2026willbeadoptedbytheChamberofCommerceandIndustryofSerbiaasanoverallcooperationstrategywiththebusinessdiasporainthefollowingfiveyears.Source:IOM,SDC,UNDP,ChamberofCommerceandIndustryofSerbia(2022).47Theforumsaimedtostimulateandfacilitatediasporaeconomicandinvestmentengage-mentinlocaleconomicdevelopmentinruralmunicipalities.Thisresultedintheexpansionofexistingbusinessesandtheestablishmentofstartupsbyreturnedmigrantsandtheirfamilymembers,leadingtoanoverallboostinlocaleconomies.Theprojecthelpedtocre-ate862newjobs,toexpand/upgradebusinessoperationsof144existinglocalfirmsandtolaunch109start-upsandco-generateinvestmentsfor$19.2mn.Sincethefocusisonestablishingtheecosystem,thereislimitedengagementwiththepri-vatesectoraspartoftheseactivities,mostlywithintermediaryinstitutionsandinterlocutors,suchaschambersofcommerceandindustryandbusinessassociations.ConveningandknowledgesharingKnowledgesharingservestosharewhatworksandwhatdoesnotworktoimprovepri-vatesectorengagement,partnershipsandprogramminginissuesrelatedtomigration,includingidentifyingandscalinguppotentialareasforcollaborationandfutureconcretenextsteps.Italsocreatesopportunitiesformutuallearning.Knowledgesharingwithprivatesectorrepresentativesisimportanttoensurethatmigrationanddevelopmentsolutionsaddresstheinterests,needsandchallengesoftheprivatesectorastheyaredevelopedandwhentheyareimplemented.Knowledgesharingcanhappenvirtuallyorinperson,behighlyformalorratherinformalandmorerelaxedandcanincludetheprivatesector,nationalandlocalgovernmentoffi-cials,NGOsandotherstakeholders.Knowledgesharingandconveningeffortsaremostpracticalandusefulwhentheyhaveaparticularpurposeorspecificgoalinmind:forexam-ple,updatingapolicyrelevanttotheprivatesector’sinterests,developinganewinitiativeinwhichtheprivatesectorhasastakeoridentifyingpotentialareasofcollaborationtoovercomeaspecificchallengerelatedtomigrantemploymentinacertaincity.WithintheM4SDProgramme,acoreworkstreamhasbeenknowledgemanagementandcapacitydevelopment.OverthecourseoftheProgramme,severalglobalwebinarsandpeerexchangesaroundprivatesectorengagementwereorganized,namelythefollowingones:>Awebinaron“Engagingtheprivatesector:frommappingtoaction”inwhichCommittedtoGoodandH&Mpresentedtheirexperiences.Thewebinarservedto:(i)shareexperiences,practicesandlessonslearntfromtheGlobalProgrammecountriesonmovingfrommappingandplanningstagesforprivatesectorengagementtowardsconcreteengagementofprivatesectoractors;(ii)informongoingandfutureactivitiesbyshowcasingPrivateSectorEngagementinitiativesintheareasofemployabilityandentrepreneurship;and(iii)preparethegroundforthegovernment-ledPeerExchangeGrouponprivatesectorengagement.>Apeerexchangeon“Promotingmigrantemployability”,co-ledbytheMunicipalGovernmentoftheMantaCanton,whichallowed:(i)sharingofknowledgeandgoodpracticesonhowtopromotemigrantemployability;(ii)providingexpertcapacity-48buildingbysharingtheexperienceoftheimplementingpartnerFundaciónEsquel;and(iii)identifyingkeysuccessfactorsandcommonchallengestopromotingmigrantemployability.>Apeerexchangeon“AdvancingtheFinancialInclusionofPeopleontheMoveandHostCommunities”.19Theeventfocusedon:(i)sharingknowledgeandgoodpracticesonsupply-sideinterventionswithfinancialinstitutions;(ii)suggestingcontext-adaptableengagementmodelsonfinancialinclusionforpeopleonthemove;and(iii)identifyingkeysuccessfactorsandcommonchallengestopromotefinancialinclusionofpeopleonthemovethroughsupply-sideinterventionswithfinancialinstitutions.Whilemanysolutionsarehighlycontext-dependent,globalexchanges,suchastheonesfacilitatedthroughtheM4SDProgramme,allowforanexchangeofexperiencesacrosscountries.Ontheotherhand,conveningandknowledgesharingonacountryoratthelocallevelmayallowformorespecificdiscussions.Examplesofcountry-levelconveningandknowledgesharingaspartofthejointprogrammeincludeprivatesectorworkshopsinSenegalandaprivatesectormappingdialogueinSerbia.>PrivatesectorworkshopsinSenegal:AspartoftheProgramme’sprivatesectorcomponent,workshopswereorganizedinthreeregions:Diourbel,Saint-LouisandSédhiou.Theworkshopsbroughttogetherlocalgovernmentandprivatesectorrepresentativestodiscussstrategiestofurtherinvolvetheprivatesector,difficultieswiththefinancingofprivatesectorinitiativesandthereintegrationofreturnmigrants.Recommendationstofurtherinvolvetheprivatesectorincludedthefollowingsteps:settingupaframeworkforconsultationbetweenthemainstakeholderstoensurethattheirneedsarebettertakenintoaccount;providingaccesstoinformation,training,formalizationandfunding;creatinganinvestment-friendlyenvironment;andsettinguppublic-privatepartnershipstoimprovethebusinessenvironmentatthelocallevel.Theworkshopsalsoshowedtheneedtostrengthensynergiesandto,forinstance,promoteinclusivefinancingmechanismsforMSMEsandsetupincubationcentres.>PrivatesectormappingdialogueinSerbia:On28October2022,UNDPSerbiainvitedpartnersfromthegovernment,privatesectorandorganizationsinthefieldofinternationaldevelopmentcooperationtodiscussthefindingsoftheprivatesectormappingreport,publishedwithintheframeworkoftheM4SDProgramme.Whilethemappingfocusedontheroleofdiasporasinthecountries´economicdevelopment,theeventalsoprovidedanopportunityforpartnerstodiscusstheemploymentofyouth,immigrantsandreturningmigrantsasatooltoaddressthelabourshortagesthecountryisfacinginseveralsectorsandtosharegoodpractices,showingtheimportanceofdialoguesthatincludetheprivatesector.19ThesearesomeexamplesofasetofnearlyadozenPeerExchangeGroupshostedwithintheM4SDProgrammeonvar-ioustopics,someglobal,someregionalandsomenational.Formoreoftheseexchangesandkeytipsforprogrammingandpolicymakinggatheredfromseveralofthese,seesynthesisreportsathttps://migration4development.org/en/about/our-programmes.49Invitingprivatesectorrepresentativestoparticipateintheseeventsallowspartnerstobet-terunderstandtheirreality,opportunitiesandchallenges.Dependingonhowthisapproachisimplemented,theprivatesectormayplayamoreorlessactiverole.Whenaimingforactiveprivatesectorparticipation,theleadroleinsucheventswouldbetakenbyinterme-diaryinstitutionsornationalBusinessMembershipOrganizations(BMOs).Thisensuresthatdiscussionsdirectlyaddressthereal-worldchallengesandaspirationsoflocalbusinesses.Governmentsandorganizationsinthefieldofinternationaldevelopmentcooperationcanthenprovidesupportbygatheringstakeholdersandpreparinginformationtobeshared.Conveningmayalsoprovideanopportunitytoco-createinnovativesolutionswiththepri-vatesector,therebyincreasingmigrants´andcommunities’accesstoproducts,servicesandrights.Tosupportprivatesectorinitiativestofosterfinancialinclusionofmigrantsandallcommunitymembers,financialinstitutionsinEcuadorwereaccompaniedtoadapttheirfinancialproductstoservepeopleonthemove.Trainingtooktheformofthreeworkshopswiththreethemes:empathy,designandprototypes.Theparticipatoryideationresultedinthedraftingofthreedraftproductstargetedatmigrants.Aspartofthetraining,participantsalsodiscussedstepsonhowtoimplementatrial.ServicedeliveryandcollaborationThismodalityservestodeliverservicesformigrants´enhancedsocioeconomicwell-be-ingandwidercommunitydevelopmentwiththesupportoftheprivatesector,anditcanbeseenasthemostakintopartnerships.Theroleoftheprivatesectorcanbethatofabeneficiaryandparticipantbutalsoasaprovideroffinancialandnon-financialresources,accordingtheprivatesectoramoreactiverolethanintheothermodalities.Itisimportanttoemphasizethatthismodalitydoesnotreplaceengagingwiththeprivatesectorastruepart-nersinmigrationanddevelopmentinitiativesandshouldratherbeseenasawaytobuildthegroundforpartnerships.Twoexamplesinprogrammecountriescanbehighlighted:>MunicipaljobbanksinMantaandSantoDomingo,Ecuador:WithintheframeworkoftheM4SDProgramme,IOMEcuadorhassupportedthelocalgovernmentsofMantaandSantoDomingotolaunchonlinejobbanksandmarketplacestoconnectcommunitymembers,includingmigrants,tojobopportunitiesinthepublicandprivatesectors.Bothplatformswerebuiltinparticipativeprocesseswithpublicofficialsandtechnicalpersonnelsotheycouldrespondtotherelevantneedsandtotheinstitutionalnatureandindividualvisionofeachofthemunicipalities.Theconcept,designandfunctionwereconstructedwithbeneficiariesindifferentfocusgroupsandapprovedbythemunicipalfocalpoints.InthecaseofSantoDomingo,bothplatformshavebeendeliveredtotheEconomicDevelopmentAdministration,andalthoughtheyarefullyfunctional,themunicipalityisworkingonastrategicplantogenerateopportunitiesforjobseekersandentrepreneurs.InManta,theplatformshavebeentiedtotheEconomicDevelopmentAdministration,butalsototheco-workinginsideCasadelaMujer,aprojectaimedtogenerateproductiveopportunitiesforvulnerablewomenandyoungpeopleinthecity.50>AnotherexamplefromaprogrammecountryistheNationalIntelligenceforSkills,Education,EmploymentandEntrepreneurship(NISE),AspiretoInnovate(a2i),implementedbyUNDPBangladesh.Developedbythea2iteam,NISEwaspilotedinBangladeshandreplicatedinSomalia(ShaqoAbuur)andJordan(DigiMaharat).Theplatformaimstobridgethegapbetweenthedemandandsupplysidesbymatchmakingamongthegovernment,publicandprivateskillsserviceproviders,employersandyouth.InthecaseofBangladesh,youthincludejobseekers,entrepreneursandpotentialmigrantworkers.Throughtheplatform,theyreceiveaccesstoAI-basedcareerguidance,skillstraining,jobforecasts,apprenticeshipopportunities,businessandentrepreneurshipguidanceandmigrationsuggestions.Theplatformhasbeendesignedwithpeoplewithdisabilitiesinmind.TheimplementationoftheplatforminBangladesh,JordanandSomaliashowsitssuitabilityforcountriesoforiginanddestination.PlansexisttoexpandtheprojecttoHaiti,theMaldivesandNepal.Examplesofmatchmakingplatformsfromothercountriesinclude:>Dukkan.work:Aglobalfreelanceplatform,Dukkan.workmatchesArabic-speakingprofessionalswithemployers.WhiletheplatformaimstocreatedigitallivelihoodopportunitiesforSyrianrefugeesinTürkiye,itisavailabletofreelancersandemployersworldwide.Jobcategoriesofferedontheplatformincludegraphicdesign,digitalmarketing,writingandtranslation,videoandanimation,musicandaudio,programmingandtech,businessanddata.>Intégrate:IntégrateisadigitalplatformthatcoordinatestheeffortsbetweenUNDP,localactorsandtheprivatesectortopromoteandimprovesocialandeconomicintegrationofpeopleinhumanmobilitycontextsinMexico.Thisplatformallowssuchpeopletoelaboratetheirownprofilesandtoidentifytheirneedsandcapacities.Basedonthisinformation,UNDPlinksthemwithlocalactorsandtheprivatesectortofacilitatetheiraccesstojobopportunitiesandmeettheirneeds.Additionally,Intégrateprovideaccesstouserstotrainingprogrammes,psychosocialsupportandmentoringplans,andtoprioritizethemostvulnerablepeopletobehiredinlocalenterprises.Thismodelseekstobereplicatedindifferenthostingcommunities,respectingtheirspecificcontexts.>Upwork-IOMcollaboration:InpartnershipwithUpwork,afreelancingplatform,IOMishelpingdisplacedUkrainiansfindremoteworkopportunities.Thisisdonebyidentifyingdisplacedjobseekersandbymatchingtheirskillswiththoseindemandontheplatform.IOMisalsoprovidingbasictrainingandsupportservicesandassistingparticipantstoestablishthemselvesasonlinefreelancers.Whilejob-matchingplatformsareacommontooltheprivatesectorcansupportbyofferingvacancies,thisformofprivatesectorengagementextendstootherareasaswell,suchasentrepreneurship.TheCREANDOprojectinPeruisoneexample.AimingtopromotetheentrepreneurshipofVenezuelansandPeruvians,itservesasaspaceforcapacity-buildingandnetworking.Theplatform,whichwaslaunchedin2022,connectsorganizationsthatprovideentrepreneurshipsupportatthenationallevelfromthegovernment,theprivatesector,civilsocietyandorganizationsinthefieldofinternationaldevelopmentcooperation51withmigrantentrepreneursinPeru.PrivatesectorentitiesincludetheWorldCouncilofCreditUnions,Equilibrium,abusinessdevelopmentconsultancy,KUNAN,aplatformforsocialentrepreneurshipinPeru,andtheAssociationofPeruvianBanks.4.2.ChallengesandkeyactionsPrivatesectorengagementaspartofmigration-anddevelopment-relatedinitiativesisnotwithoutchallenges.ExperienceswithintheM4SDProgrammeandbeyondhaveshownthatacountry´soveralleconomiccontextanditslegal,regulatoryandpolicyframeworkinfluencetheextenttowhichtheprivatesectorcanbeengaged.Widespreadxenophobiaandgender-baseddiscriminationfurthercomplicateengagement.Withintheprivatesector,limitedcapacities,discriminationagainstmigrants,theinterestsoftradeunionsandgen-der-baseddiscriminationconstituteachallengeforengagementandinitialengagementhasprovendifficulttomaintain.Thisisinacontextwheregovernmentsthatcanplayamajorroleindrivingmoreenhancedprivatesectorengagementalsolackthecapacitiesandinteresttodoso.AddressingglobalcrisesanduncertaintiesThecurrentglobalcontextisframedbymultipleglobalcrisesanduncertaintiesthathavetakentheirtollontheworldeconomy,resultingineconomicinstabilityandrecession,adisruptionofvaluechains,highratesofinflationanddebttightening(UNDP,2022a).Thewidermacroeconomiccontextofthecountryinwhichprivatesectorengagementistotakeplaceplaysanimportantroleintheengagementdesignandprocess.TheCOVID-19pandemicanditseconomicrepercussionshaveaffectedtheprivatesectorinmanypartsoftheworld,inhibitingbusinessoperationsandcausingmajorlayoffs.Inpart,thisexacerbatedtheprivatesector’slackofwilltoengagewithmigrants.ThiswasthecaseforSerbia,wherethemappingexerciseshowedthatchangedeconomiccircumstancesduetotheCOVID-19pandemicledtoalackofwillorabilitytoengage.Akeypoint–thisoccurredinacontextwhereforeignlabourwasnotsignificantlyreliedonandinthatregardSerbiastoodapartfromothercountriesorsectors,suchasthetourismindustry,whichexperiencedtheconsequencesofrelyingheavilyonforeignlabourduringtheCOVID-19pandemic,resultingintheprivatesectoradvocatingforaresumptionofla-bourmigration.52BOX4.2IMPACTOFTHECOVID-19PANDEMICONBUSINESSESINTUNISIAInTunisia,19percentofcompaniessurveyedaspartoftheprivatesectormappingexercisereportedtohavedismissedemployeesduetothepandemic.Inaddition,21percentofcompaniesreducedthecostsassociatedwithhiringortraining.Thesameshareofcompaniesreducedthenumberofnewhiresorissuedahiringfreeze.Aboutathirdofcompanieshadtoadapttheirproductorserviceoffersduetothepandemic,and81percentofrespondentsacknowledgedtheneedtoupgradetheirworkforceskillstobeabletoadapttothenewworkingconditions.Source:Saibi(2021).InEcuador,thesloweconomicrevivallimitsthegenerationofnewjobs.Ecuador´seco-nomiccrisissince2018,whichwasfurtheraggravatedbytheimpactsoftheCOVID-19pandemicin2020,hasledtounprecedentedlevelsofunemploymentandaggravatedlevelsofunderemploymentacrossthecountry.Asaresult,thecountryhasexperiencedanincreaseininformalityandprecariousnessforallcommunitymembers,includingmigrants,withonlyaboutonethirdofthecountry´sworking-agepopulationhavingadequateem-ploymentin2022(NationalInstituteofStatisticsandCensuses(INEC),2022).Thischallengeisofglobalrelevance:60percentoftheworld´semployedpopulationworksintheinformaleconomy.Theshareofinformalemploymentishigherformenthanforwomen:58.1percentofwomenworkintheinformaleconomy,comparedto66percentofmen.Youthages15to24aredisproportionallyaffectedbyinformalemployment,with77.1percentofemployedyouthworkingintheinformaleconomy.InmostoftheM4SDprogrammecountries,informalemployment20ishigh.CountrieslikeBangladesh(91.3percent,2016),Nepal(77.6percent,2016)andSenegal(88percent,2018)(UNDP,n.d.)haveparticularlyhighratesofinformality.21Itshouldbenotedthatitisnotoriouslydifficulttoidentifyexactfiguresofinformalemploy-ment,andanyestimatesareassumedtobelowerthanactualinformality.Globally,mostmigrantsresideinlower-andmiddle-incomecountries.Thesecountriesoftenexhibithigh-erratesofinformalitywithintheirlabourmarketsrenderingmigrantsparticularlyvulnerabletoinformal,unregulatedandunsafeworkingconditions.Theseconditionsnotonlycom-promisemigrants’andlocals’well-beingbutalsohamperoveralldevelopmenteffortsbyperpetuatinginequalities,hinderingsocioeconomicprogressandimpedingtherealizationofthesustainabledevelopmentgoals.20Thisistheproportionofinformalemploymentinnon-agriculturalemployment(percentageoftotalemploymentinnon-ag-riculture).Thedatareflectsthemostrecentavailablestatistics.21ThepercentagesofinformalemploymentfortheotherM4SDprogrammecountriesareasfollows:Ecuador–52.6percent(2018),Kyrgyzstan–50.4percent(2017),Moldova–22percent(2022),Serbia–12.2percent(2019).DataforMoroc-co,PhilippinesandTunisiaisnotavailable(UNDP,n.d./updatedinternaldata).53Againstthisbackground,governmentsshouldfocusonprovidingaccesstodecentjobsformigrantsandlocalcommunities.Ensuringindividualsobtainformalcontracts,healthbenefitsandsocialprotectioniskey.Thereby,governmentsshouldspecificallyincreaseaccesstodecentjobsformigrantwomenandyouth.Thiscouldbedonethroughtargetedtraineeships,mentoringandtheprovisionofchild-caresolutions.Giventheprevalenceofinformality,itbecomesimperativetoadoptacomprehensiveapproachtoalsoengagetheinformaleconomy.Therefore,thefocusshouldbeonfor-malizingbusinesses,theimportanceofwhichhasbeenillustratedincrisisandpost-crisiscontextsbutalsoextendsbeyondthem(UNDP,2022b).Byaddressinginformalitythroughaholisticlens,thisapproachrecognizesthemultifacetednatureoftheissueandseekstocreateanenvironmentwherebusinessescantransitionintotheformalsector.Combiningprivatesectorengagementwithprivatesectordevelopmentallowstostrengthentheprivatesectorandfosteringjobcreation.TheCOVID-19pandemicanditseconomicrepercussionshaveaffectedtheprivatesectorinmanypartsoftheworld,inhib-itingbusinessoperationsandcausingmajorlayoffs.Inpart,thisexacerbatedtheprivatesector’slackofwilltoengageforandwithmigrants.Combiningprivatesectorengagementwithprivatesectordevelopmentmaystrengthentheprivatesectorandfosterjobcreation,forinstance.Forexample,UNDP’sSuppliers’Developmentmethodologyisavaluechainmethodologywithabusinessandsocialapproachthatbuildsbusinessrelationshipsbetweentheleadcompanyanditssuppliers,withtheultimategoalofincreasingcompetitiveness,productiv-ityandqualityemployment.UNDPhaseffectivelyappliedthisapproachacrossarangeofeconomicsectorsinseveralcountries.ThemethodologyformspartoftheSDGvaluechainprogrammewhichcomprisesasetofadditionalmethodologiesthatsupportMSMEstoim-provetheirfinancial,managerialandproductionskills,businessmodelsanddigitalization.Relatedtotheabove,acertainadaptabilitymightbeanadvantage.AstheexperiencewithTunisiashows,inthesemoredivergentcontextswithachallengingpoliticalandeconomicsituation,itmakessensetoadaptprivatesectormappingsanddialoguestoongoingde-velopments.Thismayincludeadaptingtheprivatesectortargetgroup,thestrategiestoapproachtheprivatesectorandthemigrantbeneficiarygrouptofocuson.Forexample,thestrategyorfocuscouldbetailoredtotheengagementoftheprivatesectoronyoungprospectivemigrants,internalmigrantsandotherpotentialorfuturepeopleonthemove.Overcominglegal,regulatoryandpolicybarriersAchallengetoprivatesectorengagementidentifiedduringtheprivatesectormappingexercisesisthelegal,regulatoryandpolicyframeworkinplace,namelypoliciesregulatingtheregularizationofirregularimmigrantsandtheiraccesstoemployment,educationandsocialservices.Policiesandlegislationatlocalandnationallevelsdeterminetheextenttowhichmigrantshaveaccesstorightsandservices.Legal,regulatoryandpolicybarriersrestrictingentry,labourmarketaccess,entrepre-neurship,oraccesstoformaleducationformigrantsmaylimitthetargetbeneficiarygroups54ofprivatesectorengagementandprivatesectorengagementassuch.Policiesandlegis-lationalsocreatethepossibilitiesforprivatesectorengagementbydefiningthemecha-nisms,formsofcollaborationandwaysforthesectortoparticipateinpolicydevelopment.InMorocco,41percentofcompaniesincludedinthestudyreported‘socialandlegalcon-ditions’asthemaindifficultyinrecruitingimmigrants.Inthiscontext,lengthyandcostlyadministrativeproceduresdisincentivizebusinessestorecruitimmigrants.InSerbia,someoftheobstaclesidentifiedinrelationtothecooperationbetweenbusinessesfromSerbiaandthediasporawererelatedtothelegalandpolicyframework.Policymeasuressuchasareductionoftaxes,atransparentandefficienttaxpolicy,lowertransportationcostsandafacilitatedprocedureforshippingparcelsabroad,amongothers,wereidentifiedasnec-essarytoremovecurrentobstaclesandincentivizeSerbiandiasporabusinessownerstocontributetotheSerbianeconomy.ThesefindingsconfirmdatapresentedinarecentBos-tonConsultingGroup(BCG)-IOMreportonbusinesses´roleinmigrationwhichidentifiedalackoflegalframeworksasakeyobstacle(Harnossetal.,2022).Nonetheless,thestudiesalsohighlightedfavourableconditionsconcerningpoliciesinsomeofthecountries.InSerbia,theStrategyforEconomicMigrationoftheRepublicofSer-biafor2021-2027envisionsthecreationofprogrammesaimedatretainingskilledhumanresourceswithinoccupationsfacingshortagesandattractingandintegratingindividualswithdiverseeducationalbackgroundsfromabroadintothelabourmarketoftheSerbia.Thestrategyalsoforeseesharmonizingtheeducationsystemstolabourmarketdemands,therebycreatinganenablingenvironmenttoengagetheprivatesector.InMorocco,theimplementationoftheNationalImmigrationandAsylumPolicy,adoptedinSeptember2013,allowedconsiderableprogressconcerningregularization,with50,000irregularmigrantsreceivingaregularstatusanddocumentationbetween2014and2017.OtherpoliciesincludetheDevelopmentPlan(2017-2022)oftheTangier-Tétouan-AlHoceï-maregionandtheregionalemploymentprogramme(2021-2022)inMorocco.Thesepoli-ciesnotonlyaddressthelegalandadministrativeaspectsofmigration,butalsoactivelyin-volvetheprivatesectorintheintegrationprocessbyrecognizingthepotentialofmigrantsasvaluablecontributorstotheworkforceandtothelocaleconomy,andbydemonstratingacomprehensiveapproachtomigrationmanagementthatbenefitsbothmigrantsandthebroadersociety.InEcuador,theirregularmigrationstatusofVenezuelans,whoformthemajorityofnewarrivalsoverthelastyears,constitutethemainbarriertolabourmarketaccessandsmallbusinessloans,amongothers.TheEcuadorianGovernmentiscurrentlyundertakingareg-ularizationprocessforVenezuelancitizenswhichwasinitiatedon1September2022andisexpectedtocloseinAugust2023.22Suchprocessesareanimportantstepincreatinganenablingenvironmentforprivatesec-torengagement.Policiesallowingimmigrantstoobtainemploymentandownbusinessesalsohavepositivefinancialbenefitsforthecountriesofdestination(UNDP,2020c).Whilepoliciesfortheregularizationofmigrantscorrespondtocountriesofdestinationandtransit,22Seehttps://estoyaqui.ec55regulatingtherightofentryandtherighttoworkforinstance,countriesoforiginalsoplayarole,guaranteeingtheprotectionandrightsofemigrantsandofreturnmigrants.Tocreateanenablingenvironmentforprivatesectorengagement,governmentsshouldaddresspolicyandregulatorybarriersthatinhibitmigrants´accesstoemployment,ed-ucation,healthandrights.Thisincludesregularizationprocessesandtherecognitionofcredentials,butalsoextendstomainstreamingmigrationintodevelopmentplanning.Thisgoesforbothcountriesoforigin,transitanddestination,asthecountry-of-origingovern-mentsmayfostertheregularizationandrecognitionofskillsofemigrantsandreturnmi-grants,whilethetransit-anddestination-countrygovernmentsmayguaranteethesameforimmigrantsortransitmigrants.UNagenciescansupportgovernmentsinremovingthesebarriersandupdatingpoli-ciesandregulations.Alongtheselines,theM4SDProgrammehassupportedlocalandnationalauthoritiestocomprehensivelyincludemigrationconsiderationsindevelopmentpoliciesandplanning.Forinstance,inEcuador,theM4SDProgrammeprovidedtargetedcapacity-buildingsupportonintegratingmigrationconsiderationsintolocaldevelopmentplanningtoitstwopartnermunicipalities(MantaandSantoDomingo),whileinJamaicatheProgrammeprovidedtechnicalassistanceindraftingJamaica’sNationalDiasporaPolicy.Whileregularizationprocessesgenerallyfallwithinthepurviewofnationalgovernments,localgovernmentsmayalsoplayaroleinaddressingpolicyandregulatorybarriers.Forexample,inNepal,theM4SDProgrammesupportedanew“ForeignEmploymentandRe-integrationPolicy”whichhasbeenpassedandimplementedbytheDhankutaMunicipality.PromotinginclusionandcombatingxenophobiaNegativeattitudesaroundmigrationatthelocalandnationallevelscanresultindiscrim-inatorypublicpolicies.Evenwherepoliciesandlegislationallowmigrants´accesstoed-ucation,employment,economicinclusion,health,socialsecurityandhumanrights,xeno-phobiamayimpedemigrants’inclusionasdiscrimination,hatespeech,verbalattacksandphysicalassaultsrestricttheiraccesstoeconomicopportunities,housingandbasicser-vicesandnegativelyimpacttheirphysicalandmentalhealth(IOM,2020),asillustratedbyarecentwaveofxenophobiaandracismtowardssub-Saharanimmigrantsandlocalsofsub-SaharanAfricandescentinTunisiainearly2023(BenHamad,2023).Overallattitudescanbeechoedwithintheprivatesector.Indirectanddirectdiscriminationofmigrantswithintheprivatesectormayexcludemigrantsfromemploymentorthemeanstomakealiving,asrecruitmentprocessesbanthemdirectlybygivingpreferencetonation-alsorindirectly,forinstancebyrequiringfeesforrecruitmentagenciesordocumentationtoobtainaloanthatisnotaffordableorachievableformanymigrants.Discriminationmayfurtherextendtothesalary,advancementandpromotionmigrantsre-ceivecomparedtonationalsonceemployed.Besidesdiscrimination,theimplementationofpoliciesisoftenhinderedbyvarioussystemicbarriersandcomplexities,suchascostly56procedures,additionalpaperworkandtheissueofrecognitionofqualificationsobtainedfromforeignuniversities,amongothers.Toattractandretainadiverseworkforce,privatesectorentitiesshouldcreateinclusivehiringprocessesandnon-discriminatoryworkenvironments.Thisincludesreviewing,reformingandmonitoringhiringprocessesforinclusivity,implementingmeasurestocreateanon-discriminatoryworkenvironmentandsupportingtheintegrationofimmigrantsandthereintegrationofreturnmigrants.Inpractice,thismayincludeinternalcommunicationcampaignsaddressingbiasesandprejudices,tailoredpreboardingandonboardingpro-cesses,andtraininghumanresourcesofficerstobetterunderstandlegislationonhiringmigrants.Tosupportmigrants´integrationintotheworkplace,largecompaniescouldalsoofferlanguageclasssubsidiesforimmigrantworkersorimplementbuddyprogrammesthatmatchimmigrantsandlocals,orreturnmigrantsandlocals.Tocombatthedirectorindirectdiscriminationofmigrantsintheprivatesector,collaborat-ingwithBMOsandotheremployers’organizationsisessential.Workingtogetherallowsforcoordinatedefforts,makingtheimpactmoresignificant.BMOsandemployers’organi-zationshaveadeepunderstandingoflabourmarkets,employmentpracticesandindustrydynamics.Theirexpertisecaninformstrategiestoaddressdiscriminationandtopromotefairrecruitmentandworkpractices.BMOscanplayaroleineducatingtheirmembercom-paniesaboutthebenefitsofdiversity,thedangersofdiscriminationandthepositiveim-pactsoftreatingallworkersfairly.Theinterestsoftradeunionsmayconstituteanotherchallenge.While“…businessesoftenlobbyformoreliberalimmigrationpolicies,tradeunionshistoricallyhaveoftenseenimmi-grationasthreateningthewagesandinterestsoftheirmembers”(UNDP,2020c,p.38).Furthermore,addressingtheneedsofmigrantsandhostcommunitiessimultaneouslybyintegratingaspectsofsocialcohesionensuresthattheneedsofbothmigrantsandhostcommunitiesaremetinanequitableandsustainablemanner.Thisrequiresanin-depthunderstandingoftheneedsofbothmigrantsandhostcommunities.Combatinggender-basedviolenceanddiscriminationMigrantsandothercommunitymembersinthelocalpopulationmaybesubjecttosexualandgender-basedviolence(SGBV).Estimatessuggestthataround30percentofwomengloballyhaveexperiencedintimatepartnerviolenceornon-partnersexualviolence(WorldHealthOrganization(WHO),2021).RatesofSGBVarehigherformigrantsintransitanddestinationcountriescomparedtolocalpopulations,andmigrantwomeninvulnerablesituationsareatparticularrisk.DespitetheprevalenceofwomenamongSGBVvictims,increasingattentionisbeingputonGBVagainstboysandmen,includingininternationalmigrationcontexts(Tan&Kuschminder,2022).SGBVcanhavedetrimentalimpactsonthementalandphysicalhealthofsurvivors,leadingtoprofoundconsequencesoneconomicactivity,includingemployment.ItisthereforecrucialthatprivatesectorengagementiscoupledwithmeasurestoaddressthespecificprotectionneedsofsurvivorsofSGBVandofothermigrantsandlocalcom-57munitymembersinvulnerablesituations.ThisincludesfacilitatingaccesstohealthcareforsurvivorsofSGBV.Forexample,thecivilsocietyorganizationMarocSolidaritéMédico-So-ciales(MS2)assistsmembersoftheOrientalcommunityinMoroccotoaccesslocalpublichealthservices,therebysupportingtheworkoflocalauthorities.Thankstotheinitiative,over650women,childrenandindividualsinvulnerablesituationshavereceivedaccesstopsychosocialcounselling.FormoredetailseetheM4SDcasestudy“IntegratedLocalHealthSystemsSupportSurvivorsofViolence”.FutureprogrammingcouldalsodrawonthelessonslearnedfromUNDPpilotsintegratingSGBVpreventionactivitiesinlivelihoodsandwomen’economicempowermentprojects(seeUNDP,2023;UNDP,2022c,d).Women-migrantsandlocalcommunitymembersmaybesubjecttogender-baseddiscrim-ination,resultinginlowerlabourmarketparticipationrates,reducedwagesandrestrictedaccesstoeducation,amongothers.ThemostrecentGlobalGenderreportbytheWorldEconomicForum(2022)showsthat,despiteprogress,a40percentgapremainsbetweenwomen´seconomicparticipationandopportunitycomparedtomen´sat60.3percent(seeEconomicParticipationandOpportunitysubindex).ThegendergapinthisarearemainsparticularlyhighinBangladesh,Morocco,SenegalandTunisia,whichrankamongsomeofthelowestofthe146countriesincludedinthissubindex(seeFigure5).Thebelowfigureshowstheresultsoftheeconomicparticipationandoppor-tunitysubindex.Indicatorsforthissubindexcomprisethelabour-forceparticipationrate(%),wageequalityforsimilarwork(1-7,best),estimatedearnedincome(int´l$1,000),legislators,seniorofficialsandmanagers(5),professionalandtechnicalworkers(percentage).Thescoresdisplayedinthefigure(0-1)indicatetheextenttowhichparitywasachieved,with“1”representingtheoptimalsituationor“parity”.Therankindicateshowacountryrankscomparedtotheothercountriesforthissubindexcomposedof146countries.Migrantwomenmayparticularlyfacegreaterlevelsofgender-baseddiscriminationandexperiencemultipleandaggravatedformsofdiscrimination,beingdiscriminatedagainstasawomanandamigrant(OECD,2020).58Figure5:Economicparticipationandopportunitysubindex1&&14#0!0!'+,90!'%,8&12"0!0!',7&10!0!0!'$,6%80!0!'),50!'#,4$6!00!'(,3#4!00!'",2"2!0!0'&,1!03!0,-B./a0n-g1CN2eDp-0alTGES2er9Fbi<a-iDnDe<s.2TG7u.ni<s3l2a3d4eshES2e.n2/ei<a-Ih4il<i0p<p5E6c7u-a1d-g0al8o9r4he2HP:J-;a-<m6a-ica=K>y9r/g>y?z3st@-a.nAM8o0l1d8oB-vaAM8o9r8o6c6c8oES6c8o9re2JR-.aKnkSource:WorldEconomicForum(2022).Globally,theCOVID-19pandemicresultedinadeclineingenderparityforlabour-forcepar-ticipationaswomenhavebeenfacingincreasedratesofunemployment,reductioninwork-inghoursandunpaidcareworkduetothepandemic.Alackofcareinfrastructurealsocontinuestolimitwomen’sparticipationandadvancementineducationandemployment(WorldEconomicForum,2022).Disadvantagesmaybeaggravatedformigrantwomenwhoareoverrepresentedintheinformalsectorandwhomayfacemultiplediscriminationbasedontheirlegalstatus,nationality,raceandethnicity,inadditiontogender.Eventhoughwomenmigrantsalsomakeupasignificantportionoflabourmigrants,womenmigrantsaremorelikelytobeemployedthannon-migrantwomeninthesamecommunity,andwomenwerethebackbonesofthecaresectorsduringandafterCOVID-19(Foley&Piper,2020;ILO,2021;IOM,2022;UNDP,2020c).Toincreasethelabourmarketintegrationof(migrant)women,youthandminorities,or-ganizationsinthefieldofinternationaldevelopmentcooperationcouldfosterthelabourmarketintegrationofthesegroups.Thisincludesaddressinggender-relatedbarrierstothelabourmarket,discriminationandalackofcareinfrastructure.Thiscouldbedonethroughtargetedmentoring,apprenticeshipsandskillstraining.59SecuringprivatesectorinterestandcommitmentInadditiontosparkingprivatesectorinterestwherethereisalackthereof,suchinterestneedstobesustainedtotranslateintoalonger-termcommitment.MaintainingprivatesectorengagementoverthedurationoftheM4SDProgramme(fouryears)hasprovenchallenging.DuringthetrainingprocesswithcompaniesinEcuador,dropoutwasfrequent.Whileseveralactionsweretakentodecreasedropoutsfromthetraining,thelackofinter-estandcommitmentoftheprivatesectortranscendsthetrainingprocess,makingitdifficulttoengagetheprivatesectoronanongoingbasis.Modalitiestoengagetheprivatesectorbuildthegroundforlonger-termpartnershipswiththelatterintheareaofmigration.Themethodsdiscussedarecomplementaryandmaybeundertakensimultaneouslyorconsecutively,withtheultimategoalofestablishinglong-termpartnerships.Strategiestoengagetheprivatesectormaybefollowedbyresourcemobilization.Thus,sustainedengagementoftheprivatesectorisimportant.Forinstance,workshopsonthedesignoffinancialproductstargetedtoreturnmigrantentrepreneurscouldbefollowedbyawardsforfinancialinstitutionsthatpromotethefinancialinclusionofreturnmigrants.Thisalsorelatestofosteringlonger-termpartnershipsbeyondaspecificintervention.MSMEsemployalimitednumberofstaff,resultinginlimitedcapacitiestohiremigrantsandlimitedavailabilitytoparticipateintrainingsessions.TargetingMSMEsforprivatesectorengagementimpliesaparticularsetofchallenges.Withanoverallnumberofemployeesbetween10to50,inthecaseofsmallenterprises,and51to250employees,inthecaseofmediumenterprises,MSMEshavelimitedcapacitieswhenitcomestohiring,comparedtolargemultinationalcompanies.Thisbecomesevenmorechallenginginthecaseofmi-croenterprises.Similarchallengescanbeobservedfortraining,withstaffhavinglimitedavailabilitytopar-ticipateintrainingsessions.Inaddition,largemultinationalcompaniesbenefitfrombeingabletoshowcaseandleveragetheircontributionsattheinternationallevel,forinstancethroughforums,suchastheGFMD.DoingsoismoredifficultforMSMEssincetheirbusi-nessactivitiesfocusonthelocalornationallevel,andtheircapacitiesonlyallowengage-mentwithalimitednumberofpeople,whichtranslatesintolimitedinternationalrelevance.Thereareafewwaysthedifferentprivatesectorentitiescanengage:>Targetmigrantsanddiasporasasconsumers:Toexpandtheirmarketstoincludemigrants,largecompanies,MSMEsandfinancialinstitutionsshouldgettoknowmigrantsanddiasporasandthediverseuserprofilesamongthemasthesemayconstituteconsumersoftheirproductorservice.Thismaytakeplacethroughmarketintelligencewithaviewtoidentifyingmigrantsanddiasporas.Inaddition,theprivatesectorcanengagemigrantsininnovatingnewproductsandservicesforthiscustomersegmentthroughhackathonsandincubationprogrammes.Thesecanbefacilitatedthroughpartnershipswithgovernments,civilsocietyandorganizationsinthefieldofinternationaldevelopmentcooperation.60>Supporttraining,skillingandreskillingofmigrants,returnees,youthandothers:Inlightoftheneedtoinvestintrainingandskillsdevelopment,inparticularlargecompaniescouldsupportthetraining,skillingandreskillingofmigrantsinareasthatbenefitthecompany.Thismayincludeskillstrainingandmentorshipsformigrants,prospectivemigrants(includingyouth)andreturnmigrants.WhileMSMEsdonothavethesamecapacities(humanandfinancial)aslargecompaniestosupporttheskillingandreskillingofmigrants,theycandosobyofferingapprenticeships.Sucheffortscouldbecoordinatedbyintermediaryinstitutions,suchaschambersofcommerce.Inturn,financialinstitutionscansupportfinancialliteracyprogrammesformigrantsandothercommunitymembers.>Promotedialogueondivergingandconflictinginterestsacrosstheprivatesector/withincompanies:Acrosstheprivatesectorandwithincompanies,divergingandconflictinginterestsexistregardingthebenefitssupportingthesocioeconomic(re)integrationmayhavefortheprivatesector.Forinstance,whilecompanyownersmaysupportthehiringofimmigrantstofillskillsshortages,HRmanagersmayfearadditionalpaperwork.Theprivatesectorcouldthereforepromotedialogueonthesedifferentinterests.>Integratemigrantbusinessesintothesupplychain:Tobuildmorereliableandinclusivesupplychainsthatincreasethequalityofproductionoftheproductorservicebeingoffered,companiescouldintegratemigrantbusinessesintotheirsupplychains.>Channelfinancingtowardsmigrantventureswithpromisingpotential:Channelingfinancingtowardsmigrantventureswithpromisingpotentialtogrowcouldbebeneficialforcompaniesaimingtointroduceanewproductorservicelineastheseventurescouldbepotentialfuturecandidatesforabuy-outormerger.StrengtheninggovernmentcapacitiesforprivatesectorengagementOriginanddestinationcountrygovernmentslackthecapacitiesandinteresttoeffectivelyengagetheprivatesectoronmigration.Thisincludesalackofdata,alackofhumanandfinancialresourcesandalackofleadershipandneedsprioritization.Amulti-stakeholderapproachtoprivatesectorengagementenhancesthecomprehensivenessoftheprocessandensuresitssustainability.Therefore,governmentsshouldbuildastrongecosystemofactors.Amulti-stakeholderapproachisoneoftheguidingprinciplesoftheGCM,theGlobalCom-pactonRefugees,the2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopmentand“OurCommonAgenda”andhasbeencentraltotheM4SDProgramme.InEcuadorandinMorocco,theprivatesectormappingexerciseshowedastrongengagementbycivilsociety.InMoroc-co,thisincludednationalandinternationalcivilsocietyandtransnationalassociations.InEcuador,specializedNGOshaveatrackrecordofworkingwithvulnerablepopulations,includingmigrants,andpossessexpertisetheprivatesectorlacks.Thisconstitutesanimportantopportunitytobuildonstrategiestoengagetheprivatesec-torbycreatingpartnershipswithestablishedactorsinthefieldofmigrationandsustainable61development.ThusUNDP,IOMandtheinternationalcommunity’srole,positioning,man-dateandpresenceshouldempowerandsupportexistinginitiativestobringtogetherarangeofstakeholdersfortheimplementationofconcreteinitiatives.Furthermore,linkagestodiasporaengagementcouldbebuilt.InSerbia,theprivatesectormappinghighlightedopportunitiesforcooperationamongSerbianbusinessesandthedi-aspora.Topromoteandstrengthenthiscooperation,existingmechanismsofcooperation,suchastheDiasporaBusinessCouncil,couldbeused.Oncereformed,theDiasporaBusi-nessCouncilcouldserveasaplatformforknowledgeandtechnologytransferonmultiplegovernmentlevels,namelycentral,regionalandlocal.Inadditiontoworkingwithandenhancingthecapacitiesoftheexistingecosystemofac-tors,additionalstrategicpartnershipsandalliancesshouldbeexplored.Theprivatesec-tormappingexerciseforEcuadorhighlightedanopportunitytoworkwithemploymentin-termediaries,suchasMULTITRABABAJO,PORFINEMPLEOandPORTALTALENTO,amongothers.Theseplatformsarecurrentlylimitedtoprovidingaspaceforcompaniestoadver-tisetheirvacancies,butcouldbesensitizedandtrainedforeffortsfocusedonincreasingimmigrants’employmentopportunities,forinstance.Alongtheselines,anotherpossibilityidentifiedinEcuadoristoworkwithaccreditedcertifi-ers,whichmaybothbelinkedtothepublicauthoritiesandtoprivateunionrepresentatives.Atthesametimes,creatingnewplatforms–suchasthemunicipaljobbanksinMantaandSantoDomingo–allowsplatformstotargettheirfunctionalitiestomigrants,othercommu-nitymembersandtheprivatesector.Furthermore,interventionsshouldbuildonexistingengagement.Despiteoveralllowlevelsofengagement,thefactthatsomeengagement,suchasinEcuadorandSerbia,existsispromisingasitcanserveasanentrypointforfurtherprivatesectorengagement.Thedesignofreplicableprocessesprovidesopportunitiesforscaleandensuressustain-ability.Thismayincludeproducingresourcesthatcanbeusedbeyondaprojectorpro-gramme(e.g.atrainingmoduleonanonlineplatform).Addressingmigrants’andothercommunitymembers’needfortraining,skillsdevelopmentandinformationPrivatesectorengagementintheareaofemploymentrequiresmigrants’qualificationsandthelabourmarketneedstobealigned.TheprivatesectormappingexercisesinEcua-dorandMoroccoshowedamismatchbetweenmigrants’qualificationsandlabourmarketneeds,demonstratinganeedtoinvestintrainingandskillsdevelopment.Inaddition,mi-grantsoftenworkinjobsbelowtheiractualskilllevel(ILO,2018).Forinstance,surveydatafound72percentofVenezuelanimmigrantsinEcuadorhaveexperiencedoccupationaldowngrading(Olivierietal.,2020).Returnmigrantsmayalsoexperiencesimilarchallengesuponreturntotheircountryoforigin(AfricanUnion,2020).Thiscanbeaddressedbyofferingtrainingandskillsdevelopmentopportunitiesformigrantsandothercommunitymembers.Examplesoftrainingforcommunitymembers,62includingmigrants,arethosethatcancomplementPSEandthatcantakeplaceincollabo-rationwiththeprivatesector.Theyincludethefollowing:>Basicdigitalskills-Aspartoftheproject“StrengtheningaccesstoonlineskillstrainingforyoungworkersinVietNam”,IOM,togetherwiththeDirectorateofVocationalEducationandTrainingandtheMicrosoftCorporation,introducedanupgradedonlinelearningplatformtoenhancethedigitalskillsofVietnameseyouth,includingmigrantworkers.>Skillstoenhanceemploymentprospects-AspartoftheM4SDProgramme,57migrantsandhostcommunitymembersinMantaandSantoDomingoreceivedtrainingonlabourrights,typesofemploymentcontractsandworkinghoursinEcuadorandlearnedaboutstrategiestoimplementintheirjobsearch,tipsforCVwritingandtechniquestouseduringjobinterviews.Non-governmentalandcivilsocietyorganizationscanprovidesupportservicestohelppreparemigrantsandthelocalpopulationincountriesoforiginanddestinationtoaccessthelabourmarketandtofosterentrepreneurship.Thismayincludetheprovisionoftrainingandskillsdevelopment.Specificfocusshouldbeplacedonmigrantwomenandyouth.Theprivatesectormappingexercisealsoshowedthat,inadditiontoinadequateknowl-edgeamongitsentities,migrantsmayalsolackinformationincertainareas,potentiallyinhibitingthemfrombenefittingfromprivatesectorpractices.Thisincluded:>AlimitedunderstandingofinvestmentopportunitiesinSerbiaamongthecountry´srecentemigrantsanddiaspora>InsufficientinsightonemploymentopportunitiesandserviceoffersamongimmigrantsinMorocco’sTangier-Tétouan-AlHoceïmaregioninMorocco>CommunicationproblemsbetweentheprivatesectorandreturnmigrantsinSenegalProvidingthenecessaryinformationtomigrantsisthereforethekeytosuccessfulPSE.634.3.KeyrecommendationsforactionThischapterpresentedcapacitydevelopmentandtechnicalassistance,conveningandknowledgesharingandservicedeliveryandcollaborationasinstrumentstoincreasePSE.Italsodiscussedkeychallengesandactions.Basedonthese,thefollowingkeyrecommen-dationsarepresented:1.Focusonprovidingaccesstodecentjobs(especiallyformigrantwomenandyouth)Toenhancethewell-beingofcommunitymembers,includingmigrants,governmentsshouldfocusonprovidingaccesstodecentjobs.Thisincludesensuringthatindividualsobtainfor-malcontracts,healthbenefitsandsocialprotection.Therefore,governmentsshouldspe-cificallyincreaseaccesstodecentjobsformigrantwomenandyouththroughtargetedtraineeships,mentoringandtheprovisionofchildcaresolutions.2.SupportPublic-PrivatePartnershipsTocreatelonger-termpartnerships,governmentscouldusetheengagementmodalities(capacitydevelopment/technicalassistance,conveningandknowledgesharing,servicedelivery/collaboration).Theseallowforbuildingthefoundationforpublic-privatepartner-shipsinmigration.Tofocusfundingandtechnicalsupportoninnovative,scalableandreplicableapproachesthataimtocreatelonger-termpartnershipswiththeprivatesector,organizationsinthefieldofinternationaldevelopmentcooperationshouldsupportpub-lic-privatepartnerships.3.Promoteprivatesector-drivenknowledgeexchange(global,regional,national,local)Promoteknowledgeexchangeongoodpracticesandreplicablestrategiesamonggovern-ment,privatesector,civilsocietyandorganizationsinthefieldofinternationaldevelopmentcooperationatlocal,national,regionalandgloballevels,therebyensuringtheinclusionofprivatesectorperspectivesandencouragingandtrackingthebalanceofspeakersandattendeeswithregardstogender,ethnicity,ageandmigrationexperience.4.AddresspolicyandregulatorybarriersTocreateanenablingenvironmentforprivatesectorengagement,governmentsshouldaddresspolicyandregulatorybarrierstomigrants´integrationandinclusion.Thisincludesregularizationprocessesandtherecognitionofcredentials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