InPracticePathwaystoClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusionAFrameworkforIntegratingClimateActioninEconomicInclusionProgramsByCeciliaCostella,TimothyClay,ManannDonoghoe,andLizGiron9©2023InternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment/TheWorldBank1818HStreetNWWashingtonDC20433Telephone:202-473-1000Internet:www.worldbank.orgThisworkisaproductofthestaffofTheWorldBankwithexternalcontributions.Thefindings,interpretations,andconclusionsexpressedinthisworkdonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsofTheWorldBank,itsBoardofExecutiveDirectors,orthegovernmentstheyrepresent.TheWorldBankdoesnotguaranteetheaccuracy,completeness,orcurrencyofthedataincludedinthisworkanddoesnotassumeresponsibilityforanyerrors,omissions,ordiscrepanciesintheinformation,orliabilitywithrespecttotheuseoforfailuretousetheinformation,methods,processes,orconclusionssetforth.Theboundaries,colors,denominations,andotherinformationshownonanymapinthisworkdonotimplyanyjudgmentonthepartofTheWorldBankconcerningthelegalstatusofanyterritoryortheendorsementoracceptanceofsuchboundaries.NothinghereinshallconstituteorbeconstruedorconsideredtobealimitationuponorwaiveroftheprivilegesandimmunitiesofTheWorldBank,allofwhicharespecificallyreserved.RightsandPermissionsThematerialinthisworkissubjecttocopyright.BecauseTheWorldBankencouragesdisseminationofitsknowledge,thisworkmaybereproduced,inwholeorinpart,fornoncommercialpurposesaslongasfullattributiontothisworkisgiven.Anyqueriesonrightsandlicenses,includingsubsidiaryrights,shouldbeaddressedtoWorldBankPublications,TheWorldBankGroup,1818HStreetNW,Washington,DC20433,USA;fax:202-522-2625;e-mail:pubrights@worldbank.org.Coverphoto:FloredePreneuf/WorldBankVolume9October30,2023InPracticeThePartnershipforEconomicInclusionInPracticePathwaystoClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusionContentsAcknowledgmentsivAbouttheInPracticeseriesvAbbreviationsviGlossaryviiInteractiveIntroduction10TableofContentsClimateChange,Poverty,andtheParadigmShiftClicktonavigatetowardClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusion12TheClimate-PovertyNexus12TheNewFocusonClimate-ResilientDevelopment13EconomicInclusionasanEnablerforClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusion15PathwaystoClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusion17Principles17ProgramAreas19Outcomes19ASnapshotofClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusionFinancedbytheWorldBank22WorldBankProjectExamplesbyClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusionProgramAreas23TheWayForward:RecommendationsforPolicymakersandPractitioners28AppendixSelectedWorldBankClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusionPrograms31Notes33References35Figures1Impactsofclimatechangeonthenumberofpeoplelivinginextremepovertyby2030102Thenexusbetweenclimatechangeandpoverty123Pathwaystoclimate-resilienteconomicinclusion174WorldBank-supportedclimate-relatedeconomicinclusionprogramsandclimatevulnerabilitybycountry22TablesA1SelectedWorldBank-financedprojects31BoxesandSpotlightsBox1TheParisAgreementanditsimplicationsforWorldBank-financedprojects14Box2Whatisclimate-resilientdevelopment?14Spotlight1Thegenderbiasofclimatechange16Spotlight2AddressingpovertyandtheimpactsofclimatechangeintheRepublicofCongothrougha‘climate-purposed’project20ThePartnershipforEconomicInclusionInPracticePathwaystoClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusionAcknowledgementsThisnotewaswrittenundertheguidanceofColinAndrewsandVictoriaStrokova,ProgramManagersofthePartnershipforEconomicInclusion(PEI).ItbenefitedfrominvaluableinputsfromPujaDutta(WorldBank).TheauthorsaregratefulfortheguidanceanddirectionprovidedbymembersofthePEIAdvisoryCouncil:BenjaminDavis(FoodandAgricultureOrganization),BillAbrams(LeadershipCollaborative),CarolinaTrivelli(InstituteofPeruvianStudies),FrankDeGiovanni(independent),MarviMemon(FormerFederalMinisterofPakistan),NathanialGoldberg(InnovationsforPovertyAction),ReemaNanavaty(Self-EmployedWomen’sAssociation),andRitaLarok(AVSIFoundation).TheyalsoappreciatethefeedbacktheyreceivedfromthePEIteam,especiallyJanetHeisey,InésArévaloSánchez,HugoBrousset,SarangChaudhary,SadnaSamaranayake,andClaudiaSantamariaRuiz.ThenotebenefitedfromrichdiscussionsandconsultationswithAlejandraCamperoPeredo,AshaWilliams,AyubaSaniHussein,BrianaN.Wilson,ChristianBodewig,EdmundoMurrugarra,ElizabethN.RuppertBulmer,EmilyWeedon,ErinaIwami,JameleRigolini,LoliArribas-Banos,LuzStellaRodriguez,MarthaSanchez,NahlaZeitoun,NancyRocioBanegasRaudales,NianSadiq,PennyWilliams,SamikAdhikari,TracyHart,UlrikeLehr,andYukoOkamura(WorldBank);AtefElshabrawy(Egypt,AdvisortotheMinisterofSocialDevelopment);JennySwatton(ConcernWorldwide);andSamkeloCityiteandSusanneLein(GesellschaftfürInternationaleZusammenarbeit[GIZ]).Theteamwishestoexpressgratitudetothekeypeerreviewerswhoprovidedvaluableguidance:StefanBeierl(GIZ),WendyChamberlin(Busara),andAlexanderJaeger(WorldBank).ThePartnershipforEconomicInclusionInPracticePathwaystoClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusionivAbouttheInPracticeSeriesThePartnershipforEconomicInclusionintroducestheInPracticeseriesfeaturingaccessible,practitioner-focusedpublicationsthathighlightlearning,goodpractice,andemerginginnovationsforscalingupeconomicinclusionprograms.GuidetonavigationTheInPracticeseriesisinteractiveandprovidesbuilt-intechnicalfeaturestoassistreadersastheyprogress,includinganavigationbar,progressbar,andtheabilitytojumptoendnotesandbacktothetextthroughout.IntroductionTheParadigmPathwaystoClimate-ResilientRecommendationsAppendixShifttoClimate-ResilientEconomicforPolicymakersInclusionandPractitionersClimate-ResilientEconomicProgramsDevelopmentInclusionChapternavigationProgressbarJumpnotes1ThenavigationbarattheTheprogressbartracksyour1.Notesthroughoutthetextarelinkedtopofeachpageallowseasyprogressthrougheachchaptertoalloweasynavigationbetweennavigationwithasimpleclick.andthroughoutthedocument.endnotesandthemaintext.ThePartnershipforEconomicInclusionInPracticePathwaystoClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusionvAbbreviationsAFDFrenchDevelopmentAgency(AgenceFrançaisedeDéveloppement)ASPAdaptiveSocialProtectionBMZFederalMinistryofEconomicCooperationandDevelopmentCRD(Bun-desministeriumfürwirtschaftlicheZusammenarbeitCREIundEntwick-lung)CSAIPClimate-ResilientDevelopmentClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusionEIClimateSmartAgricultureInvestmentPlanFAOEconomicInclusionGIZFoodandAgricultureOrganizationGRIDGesellschaftfürInternationaleZusammenarbeitINCOPESCAGreen,Resilient,andInclusiveDevelopmentCostaRicanFishingandAquacultureInstitute(InstitutoIPCCCostarricensedePescayAcuicultura)LIPWIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeMAFSLabor-IntensivePublicWorksMGCSWMinistryofAgricultureandFoodSecurityNGOMinistryofGender,Child,andSocialWelfarePARSANongovernmentalOrganizationEmergencyResilientAgricultureforFoodSecurityProject(ProjetPDESd’agriculturerésilientepourlasécuritéalimentaire)PEIEconomicandSocialDevelopmentPlanPartnershipforEconomicInclusionSASPPSahelAdaptiveSocialProtectionProgramSSRLPSocialSupportforResilientLivelihoodsProjectUNDPUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgrammeUNOPSUnitedNationsOfficeforProjectServicesThePartnershipforEconomicInclusionInPracticePathwaystoClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusionviGlossaryAdaptationInhumansystems,adaptationistheprocessofadjustmenttoactualorexpectedclimateimpactsanditseffectstomoderateharmortakeadvantageAdaptivecapacityofbeneficialopportunities.Innaturalsystems,adaptationistheprocessAdaptivesocialofadjustmenttoactualclimateanditseffects;humaninterventionmayprotectionfacilitatethis.ClimateActionTheabilityofsystems,institutions,humans,andotherorganismstoClimate-resilientadjusttopotentialdamage,takeadvantageofopportunities,orrespondtodevelopmentconsequences.DisasterriskAdaptivesocialprotection(ASP)helpsbuildtheresilienceofpoorandreductionvulnerablehouseholdsbyinvestingintheircapacitytopreparefor,copewith,andadapttoshocks,ensuringthattheydonotfall(deeper)intoEconomicinclusionpoverty.EconomicinclusionReferstoarangeofactivities,mechanisms,andpolicyinstrumentsthataimprogramtoreducetheseverityofclimatechangeanditsimpacts.Theprocessofimplementinggreenhousegasmitigationandadaptationmeasurestosupportsustainabledevelopmentforall.Climate-resilientdevelopmentinvolvesquestionsofequityandsystemtransitionsinland,ocean,andecosystems;urbanandinfrastructure;energy;industry;andsocietyandincludesadaptationsforhu-man,ecosystem,andplanetaryhealth.Actiontakentoreducetheriskofdisastersandtheadverseimpactsofnaturalhazards,throughsystematiceffortstoanalyzeandmanagethecausesofdisasters,includingthroughavoidanceofhazards,reducedsocialandeconomicvulnerabilitytohazards,andimprovedpreparednessforadverseeventsThegradualintegrationofindividualsandhouseholdsintobroadereconomicandcommunitydevelopmentprocesses.Thisintegrationisachievedbyaddressingmultipleconstraintsorstructuralbarriersfacedbythepooratdifferentlevels:thehousehold(forexample,humanandphysicalcapacity),thecommunity(socialnorms),thelocaleconomy(accesstomarketsandservices),andformalinstitutions(accesstopoliticalandadministrativestructures)Abundleofcoordinatedmultidimensionalinterventionsthatsupportindividuals,households,andcommunitiestoincreasetheirincomesandassets.Economicinclusionprogramsthereforeaimtofacilitatethedualgoalofstrengtheningresilienceandopportunitiesforindividualsandhouseholdswhoarepoor.ThePartnershipforEconomicInclusionInPracticePathwaystoClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusionviiGlossary,continuedExposureThepresenceofpeople,livelihoods,species,orecosystems;environmentalGreentransitionfunctions,services,andresources;infrastructure;oreconomic,social,orculturalassetsinplacesandsettingsthatcouldbeadverselyaffected.HazardIPCCAshifttowardaneconomicmodelthatisnotbasedonfossilfuelsandoverconsumptionofnaturalresources.TheconceptofgreentransitionJustTransitioncontainssocietalactionsthatseektomitigateclimatechange(byreducinggreenhousegasemissionsconcentration)andadapttoitwhileacknowledgingLandscapeecologicalandenvironmentaldegradationcausedbyotherfactors,suchasapproachoverconsumption.LossanddamageThepotentialoccurrenceofanaturalorhuman-inducedphysicaleventorMaladaptationtrendthatmaycauselossoflife,injury,orotherhealthimpacts,aswellasdamageandlosstoproperty,infrastructure,livelihoods,serviceprovision,ecosystems,andenvironmentalresources.TheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)istheUnitedNationsbodyforassessingthesciencerelatedtoclimatechange.ThetermisoriginallyrootedintheUSlabormovementinthe1970s,havingnowbeenreinterpretedwithinenvironmentalandclimatejusticecommunities,andincorporatedintheParisAgreement.Itreferstoasetofprinciples,processes,andpracticesthataimtoensurethatnopeople,places,sectors,countries,orregionsareleftbehindinthetransitionfromahigh-carbontoalow-carboneconomy.Itstressestheneedfortargetedandproactivemeasuresfromgovernments,internationalorganizations,andotherauthoritiestominimizethenegativeimpactsofeconomy-widetransitionswhilemaximizingbenefitsforthosedisproportionatelyaffected.Landscapeapproachesrecognizetheinterdependenceofhumanandnaturalsystemsandcreatesustainablelandscapesthatpromoteprosperity.Theyrequireavarietyofstakeholdersatdifferentlevelstoworktogethertoincreasesynergiesbetweendifferent,andoftencompeting,sector-focusedgoals,suchasavoidingag-riculturalencroachmentonprotectedareas.Thereisnoagreeddefinitionoflossanddamage,butthetermcangenerallybeunderstoodasthenegativeimpactsofclimatechangethatoccurdespite,orintheabsenceof,mitigationandadaptation.Lossanddamagecanoccurduetobothextremeevents—suchasheatwavesandstorms—andslowonsetevents—suchassealevelriseoroceanacidification.Referstoactionsthat,oftenunintendedly,mayleadtoincreasedriskofadverseclimate-relatedoutcomes,includingthroughincreasedgreenhousegasemissions,increasedorshiftedvulnerabilitytoclimatechange,moreinequitableoutcomes,ordiminishedwelfare,noworinthefuture.ThePartnershipforEconomicInclusionInPracticePathwaystoClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusionviiiGlossary,continuedMitigationAhumaninterventiontoreducethesourcesorenhancethesinksofResiliencegreenhousegases.Also,humaninterventionstoreducethesourcesofotherSafetynetsubstanceswhichmaycontributedirectlyorindirectlytolimitingclimateSocialprotectionchange.VulnerabilityThecapacityofsocial,economic,andecosystemstocopewithhazardousevents,trends,ordisturbances,respondingorreorganizinginwaysthatmaintaintheiressentialfunction,identity,andstructureaswellasbiodiversityinthecaseofecosystemswhilealsomaintainingthecapacityforadaptation,learning,andtransformation.Noncontributorytransferprogramsthattargetinsomemannerthepoorandthosevulnerabletopovertyandshocks.Socialsafetynetscanincludecash,in-kindtrans-fers,socialpensions,publicworks,andschoolfeedingprogramsaimedatpoorandvulnerablehouseholds.ItisanalogoustotheUStermwelfareandtheEuropeantermsocialassistance.Socialprotectionandlaborsystems,policies,andprogramsthathelpindividualsandsocietiesmanageriskandvolatilityandprotectthemfrompovertyanddestitutionbymeansofinstrumentsthatimproveequity,resilience,andopportunity.Thedegreetowhichasystemissusceptibleto,orunabletocopewith,adverseeffectsofclimatechange,includingclimatevariabilityandextremes.ThePartnershipforEconomicInclusionInPracticePathwaystoClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusionixIntroductionTheParadigmPathwaystoClimate-ResilientRecommendationsAppendixShifttoClimate-ResilientEconomicforPolicymakersInclusionandPractitionersClimate-ResilientEconomicProgramsDevelopmentInclusionIntroductionClimatechangehassignificantimpact—bothdirectandindirect—onthepovertylevelofindividualhouseholds.Theresultinguncertaintyandvolatilitycanworsenthelivesofpeoplelivinginpovertyandpushsomeofthemintoextremepoverty.EstimatessuggestthatclimatechangecouldInrecognitionofthesechallenges,thereisaforceanadditional132millionmorepeopleshifttowardclimate-resilientdevelopmentintoextremepovertybytheendofthis(CRD)(IPCC2022).Internationaldecade—adisproportionatenumberofthemdevelopmentagencies,includingtheWorldwomenandpeoplewithagricultural-basedBank,havebegunmovingtowardsalivelihoods(Jafinoetal.2020)(figure1).Inclimate-centeredapproachtodevelopment,addition,policiesandprogramstoacceleratewhichtheyarefundingwithsubstantialthetransitiontoacarbon-neutraleconomycommitments(Naranetal.2022).Thisshiftaredesperatelyneeded.Buttheycanadverselyincreasinglyalignspovertyalleviationandaffectsomepeople,byupendinglaborclimatemitigationandadaptationobjectivesmarketsandincreasingthepricesofbasicwithastrategicemphasisonaddressingthegoods(ILO2023a).Thesedirectandindirectneedsofthosemostprofoundlyaffectedimpactsofclimatechangerequirearobustbyclimatechange,particularlypoorandsocialpolicyresponse.vulnerablepopulations,especiallywomen.Figure1Impactsofclimatechangeonthenumberofpeoplelivinginextremepovertyin203020015067.7Climatechange131.532.2impacts100LowHigh5042.00PessimisticOptimisticSource:Jafinoetal.2020.Note:Thischartpresentstwobaselinescenariostermed‘pessimistic’and‘optimistic’.Thepessimisticbaselinesconsistofglobalpovertyratesbetween14and15.5percent%.Theoptimisticbaselinehasglobalpovertyratesinthe2.8percentand3.8percentrange.Thechartthenshowstheimpactoflowandhighclimatechangevulnerability.Intheworst-casecombination—withpessimisticbaselinesandhighclimatechangeimpacts—climatechangeimpactswillleadtomorethan130millionpeoplefallingintopovertyby2030.ThePartnershipforEconomicInclusionInPracticePathwaystoClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusion10IntroductionTheParadigmPathwaystoClimate-ResilientRecommendationsAppendixShifttoClimate-ResilientEconomicforPolicymakersInclusionandPractitionersClimate-ResilientEconomicProgramsDevelopmentInclusionEconomicinclusion(EI)approachescanimprovingtheireconomicopportunities,playanimportantroleinaddressingthestrengtheningtheirproductiveassets,challengesattheintersectionofclimateandenhancingtheircommunityandlocalresilienceandpovertyreduction.EIprogramseconomylinks.Despitethispromise,arebundlesofcoordinated,multidimensionalthestrategicintegrationofclimateinterventionsthatsupportindividuals,considerationsintoEIprogramsandhouseholds,andcommunitiesineffortstopracticalinsightsonhowtoadvancethisincreasetheirincomesandassets.Oftenagendaremainlimited.buildingonexistingsocialsafetynets,jobsandlivelihoodsinterventions,andfinancialThisnoteexploresthelinkagesbetweeninclusionprograms,EIprogramsarediverseclimatechangeandEIandproposespathwaysandflexibleinstrumentsthatbenefitoverthroughwhichEIprogramscanmore90millionindividualsin75countries,eitherstrategicallysupportclimateresilience.Itisdirectlyorindirectly.TheseprogramshelpintendedforpolicymakersandpractitionerssupportthegradualintegrationofindividualsworkingonEIprograms.Thenotefirstandhouseholdsintobroadereconomicprovidesanoverviewoftheinterconnectedandcommunitydevelopmentprocesseschallengesofpovertyandclimatechange,byaddressingthemultipleconstraintsfollowedbyanoverviewofthegrowingorstructuralbarrierstheyfaceatvariouspolicylandscapesurroundingthem.Itthenlevels.TheycanalsohelppeoplemanagepresentsaframeworkforClimate-Resilienttheimpactsofshocks,adaptingprogramEconomicInclusion(CREI)thatcanhelpdesigninthecontextofrapidandslowonsetinformthedesignofbothexistingandnewclimateevents(Andrewsetal.2021).EIprograms.DrawingprimarilyonWorldBankexperience,thenotealsoprovidesSignificantopportunitiesexisttoalignpracticalexamplesofhowEIprogramsclimateactionwithEIefforts.PovertyarecurrentlyaligningtheirdesignandalleviationisincreasinglyrecognizedasaoperationswiththeCREIframework.Itvitalstrategyformanagingclimaterisks,concludesbyhighlightingthewayforward,providinganopeningformoreambitiousacknowledgingtheneedforfurtherworkinvestmentsthattacklebothissuestogether.tooperationalizetheframeworkandfullyEIprogramsarewellplacedtohelpbuildrealizeitspotential.climateresilienceofpoorpeoplebyThePartnershipforEconomicInclusionInPracticePathwaystoClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusion11IntroductionTheParadigmPathwaystoClimate-ResilientRecommendationsAppendixShifttoClimate-ResilientEconomicforPolicymakersInclusionandPractitionersClimate-ResilientEconomicProgramsDevelopmentInclusionClimateChange,Poverty,andtheParadigmShifttowardClimate-ResilientDevelopmentTHECLIMATE-POVERTYNEXUSTheintersectionofpovertyandclimatechangepresentsacomplexarrayofchallenges(Figure2).Peopleatthenexusofclimatechangeandpovertyareaffectedbypersistentpoverty,vulnerabilitytoshocksanddisasters,precariousemploymentprospects,anduntappedpotentialforclimateadaptationandmitigation.Thisclimate-povertynexusispresentedinfromachievingsocialandeconomicinclusionFigure2andresultsfromtwofactors:poverty(Andrewsetal.2021).Theseconstraints—atconstraints(ontheleft-handside)andclimatetheindividualandhousehold,communityandimpactdrivers(ontheright-handside).localeconomy,and/orinstitutionallevel—canleavethemmorevulnerabletorisksandlimitPovertyconstraintsillustratedonthelefttheirabilitytoadapt.Atthehouseholdlevel,offigure2preventpeoplelivinginpovertypeoplelivinginpovertytendtorelymoreFigure2ThenexusbetweenclimatechangeandpovertyPovertyConstraintsClimate-PovertyNexusClimateImpactDriversIndividualandHouseholdConstraintsEntrenchedConstraintsClimateHazardsUnderminepovertyandlowAmplifyLowhuman,physical,andsocialcapitaleconomicconstraintstoExtremeevents(e.g.,cyclones)challengingintra-householddynamicsinclusionresilienceeconomicSlowonsetevents(e.g.,sealevelrise)LimitedrightsandaspirationsIncreasedinclusionvulnerabilitytoJobs,livelilhoods,GenerateEcosystemDegradationCommunityandLocalEconomyrisksandfoodinsecuritycascadingIncentivizeecosystemandLossofproductiveresources(e.g.,RestrictivesocialandgendernormsmaladaptationFewadaptationslivelihooddesertificationaffectslivelihoods)Constraininglocalmarkets,services,andmitigationimpactsandinfrastructureNegativelyExternalitiesofGreenTransitionoptionsaffectInstitutionalemploymentConsequencesofmitigationpoliciesandlivelihoods(e.g.,regressivecarbontaxes,jobPoliticalinterferencelossesin“brownsectors”,misallocationLackofgovernmentcapacityandofgreenjobs)ministerialcoordinationSource:PartnershipforEconomicInclusionThePartnershipforEconomicInclusionInPracticePathwaystoClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusion12IntroductionTheParadigmPathwaystoClimate-ResilientRecommendationsAppendixShifttoClimate-ResilientEconomicforPolicymakersInclusionandPractitionersClimate-ResilientEconomicProgramsDevelopmentInclusionheavilyonclimate-sensitivelivelihoods,suchastransitionisnecessaryanddesirable,butitcanagricultureinruralareasandunskilledsectorsleavesomepeoplebehind—especiallythosesuchasconstructioninurbanareas.Theyalsowholacktheopportunitiesandskillstomovetendtoliveinareasthataremoreexposedtonew,higher-skilledjobs.Greentransitiontoextremeeventsandhavelessresilientoreffortswillinevitablyleadtolossofjobsinmoreexposedinfrastructure(Hallegatteetsectorswithlargeenvironmentalfootprintsal.2016).Theworld’spoorestpeopletypically(‘brown’sectors).Thetransitionwillalsocreatelacktheresources(money,physicalassets,opportunitiesin‘green’sectors,butthosejobsandhumancapital)tocopewiththedirectmaybeinadifferentlocation,mayrequireandindirectshort-andlong-termshocksandnewanddifferentskills,ormaybecreatedatlivelihoodchangesthataccompanyclimateadifferentpointintimethanthosethatwerechange.Atthecommunitylevel,socialnormslost.canhindersocialandeconomicinclusion,especiallyforwomen,olderpeople,andpeopleUnlessaddressed,theconsequencesofthewithdisabilities.Attheinstitutionallevel,climate-povertynexusforthepoorarelackofgovernmentcapacityandministerialsignificant.Asdepictedinthecenteroffigure2,coordinationaswellaspoliticalinterferencethesetwoforces—climateimpactsandpovertycanreducetheeffectivenessofpovertyconstraints—intersectinwaysthatcanamplifyreductionandbroadereconomicdevelopmentand/orcompoundeachother,givingrisetoefforts.Thesefactorsheightenthevulnerabilityasetoflimitingconditionsforthepoor.Thisofthepoor.Understandingthesepovertyincludesthefollowing:constraintsisessentialfordesigningeffectiveresponsesandreducingtheriskofunintended1.Entrenchedpovertyandalackofclimateconsequences.Programsthatdonotconsiderresilience,whereinpovertyhasbecomepovertyconstraintscanleadtomaladaptation,afixedcondition,andopportunitiesforforexample,whenpoorlydesignedorexecuteddevelopingamoreresilientlivelihoodaremeasuressuchasseawallsleadtounexpectedscarceornon-existent.adverseconsequencesforbothlivelihoodsandmarineecosystems(Piggott-McKellaretal.2.Greaterjobandlivelihoodinsecurity,2020).characterizedbyalackofconsistency,predictability,andopportunitiesforbetterClimatechangealsoamplifiesandexacerbatesemploymentandlivelihoods.Thissituationtheriskspoorpeopleface,asillustratedisexacerbatedbyincreasedfoodinsecurityontherightoffigure2,byintroducinganresultingfromfactorssuchasgrowingadditionallayerofstressors.First,itleadstofrequencyofheatwaves,heavyrainfall,andmorefrequentextremeevents(forexample,droughts.stormsanddroughts).Gradualchangesorslowonseteventsalsoaffectlivesandlivelihoods,3.Limitedopportunitiesforadaptationandespeciallyofthemostvulnerable(forexample,mitigation,withoutadoptingdrasticandsealevelriseanddesertification).Ecosystemriskychangestolivelihoods,whichmaydegradation(deforestation,soilerosion,andfurtherexacerbatepoverty.otherenvironmentalimpacts)significantlyaffectindividualswithclimate-dependentTHENEWFOCUSONCLIMATE-livelihoods,suchassmallholderfarmers.RESILIENTDEVELOPMENTNegativespilloverscanresultinfoodinsecurityamongthemostvulnerablepopulations.Growingrecognitionofthewide-rangingClimatechangealsorequiressocietiestoimpactsofclimatechangefordevelopment,transitiontomoresustainableeconomies,includingforpovertyandothersocioeconomicsometimescalleda‘greentransition’.Thisoutcomes,iscontributingtotheemergenceofanewparadigmofglobaldevelopment.InternationalandnationalactorsrecognizethatThePartnershipforEconomicInclusionInPracticePathwaystoClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusion13IntroductionTheParadigmPathwaystoClimate-ResilientRecommendationsAppendixShifttoClimate-ResilientEconomicforPolicymakersInclusionandPractitionersClimate-ResilientEconomicProgramsDevelopmentInclusionaddressingclimatechangeandmanagingitsthestrategicframeworkoftheFoodandimpactsarecrucialtodevelopment.AgricultureOrganization(FAO)2022–2031(FAO2022).TheseapproachesaimtosupportGlobalclimatefinancefromallsourcesalmostoutcomesatthenexusofclimateandpoverty,doubledinthelastdecade,withacumulativecontributingtoCRD,aframeworkproposedUS$4.8trillioncommittedbetween2011andbytheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimate2020(US$480billionayearonaverage)(NaranChange(IPCC)thatalignsclimateadaptationetal.2022).Severalinternationalagencies,andmitigationgoalswithinclusion,equity,andincludingtheWorldBankandotherbilateraljustice(Box2).andmultilateralbanks,havecommittedtoaligntheiroperationsandfinancingwiththeBox2Whatisclimate-resilientParisAgreement(box1)(ADB2023;AfDB2023;development?WorldBankGroup2021).ThisparadigmshiftincreasinglyrecognizesthatClimate-resilientdevelopment(CRD)istheframeworkthattheIPCCusestoguideresponsestoclimateBox1TheParisAgreementanditsimpactsandrisksinawaythatcontributestosustainableimplicationsforWorldBank-financeddevelopment.CRDfocusesonthetransitionsinallprojectssystemsandaspectsofhumanlife,fromland,ocean,andecosystemstourbanandruralinfrastructureandenergy,Atthe21stConferenceoftheParties(COP21),heldinindustry,andsociety.ThistransitionalsoneedstorestoreDecember2015,theParisAgreementbecamealegallyandprotectecosystems,accelerateclimatechangebindinginternationaltreatyonclimatechange.Themitigation,andprovidelivelihoodandecosystemsagreementhasthreeobjectives:(a)limittheaverageservicesthatcontributetotransitionsofhumansystems.globaltemperatureincreasetowellbelow2°C,preferably1.5°C,frompre-industriallevels;(b)increasetheabilityCRDaddressesclimateandpovertyrisksinanintegratedtoadapttotheadverseimpactsofclimatechangeandway,sothatthesolutionstobothreinforceratherthanfosterclimateresilience;and(c)makefinanceflowsundermineeachother.Forexample,actionstorestoreconsistentwithapathwaytowardlowgreenhousegasecosystemscanalsoenhanceresiliencytofoodinsecurityemissionsandCRD.andreducethesocialandeconomicimpactsofclimate-relateddisasters.CRDrecognizestheimportanceofAspartofitsClimateChangeActionPlan2021–2025,targetinghumanhealthandwell-being,equity,andtheWorldBankGroupcommittedtoalignitsfinancialjusticetoensurethattheimpactsofclimatechangeflowswiththeobjectivesoftheParisAgreement.Asofresponsesaresharedevenly.July1,2023,allnewWorldBank-financedoperationsmustdemonstrate‘ParisAlignment’(consistencywithSource:IPCC2022.theobjectivesoftheParisAgreementandacountry’spathwaytowardlowgreenhousegasemissions).ThisCRDcallsforcomprehensiveandcoordinatedmandatereinforcestheWorldBankGroup’spositionasglobaleffortstoreducetheimpendingthelargestmultilateralproviderofclimatefinanceforimpactsofclimatechangeandsafeguarddevelopingcountries.thewell-beingofvulnerablepopulations.Ambitiousandrobustsocialpolicyresponsesachievingclimategoalsandendingpovertygroundedinanunderstandingoftheclimateneedtogohandinhand.Internationalactorsvulnerabilityofthepoorareinstrumentalarealigningpovertyreductionwithclimatetooperationalizingglobalandnationalmitigationandadaptationobjectives(IMF2022;strategiesatthenexusofclimatechangeandMottley2022;UNRISD2021),includingthepoverty(MearnsandNorton2010).Moreover,WorldBank’sGreen,Resilient,andInclusiveunderstandingtheconnectionbetweenclimateDevelopment(GRID)approach(WorldBankchangeandpovertyisessentialfordesigning2021a);theInternationalLabourOrganization’seffectiveresponsesandreducingtheriskofJustTransitionframework(ILO2023a);andunintendedconsequences,oftenreferredtoasThePartnershipforEconomicInclusionInPracticePathwaystoClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusion14IntroductionTheParadigmPathwaystoClimate-ResilientRecommendationsAppendixShifttoClimate-ResilientEconomicforPolicymakersInclusionandPractitionersClimate-ResilientEconomicProgramsDevelopmentInclusionmaladaptation.Understandingtheconstraintsimpactsandfacedisproportionaterisks.householdsfaceatalllevels—andthatleadOntheotherhand,peoplelivinginpovertytodifferencesinclimatevulnerabilityandareoftenalsoenvironmentalstewards,withexposure—aswellasthedirectandindirectthepotentialtomanagenaturalresourcesclimatedriverstheyfacewillbeinstrumentaleffectivelyandsustainably(Charles,indeployingmoreimpactfulclimateresilienceKalikoski,andMacnaughton2019).investments.However,theirpotentialforenvironmentalstewardshipisfrequentlyunderminedbyECONOMICINCLUSIONASANsystemicbarrierssuchaslackofaccessENABLERTOCLIMATE-RESILIENTtoeducation,financialresources,andDEVELOPMENTpoliticalpower.OvercomingthesebarriersrequiresamultifacetedEIapproachthatInrecognitionofthedetrimentalimpactofaddressessocioeconomicinequitieswhileinequalityandexclusiononbothpovertyempoweringpoorcommunitiestoengagereductionandclimatechangeadaptationinsustainablenaturalresourcemanagementandmitigationefforts,climateresilienceispractices.Inurbanareas,EIprogramsfocusincreasinglybecominganimportantfocusondisadvantagedandvulnerablegroups,ofEIapproaches.Whileitisrelativelyespeciallywomen,whooftenfacegreaternascent,internationalactorsarealreadyexposuretoriskandlossoflivelihoodsleadingimportantinnovationsandthinking(Avalosetal.2021).Supportingwomen’sinthisspace:forexample,comprehensiveempowermenthasbeenshowntoreduceriskmanagementoftheFederalMinistryofclimatevulnerability(seeSpotlight1.EconomicCooperationandDevelopmentbelow).(BMZ)(BMZ2019),ConcernWorldwide’sgreeninggraduation(ConcernWorldwide•EIprogramsseektoincreaseincomes2022),theFAO’sfoodsystemtransformationandassets,whichcanbuildhousehold’s(Charles,Kalikoski,andMacnaughton2019),resiliencetoshocks,reducevulnerability,mainstreamingofclimatechangeinultra-poorandenhanceadaptivecapacitytobettergraduationprogramsofBRAC(BRAC2020),preparepeopleforclimateshocks.Theyandbolsteringofresiliencethroughfinancialdosobyprovidingbundled,multisectoralservicesoftheConsultativeGrouptoAssisttheinterventionsincludingcashorin-kindPoor(CGAP)(NottaandZetterli2023).transfers,skillstraining,coaching,accessAttheWorldBank,climateresilienceisnowtofinance,andlinkstomarketsupport.akeyfocusofsocialprotectionandlaborTheseinterventionscanhelpfacilitateoperations,whichoperationalizeexistingassetaccumulation,incomediversification,frameworksandapproacheswithinthesocialandincreasedsavingswhichcanhelptheprotectionportfolio(Bowenetal.2020;Rigolinipoorprepare,copewith,andrecoverfrom2021).Inaddition,theinterconnectednessshocks.ofclimatechangeandpovertyaswellastheimportanceofeconomicinclusionmeasures•EIprogramscandirectlybuildclimateinaddressingclimateimpactshavebeenresiliencethroughlivelihooddiversification.recognizedforyears(MearnsandNortonAstheproductivityofnaturalresource-2010).Inparticular,itisrecognizedthatEIisbasedlivelihoodsdeclinesduetoclimatealreadywellplacedtocontributetoCRDinthechange,peoplewillneedtobesupportedfollowingways:withtransitioningtonewlivelihoods.EIcansupportlivelihooddiversification•EIprogramstargettheextremepoorandthroughemploymentgeneration,assetmarginalizedgroups.Peopleinruralareastransfersandassetbuilding,livestocktendtobemorevulnerabletoclimaterestocking,seedtransfers,trainingandThePartnershipforEconomicInclusionInPracticePathwaystoClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusion15IntroductionTheParadigmPathwaystoClimate-ResilientRecommendationsAppendixShifttoClimate-ResilientEconomicforPolicymakersInclusionandPractitionersClimate-ResilientEconomicProgramsDevelopmentInclusionskillsdevelopment,microfinanceinitiatives,particular,thereislimitedunderstandingmoreorderlymigration,andaccesstoofhowtoalignclimateandsocialgoalsandremittancesthatissafeandeasy.Skillstranslatethemintoappropriateprogramdevelopmentandretraining,oftenacriticaldesignaswellasintegratingsuchprogramselementofEIprograms,arealsocrucialintolargerpolicyeffortstoaddressclimatetofacilitatinganequitableJustTransitionchange(Costellaetal.2021).Thiscanhave(ILO2023a).consequencesfortheeffectivenessofeconomicinclusionprograms,suchaswhenprogramsHowever,whiletheimportanceofeconomicthatfailtoconsiderclimatefactorscaninturninclusion—andsocialprotection—approachesincreasevulnerabilityofpeople,forinstance,inaddressingclimate-relatedchallengeshavewhenaprogramsupportsashifttoalternativebeenrecognizedforsometime,theintegrationlivelihoodsthatareinfactlessresilienttobetweenclimateandpovertyconcernsatclimatechangeorenvironmentallydegradingthepolicyandprogramlevelisnascent.In(Tenzing2019).Spotlight1ThegenderbiasofclimatechangeWomenareoftenmoreaffectedbyclimateshocksandstressesthanmen(IPCC2022;UNWomen2020).Climatechangeoftenexacerbatesexistinggenderinequalities,aswomenareoverrepresentedinnaturalresource-basedandclimate-vulnerablesectors,includingagricultureandforestry.Socioeconomicfactors,lawsandregulations,andsocialnormscreateconditionsthatweakenwomen’ssocial,financial,andeconomicoutcomesfollowingclimatestressesandshocks(Ermanetal.2021;UNFCCC2022).Thesefactorslimitwomen’soptionsandabilitytoadapttoandcopewiththeadverseeffectsofclimatechange(Deiningeretal.2023).Severalstudiesdocumentthegenderedeffectsofclimatechangeonwomen.Duringthe1991BangladeshCyclone,forexample,womenweretrappedintheirhomesduringfloodingandwereunabletoescapetohigherground—inpartbecauseofsocioculturalnormsthatdidnotallowthemtoleavetheirhouseswithoutbeingaccompaniedbyamalerelative.Asaresult,womenandchildrenwerethecyclone’smainvictims(Schipper2020).Women’straditionalrolesasprovidersofhouseholdfoodandwatersecurityoftenrequirethemtotakeonextraresponsibilitiesduringtimesofenvironmentalstress,therebyincreasingtheirworkloadandreducingtheircapacitytoengageinincome-generatingactivitiesorpursueeducation(Codjoe,Atidoh,andBurkett2012).ArecentstudyconductedinruralBangladeshsurveyedhouseholdstoassesstheirexposuretoclimatechangeandtheirspendingpatternsonriskreduction.Thefindingsrevealedthatwomenandgirlsfacedaheavierfinancialburdenwhenitcametoclimateadaptationmeasures.Female-headedhouseholdsspentalargershareoftheirincomeonfloodandstormadaptationthanmen(Eskanderetal.2022).EIprogramsarewellplacedtoaddressthecomplexandmultidimensionalintersectionsofgenderequalityandclimatechange.Asprogramsscale,itwillbecriticaltoensuregender-smartdesignandencouragelivelihooddiversificationtoreducewomen’soverrepresentationinnaturalresource-basedsectors.Throughimprovedsocioeconomicstandingandparticipationindecision-making,womencansignificantlycontributetoclimatechangemitigationandadaptationefforts,therebyreducingclimatevulnerabilitywithincommunities.ThePartnershipforEconomicInclusionInPracticePathwaystoClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusion16IntroductionTheParadigmPathwaystoClimate-ResilientRecommendationsAppendixShifttoClimate-ResilientEconomicforPolicymakersInclusionandPractitionersClimate-ResilientEconomicProgramsDevelopmentInclusionPathwaystoClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusionThe‘Climate-ResilientEconomicInclusion’(CREI)frameworkincludesthreeprinciples(climateandpovertyalignment,policyintegration,andcross-cuttingtechnicalcollaboration)andthreeprogramareas(adaptivesafetynets,foodandecologicalsystems,andgreenjobsandthegreentransition)(figure3).1ThisframeworkisconceptualandbasedonarelativelysmallbodyofprogrammaticexperienceswithCREI.Itsobjectiveistolaythegroundworkforfutureefforts.Figure3PathwaystoClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusionClimate-PovertyCREIPrinciplesCREIProgramAreasAdaptationandIncreasedClimateNexusMitigationOutcomesResilienceClimateandpovertyAdaptivesafetynetsEntrenchedpovertyalignment(e.g.,FoodandecologicalReducingvulnerabilityandForindividuals,andlowresilience“climate-aware,”systemsavoidingmaladaptationcommunities,andJobs,livelihoods,and“linked,”orGreenjobsandtheDisasterriskreductionandinstitutions,includingfoodinsecurity“purposed”)greentransitionshockpreparednessimprovedFewclimatechangePolicyintegrationLivelihoodsandjobsclimate-povertyadaptationandCross-cuttingtechnicaltransformationgovernancemitigationoptionscollaborationNaturalresourcesandecosystemsprotectionandrestorationEmissionsreductionsorcaptureSource:PartnershipforEconomicInclusionPRINCIPLESClimateandpovertyalignmentThecoreprinciplesareintendedtoensureClimate-andpoverty-alignedprogramsthatEIinterventionsreducevulnerabilityneedtosimultaneouslyconsiderandaddressinamannerthathelpstargetedpopulationsclimateandpovertyconstraintsandtheirnavigatetheclimateandpovertyrisksanddointeractions.WithintheCREIframework,notcontributetomaladaptation.GiventheprogramsmayshowcasevaryingdegreesofearlystageofCREI,onlyafewofthereviewedclimateandpovertyalignment.Theycanprogramscomprehensivelyincorporateallthreeeitherbeclimate-aware,climate-linked,orprinciples.climate-purposed.ThePartnershipforEconomicInclusionInPracticePathwaystoClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusion17IntroductionTheParadigmPathwaystoClimate-ResilientRecommendationsAppendixShifttoClimate-ResilientEconomicforPolicymakersInclusionandPractitionersClimate-ResilientEconomicProgramsDevelopmentInclusion•Climate-awareprograms:Thesepastoralwomenandyouthoutofextremeprogramsacknowledgeclimaterisksandpovertywhilerestoringdegradedforestsandtheirimpactonpoorandvulnerablepastureinthedrylandsthroughecosystems’communitiesbutdonotcomprehensivelyrestoration,provisionofcashgrants,savingsintegrateclimateandpovertypromotion,skillstraining,andmentoringforconsiderationsintotheirobjectives,climate-resilientbusinesses.Theseinitiativescomponents,oractivities.aimtoadvanceclimateresilienceandsupporttransitionstoalternativelivelihoodsinthe•Climate-linkedprograms:Thesefaceofclimatechallenges.programsintegrateclimateandpovertyconsiderationsinspecificcomponentsPolicyintegrationoractivities.However,climatechangeisnotaprimaryobjectiveandisnotfullyEIprogramsthataimtobeclimate-resilientalignedwithprojectoutcomes.needtoconnecttonationalpoliciesandprogramswithlonger-termclimate•Climate-purposedprograms:Programsobjectives.Programsthatareone-off,time-inthiscategoryexhibitthehighestlevelorproject-bounded,and/ordisconnectedofclimate-povertyalignment.Theyfromlargerclimateandenvironmentalcomprehensivelyassessandaddressthenationalstrategiesarelesslikelytoachieveintersectionofclimateandpovertybytransformativechangeatscalethanprogramsexplicitlyincorporatingclimateobjectivesthatareintegratedwithnationalpoliciesandintotheiractivities,components,andprograms.outcomes.TheRuralLivelihoodsinLaggingRegionsTheoverarchingaimwillbeforprogramstoProjectinJordancloselyalignswithbothbeclimate-purposed.Wearebeginningtonationalandregionalclimatechangeseeahostofnongovernmentalorganizationactionplans.Itenhancestheresilienceof(NGO)programsmovinginthisdirection,theagriculturesectorbyimplementinginsomecasesbuildingongovernment-ledwater-efficienttechnologiesandclimate-programs.Forinstance,ConcernWorldwide’ssmartpracticesthroughouttheagri-foodprograminMalawi,‘EnablingSustainablevaluechain,incorporatingtheobjectivesGraduationoutofPovertyfortheExtremeofJordan’sclimatechangeadaptationplan.PoorinMalawi’,addressestheintersectionofTheprogramalsocontributestotheclimateclimateandpovertybyprovidingcoachinginchangeactionplanfortheMiddleEastandclimate-smartagriculture,homegardening,NorthAfrica,whichseekstoadvanceclimateandfoodbudgeting,alongsidecommunitychangeadaptationandreducegreenhousegasengagement,conservationagriculture,andemissionswithintheagricultureandlanduseagroforestry.Additionally,BRAC’sUltra-sectors.PoorGraduationProgrammeandBRAC’sDisasterRiskManagementProgrammeareCross-cuttingtechnicalcollaborationcollaboratingtostrengthentheresilienceofclimate-inducedmigrantsinBangladeshSuccessfulgovernment-ledclimate-resilientEIthroughclimate-resilientsanitationsystems,programsrequirestrongpartnershipsacrossclimate-adaptivelivelihoodtraining,andsectors,levelsofgovernment,anddifferenthealthsupport.Lastly,TheBOMAProject’sstakeholdersincludingNGOs,civilsociety,GreenREAP(RuralEntrepreneurAccessandtheprivatesector.Theyrequiresocial,Program)inKenyaandEthiopiaaimstoliftenvironmental,andclimate-relatedactorstoThePartnershipforEconomicInclusionInPracticePathwaystoClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusion18IntroductionTheParadigmPathwaystoClimate-ResilientRecommendationsAppendixShifttoClimate-ResilientEconomicforPolicymakersInclusionandPractitionersClimate-ResilientEconomicProgramsDevelopmentInclusioncollaboratetechnically.Atboththenational•Foodandecologicalsystems:andlocallevels,integratingmarginalizedInterventionswithinthisprogramgroups,communityorganizations,NGOs,andareasupportthesustainable,long-theprivatesectoracrossarangeofsectorstermadaptationofclimate-sensitiveisimportant.Cooperatingandco-learningfoodsystemsinagriculture,fisheries,acrossorganizationsandsectorswillhelpandforestrywhilehelpingpreservespeedtheintegrationofclimateresilienceandandrestorethenaturalresourcesandEIobjectivesandhelpensurethatoutcomesecosystemservicesonwhichsucharesustained.livelihoodsdepend.TheLandscapeRestorationandResilience•Greenjobsandgreentransition:ProjectinBurundiisagovernment-ledInterventionswithinthisprogramareaprogramthatintegratestheexpertisehelphouseholdsandcommunitiesmoveofmultipleinternationalcooperationoutofextractiveorclimate-sensitiveagenciesandNGOs,includingFAO,sectorsintogreenersectors.UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP),GesellschaftfürInternationaleTheprogramareasandtheiroutcomesZusammenarbeit(GIZ),andBioversityoverlap,andprogramscancontributetomoreInternational.Itpromotescross-sectoralthanone.Theyareausefulwaytoidentifythecollaborationbygovernmentalagenciesprimaryfocusofaprogramorcomponentinandresearchinstitutionstorestorelandrelationtoclimateresilienceobjectives.productivityindegradedlandscapesandcontributetoresilientlivelihoodsandfoodOUTCOMESsecurity.Theprojectalsoaimstostrengthencross-sectoralcollaborationbyministriesofApplicationoftheprinciplesandafocuswater,environment,agriculture,andlandandononeormoreoftheprogramareascanincludenational-,provincial-,andlocal-levelcontributetothefollowingoutcomes:institutionsinimplementation.Atthelocallevel,theprojectmobilizesgrassroots-level•ReducingclimatevulnerabilityandgroupsandintegratesNGOs,theprivateavoidingmaladaptationsector,andfarmersorganizations.•ReducingdisasterriskandimprovingPROGRAMAREASshockpreparednessCREIincludesthreekeyprogramareas:•Improvinglivelihoodsandtransformingjobs•Adaptivesafetynets:Safetynetshelphouseholdspreparefor,copewith,and•Projectingandrestoringnaturalresourcesadapttoclimateshocksanddisasters,andecosystemsincreasingtheirresiliencetoboth.Thisprogramareacombinescashtransfersand•Reducingorcapturinggreenhousegasunderlyingdeliverysystemsthatcanmakeemissionsthemmoreresponsivetoshocks,managedisasterrisks,andadapttoclimateTheextenttowhichclimate-resilientchange.EIprogramscontributetothedifferentoutcomeswilldependontheirgoalsanddesign.NotallEIprogramscancontributetoalloutcomes,andnotalldosotothesameextent.ThePartnershipforEconomicInclusionInPracticePathwaystoClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusion19IntroductionTheParadigmPathwaystoClimate-ResilientRecommendationsAppendixShifttoClimate-ResilientEconomicforPolicymakersInclusionandPractitionersClimate-ResilientEconomicProgramsDevelopmentInclusionAtitsmostbasic,theclimate-and-poverty-awayfromextractiveindustriestowardmorealignmentprincipleaimstoensurethatclimate-sensitivelivelihoods.Afocusonfoodprogramsatleastavoidmaladaptiveoutcomesandecologicalsystemscancontributetotheandthatvulnerabilityisnotincreasedinrestorationandsustainablemanagementofthecontextofclimatechange.Whentheynaturalresources,promotionofclimate-smartareclimate-purposed,EIprogramscantechnologies,andrestorationandprotectionpurposefullyreduceclimatevulnerabilityofecosystemswhilecontributingtoreduceorandhelpmakechoicesthatleadtopositivecaptureemissions.adaptationinthecontextofclimatechange.Finally,theprinciples,programareas,Byfocusinginspecificprogramareas,EIandtheiroutcomesoverlapgiventheprogramscanachievedifferentclimatemultidimensionalnatureofEIprogramsandresilienceoutcomes.EIprogramsthatfocustheinterconnecteddynamicsofclimateandonadaptivesafetynetshavethepotentialtopovertyrisks.Forexample,EIprogramsthatcontributetoincreasingshockpreparednessfocusonprovidinganadaptivesafetynetmayandreducingdisasterrisksbyenhancingalsoinvolvecomponentsthatencourageahouseholds’awarenessandcapacitytodealtransitiontogreenjobs.Similarly,programswithshocksandreducingphysicalrisksinthattargetinclusionintogreenjobscouldtheirenvironment.EIprogramsfocusedalsoinvolvenaturalresourcesorecosystemongreenjobscanfacilitatelivelihoodsandrestorationpractices.jobstransformationbyhelpingpeoplemoveSpotlight2AddressingpovertyandtheimpactsofclimatechangeintheRepublicofCongothrougha‘climate-purposed’projectTheRepublicofCongoisoneoftheworld’spoorestcountries.In2021,52percentofitspopulationwaslivingonlessthanUS$2.15aday.Torrentialrains,floods,andlandslideshavedevastatingeffectsonthecountry’sagricultureandecosystems—andtheimpactsofclimatechangearedisproportionatelyfallingonthepoorerandmorevulnerablesegmentsofsociety,mostofwhomdependonagriculturalactivitiesandecosystemservices.Toaddressbothpovertyandtheeffectsofclimatechange,in2023,theWorldBankapprovedtheUS$82millionClimate-ResilientandInclusiveLivelihoodsProject(ProClimatCongo),aneconomicinclusioninterventionthatadoptstheprinciplesoftheCREIframework:•Climate-povertyalignment:ProClimataimstostrengthenlandscapemanagementandpromotesustainablelivelihoodactivitiesinvulnerablecommunities.Long-termgoalsincludeincreasedagriculturalproductivity,improvedprotectionofbiodiversityandnaturalcapital,strengthenedclimateresilienceofpeopleandlandscapes,andincreaseddiversificationofruraleconomyandlivelihoods.Theprojectadoptsalandscapeapproach2thatharmonizeseconomicdevelopmentneedsandconservationwhilebuildingclimateresilienceinvulnerablecommunities.Theprojectisalsogendersensitive,addressingbarriersthatpreventwomenfromparticipatinginbroaderlivelihoodactivities.•Policyintegration:ProClimatdrawsonthegovernment-endorsedClimateSmartAgricultureInvestmentPlan(CSAIP)andconsidersthe2023ResiliencePlanontheFoodCrisis.TheprojectalsoalignswiththeupcomingnationalecotourismstrategyundertheCongoleseAgencyforWildlifeandProtectedArea’sleadership.Engagingcommunitiesindecision-makingandplanningthroughbottom-upandtop-downapproachesisavitalaspectoftheproject.ThePartnershipforEconomicInclusionInPracticePathwaystoClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusion20IntroductionTheParadigmPathwaystoClimate-ResilientRecommendationsAppendixShifttoClimate-ResilientEconomicforPolicymakersInclusionandPractitionersClimate-ResilientEconomicProgramsDevelopmentInclusionSpotlight2,continued•Cross-cuttingtechnicalcollaboration:ProClimatfosterscross-cuttingtechnicalcollaborationbycomplementingotherdevelopmentinitiativescountrysuchastheSustainableLandUseProgramandtheAdapt’ActionFacilityoftheAgenceFrançaisedeDéveloppement(AFD)andtheWorldFoodProgramme’seffortstobuildadaptivecapacitytoclimatechangethroughcommunity-basedearlywarningsystems.ProClimatecollaborateswithseveralgovernment-ledprograms,includingtheLisungiSafetyNetsSystemProject,toenhancesocioeconomicanalysisatthehouseholdleveltobettertargetvulnerablecommunities.Moreover,theprogramreliesongrantfundingandtechnicalsupportfromtheWorldBanktofacilitateknowledgesharing;enhanceanalyticalcapacity;andstrengthencoordinationacrossgeographiczones,sectorentities,anddevelopmentpartners.ProClimatalignswiththeCREIframework’sfoodandecologicalsystemsprogramarea,aimingtoprovidediversifiedclimate-resilienteconomicactivitiesinsustainableagriculture,communityforestry,non-timberforestproducts,andecotourism.ToinformEIactivities,itassessesthevulnerabilityofdifferentgroupstoclimatechange,theiruseofsustainableandresilientagriculturalpractices,managementofnaturalcapital,andbarrierstowomen’seconomicempowerment.Communitygroups(particularlywomen’sgroups)receivetrainingonsustainablepractices,lifeskills,andbusinessdevelopment,alongwithgrantstoimplementclimate-resilientlivelihoodinvestments.Theyreceivesupportfromextensionservices,andaccesstofinancialservices,cooperatives,anddigitaltechnology.Byadoptingacomprehensivelandscapeapproach,itsimultaneouslyaddresseseconomicdevelopment,naturalresourcemanagement,andconservation.ThePartnershipforEconomicInclusionInPracticePathwaystoClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusion21IntroductionTheParadigmPathwaystoClimate-ResilientRecommendationsAppendixShifttoClimate-ResilientEconomicforPolicymakersInclusionandPractitionersClimate-ResilientEconomicProgramsDevelopmentInclusionASnapshotoftheClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusionfinancedbytheWorldBankEconomicinclusionprograms,includingthosefinancedbytheWorldBank,arealreadycontributingtoCRD.3AccordingtoaninternalWorldBankportfolioreviewconductedin2023,62percentofWorldBank-financedprojectssupportinggovernment-ledeconomicinclusionprograms(184programs)addresschallengesattheintersectionoftheclimate-povertynexus,evenifmanydonothaveclimate-specificobjectives.Mostoftheseprogramsfocusonrespondingroughlyone-thirdoperatinginurbanareas.toshocks,improvingresourcemanagement,Geographically,57percentoftheprogramsandstrengtheningagri-foodvaluechains.areinSub-SaharanAfrica,13percentinLatinAccountingforoverlapsinsomeprograms,AmericaandtheCaribbean,and10percentinmostofthemoperateinruralareas,withSouthAsia(figure4).Figure4WorldBank-supportedclimate-relatedeconomicinclusionprogramsandclimatevulnerability,bycountrySource:UniversityofNotreDame2023,PEIPortfolioAnalysis2023Note:Theclimatedatameasureacountry’slevelofvulnerabilityandreadinesstoadapt.Thedarkerthecolor,themorevulnerabletoandlesspreparedforclimateimpactsacountryis.BluedotsshowthelocationsofWorldBank-financedCREIprojects.ThePartnershipforEconomicInclusionInPracticePathwaystoClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusion22IntroductionTheParadigmPathwaystoClimate-ResilientRecommendationsAppendixShifttoClimate-ResilientEconomicforPolicymakersInclusionandPractitionersClimate-ResilientEconomicProgramsDevelopmentInclusionThisreviewidentified15WorldBank-financedtoincomesupport,training,andpublicprojectsthatadherethemosttotheprinciplesworks,andincorporateinnovationsoftheCREIframework(seetheappendixtopursueclimate-resilientoutcomes,foradescriptionoftheprojects).Allthesedependingontheprogramarea.ProgramsprojectsincludecomponentsthatcontributetweakexistingEIcomponentsandaddtoclimateresilienceinatleastoneofthethreenewcomponentstoaddressspecificprogramareas.TheCREIprogramsreviewedconstraintsandalignpovertyandclimatehavesomecommonfeaturesthatmakethemobjectives.climateresilient:•Theprogramsexhibitpolicyintegration•Theprogramsreviewedexhibitstrongandleveragecross-cuttingtechnicalclimate-povertyalignmentandareeithercollaborationwithkeystakeholdersclimate-linkedorclimate-purposed.atthenationalandlocallevels.TheTheyassesstheclimate-povertynexus,programsreviewedlinknationalpoliciesidentifythebindingconstraints,andtoadvancelong-termclimateobjectives.translatethemintoclimateoutcomes.MostoftheseEIprogramsincludeanGovernment-ledEIprogramsinCentralinstitutionaldevelopmentandcapacity-Asia,Chad,Ethiopia,theRepublicofbuildingcomponenttoimproveplanning,Congo,CostaRica,andHaitiperformedmanagement,andmonitoringofclimateacomprehensiveassessmentofthisoutcomes.Forinstance,theLowlandsnexusthatallowedthemtodevelopLivelihoodResilienceProjectinEthiopiaappropriateCREIinterventions.Forintegratesnationalpolicy,contributinginstance,theResilientLandscapesandtoEthiopia’sClimate-ResilientGreenLivelihoodsProjectIIinEthiopiafoundEconomyStrategybystrengtheningthatlanddegradationandsoilerosionthelivelihoodresilienceofpastoralandwereexacerbatingclimateshocksandagro-pastoralcommunities.Itpromotesthreateningpovertyreductionandcross-sectoralcollaborationatthenationalfoodsecurity.Theprogramsoughttoandlocallevelsbyleveragingpartnerships(a)improveclimateresilience,landwithresearchinstitutions,universities,theproductivity,andcarbonstorageand(b)privatesector,andNGOs.increaseaccesstodiversifiedlivelihoodactivities.WORLDBANKPROJECTEXAMPLESBYCREIPROGRAMAREAS•TheprogramsoftenincludeclimatecriteriawithpovertymeasuresintheirCREIprogramstypicallycenteraroundonetargetingofparticipants.Theclimateprimaryprogramarea,whichhelpsdefinecriteriavarywiththeprogramarea.itsdesignfeatures,includingobjectives,Forinstance,criteriasuchastheleveloutcomes,components,andactivities.Theoflanddegradationandsoilerosionorfollowinganalysisofselectedprogramsthepotentialforintegratedlandscapeillustratesthevarioustypesofactivitiesrestorationarefrequentlyincorporatedassociatedwitheachprogramarea.inEIprogramsfocusedonfoodandecologicalsystems.EIprogramsthatfocusAdaptiveSafetyNetsonadaptativesafetynetsusuallyincludevulnerabilitytoclimate-relateddisastersasAdaptivesafetynetprogramsbuildresilienceacriterion.byhelpingpoorandvulnerablehouseholdspreparefor,adaptto,andcopewithclimate-•TheprogramsoftenadapttheircoreEIrelatedshocks.Theseprogramsbringtogetherprogramcomponents,mainlyrelatedsocialprotection,disasterriskmanagement,ThePartnershipforEconomicInclusionInPracticePathwaystoClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusion23IntroductionTheParadigmPathwaystoClimate-ResilientRecommendationsAppendixShifttoClimate-ResilientEconomicforPolicymakersInclusionandPractitionersClimate-ResilientEconomicProgramsDevelopmentInclusionandclimatechangeadaptationtobuildincome,andaspsychosocialwell-being.Thehouseholdresiliencetobothextremeandproject’sproductiveinterventions—suchslow-onsetclimateevents(Bowenetal.2020).asthecreationofself-helpgroups,basicTypicalEIprogramsinthisareacouldentrepreneurshipandlifeskillstraining,andincludebundlesofinterventionsthattheprovisionofbusinesscapital—helpedcombineregularincomesupport,incomeboostproductiveinvestmentsanddiversifytransfersrelatedtospecificshocks,publicoff-farmincome-generatingactivities,worksprogramswithafocusondisasterriskincreasinghouseholds’resiliencetoclimatereduction,accesstoclimateriskinformationshocks.(includingearlywarningsystems),andaccesstodisasterinsurance.TheycanbecombinedTheProductiveSafetyNetforSocioeconomicwithinterventionsthathelpbuildasavingsOpportunitiesProject(SNSOP)inSouthandassetbase(skillstraining,livelihoodsSudaniscontributingtodisasterriskdiversification,andfinancialservices).reductionandshockpreparednessthroughlabor-intensivepublicworks(LIPW)andIn2014,theWorldBanklaunchedtheSaheldirectcashtransfers.LIPWactivitiesfocusAdaptiveSocialProtectionProgram(SASPP)oncreatingcommunityassetsthatreducewiththeaimofincreasingadaptivesocialtheriskofnaturaldisasterssuchasflooding.protectioninsixcountriesintheSahelSubprojectsmayincludeinvestmentsin(BurkinaFaso,Chad,Mali,Mauritania,thebuildingoffloodprotectionstructures,Niger,andSenegal).InNiger,theAdaptivesuchasfloodcontroldikes;thecleaningofSafetyNetProject2waslaunchedinthesedimentfromwaterways;theplantingofcontextofseveredroughts,heatwaves,lowtrees;theterracingofdegradedlands;andinstitutionalcapacity,andheavyrelianceonthebuildingofwater-harvestingstructures.rain-fedagriculture,resultinginchronicfoodTheprojectprovidesunconditionalcashinsecurity.TheprojectaimedtostrengthentransferstotheverypoorandvulnerabletheresilienceofthepoorandvulnerablehouseholdsthatareunabletoengageinLIPW.inareasaffectedbyclimateshocksbyRecipientsofthesemonthlypaymentsincludeprovidingregularmonthlycashtransfers,refugeesandhostcommunityhouseholdscomplementaryshock-responsecashtransfers,withoutable-bodiedadultmembers.TheandaccompanyingEImeasuresdesignedtoprojectisimplementedbytheMinistryofbuildresiliencetoclimatechange.TheprojectAgricultureandFoodSecurity(MAFS),withadoptedtheCREIframeworkprinciplesofcollaborationbytheMinistryofGender,policyintegrationandtechnicalcollaborationChild,andSocialWelfare(MGCSW)andthebyincorporatingtechnicalandoperationalUnitedNationsOfficeforProjectServicessupporttostrengthennationalinstitutional(UNOPS).Thiscollaborationreinforcescapacityintheareaofearlywarning;thethelinkagesbetweenfoodsecurityandcapacitytorapidlyscaleupintimesofshockssocialprotectionandaimstoenhanceandcrisis;andnationalmechanismsforpolicydialogueonclimateadaptationandcrisisprevention,preparedness,andresponsemitigation.planningthatsupportcoordinationbetweenhumanitariananddevelopmentactors.TheSocialSupportforResilientLivelihoodsProject(SSRLP)inMalawifostersresilienceAnimpactevaluationoftheprojectprovidestoclimateshocksbyprovidingresilientevidencethatitincreasedhouseholdlivelihoodsupport,climate-smartpublicconsumptionanddecreasedfoodinsecurityworks,andemergencycashtransfers.(Bossuroyetal.2022).Thebenefit-costratiosInpreparationforclimateshocks,theoftheEIinterventionswerehigh,withstrongprojectpromotesdiversifiedlivelihoodimpactsonconsumption,foodsecurity,opportunitiesforbothon-farmandoff-ThePartnershipforEconomicInclusionInPracticePathwaystoClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusion24IntroductionTheParadigmPathwaystoClimate-ResilientRecommendationsAppendixShifttoClimate-ResilientEconomicforPolicymakersInclusionandPractitionersClimate-ResilientEconomicProgramsDevelopmentInclusionfarmincome-generationactivitiesthroughenhancedvaluechainsinclimate-dependentbuildinghousehold-levelassets,enhancingsectors,suchasclimate-smartagricultureriskmanagement,andfacilitatingashiftandagroforestry,orecosystem-orientedtomoreproductiveactivities.Thebasicpublicworksprogramsthatfocusonnaturallivelihoodsupportincludesbuildingcapitalandresources.Interventionsthatcapacityinbusinessmanagement,financialhelppeoplebuildbetterlivelihoodsmoreliteracy,disasterriskmanagement,savingsgenerallyandincreasehumancapitalcanmobilization,andtransformativeormind-helpbeneficiariesdiversifytheirincomesetchangetrainings.Prioritizingwomensourceswhileimprovingtheirfoodandandyouth,theprojectalsoprovidesselectedsurroundingecosystems.Theseinterventionsbeneficiariesenhancedlivelihoodsupportincludetraining,livelihooddiversification,includinglinkagetofinancialinstitutions,businesscapitalandfinancialservices,accessgroupvaluechaingrants,andmarketlinkages.toclimateriskinformationrelevantforTheclimate-smartpublicworkscomponenteconomicactivity,andaccessto(cleaner)focusesonlandandwaterconservationandenergysources.Interventionscanalsosupportrehabilitationandmaintenanceofsmallbroaderpolicydevelopmentinshiftinginfrastructure.Activitiesincludeforesttowardmoresustainablevaluechainsthatrestoration;landresourcesconservation;andconsiderprotectingnaturalcapital.rehabilitationofwatersupply,drainage,andsmallaccessroads.Finally,alongwithregularTheLocalDevelopmentandAdaptationcashtransfers,theprojectisdesigningandProjectinChadaddressesthechallengestestingamechanismtochannelemergencyposedbypopulationgrowth,livestockcashtransfersunderextremeclimateshocksandfarmingexpansion,andinadequateforthosewhoarenotregularbeneficiariesmanagement,whichareexertingpressureoftheprogramand/orincreasebenefitstoonnaturalresources,acceleratinglandregularprogrambeneficiaries.degradation,andputtinglivelihoodsatrisk.TheprojectadoptedanintegratedFoodandEcologicalSystemsapproachtopromotetherestorationandsustainablemanagementofnaturalresourcesCREIprogramsthatfocusonfoodandandintroduceclimate-smarttechnologies.ecologicalsystemsreducethevulnerabilityItsupportstheestablishmentofintegratedandexposureofclimate-dependentagriculturalproductionsiteswherelivelihoods,especiallyfromgradualproducersadoptclimate-smartagricultureenvironmentalchanges.Theseprogramstechnologiestopromotediversified,resilient,promotepracticesthatpreserveandrestoreandsustainablelivelihoods.Activitiesnaturalresourcesandecosystemservices,includetraining,demonstrationplots,andratherthandegradethem,andactionstheprovisionofimprovedseedsandtreethatdelivermoresecureandsustainableplantationsadaptedtolocalconditionsandlivelihoods.Thetransformationofnaturalclimatevariability.landintoagriculturalareasisasignificantdriverofclimatechange.FoodandecologicalTheLandscapeRestorationandResiliencesystemsprogramsplayanimportantroleProjectinBurundishowshowCREIinpromotingimprovednaturalresourceprogramscanpreserveandrestorefoodandmanagementandincentivizingtheshiftecologicalsystemswhilediversifyingclimate-towarddiversifiednon-agriculturaldependentlivelihoods.Thevastmajorityofemploymentopportunities.Burundianslacktheabilitytowithstandtheeffectsofclimatechangesuchasdroughts,Typicalinterventionsincludetechnicalfloods,andlandslides,allofwhichalreadyandfinancialsupportforsustainableandaffectthem.Thisprojectadoptsacommunity-ThePartnershipforEconomicInclusionInPracticePathwaystoClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusion25IntroductionTheParadigmPathwaystoClimate-ResilientRecommendationsAppendixShifttoClimate-ResilientEconomicforPolicymakersInclusionandPractitionersClimate-ResilientEconomicProgramsDevelopmentInclusiondrivenlandscapeapproachtorestorelandtofoodsovereignty.Aspartoftheprogram,productivityindegradedlandscapes.Itaround1,270ruralproducerorganizationswillmobilizeslocalpeopletoconstructterracesformproductivealliancestofacilitatetheirondegradedhillsidesandincreasevegetationparticipationinvaluechainswithcommercialcovertopreventsoilerosionandimprovesoilpartnersandaccesstotechnicalassistancemoisture.Theprojectalsotrainsgroupsofproviderstoachieveimproved,morepoorfarmerstoadoptalternativelivelihoods,equitableaccesstomarkets,technologies,includinginecotourism,honeyproduction,andorganizationalskills.Theprojectandfruitcultivation.Theprojecthasawillsignificantlyimprovetheproductivestronggender-inclusivefocus.InBurundi,capacityandmarketaccessofruralproducerlandregistrationhasbeenkeyforincreasingorganizations,training,andknowledgewomen’sempowerment.Over70percentoftransfer.the100,000landcertificatesissuedbytheprojectwenttowomen.LegalownershipGreenJobsandtheGreenTransitionoflandhasallowedwomentoobtainmoreequitableaccesstoprojectactivities,suchCREIprogramsthatfocusongreenjobsastraininginclimate-smartagricultureandthegreentransitioncanplayacrucialtechniquesliketerracing,theuseofimprovedroleinassistinghouseholdstocopewithseeds,andnature-basedsolutionsthattheimpactsofthetransitionawayfromrespondtoflooding.Landtitleshavealsoextractiveorclimate-sensitivesectors.helpedwomensecureloansforincome-Typicalinterventionsinthisareaincludegeneratingactivities.training,coaching,mentoring,andotherformsofskillsdevelopment;accesstowageFoodandecologicalsystemprogramsalsoemploymentingreen(orclimate-neutral)playanimportantroleinaddressingchronicjobs,includingjobsearchandplacement;foodinsecurity.InHaiti,theEmergencyaccesstofinancialservicesandbusinessResilientAgricultureforFoodSecuritycapital;accesstocleanerenergyandProject(PARSA)targetspeoplefacingsometechnologiesforcookingandtransportation;oftheworstlevelsoffoodinsecurityintheandcompensationtohouseholdshurtbytheworld.Theagriculturesectorcontinuestoshiftawayfromcarbon-intensiveindustries.faceclimaticshocks,includingdrought,lowPolicydevelopmentongreenjobs,theJustrainfall,andwatersheddegradation.TheTransition,women’saccesstogreenlaborprojectemphasizesclimate-andnutrition-opportunities,andcleanenergyarealsosmartagriculturalproduction,encouragingimportant.farmerstoadoptsustainablepracticesandprovidingimprovedirrigation,drainage,andOnlyahandfulofreviewedprogramsfocussoilconservationservices.Itwillgenerateongreenjobsandthegreentransition.The4.5millionperson-workdaysthroughlabor-SustainableFisheriesDevelopmentProjectintensiveparticipatorycommunityworktoinCostaRicaisbuildingthecapacityforthestrengthenruralproductiveinfrastructuredesignandpotentialimplementationofanthatincreasesresiliencetoclimateshocks.EIstrategyforlow-incomeandvulnerablefishingcommunities.ItaimstosupporttheAnotherprojectthataddresseschronicfoodmostvulnerablefisheryworkersandtheirinsecurityistheInnovationforResilientfamilieswhoareforcedtolimittheirfishingFoodSystems(RuralAlliances–PARIII)effortsorwhodecidetotransitiontoaProjectinBolivia.Thisprojectalignswithdifferenteconomicactivity.Theproject,lednationalpolicyframeworkoutlinedinbytheCostaRicanFishingandAquacultureBolivia’sEconomicandSocialDevelopmentInstitute(INCOPESCA),intendstoensurePlan(PDES2021–2025)withacommitmentthatthetransitiontosustainablefisheriesThePartnershipforEconomicInclusionInPracticePathwaystoClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusion26IntroductionTheParadigmPathwaystoClimate-ResilientRecommendationsAppendixShifttoClimate-ResilientEconomicforPolicymakersInclusionandPractitionersClimate-ResilientEconomicProgramsDevelopmentInclusionmanagementconsiderstheshort-andapproved,theprojectwillreinforceresilientmedium-termsocioeconomicimpactonlivelihoodsandenhancetheincomesofvulnerablepopulations.Towardthatend,itfarmers,smallentrepreneurs,andvulnerableisprofilingvulnerablefishingcommunitiesmembersofcommunitiesinareasproneandcharacterizinglocaleconomicactivity,toclimate-inducedmudflows,withafocustoconnectpeopletojobopportunitiesonwomenandyouth.EIactivitiesincludeandservicepackages.Theprojectlinksbusinesstraining,supportforbusinessplancommunitieswithexistinggovernmentdevelopment,andmarketlinkagestoproduceprogramsandseekstobuildINCOPESCA’sclimate-smartandnaturalresource-basedcapacitytoidentifytheneedfornewproductsusinglocallyavailableandleftoverprograms,connectwithexistingprograms,rawmaterial.andensurethetimelyprovisionofservicestovulnerablefishingcommunities.TheKyrgyzRepublic’sResilientLandscapeRestorationProjectaimstoreducepressureonforests,pastures,andagriculturallands.ItispartoftheWorldBank’sCentralAsiaResilientLandscapeRestoration(RESILANDCA+)Program,establishedin2019toprovidecountriesinCentralAsiawitharegionalframeworktoincreasetheresilienceofregionallandscapesandpeoplethroughlandscaperestoration.OnceThePartnershipforEconomicInclusionInPracticePathwaystoClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusion27IntroductionTheParadigmPathwaystoClimate-ResilientRecommendationsAppendixShifttoClimate-ResilientEconomicforPolicymakersInclusionandPractitionersClimate-ResilientEconomicProgramsDevelopmentInclusionTheWayForward:RecommendationsforPolicymakersandPractitionersEconomicinclusionprogramsarestrategicallypositionedtoaddresstheintricaterelationshipbetweenpovertyandclimatechallenges(theclimate-povertynexus).Byaligningpolicies,fosteringcross-sectoralcollaboration,andintegratingclimateandpovertyobjectives,EIprogramscanplayapivotalroleinachievingclimateresilienceandpovertyalleviation.TheCREIframeworkprovidesasetofThisintegrationisessentialforeffectivelyprinciplesandprogramareasthatillustrateadvancingclimateresilienceandpovertyhoweconomicinclusionprogramscanalleviation.contributetoCRD.However,todriveatransformativeshifttowardclimate-resilient•Collaboration:Supportcollaborationeconomicinclusion,programoperationalamongrelevantdepartments,partners,adjustmentsareessential,supportedbyaandministries,suchassocialprotection,robustinnovationandlearningagenda,withagriculture,andenvironment,tofacilitatescale-upmadepossiblethroughsustainableeffectiveCREIintegrationatbothpolicyfinancing.Torealizethefullpotentialoftheseandprogramlevels.ForgepartnershipsprogramsforCRD,severalissuesarecriticalwithNGOsandprivateentities,especiallyforpolicymakersandpractitionerstoconsider.thosewiththecapacitytoaddressclimateandpovertychallenges.•Focusonclimate-povertynexus:Prioritizeprogramsandinterventionsthatdirectly•Inclusiveplanning:Ensurethetargettheclimate-povertynexus.Theseparticipationofmarginalizedandclimate-programsshouldintegrateintonationalvulnerablegroupsinthedesign,planning,climateandenvironmentalpoliciesandandimplementationofCREIinitiatives.strategieswhilefosteringcross-sectoralThisapproachfostersprogramownershipcollaboration.andlong-termsustainability.•Strategicintegration:IncorporateCREI•Evaluativelearningagenda:Establishprinciplesandprogramareasstrategicallyanevaluativelearningagendatogainawithinprogramobjectives,designdeeperunderstandingoftheimpactoffeatures,andoutcomemeasurements.climate-resilientEI.InvestigatespecificThePartnershipforEconomicInclusionInPracticePathwaystoClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusion28IntroductionTheParadigmPathwaystoClimate-ResilientRecommendationsAppendixShifttoClimate-ResilientEconomicforPolicymakersInclusionandPractitionersClimate-ResilientEconomicProgramsDevelopmentInclusionresponsesandactivitiesthateffectivelyforCREIprograms.ThesemechanismsachieveclimateobjectiveswithinEIcangeneratefundsthatsupportclimateprograms.Explorestrategiesforintegratingresilienceandpovertyalleviation.climateandpovertyobjectivesinvariouscontexts,suchasurbanareas,and•Concessionalfinanceexpansion:Recognizeforspecificvulnerablegroupssuchastheimportanceofconcessionalfinancewomenandinternallydisplacedpersons.insupportingCREIinitiatives.PrioritizeDeveloprobustcriteriaforevaluatinggrantfinancinganddebtinstrumentsprogramsuccess,includingindicatorsforlinkedtoclimateandnatureoutcomes,povertyreduction,climateresilience,andparticularlyforcountriesalreadyburdenedsustainabledevelopment.withhighlevelsofdebt.•Innovativefinancingmechanisms:Exploreinnovativefinancingmechanisms,suchastourismlevies,carbontaxes,andcarboncredits,aspotentialfundingsourcesThePartnershipforEconomicInclusionInPracticePathwaystoClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusion29IntroductionTheParadigmPathwaystoClimate-ResilientRecommendationsAppendixShifttoClimate-ResilientEconomicforPolicymakersInclusionandPractitionersClimate-ResilientEconomicProgramsDevelopmentInclusionAppendixThePartnershipforEconomicInclusionInPracticePathwaystoClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusion30AppendixSelectedWorldBankClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusionProgramsTheexamplesinthisnotearebasedontheanalysisoftheWorldBankportfolioconductedbyPEIin2023.Itidentified295EIprograms,ofwhich184(62percent)respondedtoclimate-relatedchallenges.Atotalof15programswereidentifiedasclimate-purposed,stronglyaligningtotheCREIframework.TheseprogramsaddressthenexusofclimateandpovertybyincorporatingCREIprinciplesandprogramareasthatpromoteclimate-resilientoutcomes.Programswereselectedtoensurerepresentationacrossvariouscontextsandoperationalfeaturesandtoincludedifferentregions,WorldBankGlobalPractices,potentialcross-sectoralcollaborations,andthethreeprogramareas(adaptivesafetynets,foodandecologicalsystems,andgreenjobsandthegreentransition).TableA1liststheselectedprojects.TableA1SelectedWorldBank-financedProjectsProgramArea/ProjectCountryRegionProjectGlobalCross-GPCodePracticeCollaboration(GP)AdaptiveSafetyNetsCongo,Rep.Sub-SaharanP174178SPJEDUHNPMalawiAfricaP169198RepublicofCongoLisungiEmergencyNigerP166602SPJFCICOVID-19ResponseProjectSouthSudanSub-SaharanP177663SocialSupportforResilientLivelihoodsAfricaSPJFCIProject(SSRLP)Sub-SaharanSPJFCVNigerAdaptiveSafetyNetProject2AfricaProductiveSafetyNetforSub-SaharanSocioeconomicOpportunitiesProjectAfricaFoodandEcologicalSystemsInnovationforResilientFoodSystemsBoliviaLatinAmericaP175672AGFWAT(AlianzasRurales-PARIII)ProjectandtheBurundiCaribbeanP160613ENBAGFURLLandscapeRestorationandResilienceChadP171611ENBWATProjectCongo,Rep.Sub-SaharanP177786ENBAGFSSIEthiopiaAfricaP174385ENBAGFCLCEAEChadLocalDevelopmentandAdaptationProjectSub-SaharanAfricaClimate-ResilientandInclusiveLivelihoodsProject(ProClimatCongo)Sub-SaharanAfricaEthiopiaResilientLandscapesandLivelihoodsProjectIISub-SaharanAfricaThePartnershipforEconomicInclusionInPracticePathwaystoClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusion31TableA1,continuedProgramArea/ProjectCountryRegionProjectGlobalCross-GPEthiopiaCodePracticeCollaborationLowlandsLivelihoodResilienceProjectHaitiENBSPJWATJordanSub-SaharanP164336(GP)EmergencyResilientAgricultureforAfricaP177072AGFFoodSecurityProjectCentralAsiaP167946CostaRicaLatinAmericaAGFAGFJordanRuralLivelihoodsinLaggingEthiopiaandtheRegionsProjectCaribbeanAGFFCISSIWATGreenJobsandGreenTransitionMiddleEastRESILANDCA+Program:KyrgyzandNorthRepublicResilientLandscapeAfricaRestorationProjectCostaRicaSustainableFisheriesEuropeandP177407ENBAGFSPJURLDevelopmentProjectCentralAsiaWATUrbanProductiveSafetyNetandJobsProjectLatinAmericaP168475ENBFCISPJTDDandtheP169943CaribbeanSPJGENJOBPOVSub-SaharanURSAfricaNote:AGF=AgricultureandFood;CLC=ClimateChange;EDU=Education;EAE=EnergyandExtractives;ENB=EnvironmentandNaturalResourcesandBlueEconomy;FCI=Finance,Competitiveness,andInnovation;FCV=Fragility,Conflict,andViolence;GEN=Gender;HNP=Health,Nutrition,andPopu-lation;POV=Poverty;SPJ=SocialProtectionandJobs;SSI=SocialSustainabilityandInclusion;TDD=Transport;URL=UrbanResilienceandLand;WAT=Water.ThePartnershipforEconomicInclusionInPracticePathwaystoClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusion32NotesThePartnershipforEconomicInclusionInPracticePathwaystoClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusion33Notes1.PEI’sframeworkdrawsontheIPCC’sframeworkforCRDandtheWorldBank’sGRIDframework,bothofwhichtargethumansystemstransitionthroughdevelopmentinterventionsthatcombinepovertyobjectiveswithclimateadaptationandmitigationobjectives.Botharepremisedondevelopmentapproachesthatenhancejusticeandinclusivitytohelpensurethatdevelopmentprogramsaresuccessfulandthepotentialforclimate-resilientoutcomesisenhanced.2.Landscapeapproachesrecognizetheinterdependenceofhumanandnaturalsystemsandcreatesustainablelandscapesthatpromoteprosperity.Theyrequireavarietyofstakeholdersatdifferentlevelstoworktogethertoincreasesynergiesbetweendifferent,andoftencompeting,sector-focusedgoals,suchasavoidingagriculturalencroachmentonprotectedareas.3.ThissectionprimarilyreviewstheexperienceofWorldBank-financedprojects,basedoninternalportfoliodata,whereastheforthcomingStateofEconomicInclusionreportwillprovideagloballandscape,includingthoseprogramsledbyNGOs.ThePartnershipforEconomicInclusionInPracticePathwaystoClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusion34ReferencesThePartnershipforEconomicInclusionInPracticePathwaystoClimate-ResilientEconomicInclusion35ReferencesADB(AsianDevelopmentBank).2023.“MDBsAgreePrinciplesforAligningFinancialFlowswithParisAgreementGoals.”NewsRelease,June20.https://www.adb.org/news/mdbs-agree-principles-aligning-financial-flows-paris-agreement-goals#:~:text=News%20Release%20%7C%2020%20June%202023&text=The%20principles%20(see%20Related%20documents,the%20Paris%20Agreement%20in%202017.AFDB(AfricaDevelopmentBank).2023.“GreenGrowth:AfricanDevelopmentBankRampsUpInitiativestoIncreaseClimateFinanceFlowstoAfrica.”https://am.afdb.org/en/news/green-growth-african-development-bank-ramps-initiatives-increase-climate-finance-flows-africa#:~:text=The%20African%20Development%20Bank%20Group,of%20global%20greenhouse%20gas%20emissions.Andrews,C.,A.deMontesquiou,I.ArevaloSanchez,P.Dutta,B.Paul,S.Samaranayake,J.Heisey,T.Clay,andS.Chaudhary.2021.TheStateofEconomicInclusionReport2021:ThePotentialtoScale.Washington,DC:WorldBank.https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/b12f8624-c03d-5f1d-a7e3-8bb857e733b7.Ang,L.,L.Gao,S.Chen,J.Zhao,S.Ujiyad,J.Huang,X.Han,andB.Bryan.2021.“FinancialInclusionMayLimitSustainableDevelopmentUnderEconomicGlobalizationandClimateChange.”EnvironmentalResearchLetters16(5).https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/abf465.Asfaw,S.,andB.Davis.2018.CanCashTransferProgrammesPromoteHouseholdResilience?Cross-CountryEvidencefromSub-SaharanAfrica.Rome:FoodandAgricultureOrganization.Avalos,J.,S.Chaudhury,T.Clay,andP.Dutta.2021.APathtoJobsfortheUrbanPoor.PEIinPractice,Vol.1.Washington,DC:WorldBank.https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/c3072017-bb5d-599b-806f-05c4d79ddbd2/content.BMZ(FederalMinistryofEconomicCooperationandDevelopment).2019.ComprehensiveRiskManagement.TheApproachofGermanDevelopmentforDealingwithDisasterandClimateRisks.Bonn:BMZ.Bene,C.,A.Cornelius,andF.Howland.2018.“BridgingHumanitarianResponsesandLong-TermDevelopmentthroughTransformativeChanges:SomeInitialReflectionsfromtheWorldBank’sAdaptiveSocialProtectionProgramintheSahel.”Sustainability10(6):1–17.Bossuroy,T.,M.Goldstein,B.Karimou,D.Karlan,H.Kazianga,W.Parienté,P.Premand,C.Thomas,C.Udry,J.Vaillant,andK.Wright.2022.“TacklingPsychosocialandCapitalConstraintstoAlleviatePoverty.”Nature605:291–97.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04647-8.Bowen,T.,C.Ninno,C.Andrews,S.Coll-Black,U.Gentilini,K.Johnson,Y.Kawasoe,A.Kryeziu,B.Maher,andA.Williams.2020.AdaptiveSocialProtection:BuildingResiliencetoShocks:BuildingResiliencetoShocks.InternationalDevelopmentinFocus.Washington,DC:WorldBank.https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/579641590038388922/pdf/Adaptive-Social-Protection-Building-Resilience-to-Shocks.pdf.BRAC.2020.Mainstre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