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Crippa, M., Guizzardi, D., Pagani, F., Banja, M., Muntean, M., Schaaf, E., Becker, W., Monforti-Ferrario, F., Quadrelli, R., Risquez Martin,

A., Taghavi-Moharamli, P., Köykkä, J., Grassi, G., Rossi, S., Brandao De Melo, J., Oom, D., Branco, A., San-Miguel, J., Vignati, E.

2023

JRC/IEA REPORT

GHG EMISSIONS OF

ALL WORLD COUNTRIES

JRC SCIENCE FOR POLICY REPORT

Joint

Research

Centre

EUR EUR 31658 EN

Joint

Research

Centre

ISSN ISSN 1831-9424

This publication is a Science for Policy report by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission’s science and knowledge service.

It aims to provide evidence-based scientific support to the European policymaking process. The contents of this publication do not necessarily

reflect the position or opinion of the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the

Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of this publication. For information on the methodology and quality underlying

the data used in this publication for which the source is neither Eurostat nor other Commission services, users should contact the referenced

source. The designations employed and the presentation of material on the maps do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on

the part of the European Union concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the

delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

Contact information

Email: JRC-EDGAR@ec.europa.eu

Address: European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via Enrico Fermi, 2749, 21027, Ispra (VA), Italy

EU Science Hub

https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu

JRC134504

EUR 31658 EN

Print ISBN 978-92-68-07551-7 ISSN 1018-5593 doi:10.2760/235266 KJ-NA-31-658-EN-C

PDF ISBN 978-92-68-07550-0 ISSN 1831-9424 doi:10.2760/953322 KJ-NA-31-658-EN-N

Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2023

The reuse policy of the European Commission documents is implemented by the Commission Decision 2011/833/EU of 12 December 2011

on the reuse of Commission documents (OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p. 39). Unless otherwise noted, the reuse of this document is authorised

under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). This means

that reuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.

For any use or reproduction of photos or other material that is not owned by the European Union permission must be sought directly from

the copyright holders.

How to cite this report: Crippa, M., Guizzardi, D., Pagani, F., Banja, M., Muntean, M., Schaaf E., Becker, W., Monforti-Ferrario, F., Quadrelli,

R., Risquez Martin, A., Taghavi-Moharamli, P., Köykkä, J., Grassi, G., Rossi, S., Brandao De Melo, J., Oom, D., Branco, A., San-Miguel, J.,

Vignati, E., GHG emissions of all world countries, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2023, doi:10.2760/953332,

JRC134504.

Contents

Abstract ...................................................................................................................................................................1

Acknowledgement ..................................................................................................................................................2

Executive summary .................................................................................................................................................3

1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................7

2 Global GHG emissions from 1970 until 2022 ....................................................................................................9

3 Global GHG emissions from LULUCF from 1990 until 2022 ............................................................................17

4 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................................................20

References ............................................................................................................................................................21

List of abbreviations and definitions .....................................................................................................................24

List of boxes ..........................................................................................................................................................25

List of figures .........................................................................................................................................................26

List of tables ..........................................................................................................................................................27

Annexes .................................................................................................................................................................28

Annex 1. Bottom-up methodology for global GHG emissions compilation ..........................................................28

Annex 2. Methodology for the estimation of emissions from Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF)

..............................................................................................................................................................................33

Annex 3. Methodology for the estimation of emissions from large scale biomass burning .................................35

Annex 4. Content of country fact-sheets ..............................................................................................................37

Annex 5. GHG emissions for the world, international transport and the EU27 ...................................................38

Annex 6: GHG emissions by country .....................................................................................................................43

Annex 7. GHG emissions and removals from LULUCF sector by macro-regions ................................................ 252

Disclaimer ........................................................................................................................................................... 263

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ISSN1831-9424JRCSCIENCEFORPOLICYREPORTGHGEMISSIONSOFALLWORLDCOUNTRIES2023Crippa,M.,Guizzardi,D.,Pagani,F.,Banja,M.,Muntean,M.,Schaaf,E.,Becker,W.,Monforti-Ferrario,F.,Quadrelli,R.,RisquezMartin,A.,Taghavi-Moharamli,P.,Köykkä,J.,Grassi,G.,Rossi,S.,BrandaoDeMelo,J.,Oom,D.,Branco,A.,San-Miguel,J.,Vignati,E.JRC/IEAREPORTEUR31658ENJointResearchCentreThispublicationisaScienceforPolicyreportbytheJointResearchCentre(JRC),theEuropeanCommission’sscienceandknowledgeservice.Itaimstoprovideevidence-basedscientificsupporttotheEuropeanpolicymakingprocess.ThecontentsofthispublicationdonotnecessarilyreflectthepositionoropinionoftheEuropeanCommission.NeithertheEuropeanCommissionnoranypersonactingonbehalfoftheCommissionisresponsiblefortheusethatmightbemadeofthispublication.ForinformationonthemethodologyandqualityunderlyingthedatausedinthispublicationforwhichthesourceisneitherEurostatnorotherCommissionservices,usersshouldcontactthereferencedsource.ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialonthemapsdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheEuropeanUnionconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.ContactinformationEmail:JRC-EDGAR@ec.europa.euAddress:EuropeanCommission,JointResearchCentre,ViaEnricoFermi,2749,21027,Ispra(VA),ItalyEUScienceHubhttps://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.euJRC134504EUR31658ENPrintISBN978-92-68-07551-7ISSN1018-5593doi:10.2760/235266KJ-NA-31-658-EN-CISSN1831-9424doi:10.2760/953322KJ-NA-31-658-EN-NPDFISBN978-92-68-07550-0Luxembourg:PublicationsOfficeoftheEuropeanUnion,2023©EuropeanUnion,2023ThereusepolicyoftheEuropeanCommissiondocumentsisimplementedbytheCommissionDecision2011/833/EUof12December2011onthereuseofCommissiondocuments(OJL330,14.12.2011,p.39).Unlessotherwisenoted,thereuseofthisdocumentisauthorisedundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution4.0International(CCBY4.0)licence(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Thismeansthatreuseisallowedprovidedappropriatecreditisgivenandanychangesareindicated.ForanyuseorreproductionofphotosorothermaterialthatisnotownedbytheEuropeanUnionpermissionmustbesoughtdirectlyfromthecopyrightholders.Howtocitethisreport:Crippa,M.,Guizzardi,D.,Pagani,F.,Banja,M.,Muntean,M.,SchaafE.,Becker,W.,Monforti-Ferrario,F.,Quadrelli,R.,RisquezMartin,A.,Taghavi-Moharamli,P.,Köykkä,J.,Grassi,G.,Rossi,S.,BrandaoDeMelo,J.,Oom,D.,Branco,A.,San-Miguel,J.,Vignati,E.,GHGemissionsofallworldcountries,PublicationsOfficeoftheEuropeanUnion,Luxembourg,2023,doi:10.2760/953332,JRC134504.ContentsAbstract...................................................................................................................................................................1Acknowledgement..................................................................................................................................................2Executivesummary.................................................................................................................................................31Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................72GlobalGHGemissionsfrom1970until2022....................................................................................................93GlobalGHGemissionsfromLULUCFfrom1990until2022............................................................................174Conclusions......................................................................................................................................................20References............................................................................................................................................................21Listofabbreviationsanddefinitions.....................................................................................................................24Listofboxes..........................................................................................................................................................25Listoffigures.........................................................................................................................................................26Listoftables..........................................................................................................................................................27Annexes.................................................................................................................................................................28Annex1.Bottom-upmethodologyforglobalGHGemissionscompilation..........................................................28Annex2.MethodologyfortheestimationofemissionsfromLandUse,Land-UseChangeandForestry(LULUCF)..............................................................................................................................................................................33Annex3.Methodologyfortheestimationofemissionsfromlargescalebiomassburning.................................35Annex4.Contentofcountryfact-sheets..............................................................................................................37Annex5.GHGemissionsfortheworld,internationaltransportandtheEU27...................................................38Annex6:GHGemissionsbycountry.....................................................................................................................43Annex7.GHGemissionsandremovalsfromLULUCFsectorbymacro-regions................................................252Disclaimer...........................................................................................................................................................263iAbstractTheEmissionsDatabaseforGlobalAtmosphericResearch(EDGAR)providesgreenhousegas(GHG)emissionstimeseriesforallcountriesandforallanthropogenicsectorsfrom1970until2022,withtheexceptionofemissionsandremovalsfromlanduseandforestry,whichareprovidedfortheyears1990-2022.ThereportcontributestotheParisAgreementprocesswithanindependentquantitativeoverviewofglobalGHGemissions,basedontheIEA-EDGARCO2,EDGARCH4,EDGARN2OandEDGARF-gasesversion8.0datasets(2023).1AcknowledgementThisbookletwasproducedwithinputfrommanycolleagues,gatheredoverseveralyears.TheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)energyusestatisticsandthecorrespondingCO2emissionsarefundamentaltotheEDGARdatabaseandtheauthorswouldliketothankIEAforthelong-standingcollaboration.TheauthorsaregratefultotheEuropeanCommission’sDirectorate-GeneralforClimateAction(DGCLIMA)(V.Pollard,B.Goni-Ros,R.Lake,J.Genet,O.Juvyns,S.Santacroce,J.Salay,S.Kay)fortheirreviewsandguidanceandM.RivasRabago(DGENER)andM.Tognoni(DGENER)fortheirreview.TheauthorswouldalsoliketothanktheFoodandAgricultureOrganisation(FAO)(F.Tubiello),UnitedStatesGeologicalSurvey(USGS)(R.Schulte,L.Apodaca,A.Hatfield),theInternationalFertiliserAssociation(IFA)(L.Cross),theWorldSteelAssociation,theEnergyInstitute(EI),andtheGlobalGasFlaringReductionPartnership(GGFR),thePayneInstituteattheColoradoSchoolofMinesandtheU.S.NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration(NOAA),fortheprovisionofdata.AnextrathanktoF.Pekar(JRC,UnitC.5),MatthiasWeitzel(JRC,UnitC.6)andSabineDarras(JRC,UnitC.5)fortheirthoroughreviewsandproofreadingandtoBagdagulTan(JRC.C)forthedesignofthecoverpage.AuthorsCrippa,M.,Unisystems,S.A.Milan,ItalyGuizzardi,D.,EC,JointResearchCentre(JRC),UnitC.5.,Ispra,ItalyPagani,F.,Unisystems,S.A.Milan,ItalyBanja,M.,EC,JointResearchCentre(JRC),UnitC.5.,Ispra,ItalyMuntean,M.,EC,JointResearchCentre(JRC),UnitC.5.,Ispra,ItalySchaaf,E.,EC,JointResearchCentre(JRC),UnitC.5.,Ispra,ItalyBecker,W.,Unisystems,S.A.Milan,ItalyMonforti-Ferrario,F.,EC,JointResearchCentre(JRC),UnitC.5.,Ispra,ItalyQuadrelli,R.,InternationalEnergyAgency,Paris,FranceRisquezMartin,A.,InternationalEnergyAgency,Paris,FranceTaghavi-Moharamli,P.,InternationalEnergyAgency,Paris,FranceKöykkä,J.,InternationalEnergyAgency,Paris,FranceGrassi,G.,EC,JointResearchCentre(JRC),UnitD.1.,Ispra,ItalyRossi,S.,ARCADIASITs.r.l,Vigevano(PV),ItalyBrandaoDeMelo,J.,JointResearchCentre(JRC),UnitD.1.,Ispra,ItalyOom,D.,EC,JointResearchCentre(JRC),UnitE.1.,Ispra,ItalyBranco,A.,ARCADIASITs.r.l,Vigevano(PV),ItalySan-Miguel,J.,EC,JointResearchCentre(JRC),UnitE.1.,Ispra,ItalyVignati,E.,EC,JointResearchCentre(JRC),UnitC.5.,Ispra,Italy2ExecutivesummaryPolicycontextMostcountriesaroundtheworldarepreparingplansandimplementingactionstotackleclimatechange.TheEuropeanUnionhasambitiousobjectivesinthisregard,andinthecontextoftheEuropeanGreenDeal1andEuropeanClimateLaw2,hassetatargettoreduceitsnetdomesticgreenhousegas(GHG)emissionsbyatleast55%by2030comparedto1990levelsandtobecomeclimateneutral(netzerogreenhousegasemissions)by2050.Onthe14thofJuly2021,theEuropeanCommissionproposedapackageoflegislativeproposals(knownasthe“Fitfor55”package3)coveringclimate,energy,landuse,transportandtaxation,thatwillleadtheEUtoachieveits2030GHGemissionsreductiontarget.Atthetimeofwriting,severalmajorinitiativesofthe“Fitfor55”packagehavebeenadoptedandarebeingimplemented4anditsfulldeploymentisexpectedbeforetheendof2024.Atthegloballevel,allG20countries,coveringintotalabout75%ofcurrentglobalGHGemissions,havedecidedtofixatargetdateinwhichtheywillbecomenet-zeroemitters5.Amongthem,USA,Canada,Brazil,AustraliaandtheEuropeanUnionhavepledgedtoreachclimateneutralityby2050,ChinaandSaudiArabiaby2060(whileIndiatargetsnetzeroemissionsby2070).AllPartiestotheParisAgreementundertheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC)arerequiredtoprepareemissionreductionpledges,knownasNationallyDeterminedContributions(NDCs).UnderthetransparencyframeworkoftheParisAgreement,allPartiesmustreportbottom-upinventoriesofnationalgreenhousegasemissionsandtrackprogresstowardstheimplementationandachievementoftheirNDCs.ThisreportingistobecontainedinBiennialTransparencyReports(BTRs),whicharefirstduebytheendof2024.PartiesmaysubmittheirinventoryreportsaspartoftheBTRorseparately,andAnnex-I6countriesmustcontinuesubmittinginventoriesannually.Bottom-upnationalemissioninventoriesarethereforeanessentialcomponentofreportingandtrackingprogresstowardsthegoalsoftheParisAgreement.However,nationalinventoryreportsarenotyetavailableforallcountriesandyears.Inaddition,theyaredependentonindividualnationalreportingprocessesandmethodologicalchoices,theycanpresentdatagapsforspecificsectorsandcurrently,exceptforAnnexIparties,thereisnoobligationtoincludelong-termseriesofemissionsuptothemostrecentyear.TheEuropeanCommission’sin-houseEmissionsDatabaseforGlobalAtmosphericResearch(EDGAR)7offersanalternativetoovercometheselimitationsandtocomplementnationalinventoriesandhastheadvantageofproducingtimelyemissionestimatesthatarecomparableacrosscountries.EDGARreliesonseveralsourcesofinternationalstatisticsfortheunderpinningdata.ForemostamongtheseistheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA).ToharmoniseglobalGHGemissionestimates,thisbookletincorporatesIEACO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionsourcesnamedIEA-EDGARCO2emissiondataset(v2),whicharecomplementedwithin-houseEDGARestimatesforCH4,N2OandF-gasemissions.EDGARcompletestheglobalpicturewithemissionstime-seriesforeachcountry,contributingtoenhancedtransparencyandprovidinganadditionalsourcewithwhichnationalandglobalestimatescanbecompared.ThisreportfocusesontheupdatetothemostrecentyearsoftheGHGemissiontimeseries,includingemissionsfromanthropogenicsectorsandLandUse,LandUseChangeandForestry(LULUCF)upto2022.Forallcountries,(1)SeetheCommunicationfromtheEuropeanCommissionontheEuropeanGreenDeal:COM(2019)640final.(2)Regulation(EU)2021/1119,https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32021R1119https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32021R1119(3)https://ec.europa.eu/clima/eu-action/european-green-deal/delivering-european-green-deal_en(4)https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal/delivering-european-green-deal/fit-55-delivering-proposals_en(5)https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/net-zero-coalition(6)AnnexIPartiescomprisetheindustrializedcountriesthatweremembersoftheOECD(OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment)in1992,pluscountrieswitheconomiesintransition(theEITParties),includingtheRussianFederation,theBalticStates,andseveralCentralandEasternEuropeanStates.(7)EDGAR(EmissionsDatabaseforGlobalAtmosphericResearch)CommunityGHGDatabase,acollaborationbetweentheEuropeanCommission,JointResearchCentre(JRC),theInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA),andcomprisingIEA-EDGARCO2,EDGARCH4,EDGARN2O,EDGARF-GASESversionv8.0(2023),EuropeanCommission,https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/report_2023.3includingtheEUandits27MemberStates8,EDGARemissionsmaydifferfromofficialnationalinventoriesduetodifferencesindatasources,methodologies,andapproaches,althoughbothare,inprinciple,basedontheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)guidelinesforGHGreporting.However,theoverallEUGHGemissionstrendissimilartothatreportedtotheUNFCCCeventhoughthefiguresdonotmatchcompletely.KeyconclusionsAccordingtothelatestdata,globalGHGemissionsin2022reached53.8GtCO2eq(withoutLULUCF)9.The2022datarepresentthehighestlevelrecordedandexperiencedanincreaseof1.4%or730MtCO2eqcomparedtothelevelsin2021.Thisupwardtrendindicatesacontinuationofthepost-COVIDrebound.Infact,globalGHGemissionsin2022roseby6.2%comparedtothelevelsin2020,andby2.3%comparedtothelevelsin2019.Takingalonger-termperspectiveandconsideringthetopfiveemittersin2022,theEuropeanUnion'sGHGemissionsdemonstratedthemostsignificantrelativedecreaseamongthetopemittingeconomies,being27.0%lowerin2022thanin1990andshowingGHGemissiondecouplingfromeconomicgrowth.Overthesameperiod,Russia'sGHGemissionsalsosawaconsiderabledecreaseof15.5%,whiletheUnitedStates’emissionsdecreasedonlyby2.4%.Onthecontrary,emergingeconomiessuchasChinaandIndiahaveexperiencedconsiderableincreasesintheirGHGemissions.Infact,emergingcountriesevenwithinthetopemittingeconomies,stillhavetoreachapeakintheirGHGemissions,decouplethemfromtheireconomicgrowth,andthenmoveforwardtotheachievementoftheirclimateneutralitycommitments.China'sGHGemissionshaveincreasedby285%,whileIndia'sGHGemissionshaveincreasedby170%from1990to2022.Globally,LULUCFhasactedasafairlystablenetsinkforCO2emissionssince2000,ifthecontributionofwildfirerelatedGHGemissionsisexcluded.In2022,weestimatethatthissectorwasanetsinkofabout0.18GtCO2eq(or1.35GtCO2excludingwildfires)equivalentto0.33%ofglobalGHGemissionsofthatyear.GlobaldeforestationwasresponsiblefornetCO2emissionsofabout4.0GtCO2in2022,equivalentto10.4%(or7.5%)ofthetotalanthropogenicCO2(orGHG)emissions.IntheEU27,LULUCFin2022wasanetsinkof0.21GtCO2eq(or0.22GtCO2eqwhenexcludingwildfires),whichisapproximately40%lessthanin1990.MainfindingsSincethebeginningofthe21stcentury,globalGHGemissionshavegrownsteadilyincomparisontothetwopreviousdecades,mainlyduetotheincreaseinfossilCO2emissionsbyChina,India,andotheremergingeconomies.However,theglobaleconomyexperiencedaslowdownin2020duetotheCOVID-19crisis.Asaresult,therewasatemporaryhaltinthegrowthofglobalgreenhousegas(GHG)emissions,followedbyareboundin202110.Basedontheemissionestimatesfor2022providedbyEDGAR,globalGHGemissionsincreasedby1.4%comparedto2021,reaching53.8GtCO2eq.Thesefiguresare2.3%higherthanthe52.6GtCO2eqemissionsrecordedin2019.In2022,themajorityofGHGemissionsconsistedoffossilCO2accountingfor71.6%oftotalemissions,whileCH4contributedby21%tothetotal,N2Oby4.8%andF-gasesby2.6%.GlobalfossilCO2emissionsincreasedbymorethan70%since1990.TheincreasesinCH4andN2Oemissionshavefollowedasomewhatslowerpace:CH4increasedby32.4%andN2Oby36.5%between1990and2022,whileF-gaseshaveseenafour-foldincreaseinthesameperiod.China,theUnitedStates,India,theEU27,RussiaandBrazilwerethesixworldlargestGHGemittersin2022(seeFigure1).Togethertheyaccountfor50.1%ofglobalpopulation,61.2%ofglobalGrossDomesticProduct(WB,2023),63.4%ofglobalfossilfuelconsumption(EI,202311)and61.6%ofglobalGHGemissions.Amongthesetopemitters,in2022China,theUnitedStatesandIndiaincreasedtheiremissionscomparedto2021,withIndiahavingthelargestincreaseinrelativeterms(5%).In2022,theEU27’sGHGemissionswere27.0%lowerthanin1990at3.59GtCO2eqand0.8%lowerthanin2021,representing6.7%ofglobalemissions.Outofthecountriesthatcontributemorethan1%tothetotalglobalgreenhousegasemissions(seeTable1),onlyAustralia(8)HereafterEU27(9)TheanalysisonGHGemissionstrendspresenteddoesnotincludetheemissionsfromLULUCF.Hereafter,theseemissionswillbedefinedasGHGemissions.(10)Thecomparisonbetweenthe2022emissionlevelswiththeyears2019,2020and2021ispresentedacrossthetexttoevaluatehowcurrentemissions(2022)havechangedcomparedtothepreCOVID-19pandemic(2019),theyearofthepandemic(2020)andthepreviousyear(2021)whichisalsocharacterisedbytheemissionreboundfromtheCOVID-19reduction.(11)Definedasthesumofallcoal,liquidfossilfuelsandnaturalgasprimaryenergyconsumption.4managedtoreduceitsemissionsin2021(by1.9%)and2022(by0.3%)comparedto2020.Additionally,Australia'semissionintensity(emissionsperunitofeconomicoutput)hasconsistentlydecreasedoverthepastdecade,althoughitspercapitaemissionsareevenhigherthantheUSorRussianones.Conversely,Indonesiadisplayedthelargestincreaseof10%inGHGemissionsin2022comparedto2021.Figure1.GHGemissions(inGtCO2eq)andcontributionofthemajoremittingeconomiesandtherestoftheworldin2022,(inGtCO2eq)Source:JRC,2023Table1.Sharesin2022globalemissions12,yearlyGHGemissionrelativechanges13overtheperiod2019-2022andtheCAGR14in1990-2022(%)ShareinglobalChange2019-2020Change2020-2021Change2021-2022Change2019-2022Change2020-2022CAGR(1990-2022)China29.2%1.9%5.1%0.3%7.4%5.4%4.3%UnitedStatesIndia11.2%-8.7%5.5%1.6%-2.2%7.2%-0.1%EU27Russia7.3%-5.7%6.7%5.0%5.7%12.1%3.2%BrazilIndonesia6.7%-7.7%5.6%-0.8%-3.4%4.7%-1.0%JapanIran4.8%-3.9%7.2%-1.0%2.0%6.1%-0.5%MexicoSaudiArabia2.4%-0.3%5.1%-2.4%2.3%2.6%2.0%CanadaSouthKorea2.3%-4.9%2.1%10.0%6.8%12.3%3.4%TürkiyeAustralia2.2%-5.3%1.2%0.6%-3.6%1.8%-0.3%SouthAfricaGlobal1.8%-1.6%3.9%1.6%3.9%5.6%3.3%InternationalAviationInternationalShipping1.5%-6.5%3.5%7.1%3.7%10.9%1.8%1.5%-0.8%3.3%3.9%6.4%7.3%3.9%1.4%-8.2%3.0%3.2%-2.4%6.4%0.8%1.3%-4.3%4.5%-0.7%-0.8%3.7%2.5%1.3%3.5%8.5%3.1%15.8%11.9%3.5%1.1%-3.9%-2.0%1.7%-4.1%-0.3%0.7%0.99%-9.8%-0.5%-2.5%-12.5%-3.1%0.8%-3.7%4.8%1.4%2.3%6.2%1.5%0.8%-52.3%15.4%23.3%-32.1%42.3%1.5%1.4%-8.5%5.7%5.7%2.2%11.7%2.0%Source:JRC,2023(12)InTable1,countriesarerankedbytheirGHGemissionshareintheglobaltotal(countrieswithshareofmorethan1%areshown,togetherwithinternationalshippingandaviation).(13)Itisimportanttoacknowledgethatyear-to-yearvariationsinemissionsareestimatedwithanaccuracylevelofapproximately±0.5%(Olivieretal.,2016)whenrelyingonrobuststatisticalactivitydata(suchasIEAenergybalancedataorCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionfortheperiod1970-2020).Forthedataspanning2021-2022,theaccuracycanrangeupto±2%(basedonaFast-Trackapproach),contingentuponregional,sectoral,andfuel-specificcontributions.Emissionmagnitudes,ontheotherhand,havearangeofaccuracythatdependsonthelevelofaggregation(forexampleglobalorcountrylevel,totalemission,orspecificsector,asdetailedbySolazzoetal.,2021),aswellasthesubstance,withN2Oinparticularhavinghigherlevelsofuncertainty,andCO2theleast.GlobaltotalGHGemissionsareestimatedwitharound±10%accuracy,whiletherangeofaccuracyforcountryleveltotalCO2emissionsisbetween±4%and±35%(95%confidenceinterval).Policymakersandthescientificcommunityshouldconsidertheseuncertaintieswhenusingthesedataforfurtheranalysis.(14)Compoundannualgrowthrate(CAGR)calculatesannualchangesoveraspecifiednumberofyearsasifthischangehadhappenedsteadilyeachyearoverthattimeperiod.5Emissionsfrominternationalaviationandshipping,whichrepresented0.8%and1.4%ofglobalGHGemissionsin2022,increasedby23.3%and5.7%,respectively.Emissionsfrominternationalaviationdecreasedbyalmosthalfin2020,partiallyreboundingin2021whentheyaccountedfor55%ofthe2019value.Concerninginternationalshipping,theincreaseinGHGemissionswasmorethantwicetheir2020reduction(inrelativeterms),withemissionsin2022being2.2%higherthanin2019.QuickguideThemainsectionsofthisbookletpresentanoverviewoftheglobalandregionaltrendsofGHGemissions.Abriefandrepresentativeanalysisshowstheroleoftopemitters(bycountryandsector)intheevolutionofemissionsovera52-yearperiod.Section3isdevotedtopreliminaryestimationofLULUCFCO2emissionsandremovals,andGHGemissionsfromwildfires.Then,foreachcountry,afactsheetisprovidedwithtimeseriesofGHGemissionsfromallanthropogenicactivitiesexceptlanduse,land-usechange,forestry,andlarge-scalebiomassburningwhichareprovidedinAnnex7forworldmacro-regions.61IntroductionScopeInDecember2015,theParisAgreementbroughttogether195nationstoundertakeambitiouseffortstocombatclimatechangeandrequiredallpartiestotheagreementtoputforwardtheirbesteffortsthrough“nationallydeterminedcontributions”(NDC).Acknowledgingtheneedtoensureenvironmentalintegrity,anenhancedtransparencyframeworkwascreatedand5-yearlyGlobalStocktakeswereplannedfrom2023onwards.ItisneverthelessworthnoticingthatcurrentNDCscommitmentsbyworldcountriesfor2030havebeenjudged“highlyinsufficient”bythelatestUNEPemissionGapreport(UNEP,2022).TheEmissionsDatabaseforGlobalAtmosphericResearch(EDGAR)contributestoglobalclimateactionwithanindependentandquantitativeviewofglobalGHGemissions.EDGARisaglobaldatabasethatprovidesestimatesofcountryandsector-specificGHGemissions(CO2,CH4,N2OandF-gases)implementingatransparentstate-of-the-artmethodology(Janssens-Maenhoutetal.,2019;IPCC,2006a;IPCC2019b).Assuch,itsupportseffortstoprovideconsistentandtransparentemissionestimatesthatareglobalinscopeandcaninformclimateactionundertheParisAgreement,althoughtheconceptionandearlyversionsofEDGARprecedebyfartheParisAgreement.EDGARestimatesofgreenhousegasemissionsuseglobalstatisticsandstate-of-the-artscientificknowledgeofemissionmechanismsforawiderangeofanthropogenicactivities.ThemethodologyusedistransparentandinlinewiththemostrecentscientificliteratureandIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)guidelines(IPCC,2006a;IPCC,2019b).TheEDGARCommunityGHGemissiondatabaseusedinthisreportcomprisesIEA-EDGARCO215,EDGARCH4,EDGARN2OandEDGARF-gasesversion8.0.Thiseditionofthebookletalsoincludesannualmacro-regionalestimatesofCO2emissionsfromLandUse,LandUseChangeandForestry(LULUCF)sectorfrom1990to2022,includingGHGemissionsfromwildfiresfromtheGlobalWildfireInformationSystem(GWIS)16,aspartofthecontinuousimprovementandexpandingoutreachoftheEDGARdatabase.Acombinationofreliability,independence,transparencyandcompletenessmakesEDGARavaluablequantitativetooltosupportthecomplexinternationalscientificandpoliticaldiscussionsonclimatemitigation.EDGARdatacancontributetoprovidingthecomprehensivepictureneededfortheUNFCCC’sGlobalStocktakesenvisagedfrom2023onwards.PreviouseditionsofthisbooklethavebeenregularlypresentedtotheannualConferenceofParties(COP)underUNFCCC.OverviewThisbookletpresentsthetrendsofglobalGHGemissionsfrom1990to2022togetherwithemissionsandremovalsfromLULUCFandwildfires.EDGARappliesabottom-upmethodologyasummaryofwhichisavailableintheAnnex1ofthisbooklet,togetherwithdatasourcesandreferences.ForeachcountryaswellasfortheworldandEU27emissions,afact-sheetwithtimeseriesofGHGrevealssector-specifictrendsandtrendsinemissionspercapitaandperGDP.Theupperpanelofthefactsheetincludesemissionsfrom1990until2022byaggregatedsectors,togetherwithapiechartindicatingtherelativeshareofeachGHGtothecountrytotalin2022.Anoverviewtablewithtotalemissionsbycountryfortheyears1990,2005(Kyotoprotocol),2015(ParisAgreement)and2022isalsoreported,togetherwithpercapitaandperGDPemissionsandpopulationdata.Finally,thebottompanelofeachfact-sheetshowsthechangesofemissionsbysectorforthelastavailableyear(2022)comparedto1990,2005and2021.AlldatapresentedinthisbookletareavailablefordownloadandfurtheranalysisfromtheEDGARwebsitehttps://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/report_2023.RelatedandfutureJRCworkThereliability,independenceandcompletenessoftheEDGARGHGemissionestimatesmakethemavaluablequantitativeinformationsourceinsupportofthecomplexinternationalscientificandpoliticaldiscussionsonclimatemitigation.TheEDGARdatabasecompilesglobalGHGemissions,makinguseofinternationalstatisticsand(15)IEA-EDGARCO2datasetincorporatesIEACO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustion(1970-2020),extendedupto2022withaFast-Track(FT)methodologyandJRCcomputedCO2processemissions(1970-2022),asdescribedinAnnex1.(16)https://gwis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/7agloballyconsistentmethodologyacrosscountries,complementingofficialnationalinventoriesreportedbytheEUMemberStatestotheEuropeanEnvironmentalAgencyandbyPartiestotheUNFCCC17.TheEDGARdatabaseaimstoinformpolicymakersandthescientificcommunityinvolvedinthefieldofGHGemissionsandbudgets.ItcomplementsandsupportstheupcomingUNFCCCGlobalStocktakesforeseenundertheParisAgreement.Italsounderpinsanalysesoftheco-benefitsofairpollutionandGHGemissionmitigationstrategies,supportsthedevelopmentofanindependentverificationsystemandhelpstheunderstandingofemissionuncertainties.EDGARdependsonanumberofsourcesofinternationalstatisticsfortheunderlyingdata.ForemostamongtheseistheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA).TheIEAandtheJRCarecommittedtotheyearlyco-productionofconsistentfossilCO2emissionsestimatesuptotheyeart-1,directlyusingIEACO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustion(uptot-2extendedbytheJRCwithaFast-Trackapproach)andJRCcomputationsofCO2processemissions.ThisbookletincorporatesemissionsfromIEA-EDGARCO2(v2),EDGARCH4,EDGARN2OandEDGARF-gasesversion8.0(2023).LandUse,LandUseChangeandForestry(LULUCF)emissionsarebasedonanupdatedversionoftheEDGAR-LULUCFdatabaseandtheGlobalWildfireInformationSystem(GWIS).Inaddition,theEDGARframeworkandtheJRCexperienceincompilingemissionsinventoriesaresharedandcomparedwithintheinternationalemissionscommunityoftheGlobalEmissionsInitiAtive(GEIA)whereEDGARisrepresentedintheScientificSteeringCommittee.EDGARGHGemissionspresentedintheyearlyEDGARbookletsalsocontributedtotheSixthAssessmentReport(AR6)oftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)WorkingGroupIIIonclimatemitigation(Dhakaletal.,2022),andareregularlyusedintheyearlyUNEPEmissionGapReports.EDGARsupportstheIPCCTaskForceonNationalGreenhouseGasInventories,compilingandrefiningguidelinesfornationalGHGemissioninventoriesandprovidingtrainingsupportandknowledgedatabasestovisualiseemissionhotspots.EDGARsupportstheArcticMonitoringandAssessmentProgramme(AMAP)oftheArcticCouncilbyprovidingmethane(CH4),PersistentOrganicPollutant(POPs)andmercury(Hg)emissiondata.Finally,EDGARairpollutantemissionestimatescontributetotheUnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforEurope(UNECE)ConventiononLong-RangeTransboundaryAirPollution(CLRTAP)andtheTaskForceonHemisphericTransportofAirPollution(TF-HTAP)withthecompilationofglobalairpollutantemissionmosaics18(Crippaetal.,2023)andtoglobalatmosphericmodellingactivitiestoenhancethescientificunderstandingoftheintercontinentaltransportofairpollutionandrelatedimpacts.FuturedevelopmentsofEDGARwillincludetheextensionofhistoricalanduptodateemissionswithprojectionsunderdifferentclimatescenarios,andthedevelopmentofhighspatialresolutionemissionsinsupportofsub-nationalclimateterritorialpolicies.Moreover,startingfromtheEDGAR-FOODwork19,EDGARwillfurtherprovidetoolsanddatatomovefromasector-basedapproachtoasystemperspective.ThankstotheirtransparencyandcompletenessEDGARdataarealsobeingusedbyanever-increasingpoolofresearchers,policymakersandengagedcitizensasareliablesourceofinformationonclimate-relevantemissions.(17)Wheneveravailable,officiallyreporteddata,usedfortrackingprogresstowardspolicytargetsandforanumberofcountriesorregions,normallyprovideamorerobustandcompletepicturethanthedataavailableunderEDGAR.FortheEU,forexample,thenationalinventorydataismorecomplete/accurateandshouldbeusedasthebasisforassessingEUclimateprogress.(18)https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset_htap_v3(19)https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/edgar_food82GlobalGHGemissionsfrom1970until2022TheevolutionofglobalGHGemissionsovertheperiod1970-2022isillustratedinFigure2.Emissiontrendsforthemainactivitysectors(namelypowerindustry20,industrialcombustionandprocesses21,transport22,buildings23,agriculture24,waste25andfuelexploitation26)arealsoshown.BecauseoftheCOVID-19pandemic,globalemissionsdecreasedby3.7%in2020comparedto2019levels,interruptingamorethanten-yearincreasingtrend.GlobalGHGemissionsstartedtogrowaftertheCOVID-19pandemic,reachingin2022thelevelof53.8GtCO2eq27,whichis2.3%higherthan2019and1.4%higherthan2021.In2020,theGHGemissionsfromtransportexperiencedthelargestdropcomparedwiththepreCOVID-19year(-14.1%).However,in2022,thissectorexperiencedthelargestincrease,risingby4.7%.In2022,GHGemissionsfromthebuildingsectoronlysawamarginaldecreaseof0.4%comparedwith2021,yearinwhichtheseemissionsgrewby4.6%.Globalper-capitaemissionsin2022increasedby0.4%toreach6.76tCO2eq/cap,avaluestill0.8%lowerthanin2019.Figure2.GlobalGHGemissionsbysector(leftaxis,bars)andpercapita(rightaxis,blackline),1970-2022(inGtCO2eq)Source:JRC,2023Figure3showstotalannualGHGemissionsoftheEU27andtheotherfivetop-emittingcountriesintheworld(China,theUnitedStates,India,RussiaandBrazil)from1970to2022includingalsouncertaintybandsshowingthe95%confidenceintervaloftheemissionestimates28.ThecorrespondingpercapitaCO2emissions(int(20)Powerindustryincludespowerandheatgenerationplants(publicandauto-producers).(21)Industrialcombustionandprocessesincludescombustionforindustrialmanufacturingandindustrialprocessemissions(e.g.non-metallicminerals,non-ferrousmetals,solventsandotherproductuse,chemicals,etc.).(22)Transportincludesroadtransport,railtransport,domesticaviation,domesticshippingandinlandwaterwaytransportforeachcountry.Internationalshippingandaviationalsobelongtothissectorandarepresentedseparatelyinthecountryfactsheetsduetotheirinternationalnature.Figure2includesalsointernationalshippingandaviationunderthetransportsector.(23)Buildingsincludessmall-scalenon-industrialstationarycombustion.(24)Agricultureincludesagriculturelivestock(entericfermentation,manuremanagement),agriculturesoils(fertilisers,limeapplication,ricecultivation,directsoilemissions,indirectN2Oemissionsfromagriculture),fieldburningofagriculturalresidues.(25)Wasteincludessolidwastedisposedonland,solidwastecompostedandhazardoussolidwasteprocessing/storage,wastewaterhandling,wasteincineration.(26)Fuelexploitation:fuelextraction,transformationandrefineriesactivities,includingventingandflaring.(27)TotalGHGconsistsofCO2,CH4,N2OandF-gasemissionswhichcanbeexpressedinCO2equsingtheirGlobalWarmingPotentialvaluesestablishedintheFifthAssessmentReportoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange.MoredetailsareprovidedinAnnex1.(28)Theestimateduncertaintyconsiderstheaccuracyofbothactivitydataandemissionfactorstatistics.ThetieredmodelofIPCC(IPCC,2006a)isusedtoestimatetheuncertainty,assigninglower/higheruncertaintytomore/leastdevelopedcountries(Solazzoetal.,2021).Theoverallaccuracydependsonthedegreeofaggregation(globalorcountrylevel,totalorsector-specific,etc.).9CO2eq/cap)andtheworldaveragearerepresentedinFigure4.Figure5depictstheGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPP(intCO2eq/kUSD)intopemittingeconomiesandfortheworldaverage.Figure3.GHGemissionsintopemittingeconomiesandestimateduncertainty(colouredbands),1970-2022,(inGtCO2eq)Source:JRC,2023Figure4.GHGemissionspercapitaintopemittingeconomies,1970-2022,(tCO2eq/cap)Source:JRC,202310Figure5.GHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPintopemittingeconomies,1990-2022,(tCO2eq/kUSD)29Source:JRC,2023Globalgreenhousegasemissionsincreasedby1.4%or730MtCO2eqin2022,reachinganewrecordhighof53.8GtCO2eq.Thisgrowthfollowsa3.7%decreaseinemissionsduring2020,largelyinfluencedbytheimpactoftheCOVID-19pandemic,andasubsequentfullreboundin2021withanotableincreaseof4.8%(refertoTable1).Amongthecountriesaccountingformorethan1%ofglobalemissions,onlytheEU27,Russia,BrazilandSouthKoreaexperiencedadecreaseintheirtotalGHGemissionsin2022comparedwith2021,withrespectivereductionsof0.8%,1.0%,2.4%,and0.7%.AllothertopemittersexperiencedariseintheirGHGemissionsbetween2021and2022.Notably,Indonesiasawasignificantincreaseof10%,whileMexicoexperiencedariseof7.1%,andIndiarecordedagrowthof5%.AfterthereboundofGHGemissionsin2021and2022,sixregions/countries(EU27,USA,Australia,Japan,Canada,andSouthKorea)showemissionsin2022lowerthan2019,thelastyearbeforethepandemic.Allothertopemitters,includingTurkey,China,Indonesia,SaudiArabia,India,Mexico,Iran,Brazil,andRussia,havehigherlevelsofemissionsin2022comparedto2019,showingthattheirupwardtrendofemissionscontinuedalsoafterthereboundofemissionsin2021.GlobalGHGemissionspercapitahaveincreasedbyabout8.3%from6.24tCO2eq/capto6.76tCO2eq/capbetween1990and2022.IntermsofemissionsintensityperGDPPPPin2022theyreached0.386tCO2eq/kUSD,whichis2%lessthanin2021.However,thisdecreasewashigherwhencomparedwithonly0.7%declineobservedbetween2020and2019(seeTable2).Table2showsGHGemissionsandGDPPPP30changesinG20economiesin2022comparedwith2021forthewholeworldandthelargesteconomies,includingtheEU27.Table2alsoillustratesthecomparisonofemissionsintensityofeacheconomy(definedasCO2eqemissionsperunitofGDPPPP)between2022and2021,butalso2020versus2019(COVID-19effect),2021and2022versus2019(reboundeffecttopre-pandemiclevels).AllthereportedeconomieshadincreasesinGDPPPPin2022exceptforRussia,IndonesiaandMexico(seeTable2).Forseveralcountries,therecoverypaceofGDPPPPin2022washigherthanthereboundoftheemissions,andadecreaseoftheGHGintensityofeconomy31wasobservedwhencomparingwithpreCOVID-19pandemicyearsbutalsowith(29)Onthelefthandsideemergingeconomiesarerepresentedwhileindustrialisedcountriesareontherighthandside.(30)GDP:GrossDomesticProductGDP,expressedinPurchasingPowerParity(PPP)(constant2017international$,USD).ThedifferencewithGDPnominalisthatGDPPPPisadjustedforthedifferenceinthelevelofpricesandisinconstantprices(butnotadjustedforinflation).GDPPPPdata(expressedasbillionUSD,2017pricesandPPPs)aremainlysourcedfromWorldBank(WB,2023)andcomplementedformissingcountrieswithIEAGDPdata(IEA,2022a).Forcountrieswherethe2022GDPdatawerenotavailable(i.e.Afghanistan,Cuba,Lebanon,Syria,Gibraltar,Greenland,NorthKorea),the2021or2020valuewasconsideredalsofor2022.(31)InthecolumnofGHGintensity(intermsofGDPPPP)thefollowingcolourcodeforcirclesisappliedwhencomparingthe2022and2021data:Redfor“increase”and,Green(withcheckmark)for“decrease”.112021.However,forsomeeconomiessuchasRussia,IndonesiaandMexico,thisrecoverywasnotenoughtooffsetthereboundofemissions.Table2.GDPPPPandGHGemissionsintensityofeconomyinG20countries–2022comparedto2021andyearlychangeofGHGemissionsintensityforperiod2019-2022CountryGDPPPP2022Emissions/GDPPPPGDPPPPchangeEmissionschangeEmissions/GDPPPPchange2022World1394380.3862021-20222021-20222021-20222019-20202019-20212019-2022China256850.611-2.0%UnitedStates215650.2793.4%1.4%-2.6%-0.7%-2.0%-3.9%EU27204790.175-0.5%India100570.3923.0%0.3%-4.3%-0.4%-3.5%-6.0%Japan52100.227-1.8%Russia40270.6412.1%1.6%-0.4%-6.1%-6.6%-7.0%Indonesia34190.3631.1%Brazil32500.4033.6%-0.8%4.5%-2.1%-2.1%-6.3%UnitedKingdom31360.136-5.2%Türkiye28160.2447.0%5.0%-3.7%0.2%-2.0%-3.8%Mexico24920.329-2.3%SouthKorea23470.3091.0%0.6%3.9%-1.1%-2.0%-2.4%Canada19060.397-3.2%SaudiArabia18210.445-2.1%-1.0%-0.2%-1.2%0.2%1.3%Australia13250.431-4.4%Argentina10380.3695.3%10.0%-1.8%-2.9%-4.4%-0.1%SouthAfrica0.663-3.8%Germany8070.1742.9%-2.4%-4.5%3.1%3.2%-2.1%France45030.138-2.8%Italy31260.1534.1%0.2%-5.2%2.6%-0.5%-4.2%2579-3.1%5.6%3.1%1.6%-1.0%-3.3%3.1%7.1%1.6%0.4%4.4%2.6%-0.7%-3.6%-3.4%-6.4%3.4%3.2%-3.3%-5.2%-5.3%8.7%3.9%3.7%3.0%-1.5%3.6%1.7%-3.8%-7.8%-9.5%5.2%1.2%6.7%1.8%-2.1%2.0%-2.5%-3.7%-8.7%-12.8%1.8%-1.1%-3.7%-1.0%-3.8%2.6%-2.8%-1.4%0.7%-4.5%3.7%0.5%-0.4%-0.4%-3.5%Source:JRC,2023Box1.ImpactsoftheUkrainewarandenergycrisisinEUSincetheinvasionofUkrainebyRussiainMarch2022,significanteffortshavebeenmadebytheEuropeancountriesandtheUStoreducetheirdependenceonenergyimportsfromRussia.TheEUhasintroducedbymid-May2022theREpowerEU32plan,whichestablishesanEUEnergyPlatformtofacilitatecollectiveprocurementofgas,includingLiquifiedNaturalGas(LNG),andpotentiallyhydrogeninthefuture.Mainactionsincludedintheplanare:exploringalternativeapproachestoguaranteeingenergyprovision;enhancinggasstoragecapacitytoensureaccessibleandaffordableenergyforEuropeans;encouragingmassivefundingandsupportfortheexpansionofrenewableenergyinitiatives;engagmentatreducinggasdemandacrossallmemberstatesoftheEuropeanUnion.REpowerEUplanalsosuggestsraisingtheEU'stargetforrenewablesources'shareinfinalenergyconsumptionby2030from40%to45%andalsorecommendsexpeditingthepermittingprocessforlarge-scalerenewableprojects.Additionally,theplanproposesincreasingthebindingenergyconsumptionreductiontargetfor2030from9%to13%relativetothelevelsseenin2020.InAugust2021,Russiangasaccountedfor45%oftheEU'sgasimport,while40%wassourcedfromothersuppliers,andtheremainingportionwasfulfilledbyLNG.However,byAugust202232,theimportofRussiangasdeclinedsignificantlyto18%,with50%oftheEU'sgascomingfromotherpipelinesuppliers,andapproximately30%beingLNG.AsofSeptember202232,theshareofRussiangasintheEU'spipelinegasimportshassignificantlydecreasedtoonly9%.CouncilRegulation(EU)2022/136933adoptedavoluntarydemandreductiononthegasconsumptionforwinter2022-2023by15%.BetweenAugust2022andMarch2023,theconsumptionofnaturalgasintheEUwitnessedadeclineof17.7%comparedtotheaveragegasconsumptionforthecorrespondingmonths(AugusttoMarch)from2017to202234.AccordingtoquarterlyreportsreleasedbytheMarketObservatoryforEnergyoftheEuropeanCommission35,theEUgasconsumptionfalldrasticallybytheendof2022,21.4%belowtheconsumptioninQuarter3of2022.DuringtheQuarter4of2022retailgaspricesforhouseholdcustomersinseveralEUcapitalcitiessawasignificantdecrease.Thishasmarkedthefirsttimesincethestartofthecrisisthatsuchareductionhasoccurred.(32)https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal/repowereu-affordable-secure-and-sustainable-energy-europe_en(33)https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32022R1369(34)https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/DDN-20230419-1(35)https://energy.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2023-05/Quarterly%20Report%20on%20European%20Gas%20Markets%20report%20Q4%202022.pdf12Figure6.TrendsofCO2,CH4andN2Oemissionsinworldtotal,restoftheworldandtopsixemittingeconomies,1990-2022,relativechangevs1990(%)Source:JRC,2023In2022,themajorityofGHGemissionsprimarilyconsistedofCO2,resultingfromthecombustionoffossilfuels(71.6%).CH4contributed21%tothetotal,whiletheremainingshareofemissionscomprisedN2O(4.8%)andF-gases(2.6%).Figure6showstheemissiontrendsince1990bysubstancefortheworldandtopemitters.FossilCO2emissionshaveexperiencedasignificantglobalincreaseofover70%since1990.InthesameperiodCH4increasedby32.4%andN2Oby36.5%,whileF-gaseshaveseenafour-foldincrease.IntheEU27,aconsistentdownwardtrendisfoundforCO2,CH4,andN2O,withthetrendforCH4beingmorepronounced.TheUSAexperiencesthedownwardtrendforthethreegases,withthedecreaseinN2OemissionssimilartothatofCO2.However,inChinaandIndia,fossilCO2emissionshavesignificantlyincreased(byafactorofnearly5inChinaand4inIndia)comparedtotheincreasesinCH4(byafactorof1.6and1.3,respectively)andN2O(byafactorof1.4and2,respectively).InRussia,afteradrasticdecreasefrom1990to1998duetothefalloftheUSSRandthesubsequenteconomiccrisis,CO2,CH4andN2Oemissionshaveincreased.TherateofCH4increasehasbeenfasterthanthatofCO2andN2O.BrazilhasexperiencedanoverallincreaseinCO2,CH4,andN2Oemissionsfollowingasimilartrendsince1990.Incomparisonto1990,Brazilnowranksasthesixthtopemitter,surpassingJapan.IntheEU27,therewasa0.8%(30MtCO2eq)decreaseintotalGHGemissionsin2022comparedto2021,asindicatedinTable1.Itisnoteworthythatdespitetheir2021rebound,EU27'semissionsremainedbelowthepre-COVID-19levels,continuingtheirdecades-longdecreasingtrend.In2022,severalEU27countriesexperiencedadecreaseintheiremissionlevelscomparedtothepreviousyear,withthelargestrelativedropsobservedinLuxembourg(-11.1%),Belgium(-6.4%),Lithuania(-6.3%),Estonia(-6.3%),andtheNetherlands(-6.1%).Ontheotherhand,thelargestincreasein2022wasobservedinBulgaria(+8.0%),followedbySpain(+7.4%),Portugal(+3.7%),Greece(+3.4%),Ireland(+2.2%),andMalta(+2.0%).IntermsofcontributiontotheEU27'sGHGemissionsin2022,Germanyremainedthelargestemitter(21.9%),followedbyFrance(12.0%),Poland(11.2%),Italy(11.0%),andSpain(9.2%).13Box2.HowEU27energyrelatedCO2emissionshavechangedin2022TheEU27energy36relatedCO2emissionswerein2020nearly45%belowthelevelof1990.Anincreasebynearly9.5%tookplacein2021followedthenbyadropof2.0%in2022.ThemainsourcesofthereboundoftheEU27energyrelatedCO2emissionsin2021werefromthecoaluseinpowerandindustrialsectors,respectivelyby21.5%and14.7%.InresidentialsectortheCO2emissionsfromcoalincreasedby11%overthesameperiod.Thedecreaseintheleveloftheseenergyrelatedemissionsin2022wasdeterminedbythedropofemissionsfromgasuse,with8.6%lessthanin2021whiletheincreaseofemissionfromcoalandoilwererespectively3.1%and2.2%.RelativechangesintheEU27energyrelatedCO2emissions,1990-2022(1990and2020indexed)Source:JRC,2023TheEU27energyrelatedCO2emissionsfromcoalhasbeenondeclineafter2012withthelargestdropin2020,yearinwhichtheseemissionswerenearly16%lowerthanthosefromgas.In2022theseemissionscontinuedtoincreasefurtherafterthereboundin2021beingnearly24%(+121kt)higherwhencomparedwith2020.Theincreasingoveralltrendsince2014ofCO2emissionsfromgashasbeeninterruptedin2021showingadecreaseby6.3%(-38kt)whencomparingto2020.CO2emissionsfromgasconsumptionsawthelargestdecreasesinresidentialandindustrysectorswhereadropby9.6%and9.1%respectivelytookplacein2022comparedto2020.Thereductionwasmodestinpowersector,onlyby2.0%.Ashift,evenpartially,gas-tocoal/oilonenergyrelatedCO2emissionshasbeenobservedinsomeoftheEU27countriesduring2021-2022period.SixEU27countriesincreasedtheirenergyrelatedCO2emissionsin2022comparingwith2021:Bulgaria(+11.8%),Spain(+13.2%),Czechia(+2.6%),Ireland(+1.5%),ItalyandGreece(+0.3%each).InBulgaria,theenergyrelatedCO2emissionswere16.7%lesswhensourcingfromgasand18.2%higherwhensourcingfromcoaland10%higherwhensourcingfromoil.InSpain,theincreaseofemissionsfromcoal(+4.9%)wasaccompaniedalsowiththeincreaseofemissionsfromgas(+9.6%)aswellasfromoil(+7.5%)whichaffectedtheoverallincreaseofCO2emissionsbetween2021and2022.InGreece,despitetheenergyrelatedCO2emissionsfromgasdroppedby12.0%in2022theincreaseoftheseemissionsfromoil(+12.7%)determinedtheoveralltrendofCO2emissions.InIrelandthedropby20%ofenergyrelatedCO2emissionswerepartiallycompensatedbytheincreaseoftheseemissionsfromtheuseofgas(+5.6%)andoil(+10.3%).InCzechia,theenergyrelatedCO2emissionsdroppedby17.4%whensourcedfromgasandincreasedby9.3%higherwhensourcedfromcoal.InItaly,thedecreaseofenergyrelatedCO2emissionswasbyonly0.6%whensourcedfromgasandtheincreaseby13.9%whensourcedfromcoal.InothercountriestheenergyrelatedCO2emissionsdecreasedmostlyinLuxembourg(-24%),inLatvia(-20.3%0,inLithuania(-17.8%),inHungary(-13.9%)andinDenmark(-12.8%).IncountriesasLithuania,LuxembourgandLatviathedropintheenergyCO2emissionsrelatedtogaswasconsiderablerespectivelyby25%,33%and25%whereasnochangewasseenintheseemissionsfromcoalandoil.HungaryexperiencedadropinenergyrelatedCO2emissionsfrombothgasandcoalrespectivelyby15.4%and16.7%.NetherlandsalsodecreasedtheenergyrelatedCO2emissionsfromgasby19%butatthesametime,theseemissionssourcedfromoilincreasedby7.3%.Overthesameperiodinsomecountries,thereductionofemissionsfromgashasbeennotablyhighercomparedtotheincreasefromcoal:inEstonia,theseemissionsfromgashalvedin2022afterbeingstablebetween2020and2021,whereastheemissionsfromcoalincreasedby9.1%.InFinland,emissionsfromgasdroppedby37%in2022whereasthoseformcoalandoilremainedstable.(36)CO2emissionsfrompower,residentialandindustrysectorsareincludedhere.14IntheEU27,exceptforthetransportandpowerindustries,allothersectorsexperiencedadecreaseintheirGHGemissionsin2022.Thelargestrelativedropwasobservedinthebuildingssector,inwhichemissionsdecreasedby6.5%.Theindustrialcombustionandprocessesshowedthesecond-highestdecrease,fallingby4.3%belowthe2021levels.Emissionsinthetransportsectorincreasedby4.0%,whileinthepowersectortheincreasewas1.9%.Fromalonger-termperspective,GHGemissionsintheEU2737havebeenonadecreasingtrendoverthepastthreedecades,andin2022theywere3.6GtCO2eq,i.e.,27%belowthe1990level(seeFigure3).TheEU27’sshareofglobalemissionshasalsodecreasedoverthelastdecades(from14.8%in1990to7.8%in2015and6.7%in2022).CO2accountedfor78.2%ofEU27GHGemissionsin2022.CH4contributedby13.5%,N2Oby6%andF-gaseswith2.3%.FossilCO2emissionsintheEU27havedecreasedby26%,N2Oby27.1%andCH4by37.6%from1990.Inthesametimespan,emissionsrelatedtoF-gasesincreasedby67.2%.Intermsofpercapitaemissions,theEU27'sGHGemissionsamountedto8.09tCO2eqperpersonin2022(seeFigure4),representinga0.8%decreasecomparedto2021(8.15tCO2eq/cap).GHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPreached0.175tCO2eq/kUSDin2022,indicatinga4.3%decreasecomparedto2021.IntheoverallpicturefortheEU27,thereboundfromCOVID-19pandemicsituationhascausedaninterruptionofthedecreasingtrendofcoalusedinthepowersector.In2021,thereboundincoalutilisationwithintheEU27powersectorresultedinanotable20%increasecomparedtothepreviousyear,duringwhichcoalusagedecreasedby21%.Thisupwardtrendincoalconsumptioncontinuedin2022,influencedalsosignificantlybytheenergycrisisstemmingfromtheconflictinUkraine.Asaresponsetotheuncertaintiesandrisetoextraordinarilyhighgaspricescausedbythiscrisis,someEU27MemberStateshavetemporarilyadjustedtheirenergymixconsumption,favouringanincreasedoncoaltoensureastablepowersupply(seeBox1andBox2).China’sGHGemissionsincreasedby0.3%in2022comparedto2021,reaching15.7GtCO2eq.Duringthepre-pandemic,pandemicandpost-pandemicyears,itsGHGemissionsincreasedby2.2%,1.9%and5.1%respectively.China’sGHGemissionsin2022werealmostfourtimeslargerthanin1990(+285%)andaccountedfor29.2%ofglobalGHGemissions(in1990,thissharewas12.2%).ThisincreaseismainlyduetoincreasedeconomicactivitieswhichresultedinanincreaseofCO2emissions,whichwere5.3higherthanin1990andaccountedfor80.8%intotalnationalGHGwhereasthenon-CO2GHGgases,i.e.CH4,F-gasesandN2O,contributedin2022by13.8%,3.0%and2.5%,respectively.ThemainsectorscontributingtotheCO2emissionsin2022werepowerindustry(46.6%),industrialcombustion(23.9%)andtransport(6.9%).ThecontributionstoCH4emissionswerefromfuelexploitation(43.1%),agriculture(29.4%)andwaste(23.0%)sectors,whileforN2Otheywerefromagriculture(62.5%)andprocesses(10.8%).ThepercapitaGHGemissionsin2022(10.95tCO2eq/cap)were6.5%higherthaninpre-pandemic2019(10.29tCO2eq/cap),whileGHGemissionperGDPPPPamountedto0.611tCO2eq/kUSD,havingthesecondhighestGHGintensityamongtopemittingeconomies(seeTable2).EmissionsofGHGsintheUnitedStatesincreasedin2022by1.6%incomparisonwith2021(seeTable1),reachingabout6.0GtCO2eq(seeFigure1).Theseemissionsdecreasedalreadyby2.1%inpre-pandemicyearfollowedbyagreaterdecreaseof8.7%in2020comparedto2019toreboundin2021withanincreaseof5.5%comparedto2020.Thecontributionstothetotalnationalemissionsbysubstancein2022were80.7%CO2,12.4%CH4,3.7%N2Oand3.2%F-gases.Overall,emissionswereonly2.4%lowerin2022thanin1990.Emissionsmostlyfellbetween2005and2020(seeFigure3),primarilyduetodecreasesinCO2emissionsinthepowerindustryandtransportsectors,by39.5%andby16.6%respectively.In2022,emissionsperunitofGDPPPPwere0.279tCO2eq/kUSD,i.e.,0.5%lowerthanin2021(seeTable2),continuingthedecreasingtrendofthepreviousyears.ThepercapitaGHGemissionsin2022(17.90tCO2eq/cap)were4.3%lowerthanin2019pre-pandemicyear(18.70tCO2eq/cap),veryclosetoRussia’svaluewhichismuchhigherthanothertopemitters(seeFigure4).India’sGHGemissionsincreasedby5.0%(or0.19GtCO2eq)in2022comparedto2021,reachingalevel5.7%higherthanthepre-pandemic2019level(seeTable1).Inthelastthreedecades,India’semissionshaveincreasedalmostcontinuously,andwerealmost3timeshigherin2022thanin1990(seeFigure3).In2022thesharesofCO2,CH4,F-gasesandN2OintotalnationalemissionsexpressedinCO2eqwere68.3%,23.5%,1.7%and6.5%respectively.(37)Asmentionedintheexecutivesummary,EDGARemissionestimatesaimtocontributetotheupcomingUNFCCCGlobalStocktakes,complementingofficiallyreportednationalemissioninventorieswhicharealsobasedonIPCCreportingguidelinesandreviewedbyUNFCCC.TheEDGARdataaredifferentfromthoseusedtotracktheaccomplishmentofEUreductionpoliciesandofficiallysubmittedtoUNFCCC.15TheincreaseinGHGemissionsfrom1990inIndiaismainlyduetotheincreaseinCO2emissionsfrompowerindustryandindustrialcombustion,whichwere6and4timeshigherrespectivelyin2022comparedto1990.Withashareofapproximately7.3%inthetotalglobalemissionsin2022,IndiaisthethirdlargestemittingeconomyafterChinaandtheUnitedStates.However,India’spercapitaemissions(2.79tCO2eq/capin2022)aresixtimeslowerthanthoseoftheUnitedStatesandRussia,fourtimesandthreetimeslowerthanthoseofChinaandtheEU27andlessthanhalfthanthoseofBrazil.India’semissionsperunitofGDPPPPwere0.392tCO2eq/kUSDin2022,i.e.,1.9%lowerthanin2021.In2022,Russia’sGHGemissionsdecreasedby1%comparedto2021,andincreasedby2%comparedtothepre-pandemiclevelof2019(seeTable1).Comparedto1990,in2022emissionswere15.5%lower(seeFigure3).Witha4.8%shareofglobalemissionsin2022,RussiawasthefifthlargestemitterafterChina,theUnitedStates,IndiaandtheEU27.Percapitaemissions(17.98tCO2eq/capin2022)wereatthesameleveloftheUnitedStates,buttheyarehigherthanthoseofChina(by64%)andtheEU27(by122%)(seeFigure4).EmissionsperunitofGDPPPPwere0.641tCO2eq/kUSDin2022,i.e.,1.1%higherthanin2021(seeTable2).In2022,Brazil’sGHGemissionsdecreasedby2.4%comparedto2021,andincreasedby2.3%comparedtothepre-pandemiclevelof2019(seeTable1).Comparedto1990,in2022emissionsare88.4%higher(seeFigure3).Witha2.4%shareofglobalemissionsin2022,BrazilisthesixthlargestemitterafterChina,theUnitedStates,India,EU27andRussia.Incontrasttotheothertopemitters,CH4accountsforthelargestshareofemissions(51.1%)followedbyCO2(35.6%),N2O(12%)andF-gases(1.2%).In2022,Brazilpercapitaemissionswere6.05tCO2eq/cap,10.7%lowerthantheworldaverage.163GlobalGHGemissionsfromLULUCFfrom1990until2022ThiseditionoftheEDGARbookletincludesannualestimatesofCO2emissionsandremovalsfromLandUse,Land-UseChangeandForestry(LULUCF),identifiedasoneofthekeysectorsfortacklingclimatechangeandforcompliancewithemissionreductionstrategies(IPCC2019a).TheinclusionofemissionsfromLULUCFhelpstoprovideamorecompleteoverviewofglobalCO2fluxes.However,LULUCFisanextremelycomplexsectortoaccountforintermsofcarbonemissionsandremovals,duetotheinherentcomplexityofterrestrialecosystemsandthedifficultyofdisentanglinganthropogenicandnaturalfluxes.InthisversionoftheEDGAR-LULUCFdataset,onlythelivingbiomasspools(i.e.,above-andbelow-groundbiomass)ofthe“ForestLand”categoryandtheemissionsfrombiomassburninghavebeenestimatedindependently,whiletheotherLULUCFfluxes(i.e.,non-biomassforestpoolsandnon-forestcategories)weretakenfromacompilationoftheofficialcountryreportingtotheUNFCCC(Grassietal.,2022).EmissionsfrombiomassburningareestimatedwithintheGlobalWildfireInformationSystem(GWIS)(Artésetal.,2019).WefocusonForestLand(i.e.managedforestexistingforatleast20yearsandlandconvertedtoForestLandwithintheprevious20years)becausethiscategoryisveryimportantintermsofabsoluteCO2fluxes,butitsreportingisoftenincomplete(especiallyindevelopingcountries)andtheattributionofanthropogenicvs.naturalfluxesisveryuncertain.Furthermore,withinthiscategory,wefocusonlivingbiomassbecauseitisbyfarthemostimportantcarbonpool(typicallyrepresenting>80%ofthenetCO2flux,basedondatafromAnnexIcountries).Theestimatesforforestlandpresentedherecombinesatellite-deriveddatatotracklandusewithspecificdefaultIPCCfactorsforforestgrowthandcountrystatisticsforforestharvest(seeAnnex2fordetails).TheIPCCfactorsprovidedintheIPCCGuidelinesareoftenveryuncertainandshowahighvariabilityacrossdifferentcontinents(evenforthesametreespeciesorforesttypes).Comparedtothe2022edition,inthisversionofthedatasetacarefulandthoroughreviewoftheparameters’valueshasbeenperformedtoobtainamorehomogeneousandconsistentsetofvalues.ItshouldbenotedthatourestimatesarebasedontheIPCCTier1approach,i.e.themostbasicapproachtoestimateGHGfluxes.Ourestimatesserveasavaluablesourceofinformationforareaswhereofficialestimationsarelackingorlimited(e.g.severalAfricancountries).However,itisimportanttoclarifythatourintentionisnottochallengeorverifytheestimatesprovidedbyindividualcountrieswhentheyutilizelocallyavailableparameters,reliabledatasets,andadvancedmethods(Tier2orTier3).ThisparticularlyappliestoAnnexIcountries.Thisyear,wehavesubstantiallyimprovedourmethodology,thoroughlyupdated,andreviewedthereferencedata.Intermsofattributionofanthropogenicfluxes,theapproachusedhereis,inprinciple,comparablewithwhatmostcountriesincludeintheirGHGreportingpreparedfollowingtheIPCCGuidelinesforNationalGHGinventories(IPCC,2006a;IPCC,2019b),butdiffersfromtheglobalmodelsusedintheIPCCreports(e.g.,IPCC,2022).Globalmodelstypicallyconsiderasmanagedforestonlythoseareassubjecttointenseharvest,whereascountriesmaydefinemanagedforestmorebroadlywithintheirGHGInventoriesandtherebyincludeamuchlargerarea.Inaddition,countriesgenerallyincludeintheirGHGinventoriesmostofthenaturalresponseoflandtohuman-inducedenvironmentalchanges(e.g.,CO2fertilization,etc.),whiletheglobalmodelapproachtreatsthisresponseaspartofthenon-anthropogenicflux(Grassietal.,2021;IPCC,2019a).OurapproachisclosertocountryGHGinventoriesbecausewefilterthetotalsatellite-derivedforestareawithnon-intactforestarea,whichisareasonableproxyforcountries’managedforests(Grassietal.,2021),andbecausetheIPCCgrowthfactorsareexpectedtoincorporatemostoftherecenthuman-inducedenvironmentalchanges.FortheotherLULUCFfluxes,weuseacompilationofcountries’dataofficiallyreportedtotheUNFCCC(Grassietal.,2022),includingGHGInventoriesforAnnexIparties(completetimeseries1990-2022,with2022assumedtobeequalto2021)andotherGHGreportingsuchasNationalCommunications,BiennialUpdateReports,NationallyDeterminedContributionsandREDD+submissionsforNon-AnnexIparties(oftenincompletetimeseries,gap-filledwhennecessary).Inthisbooklet,weaggregatedtheavailabledataintocategoriesaimedtobeaminimumcommondenominatorbetweenthedetailedreportingofAnnexIcountries,theoftencoarsereportingfromnon-AnnexIcountries,andtheoutputsbytheglobalmodels(Grassietal.,2023;Friedlingsteinetal.,2022).Thesecategoriesare‘deforestation’,‘organicsoil’,and‘other’.DeforestationincudesCO2emissionsreportedunder‘Forestconversiontootherlandusecategories’.Organicsoilsincludesdatafromalllanduses,includingpeatfires(e.g.,inIndonesia).Thecategory‘other’includesallthefluxesnotcoveredinthepreviouscategories,e.g.fromnon-biomassforestpoolsandfromotherlandusecategoriessuchascropland,grassland,wetlands,settlements,17andOtherLand.WealsoincludeinEDGAR-LULUCFpartoftheemissionsassociatedwithwildfiresfromtheGWISdatabase(seedetailsinAnnex3).SinceCO2emissionsfromforestfiresintropicalregionscanbeassumedtobemostlyassociatedtodeforestationpractices(e.g.VanderWerfetal.,2017),toavoidtodoublecountingweexcludedthemfromtheEDGARdataset.Forestfireemissionsinnon-tropicalregionswereincludedinourestimatesofnetCO2fluxes.Moreover,CH4andN2OemissionsarisingfromcropsburningareremovedfromGWIStoavoiddoublecountingwithEDGARemissionsfromtheagriculturalresidueburningsector.GHGemissionsandremovalsfromLULUCFareherebelowpresentedfortheworld(seeFigure7)andfortheEU27(seeFigure8)from1990to2022.Figure7.GlobalGHGemissionsandremovalsfromLULUCFsector(inGtCO2eq),1990-2022Source:JRC,2023Global:TheLULUCFsectorwasestimatedtoremoveabout0.18GtCO2eq(or1.35GtCO2eqexcludingwildfires)in2022,approximatelythesamelevelof1990and90%lessthanin2010.Includingfires,thisnetremovalisequivalentto1.85%(or0.33%)ofglobalfossilCO2(ortotalGHGs)emissionswithoutLULUCFof2022.Basedonourestimates,managedforests(livingbiomass,excludingdeforestation)arebyfarthelargestCO2removalcategory,withanestimated5.2Gtin2022,equivalenttoabout13.9%ofglobalanthropogenicfossilemissions(excludingLULUCF)emittedinthesameperiod.ThisindependentlyestimatednetremovalislowerthanwhatcountriesincludeintheirGHGreports(about6.3GtCO2,Grassietal.2022);thedifferencemaybeexplainedbydifferentmethodologiesandassumptionsbetweencountryreportsandourapproach.Inparticular,weestimatealargerCgainintheborealarea(e.g.,inRussianFederationandCanada),mostlyduetotheIPCCdefaultfactorssuggestingagreatertreegrowththanthecountryGHGreports,andlargerClossesinsometropicalareas,mostlyduetothehighvaluesofharvestreportedbysomecountriestoFAOSTAT(e.g.,India,Ethiopia).Inmostcases,itcanbeassumedthatthelocaldataandapproachesusedincountryGHGreportswhichuseTier2orTier3methodsarebettersuitedforGHGreportingthantheglobal-scaleimplementationofadefaultIPCCTier1approach,asdoneinourstudy.In2022,basedonGWISdata,globalwildfirescontributedtoLULUCFemissionsfor1.2GtCO2eq.Forthesameyear,basedoncountryGHGreports,globaldeforestationwasresponsiblefornetCO2emissionsof4.0GtCO2,equivalentto10.4%(or7.46%)ofthetotalanthropogenicCO2(orGHG)emissions.Amongtheothercomponents,in2022organicsoilswerearatherstablewithemissionsemissionofabout1.16GtCO2.ThelargedifferencebetweenthenetLULUCFestimatesinthisbookletandthosefromtheIPCCreports(whichreportnetanthropogenicland-useemissionsofabout5to6GtCO2/yr,IPCC,2022)canbetoalargeextentexplainedbydifferentapproachesinassessingthe“anthropogenic”CO2removals,i.e.thisbooklet(consistentlywithmost18countryGHGreports)consideranthropogenicpartoftheCO2removalsthatglobalmodels(asreflectedintheIPCCreports)considernatural.Oncethedifferenceindefiningthe‘anthropogenic’sinkbetweencountriesandmodelsareunderstood,LULUCFestimatescanbelargelyreconciledatglobalandregionallevel(Grassietal.2021;Grassietal.,2023).Figure8.EU27GHGemissionsandremovalsfromLULUCFsector(inGtCO2eq),1990-2202Source:JRC,2023EU27:TheLULUCFsectorproducedanetremovalofCO2emissionsof0.212GtCO2(or0.224GtCO2eqwhenexcludingwildfires)in2022,approximately38%lessthanthe1990slevels.ThetotalCO2emittedincludingwildfiresisequivalenttoapproximately7.6%ofEU27fossilanthropogenicCO2emissionsexcludingLULUCF.LivingbiomassinmanagedforestsisbyfarthemostimportantCsink,withanestimatednet0.22GtCO2in2022,equivalentto7.9%offossilCO2emittedinEU27inthesameperiodexcludingLULUCF.Theothercomponents(non-biomassforestpools,deforestation,organicsoilsandother,basedoncountryGHGreports)werecompensatingeachother,withanetsinkof0.003GtCO2in2022.Basedonourestimates,wildfireemissionsrepresentaminorcomponentforEU27in2022,withacontributionof0.012GtCO2eq,althoughthisfigureobviouslyvarygreatlyaccordingtothefireseasonseverity(0.021GtCO2wereemittedin2017).ItisimportanttohighlightthatthesedataarenotaimedatcriticizingnorchallengingwhatisproducedbyMemberStatesintheirreportingprocessundertheclimateagreements,whicharebydefinitionwiththebestdataandmethodslocallyavailableandwithseveralcountry-specificassumptions.Thisstudyis,onthecontrary,partofaglobalmethodologicallycoherentestimationatTier1.194ConclusionsTheEmissionsDatabaseforGlobalAtmosphericResearch(EDGAR)isacomprehensiveinventoryofanthropogenicemissiontimeseriesfrom1970until2022forGHG.ThedatausedinthisreportconsistsoftheIEA-EDGARCO2,EDGARCH4,EDGARN2OandEDGARF-gasesversion8.0.AnIPCC-basedbottom-upemissioncalculationmethodologyisappliedtoallcountries,demonstratingthatconsistentinventoriescanbedevelopedforallcountrieswithinthelimitationsofthequalityoftheavailablestatisticaldata.EDGARcomplementsthenationalinventoriesandreportingpreparedbyPartiestotheParisAgreement,inparticularbyproducingatimelyindependentemissionsestimate38basedontheconsistentapplicationofhomogeneousinformationandmethodologicaltoolsacrosscountries.Inparticular,thetimeseriesofEDGARcanprovidecollectiveemissionstrendinformationforallcountriesthatwillbeneededfortheUNFCCC’sGlobalStocktakein2023.Overall,EDGARprovidesanimportantinputtotheanalysisofglobalGHGemissiontrendswithits52-yeartimeseries.ThisreportshowsthatglobalGHGemissionsfromanthropogenicactivitieshaveincreasedbynearly1.5%annuallyonaveragesince1990,andtheywerearound62%higherin2022thanin1990.GlobalGHGemissionsremainedratherconstantbetween2014and2016,reachingapeakin2019at52.6GtCO2eq.Afterfallingby3.7%in2020(mainlybecauseoftheCOVID-19pandemicanditsassociatedimpacts),andreboundingduring2021,theywere2.3%higherin2022thanin2019.In2022,amongthesixmajoreconomiescollectivelycontributing61.6%totheglobalGHGemissions(China,USA,India,EU27,Russia,andBrazil),fourshowedincreasesintheiremissionscomparedtopre-COVIDvaluesof2019(China+7.4%;India+5.7%;Russia+2.0%;Brazil+2.3%)whiletwoshowedadecrease(USA–2.2%andEU27–3.4%).ThiseditionoftheEDGARbookletalsoincludesestimatesofGHGemissionsfromLandUse,LandUseChangeandForestry(LULUCF),resultinginaglobalremovalofapproximately0.18GtCO2eqin2022.IntheEU27,LULUCFremovedabout0.21GtCO2eqin2022,reducingitsabsorptioncapacitysignificantlycomparedto1990.ThiseditionoftheEDGARbookletalsoincludesestimatesofGHGemissionsfromLandUse,Land-UseChangeandForestry(LULUCF),resultinginaglobalnetremovalofapproximately0.18GtCO2eqin2022.Thissmallnetglobalfluxactuallyreflectsthedifferencebetweenmuchlargerremovals(mostlyfromforestland)andemissions(mostlyfromdeforestationandfires),eachclosetoaround6GtCO2eq.IntheEU27,LULUCFreduceditsabsorptioncapacitysignificantlycomparedto1990,butneverthelessitisstillanimportantnetremoval,equaltoabout0.21GtCO2eqin2022.Overall,thereductioninglobalgreenhousegasemissionswitnessedin2020,althoughpartiallyoffsetbytheeconomicrecoveryin2021,hasbeensurpassedbyseveralmajoreconomies.Thesecountriesarenowrevertingtothepre-pandemicpatterns,includingthetrendofdecreasingcarbonintensitythatwasprevalentamongmostleadingeconomies.However,itisworthmentioningthatcountrieslikeRussia,Mexico,andIndonesiahaveobservedanincreaseintheintensityofGHGemissionswithintheireconomies.(38)IntheofficialNationalInventoryReports,thelatestreportingyearcanbeuptotwoyearspriortothesubmissionyear.20ReferencesArtés,T.,Oom,D.,DeRigo,D.,Durrant,T.H.,Maianti,P.,Libertà,G.andSan-Miguel-Ayanz,J.,Aglobalwildfiredatasetfortheanalysisoffireregimesandfirebehaviour,Scientificdata,6(1),1-11,2019,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0312-2.BGS,BritishGeologicalSocietyfornon-ferrousmetals,2023,https://www.bgs.ac.uk/datasets/uk-and-world-mineral-statistics-datasets/,Lastaccess:March2023.Crippa,M.,Guizzardi,D.,Butler,T.,Keating,T.,Wu,R.,Kaminski,J.,Kuenen,J.,Kurokawa,J.,etal.,2023,TheHTAP_v3emissionmosaic:mergingregionalandglobalmonthlyemissions(2000–2018)tosupportairqualitymodellingandpolicies.EarthSystemScienceData15(6)2667-2694,2023,10.5194/essd-15-2667-2023.Dhakal,S.,J.C.Minx,F.L.Toth,A.Abdel-Aziz,M.J.FigueroaMeza,K.Hubacek,I.G.C.Jonckheere,Yong-GunKim,G.F.Nemet,S.Pachauri,X.C.Tan,T.Wiedmann:EmissionsTrendsandDrivers.InIPCC,2022:ClimateChange2022:MitigationofClimateChange,ContributionofWorkingGroupIIItotheSixthAssessmentReportoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange[P.R.Shukla,J.Skea,R.Slade,A.AlKhourdajie,R.vanDiemen,D.McCollum,M.Pathak,S.Some,P.Vyas,R.Fradera,M.Belkacemi,A.Hasija,G.Lisboa,S.Luz,J.Malley,CambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge,UKandNewYork,NY,USA,doi:10.1017/9781009157926.004,2022.EDGARv8.0,EDGAR(EmissionsDatabaseforGlobalAtmosphericResearch)CommunityGHGDatabase(acollaborationbetweentheEuropeanCommission,JointResearchCentre(JRC),theInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA),andcomprisingIEA-EDGARCO2,EDGARCH4,EDGARN2O,EDGARF-GASESversion8.0,(2023)EuropeanCommission,JRC(Datasets).EI,EnergyInstitute,2023StatisticalReviewofWorldEnergy,2023,https://www.energyinst.org/statistical-review,Lastaccess:July2023.EIA,U.S.EnergyInformationAdministration,2023,https://www.eia.gov/opendata,Lastaccess:May2023.EPA,NaturalGasandPetroleumSystemsintheGHGInventory:AdditionalInformationonthe1990-2021GHGInventory(publishedApril2023),2023,https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/natural-gas-and-petroleum-systems-ghg-inventory-additional-information-1990-2021-ghg,Lastaccess:July2023.ESA,LandCoverCCIProductUserGuideVersion2.Tech.Rep.,2017,maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/download/ESACCI-LC-Ph2-PUGv2_2.0.pdf,Lastaccess:July2023.FAO,GlobalecologicalzonesforFAOforestreporting:2010Update,ForestResourcesAssessmentWorkingPaper179.2013,FAO,Rome.FAOSTAT,StatisticsDivision,FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations,https://www.fao.org/faostat,2023,Lastaccess:April2023.Friedl,M.,Sulla-Menashe,D.,MCD12Q1MODIS/Terra+AquaLandCoverTypeYearlyL3Global500mSINGridV006[Dataset].NASAEOSDISLandProcessesDAAC,2019,https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MCD12Q1.006.Friedlingstein,P.,O'Sullivan,M.,Jones,M.W.,Andrew,R.M.,Gregor,L.,Hauck,J.,LeQuéré,C.,Luijkx,I.T.,Olsen,A.,Peters,G.P.,Peters,W.,Pongratz,J.,Schwingshackl,C.,Sitch,S.,Canadell,J.G.,Ciais,P.,Jackson,R.B.,Alin,S.R.,Alkama,R.,Arneth,A.,Arora,V.K.,Bates,N.R.,Becker,M.,Bellouin,N.,Bittig,H.C.,Bopp,L.,Chevallier,F.,Chini,L.P.,Cronin,M.,Evans,W.,Falk,S.,Feely,R.A.,Gasser,T.,Gehlen,M.,Gkritzalis,T.,Gloege,L.,Grassi,G.,Gruber,N.,Gürses,Ö.,Harris,I.,Hefner,M.,Houghton,R.A.,Hurtt,G.C.,Iida,Y.,Ilyina,T.,Jain,A.K.,Jersild,A.,Kadono,K.,Kato,E.,Kennedy,D.,KleinGoldewijk,K.,Knauer,J.,Korsbakken,J.I.,Landschützer,P.,Lefèvre,N.,Lindsay,K.,Liu,J.,Liu,Z.,Marland,G.,Mayot,N.,McGrath,M.J.,Metzl,N.,Monacci,N.M.,Munro,D.R.,Nakaoka,S.-I.,Niwa,Y.,O'Brien,K.,Ono,T.,Palmer,P.I.,Pan,N.,Pierrot,D.,Pocock,K.,Poulter,B.,Resplandy,L.,Robertson,E.,Rödenbeck,C.,Rodriguez,C.,Rosan,T.M.,Schwinger,J.,Séférian,R.,Shutler,J.D.,Skjelvan,I.,Steinhoff,T.,Sun,Q.,Sutton,A.J.,Sweeney,C.,Takao,S.,Tanhua,T.,Tans,P.P.,Tian,X.,Tian,H.,Tilbrook,B.,Tsujino,H.,Tubiello,F.,vanderWerf,G.R.,Walker,A.P.,Wanninkhof,R.,Whitehead,C.,WillstrandWranne,A.,Wright,R.,Yuan,W.,Yue,C.,Yue,X.,Zaehle,S.,Zeng,J.,andZheng,B.:GlobalCarbonBudget2022,EarthSyst.Sci.Data,14,4811–4900,2022.Giglio,L.,Boschetti,L.,Roy,D.P.,Humber,M.L.,andJustice,C.O.,TheCollection6MODISburnedareamappingalgorithmandproduct.RemoteSensingofEnvironment,217,72-85,2018.21GGFR/NOAA,2012-22022dataforgasconsumptionforflaring,2023,https:/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fgrossandnetfluxesofcarbonbetweenthebiosphereandtheatmospherefrombiomassburning.Climaticchange,2(3),207-247,1980.Solazzo,E.,Crippa,M.,Guizzardi,D.,Muntean,M.,Choulga,M.,andJanssens-Maenhout,G.,UncertaintiesintheEmissionsDatabaseforGlobalAtmosphericResearch(EDGAR)emissioninventoryofgreenhousegases,Atmos.Chem.Phys.,21,5655–5683,2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5655-2021.UN,UnitedNationsStatisticsIndustrialCommodityandEnergyStatisticsDatabase,2023.UNDP,populationstatistics(2019),WorldPopulationProspects(WPP),The2019RevisionReportUnitedNations,DepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs,PopulationDivision,2019.UNEP,UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme,EmissionsGapReport2022:TheClosingWindow—Climatecrisiscallsforrapidtransformationofsocieties,2022,Nairobi,https://www.unep.org/emissions-gap-report-2022.UNFCCC,NationalInventorySubmissions2023,https://unfccc.int/ghg-inventories-annex-i-parties/2023,2023a,Lastaccess:June2023.UNFCCC,GHGReviewTools,https://rt.unfccc.int/locator,2023b,Lastaccess:June2023.UNFCCC,GHGDataInterface,https://di.unfccc.int/detailed_data_by_party,2023c,Lastaccess:May2023.UNDS/ENVSTAT,UNEnvironmentStatistics,https://unstats.un.org/unsd/envstats/index.cshtml,Lastaccess:May2023.USDA,ForeignAgricultural,www.fas.usda.gov,2023,Lastaccess:May2023.USGS,USGSCommodityStatistics,https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nmic/commodity-statistics-and-information),2023,Lastaccess:May2023.VanDerWerf,G.R.,Randerson,J.T.,Giglio,L.,VanLeeuwen,T.T.,Chen,Y.,Rogers,B.M.,Mu,M.,VanMarle,M.J.,Morton,D.C.,Collatz,G.J.andYokelson,R.J.,Globalfireemissionsestimatesduring1997–2016,EarthSystemScienceData,9(2),pp.697-720,2017.WB,dataofGDPPPP,(constant2017international$)(expressedin1000USdollar,andadjustedtothePurchasingPowerParityof2017)for1990-2022,WorldBank,2023,Lastaccess:July2023.WorldSteelAssociation,(worldsteel),SteelStatisticalYearbook2022,https://worldsteel.org/wp-content/uploads/Steel-Statistical-Yearbook-2022.pdf,2022.WorldSteelAssociation,(worldsteel),https://worldsteel.org/steel-topics/statistics/annual-production-steel-data/?ind=P1_crude_steel_total_pub/CHN,2023,Lastaccess:May2023.23ListofabbreviationsanddefinitionsAR5-FifthAssessmentReportofIPCCCap-capita(population)BGS-BritishGeologicalSocietyCH4-Methane,greenhousegaswithGWP-100=28-30underIPCCAR5CO2-CarbondioxideDGCLIMA-Directorate-GeneralforClimateAction,EuropeanCommissionEDGAR-EmissionsDatabaseforGlobalAtmosphericResearchEI–EnergyInstitute(formerlyBritishPetroleumCompanyplc)EIA-EnergyInformationAdministration(oftheU.S.)EU27-EuropeanUnionwith27MemberStatesF-gases–FluorinatedgasesGCSA-GlobalCementandConcreteAssociationGDP-GrossDomesticProductGGFR-GlobalGasFlaringReductionPartnershipoftheWorldBankGHG-GreenhouseGasGt-Gigatonnes(1000megatonnes=109metrictonnes)GWP-100GlobalWarmingPotentialovera100-yearperiodIEA-InternationalEnergyAgencyoftheOECD(Paris)IFA-InternationalFertiliserAssociationIMF-InternationalMonetaryFundIPCC-IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeJRC-JointResearchCentreoftheEuropeanCommissionkUSD-1000USDollarGDPLULUCF-Landuse,land-usechangeandforestryMt-Megatonnes(106tonnesor1teragramme)massofagiven(greenhousegas)substanceNBSC-NationalBureauofStatisticsofChinaNOAAU.S.-NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministrationN2ONitrousoxide,greenhousegaswithGWP-100=265underIPCCAR5n/a-NotAvailableOECD-OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopmentPPP-PurchasingPowerParityt-tonne(1tor1megagramme)massofagiven(greenhousegas)substanceUNFCCC-UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeUNPD-UnitedNationsPopulationDivisionUSD-U.S.DollarUSDA–UnitedStatesDepartmentofAgricultureUSGS-UnitedStatesGeologicalSurveyWorldsteel-WordSteelAssociationyr–Year24ListofboxesBox1.ImpactsoftheUkrainewarandenergycrisisinEU……………………………………………………………………………….12Box2.HowEU27energyrelatedCO2emissionshavechangedin2022..............................................................1425ListoffiguresFigure1.GHGemissions(inGtCO2eq)andcontributionofthemajoremittingeconomiesandtherestoftheworldin2022(inGtCO2eq)......................................................................................................................................5Figure2.GlobalGHGemissionsbysector(leftaxis,bars)andpercapita(rightaxis,blackline),1970-2022(inGtCO2eq).......................................................................................................................................................................9Figure3.GHGemissionsintopemittingeconomiesandestimateduncertainty(colouredbands),1970-2022(inGtCO2eq)................................................................................................................................................................10Figure4.GHGemissionspercapitaintopemittingeconomies,1970-2022,(tCO2eq/cap).................................10Figure5.GHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPintopemittingeconomies,1990-2022(tCO2eq/kUSD)...............11Figure6.TrendsofCO2,CH4andN2Oemissionsinworldtotal,restoftheworldandtopsixemittingeconomies,1990-2022,relativechangevs1990(%)...............................................................................................................13Figure7.GlobalGHGemissionsandremovalsfromLULUCFsector(inGtCO2eq),1990-2022.............................18Figure8.EU27GHGemissionsandremovalsfromLULUCFsector(inGtCO2eq),1990-2202..............................1926ListoftablesTable1.Sharesin2022globalemissions,yearlyGHGemissionrelativechangesovertheperiod2019-2022andtheCAGRin1990-2022(%).....................................................................................................................................5Table2.GDPPPPandGHGemissionsintensityofeconomyinG20countries–2022comparedto2021andyearlychangeofGHGemissionsintensityforperiod2019-2022...................................................................................12Table3.MainactivitiesincludedinEDGARemissionsestimations......................................................................29Table4.OverviewonF-gasesbysectorincludedinEDGARv8.0.........................................................................3227AnnexesAnnex1.Bottom-upmethodologyforglobalGHGemissionscompilationTheEDGARv8.0GHGemissionspresentedinthisreportincludeIEA-EDGARCO2data(v2)39(IEA2022b)coveringfossilCO2emissionsfromcombustionandprocesses,EDGARCH4,EDGARN2OandEDGARF-gasesupto2022.InEDGAR,theemissionspercountryandcompoundarecalculatedonanannualbasisandsector-wisebymultiplyingthecountry-specificactivityandtechnologymixdatabycountry-specificemissionfactorsandreductionfactorsforinstalledabatementsystemforeachsector.Forthegreenhousegasemissionfactors,theglobaldefaultvaluesrecommendedintheIPCC2006guidelines(IPCC,2006a)wereusedandwhererecommended,region-specificvalueswereappliedforothersources.RegardingGHGemissions,allanthropogenicactivitiesleadingtoclimaterelevantemissionsareincluded(seeTable3),exceptbiomass/biofuelcombustion(short-cyclecarbon)inthepower,industry,buildings,transport,andagriculturalsectorsforCO2only.Large-scalebiomassburningandlanduse,land-usechangeandforestry(LULUCF)arenowpartoftheEDGARestimationsforCO2emissions.EDGARmakesuseoftheIPCCsectorialclassification,andaconsistentbottom-upemissioncalculationmethodologyisappliedtoallcountries,sothatemissionsofdifferentcountriescanbecompared,consideringtheirrespectivelevelsofdetail,uncertaintiesordatalimitations.Inparticular,fordevelopingcountrieswithlessrobustandsystematicstatisticaldatainfrastructuresandlimitedexperienceinreportingtheiremissioninventories,EDGARcanprovideinformationandsupportthemincomplyingwiththeirinventorypreparation.Inordertocomputeemissionsuptotheyeart-1forallsectorsandgases,aFast-Trackapproachisapplied.Forcombustionsources,bothIEA-EDGARCO2(v2)emissionsandnon-CO2GHGsareextendeduntil2022usingtheEnergyInstitute(EI,2023)detailedstatisticsbyfueltypefortheyears2021and2022,whilestillassumingthesamesectoralbreakdownasinthelastyearoftheIEAenergybalancestatistics.Asaconsequenceofthisapproach,theemissionsfortheFast-Trackyears(2021-2022)reportedinthisbookletwillbeupdatedinsubsequenteditionsofthisbooklet,usingfuturereleasesoftheIEAenergybalancestatisticsuptomostrecentyears.Foragriculturerelatedsources,USDA(2023)dataareusedtoextendFAOSTATstatisticsupto2022.FortheothersectorswithlowercontributionstoglobalGHGemissions,thetimeserieshavebeenextendedforthelatestyearsusingproxydataandrelativechangesinactivitydataandtrendstobeappliedtothelatestavailableyear.MoredetailsontheassumptionsoftheFast-Trackmethdologyareincludedinthefollowingdescriptionofeachemittingsectorwhenrelevant.(39)IEA-EDGARCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionarethosereportedbyIEAfrom1990to2020.Emissionsfrom1970to1989arestillbasedonIEAdata,butcomplementedwithadditionalstatisticsgatheredovertheyearsandincludedinpreviousreleasesoftheEDGARdatabase.Furthermore,itincludesnon-energyuseemissionscomputedfromtheIEAenergybalances(IEA,2022a)whicharehowevernotreportedintheIEACO2emissions(IEA,2022b).28Table3.MainactivitiesincludedinEDGARemissionsestimationsGHG(fossilCO2,CH4,N2O,F-gases)IPCC2006LULUCF(CO2,CH4,N2O)IPCC2006categoriescategoriesPOWER1A1aFORESTLANDForestlandremaining3B1INDUSTRYforestlandandotherPowerandheatgenerationplantslandsconvertedto(publicandauto-producers)forestINDUSTRIALCombustionforindustrial1A2+2+5ADEFORESTATION3B2bi+3B3bi+3COMBUSTIONmanufacturing,industrial(onlyfromB5bi+3B6biANDprocesses(e.g.ironandsteel,non-PROCESSEScement,aluminium,chemicals,agriculturalDeforestationproduction,solvents,etc.)activities)includingtropicalfiresSmallscalenon-industrial1A4+1A5DrainageoforganicstationarycombustionsoilsBUILDINGSORGANICSOIL1A3Nonbiomassforest3B2+3B3+3B4+pools,cropland,3B5+3B6Road,non-road,domesticandgrassland,settlements,wetlandsinternationalaviation,inlandandotherlandswaterwaysandinternationalTRANSPORTshippingOTHERLivestock(entericfermentation,3A+3C1b+3Forestfires(boreal,3C1a(excludingmanuremanagement),C2+3C3+3C4temperate),peattropicalagriculturalsoils(fertilisers,lime+3C5+3C6+3fires,shrublandfires,areas)+3C1c+3application,ricecultivation,directC7+5A(onlynon-tropicalsavannahC1dsoilemissions,indirectN2OfromfiresAGRICULTUREemissionsfromagriculture),fieldagriculturalFIRESburningofagriculturalresiduesactivities)Fuelextraction,transformation1B+5Bandrefineriesactivities,includingFUELventingandflaringEXPLOITATIONSolidwastedisposedonland,4solidwastecompostedandhazardoussolidwasteprocessing/storage,wastewaterWASTEhandling,wasteincinerationSource:JRC,202329Forcombustionsources:detailedIEA-EDGARCO2(v2)emissions(IEA,2022b)areusedfortheperiod1970-2020togetherwithCH4andN2OemissionsfromEDGARv8.0(IEA,2022a).ToextendGHGemissiontimeseriesfromcombustionsourcesupto2022,trendsbasedonEI(2023)consumptiondatabyfueltype(coal,oilandgas)areappliedtothecorresponding2020values.Inparticular,EI(2023)oilregionalconsumptiondatatrendsfromJet/Kerosenefuelareappliedtodomesticaviationemissionstoextendthemupto2022.ToextendGHGemissionsfrominternationalaviationtransport,werelyonthelatestdatafromtheIndustryStatisticsfromIATAStatistics(IATA,2023),whileforshipping(internationalanddomestic)weusefueloilregionalconsumptionstatisticsfromEI(2023).BiofuelcombustionrelatedemissionsareextendedusingFAOSTAT(2023)dataforprimarysolidbiomassandcharcoal,whilebiodieselandbiogasolinearederivedfromEI(2023).Forthecountriesbelongingto“OtherAfrica”40,“OtherNon-OECDAsia”41and“OtherNon-OECDAmericas”42intheIEAclassification:thecombinedshareofCO2emissionsfromallthesecountriesinglobaltotalisverysmall,e.g.in2020,thiswaslessthan1%.Toallocatethecorrespondingactivitydataandemissionstoeachsinglecountry,weusedsplittingfactorsderivedfromtheU.S.EnergyInformationAdministration(EIA,2023)countryspecificdataonfuelconsumptionandproductionofcoal,oilandnaturalgas.Consequently,theuncertaintiesinGHGemissionestimationsforthesecountriesarelargerthantheonesforindividuallyreportedcountries,inparticularforthesectorialsubdivision.AdditionalreliabledataandinformationareneededtofurtherimprovetheirGHGemissionsallocation.Forthefugitiveemissions:CO2emissionsfromcokeproductionfor2020and2021followthesamerelativechangeasreportedforthecrudesteelproductionbytheWorldSteelAssociation(worldsteel,2023).CO2flaredatoilandgasextractionfacilitiesfor1994onwardsisbasedonthetotalamountofgasflaredderivedfromsatelliteobservationoftheintensityofflaringlightspercountry(GGFR/NOAA,2023).CH4emissionsfromventingareestimatedbasedondataandinformationfromUNFCCC(2023b),EPA(2023)andHöglund-Isaksson(2017).ComparedtopreviousEDGARCH4emissionestimates,wealsoincludefugitiveemissionsfromabandonedminesfollowingthemethodologyoftheIPCC2019Refinements(IPCC,2019b).Forthemetalindustry:thelargestcontributionisfromblastfurnaces,whichinadditiontotheCO2emissionsfromblastfurnacegascombustion(accountedforundertheenergysector)emitalsoCO2fromthecoke/coalinputasreducingagentandlimestoneusedforironandsteelproduction.HerethecrudesteelproductionstatisticsreportedbyWorldSteelAssociation(worldsteel,2023)areusedasinputtocalculateCO2emissions.Ferro-alloysproductiondataarefromUSGS(2023)upto2019andBGS(2023)upto2021whicharefurtherextendedtotheyear2022usingthepigironproductiontrendsanddatafromWorldSteelAssociation(worldsteel,2022),USGS(2023),BGS(2023)andNBSC(2023)forChina.Fornon-metallicminerals:CO2emissionsfromcarbonatesusedincementclinkerproductionarebasedonreportedorestimatedcementclinkerproduction.CementproductionwascalculatedfromcementproductionreportedbytheUSGS(2023),exceptforChinaforthelatestyears(NBSC,2023).Theclinker-to-cementratioisbasedontheclinkerproductiondatauntil2020fromUNFCCC(2023a)fortheAnnexIcountries,andforUSAupto2022usingUSGS(2023)data;forChinaitiscalculatedfromWorldCement(2022).ForBrazil,Egypt,PhilippinesandThailand,weusedclinkerproductionratiosfromtheGCSA(2022)uptotheyear2019andthenappliedaconstanttrend.ThechangesinthelimeproductionfromUSGS(2023)areappliedtoextrapolateCO2emissionsfromallothercarbonateuses(glassproduction,etc.).Concerningthefeedstockuseforchemicalsproduction,theammoniaproductionfromUSGS(2023)isused,exceptforureaconsumptionandproduction,wheredataareprovidedbytheInternationalFertiliserIndustryAssociation(IFA,2022).Itisassumedthatsmallsoillimingemissionsfollowthegrossammoniaproductiontrend.Forwaste:GHGemissionsfromwasteincineration(noenergyrecovery)includeopenburningofmunicipalsolidwaste(MSW),industrialsolidwaste,biogenicwaste,clinicalwaste,sewagesludgewaste,wastefromcremation43andotherwaste.ForAnnexIcountriesthemaindatasourcefortheactivitydataistheUNFCCCLocator(UNFCCC,(40)IncludesBurkinaFaso;Burundi;CapeVerde;CentralAfricanRepublic;Chad;Comoros;Djibouti;Gambia;Guinea;Guinea-Bissau;Lesotho;Liberia;Malawi;Mali;Mauritania;Namibia(until1990);Réunion(until2010);SaoTomeandPrincipe;Seychelles;SierraLeone;andSomalia..(41)IncludesAfghanistan;Bhutan;Cambodia(until1994);CookIslands;EastTimor;Fiji;FrenchPolynesia;Kiribati;LaoPeople’sDemocraticRepublic(until1999);Macau,China;Maldives;Mongolia(until1984);NewCaledonia;Palau(from1994);PapuaNewGuinea;Samoa;SolomonIslands;TongaandVanuatu.(42)IncludesAnguilla,AntiguaandBarbuda;Aruba;Bahamas;Barbados;Belize;Bermuda;Bonaire;BritishVirginIslands;CaymanIslands;Dominica;FalklandIslands(Malvinas);FrenchGuiana(until2010);Grenada;Guadeloupe(until2010);Martinique(until2010);Montserrat;PuertoRico(fornaturalgas);Saba(from2012);SaintEustatius(from2012);SaintKittsandNevis;SaintLucia;SaintPierreandMiquelon;SaintVincentandtheGrenadines;SintMaarten(from2012);Suriname(until1999);andtheTurksandCaicosIslands.(43)Datasourcedfromhttps://www.cremation.org.uk302023b).Populationisusedtofillthebackwardtrend.Toestimatewasteincinerationinnon-AnnexIcountries,percapitagenerationfiguresfromtheIPCCareused,consideringspecificcountryorregiondataandurbanpopulationinformationfortheyear2000.ThefractionofMSWincineratedin2000isdeterminedbasedonthetotalIPCCnumbersforthefractionofincineratedMSW,withconsiderationforcountryorregion-specificdata.ThedatasetforwasteincinerationiscompletedusingalsoreportsfromNon-AnnexIcountriestotheUNFCCC,specificallyonannualnetemissions/removalsunderwasteincineration(UNFCCC,2023c).Theyear2000istakenasthebaseyear,andpopulationdataisutilizedtofillinthebackwardandforwardtrends.CH4andN2Oemissionsassociatedwithwastewaterhandlinghavebeenupdateduntil2021,followingtheIPCC(2006c)methodologyasoutlinedinJanssens-Maenhoutetal.(2019).TheseupdatesconsiderthelateststatisticsfromFAO(2023)onmeat,pulp,sugarproduction,averageproteinsupply,aswellasdatafromUN(2023)andRFA(2023)foralcoholproduction.Thepopulationdata,bothurbanandrural,aresourcedfromUNDP(2019).Theemissionsfromlandfillsarecalculatedusingthefirst-orderexponentialdecaymethod,followingthe2006IPCCGuidelines.ForAnnexIcountries,wastedatareportedbythepartiesviatheUNFCCCLocatortoolisconsidered.Toaccountfortheglobaldomain,additionalsourcesincludeUNstatisticsonmunicipalsolidwaste(MSW)collectionandlandfilldisposal,aswellaspercapitaMSWgenerationratesanddisposalfractionsfromtheIPCCGuidelines.Non-AnnexIcountriesmaintainaconstantpercapitalandfillwasteestimatebasedonthelatestavailableyear,asadvisedbytheIPCCGuidelines.Indevelopingcountries,municipalwastecollectionisassumedtooccursolelyinurbanareas,utilizingurbanpopulationdatafromUNstatistics(UNDP,2019)(Janssens-Maenhoutetal.,2019).Foramoredetailedinformation,refertoOreggionietal.(2021).TheemissionsfromwastecompostingarecalculatedusingtheUNFCCCLocatorfortheAnnex-Icountries.ThemethodologyappliedisthatofIPPCCusingtheemissionfactorfor“wetweightwaste”forbothCH4andN2O.Inthecaseofnon-AnnexIcountries,UNSD/ENVSAT(2023)countrydataareutilized.Theurbanpopulationisemployedtoaddressthebackwardandupwardtrends,followingasimilarprocedureasappliedtowasteincineration.HazardouswasteemissionsareestimatedusingsourcesasEurostat(forEU27,UK,TurkeyandWesternBalkan(WB)countries)andtheUNSD/ENVSTAT(2023).TheNon-AnnexIcountriesarecategorizedintotwogroups:(i)countrieswithUNSD/ENVSTAT(2023)dataonhazardouswaste,and(ii)countrieswithoutUNSD/ENVSTAT(2023)dataonhazardouswaste.AdditionaldatasourcesusedareusedasthebiennialdatafromEPA44fortheUSA.Foragriculture:Theagriculturalsectorencompassesvariousactivities,includingtheapplicationofureaandagriculturallime,entericfermentation,ricecultivation,manuremanagement,fertilizeruse(bothsyntheticandfrommanure),andagriculturalwasteburninginfields.However,thecurrentanalysisdoesnotconsiderlarge-scalebiomassburningfromsavannah.EstimationofemissionsfromtheagriculturalsectorreliesonactivitydataobtainedfromFAOSTAT(2023)andemissionfactorsprovidedbytheIPCCGuidelines(2006b).CH4emissionfactorsforentericfermentationinbothdairyandnon-dairycattlehavebeenupdatedtoincorporatetheIPCC2006Tier2methodology.Agriculturerelatedemissionsareextendedupto2022makinguseofcropandlivestockspecificdataatmacroregionallevelfromUSDA(2023).Fluorinatedgases(F-gases):EDGARv8.0includes,amongothersubstances,thefluorinatedgases(F-gases),aclassofman-madechemicalsusedinawiderangeofindustrialapplications.F-gasesplayanimportantroleinsomekeysectorsoftheeconomy,suchastheproductionofmagnesiumandaluminiumorthesemiconductormanufacturing.F-gasesrepresentasetofpowerfulgreenhousegaseswhichissignificantlycontributingtoclimatechange.F-gasesincludethreemaingroups:(1)Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)mainlyusedasrefrigerants,blowingagentsforfoamsandsolvents;(2)Perfluorocarbons(PFCs)usedintheelectronicssector(3)sulphurhexafluoride(SF6)usedmainlyasinsulatinggas,inhighvoltageswitchgearandintheproductionofmagnesiumandaluminium(refertoTable4).DetailsonthemethodologyanddatasourcesusedareprovidedinOlivieretal.(2022).(44)https://rcrapublic.epa.gov/rcrainfoweb/action/modules/br/trends/view31Table4.OverviewonF-gasesbysectorincludedinEDGARv8.0GeneralcategoryPFCsHFCsSubstancesSF6NF3C2F6,C3F8,C4F10,C5F12,HFC-23,HFC-32,HFC-41,HFC-125,HFC-134,HFC-C6F14,c-C5F8,CH4134a,HFC-143,HFC-143a,HFC-152a,HFC-227ea,IndustrialprocessesNon-FerrousmetalproductionElectronicindustryHFC-236fa,HFC-245fa,HFC-365mfc,HFC-43-10-ChemicalindustryNon-FerrousmetalproductionElectrocnicindustryElectronicindustrymee,HFC-131b,HFC-142bRefregerationandairconditioningElectricalequipmentPFCuseinfireextinguishersotherapplicationFireestingishersSolventsAerosolsfoamblowingotherapplicationSource:JRC,2023ChangescomparedtopreviouseditionsofthereportThecurrentversionofthisreportincludesseveralupdatescomparedtopreviouseditionswhichmayresultindifferencesinfinalemissionestimatesbycountryandbysectors.Themainchangesaresummarisedherebelow:-UpdatedGlobalWarmingPotential:Accordingtothe27thConferenceoftheParties(COP27)decision,allPartiesmustuseGlobalWarmingPotential(GWP-100)valuefromtheIPCC’sFifthAssessmentReportfortheiremissionreportingundertheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC)andundertheParisAgreement.Therefore,weadoptedtheIPCCGWP-100AR5metrics45tocomputetotalGHGemissionsinCO2eqinsteadofthepreviouslyusedAR4values.Overall,globalGHGemissionsexpressedinCO2equsingtheAR5GWP-100valuesare2.3%higherthanthoseobtainedusingtheAR4metrics.-Newsectorialdetail:GHGemissionsareprovidedwithhighersectoraldetail,inparticulartodisaggregatetheprevious‘othersector’.Specifically,weincluded:PowerIndustry,Industrialcombustion,Buildings,Transport,Agriculture,Fuelexploitation,Processes,Waste.Inthecountryfactsheetspresentedinthisbooklet,emissionsfromIndustrialcombustionandprocessesareshowninanaggregatedsector(‘IndustrialCombustionandProcesses’),whiletheyareprovidedseparatelyintheunderlyingdataset,availableasanExcelspreadsheet.-Updatedstatisticsanddatasourcesareusedforallemittingsectors,thusresultinginpossibledifferenceswithpreviousestimates.(45)https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WG1AR5_Chapter08_FINAL.pdf,pages73-79.3322Annex2.MethodologyfortheestimationofemissionsfromLandUse,Land-UseChangeandForestry(LULUCF)TheEDGAR-LULUCFcomponentisthethirdreleaseofadatasetdevelopedbytheJRC.Comparedtothepreviousreleases,itincludesnewestimatesofemissionsandtheremovalsfromlivingbiomassinthewholeForestLandsector,thereforeincludingtheForestLandremainingForestLandcategory(i.e.managedforestexistingfromatleast20years)andtheareasconvertedtoforestlandintheprevious20years,coveredbytheLandconvertedtoForestLandcategory.WildfireemissionsarealsoincludedincurrentEDGAR-LULUCFestimatesandarebasedontheGlobalWildfireInformationSystem(GWIS)data,asdiscussedinAnnex3.Thenetfluxesfromtheotherlandusecategories,namelyDeforestation(theForestLandconvertedtoOtherLandcategory),OrganicSoils,andtheremainingcategoriesandpoolsgroupedunderthe“Other”term,arederivedfromadatasetbasedontheofficialcountryGHGreportssubmittedtoUNFCCC(seeGrassietal.2022).Theresultingdatasetislargelycompleteonmostlandusesfordevelopedcountries,whiletheGHGreportsfromseveraldevelopingcountriesarestillratherincomplete(inthiscase,gap-fillingwasdonetoensureacompletetimeseries,seeGrassietal.2023).ThedatasetforForestLandlivingbiomassisproducedthroughageographicallyexplicitglobalscaleimplementationoftheIPCCTier1approachforGreenhouseGasInventories(GHGI),asoutlinedintheIPCCGuidelines(IPCC,2006and2019Refinement),thatcombinesactivitydata(areasoflandstableinthedifferentlandusecategories,andconversionsamongthem)andvariousdefaultfactorsandcountrystatisticstoestimateseparatelythecarbonremovals(gains)andemissions(losses).Tier1isthemostbasicandwidely-applicableapproach,whileTier2requirestheuseoflocally-derivedparameters,andTier3involvesmoreadvancedmodelling.PartiestotheUNFCCCarerequiredtouseatleastTier2whenestimatingcategoriesandcarbonpoolsmostsignificantfortheirGHGinventory.Comparedtothepreviousyear,themethodologywasreviewedandimproved,andtheparametersandancillarydatausedwerealsoreviewedandupdated.Theactivitydataforthegainsconsistintheareasofthedifferentlandusecategories,whichweassessedbymeansofoneofthemostwidelyusedrecentspatiallandcoverdatasets,the“Landcoverclassificationgriddedmapsfrom1992topresentderivedfromsatelliteobservations”,partoftheCopernicusClimateChangeService(C3S).ThisdatasetguaranteesbackwardcompatibilitywiththeESAClimateChangeInitiative(CCI)LandCoverDataset(ESA,2017)previouslyreleasedfortheyears1992-2015.Thedatasetcurrentlyfurnishesannualgloballandcovermapsfortheperiod1992-2020atapproximately300mspatialresolutionattheequatordevelopedharmonizingdatafromdifferentsensors,suchasAVHRRfrom1992to1999,SPOT-Vegetationfrom1998to2012,MERIS(2003-2012),PROBA-VandSentinel-3OLCI(S3OLCI)from2013.Dataarereleasedwithatwo-yeardelay,meaningthatthelatestavailableglobalmaprefersatthemomentto2020.Thelegendconsistsof22classeswhichfollowtheFAOLandCoverClassificationSystem(LCCS).TheLandCovermapswereconvertedtoIPCClanduseclassesbymeansofaconversiontablewhichconsiders,foreachofthe22LCCSclasses,theshareswithinthepixelofthedifferentIPCClandusecategories(ForestLand-partitionedinbroadleafandneedleleaf,Cropland,Grassland,Settlements,Wetlands,andOtherLand),basedonthedefinitionofeachLCCSclasses.Foreachpixelofthemap,theseshareswerethenconvertedtoactuallandareasbelongingtothevariousIPCCcategoriesusedwithinGHGinventories.AnIntactForestlayer(Potapovetal.,2017)wasusedtodistinguishmanagedfromunmanagedforest,assumingintactforeststobeagoodproxyforunmanagedforests(seeGrassietal.2021).Theactivitydataforthelossesarethecountryharvestproductionstatistics(industrialroundwoodandfuelwood,partitionedinbroadleafandneedleleaf)fromtheFAOSTATdatabase.Whenpossible,harvestdatawerecorrectedforillegalandinformallogging,notregisteredinofficialstatistics,usingestimatesfromdifferentdatasets(seeKleinschmitetal.2016).AttheEUlevel,acalibrationprocedurewasappliedontheoriginalsatellite-derivedlanduseareastobestharmonizethetemporalbehaviouroftheESA/CopernicustimeserieswiththetrajectoryofthecountryGHGinventories,showinganincreaseintheEUforestcover.IntheTier1approach,activitydataaremodelledintogainsandlossesthroughaseriesofdefaultemissionfactorsandparameters(forestgrowthrate,BiomassConversionandExpansionFactors,wooddensity,carbondensity,root-to-shootratioetc.)availableforthewholeworld.TheIPCCGuidelinescontaintableswithdefaultparametersvaluescompiledfromexistingliterature,varyingbygeographicalarea(continents)andvegetation33characteristics(broadleaf/needleleaf,naturallygrowing/plantedforest,ageclass,etc.).Inourgeographicallyexplicitmodellingapproach,theappropriateparameterswereassignedtoeachforesttypeaccordingtovegetation/climate/managementcharacteristicsidentifiedthroughancillaryspatialandstatisticaldatasetssuchastheFAO-GEZ(GlobalEcologicalZonesdataset,FAO2013),theFAOForestResourceAssessment(FRA),etc.Comparedtolastyear,theancillarydatausedwereupdated.Thesharesforthe0-20,21-100andover100yearsoldageclasseswereobtainedatthecountrylevelfromtheGFAD1.1database(Poulteretal.2019).ThesharesofNaturally-growingandPlantedwerealsoupdatedusingthelatestFAO-FRA.Thisallowedthepartitioningofeachpixelareaaccordingtovegetationcharacteristicsessentialtoselectthecorrectparametersineachcontext,suchasthetreetype(broadleaforneedleleaf),thetypeofforest(e.g.,TropicalRainforest,TemperateContinentalForest,etc.,fromFAO/GEZ),thevegetationcharacteristics(plantedtreesornaturalgrownforest),andtheforestageclass(lessorequal20yearsold,between21and100,andover100yearsold).ThedefaultparametersareobtainedfromtheIPCCGuidelines(2006and2019Refinement),theofficialreferencefortheproductionofnationalGHGInventories.Theseparametersvaluesarecompiledfromawiderangeofliteratureandpresentahighdegreeofheterogeneityamongthedifferentcontinents(alsoforthesametreespeciesorforesttype),reflectingthedifficultyofidentifyingspecificparameterswhicharetrulyrepresentativefortheIPCCforestspecies/typesorclimatezone.Comparedtolastyear,thesetofparametersusedthisyearismoresolidlygroundedintheIPCCGuidelines.ThestandardIPCCTier1approachconsiderstwoforestageclasses,0-20yearsoldandabove21yearsold.Fromthepreviousresultswefoundthatthisapproachoverestimatestheforestgain,asitdoesnotconsidertheageingofforestswhichreducesthecarbonabsorptioncapabilityoftrees.WithinthestandardIPCCframeworka21yearsoldforestabsorbslikea300yearsoldforest.Animportantimprovementimplementedthisyearrefersthereforetothesubdivisionofthe“above21yearsold”classintwoclasses,a21-100yearsoldclassandanotheroneforforestsabove100yearsold.Forthese“older”forests,weusedtheparametersforprimaryforestsfurnishedbytheIPCCGuidelines.Sincelandcoverareasafter2020werenotavailable,while2021FAOSTATharvestdatawereavailable,2021and2022gainsareassumedtobeconstant.2021lossesareproducedfromtheFAOSTATdata,while2022harvestdataareestimatedthroughaninterpolationoftheprevious5years.TheresultsforForestLandwereevaluatedincomparisonwiththeavailableofficialcountryGHGreports,generallyproducedusingmoreadvancedTiers,asitisthecaseofAnnexIcountries.Whenpossible,wecomparedboththeresultsintermsofemissionsandremovals,aswellastheareas.Whileformostdevelopedareas(e.g.EU,USA)thematchisfairlygoodforatleastpartofthetimeseries,thedifferencesobservedforsomeothercountries(e.g.Canada,Russia,someAfricanandSouth-Asiancountries)maydependontheassumptionsmadeandmethodsusedbythespecificcountries.Infact,withintheirinventoriescountriescanmakespecificchoicesbasedonlocalcharacteristicsandlocalexpertisethatcannotbeextrapolatedinadatasetlikeoursandappliedatthegloballevel.Also,severalcountriesadoptstock-differencemethodswhichareverydifferentfromourgain/lossapproach,andinfactwenoticethebiggestdiscrepanciesbetweenourresultsandcountrydatawherestockdifferenceapproachesareimplemented.TheTier1estimatespresentedhereareaimedtoprovideaglobally-consistentoverviewforLULUCFusingIPCCofficialdefaultmethodologies.Theseestimatescanprovideusefulinformationonareasforwhichnoorlittleofficialestimationsareavailable(e.g.severalAfricancountries).ItishoweverimportanttohighlightthattheEDGAR-LULUCFestimatesareexpresslynotaimedatchallengingnorverifyingtheestimatesproducedbyindividualcountries,generallymadeusinglocallyavailabledataandparametersatTier2,oradvancedTier3modellingapproaches.Bydefinition,eachcountryshouldusethebestlocallyavailabledataandexpertisetoproduceitsinventories,whileweareonpurposeadoptingaglobalTier1approach,usingthebestdataandparametersavailableattheglobalscale,inevitablylesspreciseandreliable.Todate,thedatabaseprovidesgeoreferencedinformationonthefollowingitems:1.LandUseAreasubdividedbya.Treetype:Broadleaf,Needleleafb.AgeClass:<=20years,21-100years,>100yearsc.System:Planted,Naturallygrowing2.CGAINS(Removalsfromtheatmosphere)subdividedastheLanduseareasabove3.CLOSSES(Emissionsintheatmosphere)subdividedbya.Planttype:Broadleaf,NeedleleafHarvesttype:Fuelwood,Industrialroundwood.34Annex3.MethodologyfortheestimationofemissionsfromlargescalebiomassburningEstimatesofatmosphericemissionsduetobiomassburninghaveconventionallybeenderivedadopting‘bottomup’inventory-basedmethods(Seiler&Crutzen,1980).TheIPCCAFOLUguidelinesthusestimatetheemissionsas:L=A×Mb×Cf×Gef[Equation1]where:L[g]isthequantityofemittedgasorparticulateA[m2]istheareaaffectedbyfireMb[gm-2]isthefuelloadingperunitareaCf[gg-1]isthecombustionfactori.e.theproportionofbiomassconsumedasaresultoffireGef[gg-1]istheemissionfactororemissionratio,i.e.theamountofgasreleasedforeachgaseousspeciesperunitofbiomassloadconsumedbythefire.AsthemethodologydevelopedisbasedontheIPCCTier1approachforGreenhouseGasInventories(GHGI),asoutlinedintheIPCCGuidelines(IPCC,2006and2019Refinement),theparametersofequation1aretypicallynotavailableforeachpixel,butreferencevaluesareusedinstead,forinstancethosegivenintables2.4,2.5and2.6oftheIPCCguidelines.Thosereferencevaluesarestratifiedbylandcoverclass,anditisconvenienttorewriteequation1as:Llc=AlcxMblc×Cflc×Geflc[Equation2]where:Llc[g]isthequantityofemittedgasorparticulateforlandcoverclasslcAlc[m2]isthetotalareaburnedinlandcoverclasslcMblc,CflcandGeflcarethefuelload,thecombustionfactorandtheemissionfactorderivedfromtheIPCCtablesforlandcoverclasslc.ThetotalemissionoverthewholeareaofinterestisthesummationofLlcforallthelandcoverareas:L=∑Llc[Equation3]TheIPCC2006AFOLUguidelinescontaintablesforbiomassconsumedasafunctionofthelandcover,butthevegetationtypesusedarenotimmediatelycompatiblewiththelegendofanyofthecurrentlandcoverproducts.Tothisend,aprocedurewasdevelopedtocombinedataonareaburned,landcover,JRCclimaticcharacterizationandsoilclassificationmap,asdescribedinthefollowing.•AreaburnedTheareaburnedusedisderivedfromtheGlobFireDatabasedevelopedundertheumbrellaoftheGlobalWildfireInformationSystem(GWIS)(Artésetal.,2019).ThisburnedareaproductisderivedfromthemostrecentCollection6ModerateResolutionImagingSpectroradiometer(MODIS)burnedareaproduct(MCD64A1),whichmapstheextentoffireat500mresolutionandtheapproximatedayofburning(Giglioetal.,2018).•LandcoverTheAnnualInternationalGeosphere-BiosphereProgramme(IGBP)classificationlegendoftheglobalMODISlandcoverproductMCD12A1(Friedl&Sulla-Menashe,2019)wasused.TheMCD12A1globallandproductispartofthestandardMODISsuite,andhasbeenproducedatannualintervalssincethebeginningofthemission.ThecurrentCollection6versionhasaspatialresolutionof500m,anditisdistributedinthesamesinusoidaltiledgeometryastheMCD64A1product,allowingforthecomputationofstratifiedtotalareaburnedAlcinequation2withouttheneedforresamplingorreprojection.Foreachpixel,theMCD12A1productprovidesaclasslabelassignedfollowingdifferentlegendstocovertheneedsofmultipleusercommunities.TheIPCClegend(LC_Type1)wasusedinthepresentapplication.3355•JRCclimaticcharacterisationandsoilclassificationmapTheClimaticZoneandSoilTyperastermapswerecreatedbytheJointResearchCentreinsupportoftheEuropeanCommissionguidelinesforthecalculationoflandcarbonstocksforthepurposeofAnnexVtoDirective2009/28/EC.TheClimaticZonelayerisdefinedbasedontheclassificationofIPCC(IPCC,2006b).SoiltypesareclassifiedaccordingtotheWorldReferenceBase(WRB).TherasterdatalayerswereresampledandreprojectedtotheMODISsinusoidalprojection,andtiledintotheMODISgeometry,toensureinteroperabilitywiththeMODISMCD64A1andMCD12A1products.Theresultofthemergedapproachisa500mlandcovermap,whichusesasetofvegetationclassescompatiblewiththeIPCCtables.Theprocedureisfullyautomatic,andisrepeatedforeveryyearfrom2000to2019,toensurethatthestatisticsaregeneratedusingthemostappropriatelandcoverinformationfortheyear.Fortheperiodbetween1982to1999,whereMODISburnedareadatawerenotavailable,imagesfromtheAdvancedVeryHighResolutionRadiometerLongTermDataRecordburnedareaproduct(AVHRR-LTDR)wereused.Thefinalburnedareaproduct(designatedasFireCCILT10)(Otónetal.,2021)estimatedBAinaspatialresolutionof0.05°fortheperiodbetween1982and2017(excluding1994,duetoinputdatagaps).Thisproductisthelongestglobalburnedareaproductcurrentlyavailable,extendingalmost20yearsbackfromtheexistingNASA(MODIS)andEuropeanSpaceAgency(ESA)burnedareaproducts.DespiteFireCCILT10andMCD64A1arebasedondifferentsensorsandmethodologies,Otónetal.(2021)reportedhighcorrelationvalues(r2>0.9)betweenburnedareaestimationsfrombothwithbetteragreementintropicalregionsratherthanborealregions.Spatialtrendswerefoundtobesimilartoexistingglobalburnedareaproducts,buttemporaltrendsshowedunstableannualvariations,mostlikelylinkedtothechangesintheAVHRRsensorandorbitaldecaysoftheNOAAsatellites.ThemethodologyappliedforthisperiodwassimilartotheonedevelopedfortheMODISperiod(2000-2019),includingtheresamplingandreprojectiontotheMODISsinusoidalprojection,andtiledintotheMODISgeometry,toensureinteroperabilitywiththeMCD12A1products.36Annex4.Contentofcountryfact-sheetsForeachcountry,afactsheetisprovidedwiththetimeseriesofGHGemissionsfromallanthropogenicactivitiesexceptlanduse,land-usechange,forestryandlargescalebiomassburning.TheupperpanelofthefactsheetincludesGHGannualtotalsfrom1990until2022persector.ApiechartisalsoshownrepresentingtheshareofeachindividualGHG(fossilCO2,CH4,N2O,F-gases)tothe2022countrytotal.Then,anoverviewtablewithtotalemissionsbycountryfortheyears1990,2005(KyotoProtocol),2015(ParisAgreement),and2022isalsoreported,togetherwithpercapita,perGDP(PPPconstant2017international$,USD)emissions,andpopulationdata.AlongwiththesummaryoftheGHGemissiontimeseriesforeachcountry,agraphicalvisualisationaidstheinterpretationoftheemissionchangesbysectorovertimeatthebottomofeachpage.ThegraphscompareGHGemissionsforthelastavailableyear(2022)withtheemissionlevelsofthepreviousyear(2021)andoftwokeyyears:1990(baseyearfornationalgreenhousegasesinventory)and2005,whentheKyotoProtocolcameintoeffect.Emissionsstalling,risingordampeningfortheyear2022areexpressedintermsof%changewithrespecttothesetwoyears,forsectorsspecifiedasfollow:An“n/a”isusedtoindicateeitherasectormissingthroughoutthetimeseries(meaningthatnodataarereportedforthatsector)orthatnodataareavailableforthereferenceyearsor2022.Whencomputingtheemissiontrendforthesumofallsectors,novalueisreportedinthecaseofincompletestatisticsforthemostemittingsectorsfortheyear1990(asforexampleGreenland).Country-specificGHGemissiontimeseriesdatacanbedownloadedatthefollowingwebsite:https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/report_2023.3377Annex5.GHGemissionsfortheworld,internationaltransportandtheEU27Globaltotalsforallcountries,includinginternationalshippingandaviation,followedbytheinternationaltransportsector(shippingandaviation).TotalEU27emissionsfromMemberStates:Austria,Belgium,Bulgaria,Croatia,Cyprus,Czechia,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Ireland,Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,Poland,Portugal,Romania,Slovakia,Slovenia,Spain,Sweden.38WORLDGHG%in2022N2O4.8GHGemissionsbysectorCO271.6CH421.0F-gases2.6PowerIndustryFuelExploitationIndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureBuildingsWasteTransport6000050000MtCO2eq40000300002000010000019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr7.954G202253786.0396.762tCO2eq/kUSD/yr201550134.3846.7920.386200542318.4286.470199033268.1216.2420.4367.381GPower2022vs19900.5156.540GIndustry+92%0.6415.330G2022vs20052022vs2021+34%+1%IndustrialCombustion+95%+43%0%andProcessesBuildings0%+3%0%Transport+72%+22%+5%FuelExploitation+56%+22%+3%Agriculture+21%+15%+1%Waste+58%+32%+2%Allsectors+62%+27%+1%39InternationalShippingGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorCO294.5N2O3.5CH42.0PowerIndustryIndustrialCombustionandProcessesFuelExploitationBuildingsAgricultureTransportWaste800600MtCO2eq400200019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yrn/a2022750.699n/atCO2eq/kUSD/yr2015702.303n/an/a2005607.270n/a1990394.751n/an/an/aPower2022vs1990n/an/aIndustryn/an/an/a2022vs20052022vs2021n/an/aIndustrialCombustionn/an/an/aandProcessesBuildingsn/an/an/aTransport+90%+24%+6%FuelExploitationn/an/an/aAgriculturen/an/an/aWasten/an/an/aAllsectorsn/an/an/a40InternationalAviationGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorCO298.7N2O1.3CH40.0PowerIndustryIndustrialCombustionandProcessesFuelExploitationBuildingsAgricultureTransportWaste800600MtCO2eq400200019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yrn/a2022425.964n/atCO2eq/kUSD/yr2015532.878n/an/a2005423.309n/a1990261.804n/an/an/aPower2022vs1990n/an/aIndustryn/an/an/a2022vs20052022vs2021n/an/aIndustrialCombustionn/an/an/aandProcessesBuildingsn/an/an/aTransport+63%+1%+23%FuelExploitationn/an/an/aAgriculturen/an/an/aWasten/an/an/aAllsectorsn/an/an/a41EU27GHG%in2022N2O6.0GHGemissionsbysectorCO278.2CH413.5F-gases2.3PowerIndustryFuelExploitationIndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureBuildingsWasteTransport50004000MtCO2eq300020001000019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr443.641M20223587.7968.087tCO2eq/kUSD/yr20153922.0228.8710.17520054597.10510.56419904915.14411.6970.216442.095MPower2022vs19900.282435.163MIndustry-36%0.405420.198M2022vs20052022vs2021-35%+2%IndustrialCombustion-36%-24%-4%andProcessesBuildings-30%-24%-7%Transport+19%-7%+4%FuelExploitation-44%-21%-1%Agriculture-24%-3%-1%Waste-31%-25%-2%Allsectors-27%-22%-1%42Annex6:GHGemissionsbycountryThefollowingcountriesarepresented:Afghanistan;Albania;Algeria;Angola;Anguilla;AntiguaandBarbuda;Argentina;Armenia;Aruba;Australia;Austria;Azerbaijan;Bahamas;Bahrain;Bangladesh;Barbados;Belarus;Belgium;Belize;Benin;Bermuda;Bhutan;Bolivia;BosniaandHerzegovina;Botswana;Brazil;BritishVirginIslands;Brunei;Bulgaria;BurkinaFaso;Burundi;CaboVerde;Cambodia;Cameroon;Canada;CaymanIslands;CentralAfricanRepublic;Chad;Chile;China;Colombia;Comoros;Congo;CookIslands;CostaRica;Côted’Ivoire;Croatia;Cuba;Curaçao;Cyprus;Czechia;DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo;Denmark;Djibouti;Dominica;DominicanRepublic;Ecuador;Egypt;ElSalvador;EquatorialGuinea;Eritrea;Estonia;Eswatini;Ethiopia;FalklandIslands;Faroes;Fiji;Finland;FranceandMonaco;FrenchGuiana;FrenchPolynesia;Gabon;Georgia;Germany;Ghana;Gibraltar;Greece;Greenland;Grenada;Guadeloupe;Guatemala;Guinea;Guinea-Bissau;Guyana;Haiti;Honduras;HongKong;Hungary;Iceland;India;Indonesia;Iran;Iraq;Ireland;IsraelandPalestine,Stateof;Italy,SanMarinoandtheHolySee;Jamaica;Japan;Jordan;Kazakhstan;Kenya;Kiribati;Kuwait;Kyrgyzstan;Laos;Latvia;Lebanon;Lesotho;Liberia;Libya;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Macao;Madagascar;Malawi;Malaysia;Maldives;Mali;Malta;Martinique;Mauritania;Mauritius;Mexico;Moldova;Mongolia;Morocco;Mozambique;Myanmar/Burma;Namibia;Nepal;Netherlands;NewCaledonia;NewZealand;Nicaragua;Niger;Nigeria;NorthKorea;NorthMacedonia;Norway;Oman;Pakistan;Palau;Panama;PapuaNewGuinea;Paraguay;Peru;Philippines;Poland;Portugal;PuertoRico;Qatar;Réunion;Romania;Russia;Rwanda;SaintHelena,AscensionandTristandaCunha;SaintKittsandNevis;SaintLucia;SaintPierreandMiquelon;SaintVincentandtheGrenadines;Samoa;SãoToméandPríncipe;SaudiArabia;Senegal;SerbiaandMontenegro;Seychelles;SierraLeone;Singapore;Slovakia;Slovenia;SolomonIslands;Somalia;SouthAfrica;SouthKorea;SpainandAndorra;SriLanka;SudanandSouthSudan;Suriname;Sweden;SwitzerlandandLiechtenstein;Syria;Taiwan;Tajikistan;Tanzania;Thailand;TheGambia;Timor-Leste;Togo;Tonga;TrinidadandTobago;Tunisia;Türkiye;Turkmenistan;TurksandCaicosIslands;Uganda;Ukraine;UnitedArabEmirates;UnitedKingdom;UnitedStates;Uruguay;Uzbekistan;Vanuatu;Venezuela;Vietnam;WesternSahara;Yemen;Zambia;Zimbabwe.43AfghanistanGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorN2O12.3PowerIndustryFuelExploitationCO219.5CH465.3IndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureF-gases2.9BuildingsWasteTransport4030MtCO2eq2010019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr39.780M202229.1180.732tCO2eq/kUSD/yr201531.2080.9250.479200518.1910.726199013.7761.1250.43833.736MPower2022vs19900.55125.071MIndustry+153%0.45012.249M2022vs20052022vs2021+210%0%IndustrialCombustion>+300%>+300%+3%andProcessesBuildings-30%>+300%+1%Transport+163%>+300%+3%FuelExploitation+260%+248%-2%Agriculture+70%+21%-1%Waste+240%+66%+2%Allsectors+111%+60%+1%44AlbaniaGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorN2O10.6PowerIndustryFuelExploitationCO256.2CH430.5IndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureF-gases2.7BuildingsWasteTransport1210MtCO2eq8642019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr2.947M20227.9832.709tCO2eq/kUSD/yr20158.8463.0260.18620058.0702.621199011.5683.5250.2592.923MPower2022vs19900.3333.079MIndustryn/a0.7293.281M2022vs20052022vs2021n/an/aIndustrialCombustion-21%+151%+1%andProcessesBuildings-65%+3%+4%Transport+119%-35%+5%FuelExploitation-68%+27%+8%Agriculture-34%-26%-4%Waste+53%+36%+2%Allsectors-31%-1%+1%45AlgeriaGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorN2O2.3PowerIndustryFuelExploitationCO262.3CH434.4IndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureF-gases1.0BuildingsWasteTransport300250MtCO2eq20015010050019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr44.585M2022284.4456.380tCO2eq/kUSD/yr2015259.8526.5170.5662005188.3385.6581990145.8875.6300.55939.871MPower2022vs19900.54133.288MIndustry+285%0.64825.912M2022vs20052022vs2021+90%-7%IndustrialCombustion+228%+93%-2%andProcessesBuildings>+300%+164%-4%Transport+189%+89%+8%FuelExploitation+10%+6%+2%Agriculture+69%+45%0%Waste+155%+61%+2%Allsectors+95%+51%0%46AngolaGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorN2O7.6PowerIndustryFuelExploitationCO230.4CH461.2IndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureF-gases0.9BuildingsWasteTransport10080MtCO2eq604020019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr34.988M202266.4801.900tCO2eq/kUSD/yr201590.1113.2340.316200573.5343.761199034.9572.8720.40227.859MPower2022vs19900.60919.552MIndustry>+300%0.51012.171M2022vs20052022vs2021>+300%-7%IndustrialCombustion+101%+53%-1%andProcessesBuildings+163%+101%-4%Transport>+300%+124%-6%FuelExploitation+35%-40%-8%Agriculture+90%+37%+1%Waste+252%-6%+3%Allsectors+90%-10%-5%47AnguillaGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorCO281.2N2O2.2CH416.6PowerIndustryIndustrialCombustionandProcessesFuelExploitationBuildingsAgricultureTransportWaste0.040.03MtCO2eq0.020.01019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr15.000k20220.0281.873tCO2eq/kUSD/yr20150.0332.2800.11120050.0181.42619900.0091.0610.13414.611kPower2022vs19900.04112.638kIndustry+121%0.0368.334k2022vs20052022vs2021+19%+1%IndustrialCombustion+45%-8%+4%andProcessesBuildings-40%-31%+4%Transport>+300%+89%+4%FuelExploitationn/an/an/aAgriculturen/an/an/aWaste+85%+19%0%Allsectors+218%+56%+3%48AntiguaandBarbudaGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorN2O3.5PowerIndustryCO277.2CH419.2IndustrialCombustionandProcessesF-gases0.1BuildingsFuelExploitationTransportAgriculture0.5Waste0.4MtCO2eq0.30.20.1019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr107.000k20220.3603.363tCO2eq/kUSD/yr20150.3563.5670.17920050.2652.97219900.2473.6970.20599.923kPower2022vs19900.16589.253kIndustry+83%0.25566.696k2022vs20052022vs2021+62%+4%IndustrialCombustion+87%+60%+3%andProcessesBuildings+17%+127%+4%Transport+106%+76%+4%FuelExploitationn/an/an/aAgriculture-53%-57%-2%Waste+15%+3%+1%Allsectors+46%+36%+3%49ArgentinaGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorN2O10.3PowerIndustryFuelExploitationCO248.1CH437.7IndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureF-gases4.0BuildingsWasteTransport400300MtCO2eq200100019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr46.314M2022382.9928.269tCO2eq/kUSD/yr2015375.1258.6400.3692005344.8278.8091990262.6708.0250.36343.418MPower2022vs19900.45639.145MIndustry+142%0.56932.730M2022vs20052022vs2021+24%-4%IndustrialCombustion+118%+28%+3%andProcessesBuildings+79%+18%+3%Transport+76%+32%+6%FuelExploitation+54%+4%+4%Agriculture+11%+1%-1%Waste+7%-10%+1%Allsectors+46%+11%+1%50ArmeniaGHG%in2022N2O4.6GHGemissionsbysectorCO267.5CH424.2PowerIndustryFuelExploitationF-gases3.7IndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureBuildingsWasteTransport2520MtCO2eq15105019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr2.940M20229.3773.189tCO2eq/kUSD/yr20158.6182.9540.21020057.4302.492199024.3736.8890.2602.917MPower2022vs19900.3362.981MIndustry-80%1.3303.538M2022vs20052022vs2021+29%-14%IndustrialCombustion-75%-38%-3%andProcessesBuildings-73%+69%-13%Transport-19%+253%-2%FuelExploitation+7%+7%0%Agriculture-24%-6%-2%Waste-23%-13%+1%Allsectors-62%+26%-6%51ArubaGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorCO291.6N2O1.3CH47.1PowerIndustryFuelExploitationIndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureBuildingsWasteTransport0.6MtCO2eq0.40.2019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr107.000k20220.4974.642tCO2eq/kUSD/yr20150.4764.5660.10320050.4634.62519900.2143.4490.125104.341kPower2022vs19900.125100.031kIndustry+144%0.10662.149k2022vs20052022vs2021+19%+4%IndustrialCombustion+139%+46%+3%andProcessesBuildings+57%+67%+4%Transport+175%+29%+4%FuelExploitation>+300%-97%0%Agriculturen/an/an/aWaste+52%+4%0%Allsectors+132%+7%+4%52AustraliaGHG%in2022N2O7.5GHGemissionsbysectorCO268.8CH421.7F-gases2.0PowerIndustryFuelExploitationIndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureBuildingsWasteTransport800600MtCO2eq400200019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr25.997M2022571.38221.979tCO2eq/kUSD/yr2015593.56124.9400.4312005576.59028.4891990457.21726.8300.52423.800MPower2022vs19900.66920.239MIndustry+27%0.86417.041M2022vs20052022vs2021-18%-4%IndustrialCombustion+18%+4%+2%andProcessesBuildings+69%+16%+5%Transport+64%+28%+9%FuelExploitation+80%+28%+1%Agriculture-11%-11%+4%Waste-31%-12%0%Allsectors+25%-1%+2%53AustriaGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorCO279.7N2O4.2CH413.1PowerIndustryFuelExploitationF-gases2.9IndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureBuildingsWasteTransport10080MtCO2eq604020019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr8.821M202276.7438.700tCO2eq/kUSD/yr201582.7249.5320.151200596.87811.738199081.50810.5530.1818.679MPower2022vs19900.2388.254MIndustry-23%0.2837.724M2022vs20052022vs2021-40%-9%IndustrialCombustion+8%-7%-6%andProcessesBuildings-38%-38%-8%Transport+58%-11%-4%FuelExploitation-13%-26%-7%Agriculture-21%-3%-1%Waste-41%-20%0%Allsectors-6%-21%-6%54AzerbaijanGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorN2O3.7PowerIndustryFuelExploitationCO253.9CH439.8IndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureF-gases2.6BuildingsWasteTransport8060MtCO2eq4020019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr10.252M202268.8776.718tCO2eq/kUSD/yr201558.0326.0340.450200546.4595.441199069.8089.6380.4059.617MPower2022vs19900.7798.539MIndustry-40%1.2777.243M2022vs20052022vs2021-14%-4%IndustrialCombustion-60%+106%+1%andProcessesBuildings0%+40%-3%Transport+35%+98%+8%FuelExploitation+159%+151%+5%Agriculture+44%+25%0%Waste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IndustryFuelExploitationCO256.0CH432.9IndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureF-gases4.3BuildingsWasteTransport5040MtCO2eq302010019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr11.324M202241.8583.696tCO2eq/kUSD/yr201539.5283.7540.193200530.9063.346199018.0672.5150.25110.528MPower2022vs19900.3309.238MIndustry+176%0.4087.184M2022vs20052022vs2021+7%-2%IndustrialCombustion>+300%+95%+3%andProcessesBuildings+71%+33%+3%Transport+203%+22%+4%FuelExploitation+4%-5%+1%Agriculture+40%+37%+1%Waste+159%+67%+2%Allsectors+132%+35%+2%99EcuadorGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorN2O5.9PowerIndustryFuelExploitationCO259.9CH433.1IndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureF-gases1.1BuildingsWasteTransport8060MtCO2eq4020019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr17.800M202276.9444.323tCO2eq/kUSD/yr201572.7704.5070.394200556.6054.121199038.5093.7690.37716.144MPower2022vs19900.43113.735MIndustry>+300%0.45410.218M2022vs20052022vs2021+28%+7%IndustrialCombustion+106%+44%+5%andProcessesBuildings>+300%+57%+8%Transport+166%+110%+8%FuelExploitation+53%+17%+3%Agriculture+24%-3%+2%Waste+92%+27%+1%Allsectors+100%+36%+5%100EgyptGHG%in2022N2O5.2GHGemissionsbysectorFuelExploitationCO270.4CH420.2AgricultureF-gases4.3PowerIndustryWasteIndustrialCombustionandProcessesBuildingsTransport400300MtCO2eq200100019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr106.416M2022377.7803.550tCO2eq/kUSD/yr2015342.4293.6510.2662005278.8603.6321990153.0212.6650.33393.778MPower2022vs19900.41776.778MIndustry+255%0.42557.412M2022vs20052022vs2021+53%0%IndustrialCombustion+150%+39%+5%andProcessesBuildings+132%+27%+13%Transport>+300%+113%+19%FuelExploitation+110%+14%-2%Agriculture+1%-35%0%Waste+93%+43%+2%Allsectors+147%+35%+5%101ElSalvadorGHG%in2022N2O8.8GHGemissionsbysectorCO261.0CH427.1F-gases3.2PowerIndustryFuelExploitationIndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureBuildingsWasteTransport15MtCO2eq105019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr6.546M202213.0741.997tCO2eq/kUSD/yr201512.6492.0040.220200513.0292.16119907.7771.4800.2466.312MPower2022vs19900.3126.029MIndustry>+300%0.2795.255M2022vs20052022vs2021-39%+6%IndustrialCombustion+193%+28%+5%andProcessesBuildings+74%+37%+6%Transport+204%+26%+6%FuelExploitation-99%-99%0%Agriculture-26%-28%-3%Waste+44%+2%+1%Allsectors+68%0%+3%102EquatorialGuineaGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorN2O0.4PowerIndustryCO243.7CH453.9IndustrialCombustionandProcessesBuildingsFuelExploitationTransportAgriculture25WasteF-gases1.920MtCO2eq15105019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr1.498M202211.5527.712tCO2eq/kUSD/yr201518.66815.8830.468200517.07322.54419900.1820.4270.5641.175MPower2022vs19900.703757.317kIndustry>+300%0.418426.846k2022vs20052022vs2021>+300%-9%IndustrialCombustion>+300%+8%-8%andProcessesBuildings+239%+19%-6%Transport>+300%+10%-5%FuelExploitation>+300%-49%-12%Agriculture+16%+14%0%Waste>+300%+83%-2%Allsectors>+300%-32%-10%103EritreaGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorN2O18.1PowerIndustryCO211.6IndustrialCombustionandProcessesBuildingsFuelExploitationCH470.4TransportAgriculture8Waste6MtCO2eq42019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr5.679M20226.9521.224tCO2eq/kUSD/yr20156.3991.3200.43720055.7631.45219904.8321.5520.5564.847MPower2022vs19900.7403.969MIndustry+246%1.2423.113M2022vs20052022vs2021+25%+2%IndustrialCombustion+98%+124%+1%andProcessesBuildings+48%+17%+1%Transport+83%+34%+2%FuelExploitation+72%+46%0%Agriculture+21%+9%0%Waste+123%+51%+2%Allsectors+44%+21%+1%104EstoniaGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorN2O7.0PowerIndustryFuelExploitationCO278.6CH412.9IndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureF-gases1.6BuildingsWasteTransport5040MtCO2eq302010019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr1.293M202213.80910.680tCO2eq/kUSD/yr201524.05118.2850.271200522.73416.769199043.09327.5310.5891.315MPower2022vs19900.6431.356MIndustry-85%1.6341.565M2022vs20052022vs2021-67%+5%IndustrialCombustion-84%-64%-16%andProcessesBuildings-67%-28%-26%Transport-23%-13%-17%FuelExploitation+59%+73%-6%Agriculture-45%+31%+1%Waste-51%-49%-14%Allsectors-68%-39%-6%105EswatiniGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorCH445.4PowerIndustryFuelExploitationN2O14.8IndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureBuildingsWasteTransport4CO239.83MtCO2eq21019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr1.486M20223.3872.279tCO2eq/kUSD/yr20153.0562.3170.30920053.3693.04719903.3453.8830.3331.319MPower2022vs19900.4991.106MIndustry-50%0.798861.373k2022vs20052022vs2021-34%+32%IndustrialCombustion+36%+52%+16%andProcessesBuildings-36%+1%+5%Transport+72%+56%+9%FuelExploitation+68%-32%-2%Agriculture-7%+3%0%Waste-31%-47%+1%Allsectors+1%+1%+5%106EthiopiaGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorN2O21.6PowerIndustryFuelExploitationCO211.0IndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureF-gases0.0BuildingsWasteTransportCH467.5200150MtCO2eq10050019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr118.065M2022192.4741.630tCO2eq/kUSD/yr2015145.6551.4580.655200595.2121.241199066.2281.3770.81299.873MPower2022vs19901.44676.727MIndustry-92%1.80348.087M2022vs20052022vs2021-49%+2%IndustrialCombustion>+300%>+300%+3%andProcessesBuildings+196%+49%0%Transport>+300%+291%+2%FuelExploitation+105%+21%0%Agriculture+165%+108%+4%Waste+184%+72%+3%Allsectors+191%+102%+3%107FalklandIslandsGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorFuelExploitationCO287.0N2O2.9AgricultureCH410.1PowerIndustryWasteIndustrialCombustionandProcessesBuildingsTransport0.030.025MtCO2eq0.020.0150.010.005019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr3.000k20220.0258.348tCO2eq/kUSD/yr20150.0196.611n/a20050.0134.25819900.0073.544n/a2.898kPower2022vs1990n/a2.939kIndustry>+300%n/a1.989k2022vs20052022vs2021+97%0%IndustrialCombustion+248%+121%0%andProcessesBuildings+142%+160%0%Transport>+300%+111%+1%FuelExploitation+107%+107%0%Agriculturen/an/an/aWaste+67%+16%+1%Allsectors+255%+100%0%108FaroesGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorFuelExploitationN2O14.2AgricultureCO24.1PowerIndustryWasteIndustrialCombustionandProcessesCH481.6BuildingsTransport0.060.05MtCO2eq0.040.030.020.01019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr51.000k20220.0511.001tCO2eq/kUSD/yr20150.0511.041n/a20050.0501.03019900.0481.017n/a48.965kPower2022vs1990n/a48.285kIndustryn/an/a47.594k2022vs20052022vs2021n/an/aIndustrialCombustion+10%+9%+2%andProcessesBuildingsn/an/an/aTransportn/an/an/aFuelExploitationn/an/an/aAgriculture+5%+2%0%Waste+5%+3%0%Allsectors+5%+3%0%109FijiGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorN2O6.8PowerIndustryCO256.8CH429.7IndustrialCombustionandProcessesBuildingsFuelExploitationF-gases6.8TransportAgriculture4Waste3MtCO2eq21019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr936.000k20222.9823.186tCO2eq/kUSD/yr20152.6472.9670.26820053.2974.01219902.1953.0130.242892.149kPower2022vs19900.377821.817kIndustry+33%0.357728.628k2022vs20052022vs2021-46%+2%IndustrialCombustion+209%+7%+5%andProcessesBuildings+6%+172%+2%Transport+149%+17%+3%FuelExploitation+128%+13%0%Agriculture-39%-44%+4%Waste+95%+40%+2%Allsectors+36%-10%+3%110FinlandGHG%in2022N2O9.3GHGemissionsbysectorFuelExploitationCO268.1CH420.7AgricultureF-gases1.9PowerIndustryWasteIndustrialCombustionandProcessesBuildingsTransport120100MtCO2eq80604020019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr5.617M202254.8059.757tCO2eq/kUSD/yr201571.10612.9710.199200587.45216.629199085.55817.1250.2885.482MPower2022vs19900.3725.259MIndustry-32%0.5214.996M2022vs20052022vs2021-47%-7%IndustrialCombustion-34%-24%-6%andProcessesBuildings-57%-38%-1%Transport-17%-22%+1%FuelExploitation+78%-16%-3%Agriculture-19%-10%0%Waste-59%-57%-9%Allsectors-36%-37%-5%111FranceandMonacoGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorN2O7.1PowerIndustryFuelExploitationCO273.3CH416.7IndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureF-gases2.9BuildingsWasteTransport600500MtCO2eq400300200100019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr66.183M2022430.3636.503tCO2eq/kUSD/yr2015464.5257.2070.1382005546.4708.9241990535.1879.3960.16164.457MPower2022vs19900.20861.234MIndustry+6%0.27256.961M2022vs20052022vs2021-15%-2%IndustrialCombustion-39%-33%-6%andProcessesBuildings-26%-31%-6%Transport+3%-10%+1%FuelExploitation-47%-26%-6%Agriculture-21%-12%-2%Waste-7%-25%-2%Allsectors-20%-21%-3%112FrenchGuianaGHG%in2022N2O5.1GHGemissionsbysectorCO260.6CH434.4PowerIndustryFuelExploitationIndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureBuildingsWasteTransport0.6MtCO2eq0.40.2019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr319.000k20220.5851.835tCO2eq/kUSD/yr20150.5191.933n/a20050.3611.77119900.3723.209n/a268.691kPower2022vs1990n/a203.826kIndustry+46%n/a115.784k2022vs20052022vs2021+96%0%IndustrialCombustion+198%+62%0%andProcessesBuildings-28%+33%0%Transport+60%+108%0%FuelExploitation>+300%+63%0%Agriculture-34%-24%0%Waste+197%+65%+3%Allsectors+58%+62%+1%113FrenchPolynesiaGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorCO285.3N2O3.1CH411.6PowerIndustryFuelExploitationIndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureBuildingsWasteTransport1.5MtCO2eq10.5019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr294.000k20221.1223.817tCO2eq/kUSD/yr20151.1914.2880.20320051.1504.51219900.9614.8420.217277.690kPower2022vs19900.199254.886kIndustry-15%0.229198.375k2022vs20052022vs2021-45%+2%IndustrialCombustion+141%-23%+2%andProcessesBuildings-31%+184%+2%Transport+58%+20%+3%FuelExploitationn/a>+300%0%Agriculture+3%+4%0%Waste+54%+21%+1%Allsectors+17%-2%+2%114GabonGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorN2O2.2PowerIndustryCO229.6CH462.4IndustrialCombustionandProcessesBuildingsFuelExploitationF-gases5.7TransportAgriculture40Waste30MtCO2eq2010019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr2.238M202218.6278.323tCO2eq/kUSD/yr201521.67611.2300.559200526.33918.772199020.39121.4150.7181.930MPower2022vs19901.2021.403MIndustry>+300%1.181952.212k2022vs20052022vs2021+131%-8%IndustrialCombustion>+300%+73%+3%andProcessesBuildings+65%+18%-2%Transport-42%-49%-5%FuelExploitation-28%-41%-2%Agriculture-12%+18%+5%Waste+169%+66%+2%Allsectors-9%-29%-2%115GeorgiaGHG%in2022N2O8.8GHGemissionsbysectorCO266.6PowerIndustryFuelExploitationCH422.2IndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureF-gases2.4BuildingsWasteTransport5040MtCO2eq302010019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr3.876M202218.0464.656tCO2eq/kUSD/yr201516.4724.1690.285200511.2602.510199042.1247.7860.3513.952MPower2022vs19900.3944.487MIndustry-92%0.7885.410M2022vs20052022vs2021+52%0%IndustrialCombustion-46%+158%-1%andProcessesBuildings-45%+159%0%Transport+4%+155%+4%FuelExploitation-47%-74%+1%Agriculture-23%-18%-1%Waste-30%0%+1%Allsectors-57%+60%+1%116GermanyGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorCO285.9N2O4.0CH48.4PowerIndustryFuelExploitationF-gases1.7IndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureBuildingsWasteTransport1500MtCO2eq1000500019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr82.592M2022784.0059.493tCO2eq/kUSD/yr2015908.13211.1140.1742005983.71312.04519901235.23515.6130.21781.708MPower2022vs19900.27181.671MIndustry-36%0.42479.118M2022vs20052022vs2021-30%+5%IndustrialCombustion-38%-8%-6%andProcessesBuildings-42%-22%-8%Transport-10%-7%+2%FuelExploitation-58%-17%-1%Agriculture-34%-13%-2%Waste-65%-49%-6%Allsectors-37%-20%-1%117GhanaGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorCH443.7PowerIndustryN2O6.4F-gases3.8IndustrialCombustionandProcessesBuildingsFuelExploitationTransportAgriculture60WasteCO246.150MtCO2eq40302010019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr32.018M202253.0071.656tCO2eq/kUSD/yr201536.4921.3230.288200519.3110.896199011.3190.7740.27427.583MPower2022vs19900.27921.542MIndustryn/a0.31914.628M2022vs20052022vs2021>+300%-2%IndustrialCombustion>+300%+170%+4%andProcessesBuildings+47%+72%+3%Transport>+300%+192%+6%FuelExploitation>+300%>+300%+3%Agriculture+164%+79%+2%Waste+148%+58%+2%Allsectors>+300%+174%+3%118GibraltarGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorCO296.3N2O1.3CH42.4PowerIndustryIndustrialCombustionandProcessesFuelExploitationBuildingsAgricultureTransportWaste0.80.6MtCO2eq0.40.2019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr35.000k20220.68919.685tCO2eq/kUSD/yr20150.61417.9330.23520050.42813.35219900.1605.4790.61434.228kPower2022vs19900.57632.085kIndustry+102%0.45329.164k2022vs20052022vs2021+10%0%IndustrialCombustion-16%-42%+3%andProcessesBuildings>+300%>+300%0%Transport>+300%+83%+4%FuelExploitationn/an/an/aAgriculturen/an/an/aWaste+40%+18%+1%Allsectors>+300%+61%+4%119GreeceGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorCO274.7N2O4.8CH412.9PowerIndustryIndustrialCombustionandProcessesFuelExploitationF-gases7.7BuildingsAgricultureTransportWaste150MtCO2eq10050019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr11.044M202276.0316.884tCO2eq/kUSD/yr201591.3748.1450.2282005128.97611.413199099.5149.7100.29911.218MPower2022vs19900.33911.301MIndustry-50%0.40210.248M2022vs20052022vs2021-63%-3%IndustrialCombustion-26%-34%+1%andProcessesBuildings-8%-45%+7%Transport+16%-19%+13%FuelExploitation-3%-22%+9%Agriculture-29%-16%-1%Waste+6%-26%-2%Allsectors-24%-41%+3%120GreenlandGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorCO286.4N2O1.3CH412.3PowerIndustryFuelExploitationIndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureBuildingsWasteTransport0.80.6MtCO2eq0.40.2019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr57.000k20220.5409.465tCO2eq/kUSD/yr20150.59910.6170.00220050.69412.18619900.0651.1730.00256.377kPower2022vs19900.00356.951kIndustryn/a0.00055.604k2022vs20052022vs2021-41%+4%IndustrialCombustionn/a-46%+4%andProcessesBuildingsn/a-19%+4%Transportn/a-9%+14%FuelExploitationn/an/an/aAgriculturen/an/an/aWaste+5%+1%0%Allsectorsn/a-22%+5%121GrenadaGHG%in2022N2O4.4GHGemissionsbysectorCO263.1CH430.7F-gases1.8PowerIndustryFuelExploitationIndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureBuildingsWasteTransport0.250.2MtCO2eq0.150.10.05019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr111.000k20220.1941.748tCO2eq/kUSD/yr20150.1771.6570.10820050.1281.24519900.1011.0500.107106.823kPower2022vs19900.086102.949kIndustry+160%0.11996.283k2022vs20052022vs2021+73%+4%IndustrialCombustion+132%+82%+3%andProcessesBuildings+67%+142%+4%Transport+194%+87%+4%FuelExploitationn/an/an/aAgriculture+6%+4%0%Waste+38%+15%+2%Allsectors+92%+51%+3%122GuadeloupeGHG%in2022N2O5.0GHGemissionsbysectorCO271.8CH423.2PowerIndustryFuelExploitationIndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureBuildingsWasteTransport1.5MtCO2eq10.5019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr448.000k20221.2602.813tCO2eq/kUSD/yr20151.2382.749n/a20050.9912.25619900.9592.486n/a450.418kPower2022vs1990n/a439.552kIndustry+64%n/a385.878k2022vs20052022vs2021+44%+4%IndustrialCombustion+4%+37%+1%andProcessesBuildings-57%-20%+4%Transport+80%+52%+4%FuelExploitation+58%-9%0%Agriculture+4%-8%0%Waste+30%+9%0%Allsectors+31%+27%+2%123GuatemalaGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorCH444.3PowerIndustryN2O10.4F-gases0.7IndustrialCombustionandProcessesBuildingsFuelExploitationTransportAgriculture50WasteCO244.640MtCO2eq302010019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr18.577M202245.0182.423tCO2eq/kUSD/yr201538.0832.3430.283200527.4032.092199014.1511.5280.30116.252MPower2022vs19900.31313.096MIndustry>+300%0.2819.264M2022vs20052022vs2021+12%-18%IndustrialCombustion+241%+59%+4%andProcessesBuildings+158%+71%+2%Transport>+300%+101%+6%FuelExploitation+179%+69%+2%Agriculture+120%+64%+2%Waste+159%+62%+2%Allsectors+218%+64%+1%124GuineaGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorN2O14.0PowerIndustryFuelExploitationCO213.0CH470.2IndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureF-gases2.7BuildingsWasteTransport3025MtCO2eq2015105019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr14.475M202229.2802.023tCO2eq/kUSD/yr201523.1971.9180.783200513.7811.42419907.9011.3080.97212.091MPower2022vs19900.8439.680MIndustry+181%0.8256.041M2022vs20052022vs2021+42%+5%IndustrialCombustion>+300%+270%+5%andProcessesBuildings+51%+18%+1%Transport+296%+81%+5%FuelExploitation+164%+44%0%Agriculture>+300%+146%+4%Waste+194%+70%+3%Allsectors+271%+112%+4%125Guinea-BissauGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorN2O17.2CH472.0CO210.8PowerIndustryFuelExploitationIndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureBuildingsWasteTransport43MtCO2eq21019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr2.096M20223.2431.547tCO2eq/kUSD/yr20152.9781.6820.83020052.1821.58019901.6631.6430.9521.771MPower2022vs19900.9671.381MIndustry+60%0.8551.012M2022vs20052022vs2021+1%+5%IndustrialCombustion+176%+76%+3%andProcessesBuildings+78%+32%0%Transport+125%+28%+5%FuelExploitation+121%+40%0%Agriculture+83%+53%+1%Waste+149%+69%+3%Allsectors+95%+49%+2%126GuyanaGHG%in2022CH432.7GHGemissionsbysectorN2O18.5PowerIndustryFuelExploitationIndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureBuildingsWasteTransport8CO248.86MtCO2eq42019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr799.000k20227.7919.751tCO2eq/kUSD/yr20155.7787.5180.28020054.4475.92219903.8495.1780.669768.514kPower2022vs19900.748750.946kIndustry+232%1.069743.309k2022vs20052022vs2021+133%0%IndustrialCombustion+109%>+300%0%andProcessesBuildings+50%+23%0%Transport>+300%+104%0%FuelExploitation>+300%>+300%+8%Agriculture+35%+18%+2%Waste+24%+13%+1%Allsectors+102%+75%+2%127HaitiGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorN2O9.5PowerIndustryFuelExploitationCO223.1CH467.4IndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureBuildingsWasteTransport15MtCO2eq105019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr11.623M202214.8741.280tCO2eq/kUSD/yr201514.5161.3550.459200511.2511.21519907.9251.1160.43610.711MPower2022vs19900.4249.263MIndustry+240%0.3177.100M2022vs20052022vs2021>+300%+4%IndustrialCombustion+121%+44%+3%andProcessesBuildings+95%+22%+1%Transport+235%+82%+4%FuelExploitation+80%+33%0%Agriculture+48%+4%0%Waste+92%+37%+1%Allsectors+88%+32%+1%128HondurasGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorCH442.6PowerIndustryN2O9.7F-gases3.0IndustrialCombustionandProcessesBuildingsFuelExploitationTransportAgriculture25WasteCO244.720MtCO2eq15105019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr10.017M202223.7452.370tCO2eq/kUSD/yr201522.6092.5230.399200516.5262.24119909.6531.9480.4708.961MPower2022vs19900.4877.373MIndustry>+300%0.4884.955M2022vs20052022vs2021+103%+6%IndustrialCombustion+159%-6%+5%andProcessesBuildings+56%+8%+3%Transport>+300%+99%+6%FuelExploitation-98%>+300%-12%Agriculture+37%+22%0%Waste+182%+66%+3%Allsectors+146%+44%+3%129HongKongGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorCO282.9N2O1.3CH415.2PowerIndustryFuelExploitationF-gases0.6IndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureBuildingsWasteTransport6050MtCO2eq40302010019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr7.643M202239.1405.121tCO2eq/kUSD/yr201550.4446.9620.091200548.3647.083199039.9746.9140.1217.246MPower2022vs19900.1626.828MIndustry-12%0.2435.781M2022vs20052022vs2021-31%-2%IndustrialCombustion-33%+12%-10%andProcessesBuildings+4%-23%-7%Transport+31%-1%-14%FuelExploitation>+300%+174%-7%Agriculture-50%-11%-1%Waste+49%+19%+1%Allsectors-2%-19%-5%130HungaryGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorN2O9.1PowerIndustryCO271.4CH415.8IndustrialCombustionandProcessesF-gases3.7BuildingsFuelExploitationTransportAgriculture100Waste80MtCO2eq604020019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr9.551M202266.2086.932tCO2eq/kUSD/yr201564.4826.5910.194200580.2447.956199096.7819.3260.2389.784MPower2022vs19900.32610.086MIndustry-56%0.49110.378M2022vs20052022vs2021-50%-14%IndustrialCombustion-33%+2%-5%andProcessesBuildings-45%-36%-13%Transport+57%+13%0%FuelExploitation-12%+23%-4%Agriculture-36%0%0%Waste-35%-22%+1%Allsectors-32%-17%-6%131IcelandGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorN2O6.1PowerIndustryCO274.6CH412.1IndustrialCombustionandProcessesF-gases7.1BuildingsFuelExploitationTransportAgriculture6Waste5MtCO2eq4321019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr348.000k20224.76813.702tCO2eq/kUSD/yr20154.89014.8070.22720054.26614.46419904.42817.3600.283330.243kPower2022vs19900.299294.979kIndustry-25%0.500255.043k2022vs20052022vs2021-64%+33%IndustrialCombustion-7%+9%+1%andProcessesBuildings0%-2%+33%Transport+78%+67%+33%FuelExploitationn/an/an/aAgriculture-14%-7%-1%Waste+36%-18%+1%Allsectors+8%+12%+11%132IndiaGHG%in2022N2O6.5GHGemissionsbysectorCH423.5F-gases1.7PowerIndustryFuelExploitationCO268.3IndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureBuildingsWasteTransport40003000MtCO2eq20001000019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr1.411G20223943.2652.794tCO2eq/kUSD/yr20153389.8822.5900.39220052203.1001.92619901436.5811.6510.4741.309GPower2022vs19900.5921.144GIndustry>+300%0.907870.133M2022vs20052022vs2021+124%+8%IndustrialCombustion>+300%+153%+5%andProcessesBuildings+110%+52%+6%Transport>+300%+157%+9%FuelExploitation+115%+34%+6%Agriculture+31%+17%+1%Waste+89%+35%+2%Allsectors+174%+79%+5%133IndonesiaGHG%in2022N2O6.4GHGemissionsbysectorPowerIndustryFuelExploitationCO255.8CH436.5IndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureF-gases1.3BuildingsWasteTransport1500MtCO2eq1000500019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr277.425M20221240.8334.473tCO2eq/kUSD/yr2015961.4073.7240.3632005694.3143.0631990427.6552.3570.367258.162MPower2022vs19900.458226.713MIndustry>+300%0.519181.437M2022vs20052022vs2021+172%+6%IndustrialCombustion>+300%+106%+26%andProcessesBuildings+2%-37%+8%Transport>+300%+104%+10%FuelExploitation+171%+106%+7%Agriculture+25%+19%+1%Waste+173%+66%+13%Allsectors+190%+79%+10%134IranGHG%in2022N2O3.0GHGemissionsbysectorCO272.1CH423.0PowerIndustryFuelExploitationF-gases1.9IndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureBuildingsWasteTransport1000800MtCO2eq600400200019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr84.982M2022951.98411.202tCO2eq/kUSD/yr2015857.02210.7990.7022005683.5579.7071990332.7635.9180.74879.361MPower2022vs19900.73170.422MIndustry>+300%0.63256.226M2022vs20052022vs2021+77%+2%IndustrialCombustion+243%+79%0%andProcessesBuildings+153%+9%-1%Transport+278%+41%+9%FuelExploitation+144%+29%0%Agriculture+8%-10%+3%Waste+104%+42%0%Allsectors+186%+39%+2%135IraqGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorN2O1.7PowerIndustryCO252.7CH444.6IndustrialCombustionandProcessesBuildingsFuelExploitationTransportAgriculture400WasteF-gases1.1300MtCO2eq200100019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr43.736M2022367.9418.413tCO2eq/kUSD/yr2015273.1067.5620.8992005163.8496.0671990169.6329.7100.77236.116MPower2022vs19900.82127.008MIndustry>+300%1.28917.469M2022vs20052022vs2021+173%+11%IndustrialCombustion+101%+181%+5%andProcessesBuildings+90%+20%+10%Transport+64%+37%+11%FuelExploitation+100%+159%+8%Agriculture0%+14%-1%Waste+157%+76%+3%Allsectors+117%+125%+8%136IrelandGHG%in2022N2O11.0GHGemissionsbysectorCO260.5PowerIndustryFuelExploitationCH427.3IndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureF-gases1.2BuildingsWasteTransport8060MtCO2eq4020019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr4.962M202262.41912.579tCO2eq/kUSD/yr201564.02113.6210.108200575.33917.883199057.59116.1350.1904.700MPower2022vs19900.3144.213MIndustry-19%0.6123.569M2022vs20052022vs2021-43%0%IndustrialCombustion+4%-20%+2%andProcessesBuildings-4%-6%+3%Transport+138%-7%+10%FuelExploitation+31%-7%0%Agriculture+5%-3%-1%Waste-61%-72%-5%Allsectors+8%-17%+2%137IsraelandPalestine,StateofGHG%in2022N2O3.0GHGemissionsbysectorCO270.4CH420.0PowerIndustryFuelExploitationF-gases6.6IndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureBuildingsWasteTransport10080MtCO2eq604020019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr14.568M202287.7546.024tCO2eq/kUSD/yr201586.8796.8260.194200573.9417.264199042.6936.4670.25512.727MPower2022vs19900.32310.179MIndustry+79%0.4046.601M2022vs20052022vs2021-18%-1%IndustrialCombustion+111%+136%+2%andProcessesBuildings+2%-54%+10%Transport+133%+39%+12%FuelExploitation+289%+222%+11%Agriculture+83%+37%+1%Waste+109%+40%+2%Allsectors+106%+19%+4%138Italy,SanMarinoandtheHolySeeGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorFuelExploitationCO281.8N2O3.8AgricultureCH411.0PowerIndustryWasteF-gases3.5IndustrialCombustionandProcessesBuildingsTransport600500MtCO2eq400300200100019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr58.937M2022394.7486.698tCO2eq/kUSD/yr2015430.2977.2310.1532005580.4279.8701990513.7388.9930.17659.504MPower2022vs19900.22658.809MIndustry-21%0.24857.127M2022vs20052022vs2021-39%+5%IndustrialCombustion-44%-45%-4%andProcessesBuildings-8%-23%-6%Transport-2%-23%+5%FuelExploitation-41%-32%0%Agriculture-19%+3%0%Waste-50%-48%-4%Allsectors-23%-32%0%139JamaicaGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorN2O4.0PowerIndustryFuelExploitationCO278.9CH414.9IndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureF-gases2.2BuildingsWasteTransport15MtCO2eq105019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr2.924M20227.7072.636tCO2eq/kUSD/yr20158.6893.0260.272200512.5984.59019909.2903.8320.3172.872MPower2022vs19900.4642.745MIndustry+19%0.4472.424M2022vs20052022vs2021-48%-4%IndustrialCombustion-51%-47%+1%andProcessesBuildings-7%-29%+3%Transport+55%-24%+4%FuelExploitation-67%-38%0%Agriculture-39%-36%0%Waste+26%+7%0%Allsectors-17%-39%0%140JapanGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorCO291.5N2O1.4CH45.1PowerIndustryFuelExploitationIndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureF-gases2.0BuildingsWasteTransport1500MtCO2eq1000500019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr125.697M20221182.7709.410tCO2eq/kUSD/yr20151335.56810.4360.22720051402.60810.92919901321.80810.6160.260127.975MPower2022vs19900.287128.336MIndustry+26%0.326124.516M2022vs20052022vs2021+4%+3%IndustrialCombustion-34%-26%-2%andProcessesBuildings-10%-29%-1%Transport-13%-27%+1%FuelExploitation-39%-28%-1%Agriculture-21%+2%-1%Waste-54%-31%-1%Allsectors-11%-16%+1%141JordanGHG%in2022N2O3.2GHGemissionsbysectorCO268.3CH419.9PowerIndustryFuelExploitationF-gases8.6IndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureBuildingsWasteTransport4030MtCO2eq20100199019921994199619982000200220042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796.5060.161200584.1187.961199059.4655.9740.21010.418MPower2022vs19900.25810.566MIndustry-39%0.2539.953M2022vs20052022vs2021-64%-3%IndustrialCombustion-6%-16%+2%andProcessesBuildings+11%-35%+5%Transport+67%-15%+10%FuelExploitation+67%+6%+8%Agriculture-11%+5%+1%Waste-5%-12%+2%Allsectors0%-29%+4%192PuertoRicoGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorCO282.7N2O1.9CH415.4PowerIndustryFuelExploitationIndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureBuildingsWasteTransport3025MtCO2eq2015105019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr3.641M202215.2654.192tCO2eq/kUSD/yr201514.2153.8690.138200528.5857.592199021.7116.1710.1193.674MPower2022vs19900.2183.765MIndustry-29%0.2843.518M2022vs20052022vs2021-54%-3%IndustrialCombustion-84%-61%+4%andProcessesBuildings-37%-11%+3%Transport+6%-35%+4%FuelExploitation-48%+218%-6%Agriculture-36%-1%0%Waste+6%-7%0%Allsectors-30%-47%-2%193QatarGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorN2O0.5PowerIndustryCO252.7CH445.2IndustrialCombustionandProcessesBuildingsFuelExploitationTransportAgriculture200WasteF-gases1.6150MtCO2eq10050019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr2.889M2022194.65267.377tCO2eq/kUSD/yr2015187.60675.6010.744200583.44596.484199029.08161.0370.7622.482MPower2022vs19901.099864.863kIndustry>+300%1.018476.445k2022vs20052022vs2021+154%-8%IndustrialCombustion>+300%+153%-3%andProcessesBuildings>+300%+206%+14%Transport>+300%+218%+14%FuelExploitation>+300%+116%-1%Agriculture>+300%>+300%+7%Waste>+300%+141%-2%Allsectors>+300%+133%-1%194RéunionGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorFuelExploitationCO287.0N2O3.8AgricultureCH49.3PowerIndustryWasteIndustrialCombustionandProcessesBuildingsTransport43MtCO2eq21019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr909.000k20223.1473.462tCO2eq/kUSD/yr20152.9263.389n/a20052.7573.48319901.1631.905n/a863.363kPower2022vs1990n/a791.598kIndustry+181%n/a610.582k2022vs20052022vs2021+2%+2%IndustrialCombustion+119%+19%+2%andProcessesBuildings+67%-12%+2%Transport+286%+27%+4%FuelExploitation+8%-4%0%Agriculture+53%-1%+1%Waste+125%+16%+1%Allsectors+171%+14%+3%195RomaniaGHG%in2022N2O9.3GHGemissionsbysectorFuelExploitationCO266.0CH421.5AgricultureF-gases3.1PowerIndustryWasteIndustrialCombustionandProcessesBuildingsTransport250200MtCO2eq15010050019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr19.202M2022117.0616.096tCO2eq/kUSD/yr2015117.5965.9160.1892005140.1236.5381990245.77410.4630.24819.877MPower2022vs19900.39021.431MIndustry-73%0.79223.489M2022vs20052022vs2021-49%-5%IndustrialCombustion-64%-19%-3%andProcessesBuildings-34%-6%-11%Transport+64%+61%+3%FuelExploitation-65%-53%0%Agriculture-46%+7%-1%Waste+125%+54%+2%Allsectors-52%-16%-2%196RussiaGHG%in2022N2O3.0GHGemissionsbysectorCO274.0CH420.7F-gases2.3PowerIndustryFuelExploitationIndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureBuildingsWasteTransport40003000MtCO2eq20001000019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr143.441M20222579.79817.985tCO2eq/kUSD/yr20152294.77715.9480.64120052221.77315.47019903053.15020.6900.615143.888MPower2022vs19900.772143.618MIndustry-27%0.960147.564M2022vs20052022vs2021-3%+3%IndustrialCombustion+8%+56%-4%andProcessesBuildings-44%+38%-10%Transport-18%+12%-2%FuelExploitation+29%+13%-1%Agriculture-53%+16%0%Waste+65%+55%+1%Allsectors-16%+16%-1%197RwandaGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorN2O15.1PowerIndustryFuelExploitationCO218.0CH466.6IndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureF-gases0.3BuildingsWasteTransport108MtCO2eq642019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr13.669M20229.0320.661tCO2eq/kUSD/yr20157.8750.6770.27720055.5410.61619906.2200.8600.36711.630MPower2022vs19900.5468.992MIndustryn/a0.9117.236M2022vs20052022vs2021+42%+3%IndustrialCombustion+152%+223%+2%andProcessesBuildings+60%+41%0%Transport+84%+98%+2%FuelExploitation-64%+54%0%Agriculture+155%+53%0%Waste+120%+64%+2%Allsectors+45%+63%+1%198SaintHelena,AscensionandTristanGHG%in2022daCuGHnGhaemissionsbysectorCO288.0N2O1.8CH410.2PowerIndustryFuelExploitationIndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureBuildingsWasteTransport0.0250.02MtCO2eq0.0150.010.005019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr4.000k20220.0205.084tCO2eq/kUSD/yr20150.0174.247n/a20050.0112.66619900.0111.969n/a4.034kPower2022vs1990n/a4.275kIndustry+187%n/a5.535k2022vs20052022vs2021+1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.336319.929MPower2022vs19900.442295.130MIndustry-15%0.610252.530M2022vs20052022vs2021-36%-1%IndustrialCombustion-6%-2%+3%andProcessesBuildings-5%-7%+5%Transport+20%-5%+3%FuelExploitation-4%-3%+3%Agriculture+14%+5%-2%Waste-35%-6%+1%Allsectors-2%-15%+2%242UruguayGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorN2O14.1PowerIndustryCH465.0IndustrialCombustionandProcessesBuildingsFuelExploitationCO220.4TransportAgricultureF-gases0.550Waste40MtCO2eq302010019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr3.518M202241.90811.912tCO2eq/kUSD/yr201541.68012.1460.501200538.12511.464199029.6499.5330.5393.432MPower2022vs19900.7773.326MIndustry+119%0.8563.110M2022vs20052022vs2021-12%0%IndustrialCombustion+122%+89%+1%andProcessesBuildings+11%+6%0%Transport+192%+95%0%FuelExploitation+103%+23%0%Agriculture+8%-15%0%Waste>+300%>+300%0%Allsectors+41%+10%0%243UzbekistanGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorN2O6.2PowerIndustryCO258.3CH435.4IndustrialCombustionandProcessesF-gases0.1BuildingsFuelExploitationTransportAgriculture250Waste200MtCO2eq15010050019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr34.047M2022227.2076.673tCO2eq/kUSD/yr2015187.8866.0660.7892005191.5797.2261990177.1738.6580.93830.976MPower2022vs19902.01926.512MIndustry-3%2.37420.462M2022vs20052022vs2021+22%+5%IndustrialCombustion+172%+3%+2%andProcessesBuildings-34%-6%+5%Transport+135%+48%+2%FuelExploitation+88%-15%-1%Agriculture+86%+120%+3%Waste+109%+53%+2%Allsectors+28%+19%+3%244VanuatuGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorN2O11.7PowerIndustryFuelExploitationCO237.2IndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureBuildingsWasteCH451.0Transport0.80.6MtCO2eq0.40.2019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr306.000k20220.5861.915tCO2eq/kUSD/yr20150.6712.5350.64420050.5642.69219900.4803.2710.849264.603kPower2022vs19900.950209.370kIndustry+61%1.146146.634k2022vs20052022vs2021+34%+2%IndustrialCombustion>+300%+76%+2%andProcessesBuildings+54%+252%+1%Transport+200%+189%+3%FuelExploitation+298%+61%0%Agriculture-29%-39%-8%Waste+153%+59%+2%Allsectors+22%+4%-2%245VenezuelaGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorN2O5.2PowerIndustryCO257.2CH432.9IndustrialCombustionandProcessesBuildingsFuelExploitationF-gases4.7TransportAgriculture300Waste250MtCO2eq20015010050019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr33.938M2022169.5174.995tCO2eq/kUSD/yr2015264.0258.4751.0242005247.4919.2401990166.7558.3960.49231.155MPower2022vs19900.55626.784MIndustry-43%0.52319.862M2022vs20052022vs2021-57%+4%IndustrialCombustion-26%-47%+8%andProcessesBuildings-40%-59%+11%Transport+9%-25%+18%FuelExploitation+17%-36%+6%Agriculture+20%-6%-1%Waste+56%+5%-1%Allsectors+2%-32%+6%246VietnamGHG%in2022N2O3.9GHGemissionsbysectorCO267.0CH427.1PowerIndustryFuelExploitationF-gases2.0IndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureBuildingsWasteTransport500400MtCO2eq300200100019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr100.195M2022489.1594.882tCO2eq/kUSD/yr2015358.0623.8270.4372005239.9002.8451990112.0211.6420.48093.572MPower2022vs19900.58984.309MIndustry>+300%0.79768.210M2022vs20052022vs2021>+300%-10%IndustrialCombustion>+300%+236%+1%andProcessesBuildings+159%0%+7%Transport>+300%+93%+11%FuelExploitation>+300%+26%+4%Agriculture+26%-1%-1%Waste+126%+51%+2%Allsectors>+300%+104%-2%247WesternSaharaFuelExploitationGHG%in2022AgricultureGHGemissionsbysectorWasteCH447.9N2O2.9PowerIndustryIndustrialCombustionandProcessesCO249.2BuildingsTransport0.50.4MtCO2eq0.30.20.1019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr626.000k20220.4900.783tCO2eq/kUSD/yr20150.4690.891n/a20050.4561.04319900.2411.108n/a526.216kPower2022vs1990n/a437.515kIndustry+40%n/a217.258k2022vs20052022vs2021-13%0%IndustrialCombustion+175%+54%0%andProcessesBuildings+6%-40%0%Transport+63%-7%0%FuelExploitationn/an/an/aAgriculturen/an/an/aWaste+180%+28%+1%Allsectors+104%+8%+1%248YemenGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorN2O10.2PowerIndustryCO232.3CH442.8IndustrialCombustionandProcessesBuildingsFuelExploitationTransportAgriculture60WasteF-gases14.750MtCO2eq40302010019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr31.576M202238.0061.204tCO2eq/kUSD/yr201535.0671.3030.315200545.3792.205199018.2421.5130.31926.916MPower2022vs19900.49720.583MIndustry+63%0.42612.057M2022vs20052022vs2021-50%+4%IndustrialCombustion>+300%+47%+6%andProcessesBuildings+293%-50%+5%Transport-28%-48%+5%FuelExploitation+39%-55%0%Agriculture+70%+18%0%Waste+207%+56%+2%Allsectors+108%-16%+3%249ZambiaGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorCH444.1PowerIndustryFuelExploitationN2O25.3F-gases0.0IndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureCO230.6BuildingsWasteTransport4030MtCO2eq2010019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr19.803M202230.3311.532tCO2eq/kUSD/yr201524.9871.5520.459200517.3211.437199016.2872.0290.45716.100MPower2022vs19900.61812.053MIndustry>+300%0.9258.027M2022vs20052022vs2021>+300%+10%IndustrialCombustion+55%+102%+2%andProcessesBuildings+81%+51%0%Transport+256%+178%+2%FuelExploitation+90%+36%0%Agriculture+37%+42%+1%Waste+163%+71%+3%Allsectors+86%+75%+2%250ZimbabweGHG%in2022GHGemissionsbysectorN2O14.7PowerIndustryFuelExploitationCH449.4IndustrialCombustionandProcessesAgricultureBuildingsWasteCO233.9TransportF-gases2.14030MtCO2eq2010019901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022YearGHGemissionsGHGemissionspercapitaGHGemissionsperunitofGDPPPPPopulationMtCO2eq/yrtCO2eq/cap/yr18.438M202230.1901.637tCO2eq/kUSD/yr201531.6102.0040.863200528.5932.210199035.2563.4620.96515.777MPower2022vs19901.28912.940MIndustry-34%1.28910.183M2022vs20052022vs2021-25%+10%IndustrialCombustion-47%+14%+5%andProcessesBuildings-11%+7%+1%Transport+10%+75%+2%FuelExploitation-48%-49%+1%Agriculture-5%+10%0%Waste+82%+39%+2%Allsectors-14%+6%+2%251Annex7.GHGemissionsandremovalsfromLULUCFsectorbymacro-regionsThefollowingtenmacro-regions46arepresented:Africa,Asia-PacificDeveloped,EasternAsia,Eurasia,Europe,LatinAmericaandCaribbean,MiddleEast,NorthAmerica,South-EastAsiaanddevelopingPacific,SouthernAsia.ThefollowingLULUCFsectorsareincluded:ForestLand,Deforestation,OrganicSoil,OtherandFires.(46)MacroregionsclassificationfollowsthedefinitionusedintheSixthAssessmentReportoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCCAR6).252AfricaGHGemissionsandremovalsfromLULUCFsectorForestLandDeforestationFiresOrganicSoilOtherNet321GtCO2eq0-1-2-319901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022Year1990200020152022Netflux(GtCO2eq/yr)0.0330.9471.3011.608CountriesincludedinAfrica:Algeria;Angola;Benin;Botswana;BurkinaFaso;Burundi;CaboVerde;Cameroon;CentralAfricanRepublic;Chad;Comoros;Congo;Côted’Ivoire;DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo;Djibouti;Egypt;EquatorialGuinea;Eritrea;Eswatini;Ethiopia;Gabon;Ghana;Guinea;Guinea-Bissau;Kenya;Lesotho;Liberia;Libya;Madagascar;Malawi;Mali;Mauritania;Mauritius;Morocco;Mozambique;Namibia;Niger;Nigeria;Rwanda;Réunion;SaintHelena,AscensionandTristandaCunha;Senegal;Seychelles;SierraLeone;Somalia;SouthAfrica;SudanandSouthSudan;SãoToméandPríncipe;Tanzania;TheGambia;Togo;Tunisia;Uganda;WesternSahara;Zambia;Zimbabwe.253Asia-PacificDevelopedGHGemissionsandremovalsfromLULUCFsectorForestLandDeforestationFiresOrganicSoilOtherNet1.51GtCO2eq0.50-0.5-119901992Year1994Netflux(GtCO2eq/yr)1996199820002002200420062008201020122014201620182020202219902000201520220.0660.3610.106-0.139CountriesincludedinAsia-PacificDeveloped:Australia;Japan;NewZealand.254EasternAsiaGHGemissionsandremovalsfromLULUCFsectorForestLandDeforestationFiresOrganicSoilOtherNet0.50GtCO2eq-0.5-119901992Year1994Netflux(GtCO2eq/yr)199619982000200220042006200820102012201420162018202020221990200020152022-0.250-0.707-0.955-0.598CountriesincludedinEasternAsia:China;HongKong;Macao;Mongolia;NorthKorea;SouthKorea;Taiwan.255EurasiaGHGemissionsandremovalsfromLULUCFsectorForestLandDeforestationFiresOrganicSoilOtherNet10GtCO2eq-1-2-319901992Year1994Netflux(GtCO2eq/yr)199619982000200220042006200820102012201420162018202020221990200020152022-1.198-1.368-1.776-1.712CountriesincludedinEurasia:Armenia;Azerbaijan;Belarus;Georgia;Kazakhstan;Kyrgyzstan;Moldova;NorthMacedonia;Russia;SerbiaandMontenegro;Tajikistan;Turkmenistan;Uzbekistan.256EuropeGHGemissionsandremovalsfromLULUCFsectorForestLandDeforestationFiresOrganicSoilOtherNet0.50GtCO2eq-0.5-119901992Year1994Netflux(GtCO2eq/yr)199619982000200220042006200820102012201420162018202020221990200020152022-0.454-0.414-0.363-0.287CountriesincludedinEurope:Albania;Austria;Belgium;BosniaandHerzegovina;Bulgaria;Croatia;Cyprus;Czechia;Denmark;Estonia;Faroes;Finland;FranceandMonaco;Germany;Gibraltar;Greece;Hungary;Iceland;Ireland;Italy,SanMarinoandtheHolySee;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;Netherlands;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;Slovakia;Slovenia;SpainandAndorra;Sweden;SwitzerlandandLiechtenstein;Türkiye;Ukraine;UnitedKingdom.257LatinAmericaandCaribbeanGHGemissionsandremovalsfromLULUCFsectorForestLandDeforestationFiresOrganicSoilOtherNet42GtCO2eq0-2-419901992Year1994Netflux(GtCO2eq/yr)199619982000200220042006200820102012201420162018202020221990200020152022-0.5970.213-0.344-0.396CountriesincludedinLatinAmericaandCaribbean:Anguilla;AntiguaandBarbuda;Argentina;Aruba;Bahamas;Barbados;Belize;Bolivia;Brazil;BritishVirginIslands;CaymanIslands;Chile;Colombia;CostaRica;Cuba;Curaçao;Dominica;DominicanRepublic;Ecuador;ElSalvador;FalklandIslands;FrenchGuiana;Grenada;Guadeloupe;Guatemala;Guyana;Haiti;Honduras;Jamaica;Martinique;Mexico;Nicaragua;Panama;Paraguay;Peru;PuertoRico;SaintKittsandNevis;SaintLucia;SaintVincentandtheGrenadines;Suriname;TrinidadandTobago;TurksandCaicosIslands;Uruguay;Venezuela.258MiddleEastGHGemissionsandremovalsfromLULUCFsectorForestLandDeforestationFiresOrganicSoilOtherNet0.150.1GtCO2eq0.050-0.0519901992Year1994Netflux(GtCO2eq/yr)1996199820002002200420062008201020122014201620182020202219902000201520220.0900.0930.0910.091CountriesincludedinMiddleEast:Bahrain;Iran;Iraq;IsraelandPalestine,Stateof;Jordan;Kuwait;Lebanon;Oman;Qatar;SaudiArabia;Syria;UnitedArabEmirates;Yemen.259NorthAmericaGHGemissionsandremovalsfromLULUCFsectorForestLandDeforestationFiresOrganicSoilOtherNet10GtCO2eq-1-2-319901992Year1994Netflux(GtCO2eq/yr)199619982000200220042006200820102012201420162018202020221990200020152022-1.508-1.583-1.777-1.982CountriesincludedinNorthAmerica:Bermuda;Canada;Greenland;SaintPierreandMiquelon;UnitedStates.260South-EastAsiaanddevelopingPacificGHGemissionsandremovalsfromLULUCFsectorForestLandDeforestationFiresOrganicSoilOtherNet43GtCO2eq210-119901992Year1994Netflux(GtCO2eq/yr)1996199820002002200420062008201020122014201620182020202219902000201520222.3851.9412.9472.150CountriesincludedinSouth-EastAsiaanddevelopingPacific:Brunei;Cambodia;CookIslands;Fiji;FrenchPolynesia;Indonesia;Kiribati;Laos;Malaysia;Myanmar/Burma;NewCaledonia;Palau;PapuaNewGuinea;Philippines;Samoa;Singapore;SolomonIslands;Thailand;Timor-Leste;Tonga;Vanuatu;Vietnam.261SouthernAsiaGHGemissionsandremovalsfromLULUCFsectorForestLandDeforestationFiresOrganicSoilOtherNet1.51GtCO2eq0.50-0.519901992Year1994Netflux(GtCO2eq/yr)1996199820002002200420062008201020122014201620182020202219902000201520221.2661.1101.1231.090CountriesincludedinSouthernAsia:Afghanistan;Bangladesh;Bhutan;India;Maldives;Nepal;Pakistan;SriLanka.262DisclaimerThispublicationpresentsGHGemissionsfromallcountries,whileGHGemissionsfromLULUCFarepresentedforEU27andbymacro-regionswithoutanyprejudicetothestatusorsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothedelimitationofinternationalfrontiersandboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory.CountrynamesareconsistentwiththeInterinstitutionalStyleGuideoftheEuropeanCommissionavailableathttp://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-370100.htm,the“Shortname”definitionlistedinthe"Listofcountries,territoriesandcurrencies"tableathttp://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-5000500.htmhasbeenused(updatedon04/07/2023).WithoutprejudicetotherulesapplyingtotheinformationanddatamadeavailablebytheEuropeanUnion(inparticulartheEuropeanCommission),asavailablehereandtothemaximumextentpermittedbyapplicablelaw,theEuropeanUnion("theUnion")andtheInternationalEnergyAgency(“IEA”)disclaimallresponsibilityorliabilityinrelationtoanyandallinformationdistributed,publishedorotherwisemadeavailablebythemontheEDGARwebsite,inthisdatasetand/orinthispublication.TheUnionandtheIEAprovideanysuchinformationas-isandas-available,andmakenorepresentations,conditionsorwarrantiesofanykindconcerningthisinformation,whetherexpress,implied,statutory,orother(including,withoutlimitation,anywarrantiesorconditionsoftitle,non-infringement,merchantability,orfitnessforaparticularpurpose).Tothemaximumextentpermittedbyapplicablelaw,innoeventshalltheUnionortheIEAbeliabletoanythirdpartyonanylegaltheory(including,withoutlimitation,negligence)orotherwiseforanydirect,special,indirect,incidental,consequential,punitive,exemplary,orotherlosses,costs,expenses,ordamagesarisingoutofthedistribution,publication,makingavailableoruseofanysuchinformation.263GETTINGINTOUCHWITHTHEEUInpersonAllovertheEuropeanUniontherearehundredsofEuropeDirectcentres.Youcanfindtheaddressofthecentrenearestyouonline(european-union.europa.eu/contact-eu/meet-us_en).OnthephoneorinwritingEuropeDirectisaservicethatanswersyourquestionsabouttheEuropeanUnion.Youcancontactthisservice:—byfreephone:0080067891011(certainoperatorsmaychargeforthesecalls),—atthefollowingstandardnumber:+3222999696,—viathefollowingform:european-union.europa.eu/contact-eu/write-us_en.FINDINGINFORMATIONABOUTTHEEUOnlineInformationabouttheEuropeanUnioninalltheofficiallanguagesoftheEUisavailableontheEuropawebsite(european-union.europa.eu).EUpublicationsYoucanviewororderEUpublicationsatop.europa.eu/en/publications.MultiplecopiesoffreepublicationscanbeobtainedbycontactingEuropeDirectoryourlocaldocumentationcentre(european-union.europa.eu/contact-eu/meet-us_en).EUlawandrelateddocumentsForaccesstolegalinformationfromtheEU,includingallEUlawsince1951inalltheofficiallanguageversions,gotoEUR-Lex(eur-lex.europa.eu).OpendatafromtheEUTheportaldata.europa.euprovidesaccesstoopendatasetsfromtheEUinstitutions,bodiesandagencies.Thesecanbedownloadedandreusedforfree,forbothcommercialandnon-commercialpurposes.TheportalalsoprovidesaccesstoawealthofdatasetsfromEuropeancountries.XX-XX-XX-XXX-XX-CIncludecataloguenumberonlyintheprintversionIncludeISBNonlyintheprintversionIS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