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March 2023

LEARNBOOK ON HYDROGEN

SUPPLY CORRIDORS Clean Hydrogen Alliance

Transmission and

Distribution Roundtable

H₂

2 — European Clean Hydrogen Alliance Learnbook on Hydrogen Supply corridors

1 INTRODUCTION

The European Clean Hydrogen Alliance (ECH2A) Roundtable on Clean Hydrogen Transmis-

sion and Distribution brings together public and private companies, research institutes,

civil society and policy makers/regional authorities working in the transport and distribution

of hydrogen (renewable and/or low-carbon) from renewable and low-carbon hydrogen

production sites to consumer/demand centers, especially those sectors with hard-to-abate

emissions.

The scope of the Roundtable is on the following four Ar-

chetypes: 1. Transmission and distribution pipelines for

local, regional, national, and international transport and

storage facilities; 2. Marine storage and handling terminals

in ports covering both existing as well as new terminals,

3. Shipping covering deep sea and short-distance maritime

routes, 4. Inland distribution modes of transport including

trucks, rail, barges, hubs and operational storage (such as

bullets, tanks, containers, etc.).

Figure 1: Potential H₂ supply corridors, European Commission, RePowerEU Communication Action Plan, May 2022.

European Clean Hydrogen Alliance Learnbook on Hydrogen Supply corridors — 3

On 29 September 2022, the CEOs of the Roundtable

gave the Sherpas the mandate to prepare a report on ‘H₂

supply corridors’, as outlined in European Commission’s

RePowerEU Action Plan. REPowerEU outlined the need

to accelerate development of hydrogen infrastructure for

producing, importing, and transporting 20 million tonnes

of hydrogen by 2030. The European Commission outlined

three potential H₂ import corridors via the Mediterranean,

the North Sea area and, as soon as conditions allow, with

Ukraine. Visually these corridors were split into seven

different routes as seen in Figure 1.

The ‘Learnbook on H₂ Supply Corridors’ aims to build

on this framework, providing industry expertise and

knowledge on three key areas: i) identify the potential and

specificities of each corridor; ii) provide visual representa-

tion of each corridor with a list of planned H₂ transmission,

distribution, storage, terminal and production/demand

projects; ii) identify region specific bottlenecks and provide

recommendations to mitigate them.

The scope of the ‘Learnbook’ is based on the RePowerEU’s

schematic representation of the H₂ corridors and will

include:

1. South Central H₂ corridor

2. Iberian H₂ corridor

3. North Sea H₂ corridor

4. Nordic Baltic H₂ corridor

5. Eastern H₂ corridor

6. South-eastern H₂ corridor

1 The South Central H₂ Corridor refers to the Adriatic H₂ Corridor, as named in the REPowerEU Plan. This renaming better reflects the geographical area interested by

this Corridor initiatives and avoids potential confusions with PCI definitions.

It was agreed that projects in the ‘North-African H₂ corridor’

would be allocated to either the South Central (named as

Adriatic in the RePowerEU1) or Iberian corridors depending

on their geographical scope. In addition, there would be a

further grouping of projects focusing on Germany as a key

arrival and convergence point for all corridors.

The projects included in the ‘Learnbook’ reflect the best

available information submitted by project promoters by

March 2023, and are in no way exhaustive, as some pro-

moters may still work outside of the reach of the Alliance.

The list of projects outlines the projects visualised in the

Hydrogen Infrastructure Map, which includes projects from

various collection exercises: TYNDP, PCI, DG GROW survey,

and projects from partner associations (GIE, Eurogas, CE-

DEC, GD4S, GEODE) and was lastly updated on 31 March

2023.

Through curation of data and input for the ‘Learnbook’ it

became clear that although each corridor has its individual

and unique characteristics, there are several cross-cutting

themes which are common amongst all. Reflecting this, the

final section of the document delineates these Union-wide

bottlenecks and the corresponding Union-wide regulatory

and policy measures that could help ease them.

Disclaimer:

“Joining the ECH2A, NGOs agree to engage and contribute

to the deployment of renewable hydrogen in terms of

supply, demand and distribution as we promote the rapid

phase-out of the use and production of all fossil fuels in

order to reach the objectives of the Paris Agreement. Thus

we do not consider fossil fuel based hydrogen as a short-

or long-term solution. We see our role in contributing to

targeting the use of renewable hydrogen specifically to

those sectors and industrial processes which are hard to

decarbonise (steel, cement and basic chemicals, aviation,

shipping and heavy good vehicles).”

/56

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LEARNBOOKONHYDROGENSUPPLYCORRIDORSCleanHydrogenAllianceTransmissionandDistributionRoundtableH₂March20231INTRODUCTIONTheEuropeanCleanHydrogenAlliance(ECH2A)RoundtableonCleanHydrogenTransmis-sionandDistributionbringstogetherpublicandprivatecompanies,researchinstitutes,civilsocietyandpolicymakers/regionalauthoritiesworkinginthetransportanddistributionofhydrogen(renewableand/orlow-carbon)fromrenewableandlow-carbonhydrogenproductionsitestoconsumer/demandcenters,especiallythosesectorswithhard-to-abateemissions.ThescopeoftheRoundtableisonthefollowingfourAr-3.Shippingcoveringdeepseaandshort-distancemaritimechetypes:1.Transmissionanddistributionpipelinesforroutes,4.Inlanddistributionmodesoftransportincludinglocal,regional,national,andinternationaltransportandtrucks,rail,barges,hubsandoperationalstorage(suchasstoragefacilities;2.Marinestorageandhandlingterminalsbullets,tanks,containers,etc.).inportscoveringbothexistingaswellasnewterminals,Figure1:PotentialH₂supplycorridors,EuropeanCommission,RePowerEUCommunicationActionPlan,May2022.2—EuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridorsOn29September2022,theCEOsoftheRoundtableItwasagreedthatprojectsinthe‘North-AfricanH₂corridor’gavetheSherpasthemandatetoprepareareporton‘H₂wouldbeallocatedtoeithertheSouthCentral(namedassupplycorridors’,asoutlinedinEuropeanCommission’sAdriaticintheRePowerEU1)orIberiancorridorsdependingRePowerEUActionPlan.REPowerEUoutlinedtheneedontheirgeographicalscope.Inaddition,therewouldbeatoacceleratedevelopmentofhydrogeninfrastructureforfurthergroupingofprojectsfocusingonGermanyasakeyproducing,importing,andtransporting20milliontonnesarrivalandconvergencepointforallcorridors.ofhydrogenby2030.TheEuropeanCommissionoutlinedthreepotentialH₂importcorridorsviatheMediterranean,Theprojectsincludedinthe‘Learnbook’reflectthebesttheNorthSeaareaand,assoonasconditionsallow,withavailableinformationsubmittedbyprojectpromotersbyUkraine.VisuallythesecorridorsweresplitintosevenMarch2023,andareinnowayexhaustive,assomepro-differentroutesasseeninFigure1.motersmaystillworkoutsideofthereachoftheAlliance.ThelistofprojectsoutlinestheprojectsvisualisedintheThe‘LearnbookonH₂SupplyCorridors’aimstobuildHydrogenInfrastructureMap,whichincludesprojectsfromonthisframework,providingindustryexpertiseandvariouscollectionexercises:TYNDP,PCI,DGGROWsurvey,knowledgeonthreekeyareas:i)identifythepotentialandandprojectsfrompartnerassociations(GIE,Eurogas,CE-specificitiesofeachcorridor;ii)providevisualrepresenta-DEC,GD4S,GEODE)andwaslastlyupdatedon31MarchtionofeachcorridorwithalistofplannedH₂transmission,2023.distribution,storage,terminalandproduction/demandprojects;ii)identifyregionspecificbottlenecksandprovideThroughcurationofdataandinputforthe‘Learnbook’itrecommendationstomitigatethem.becameclearthatalthougheachcorridorhasitsindividualanduniquecharacteristics,thereareseveralcross-cuttingThescopeofthe‘Learnbook’isbasedontheRePowerEU’sthemeswhicharecommonamongstall.Reflectingthis,theschematicrepresentationoftheH₂corridorsandwillfinalsectionofthedocumentdelineatestheseUnion-wideinclude:bottlenecksandthecorrespondingUnion-wideregulatoryandpolicymeasuresthatcouldhelpeasethem.1.SouthCentralH₂corridorDisclaimer:2.IberianH₂corridor“JoiningtheECH2A,NGOsagreetoengageandcontribute3.NorthSeaH₂corridortothedeploymentofrenewablehydrogenintermsofsupply,demandanddistributionaswepromotetherapid4.NordicBalticH₂corridorphase-outoftheuseandproductionofallfossilfuelsinordertoreachtheobjectivesoftheParisAgreement.Thus5.EasternH₂corridorwedonotconsiderfossilfuelbasedhydrogenasashort-orlong-termsolution.Weseeourroleincontributingto6.South-easternH₂corridortargetingtheuseofrenewablehydrogenspecificallytothosesectorsandindustrialprocesseswhicharehardtodecarbonise(steel,cementandbasicchemicals,aviation,shippingandheavygoodvehicles).”1TheSouthCentralH₂CorridorreferstotheAdriaticH₂Corridor,asnamedintheREPowerEUPlan.ThisrenamingbetterreflectsthegeographicalareainterestedbythisCorridorinitiativesandavoidspotentialconfusionswithPCIdefinitions.EuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridors—3TABLEOFCONTENTS1Introduction········································································22SouthCentralH₂supplycorridor·······························52.1PotentialoftheH₂corridor·····················································································52.2.Projectssnapshot·····································································································62.3Specificbottlenecks·······························································································102.4Specificrecommendations···················································································103IberianH₂supplycorridor·············································113.1PotentialoftheH₂corridor··················································································113.2Projectssnapshot··································································································123.3.Specificbottlenecks·······························································································173.4.Specificrecommendations···················································································174NorthSeaH₂supplycorridor·······································184.1PotentialoftheH₂corridor··················································································184.2Projectssnapshot··································································································194.3Specificbottlenecks·······························································································244.4Specificrecommendations···················································································245NordicBalticH₂supplycorridor··································255.1PotentialoftheH₂corridor··················································································255.2Projectssnapshot··································································································265.3Specificbottlenecks·······························································································305.4Specificrecommendations···················································································306EasternH₂supplycorridor···········································316.1PotentialoftheH₂corridor··················································································316.2Projectssnapshot··································································································326.3Specificbottlenecks·······························································································366.4Specificrecommendations···················································································367SoutheasternH₂corridor··············································377.1PotentialoftheH₂corridor··················································································377.2Projectssnapshot··································································································387.3Specificbottlenecks·······························································································427.4Specificrecommendations···················································································428Germany–demanddrivingroleforallcorridors··438.1PotentialofGermanyascentraldemandcentre···········································438.2Projectssnapshot··································································································448.3Specificbottlenecks·······························································································488.4Specificrecommendations···················································································499Generalbottlenecksandrecommendations·········509.1Generalbottlenecks·······························································································509.2GeneralRecommendations·················································································5110Conclusion·········································································52SouthCentralH₂supplycorridor2SOUTHCENTRALH₂SUPPLYCORRIDOR(NAMEDASADRIATICINTHEREPOWEREU)2.1POTENTIALOFTHEH₂CORRIDORMajordriverofdevelopmentoftheSouthCentralCorridoristheneedtomeethydrogendemandfromindustry,transportandpowerinItaly,CentralEurope,andGermanywithalarge-scaleproductionatlowercostinNorth-Africa.ThecountriesalongtherouteinCentralandEasternEurope–suchasAustria,Slovenia,Croatia,andSwitzerlandwillalsobenefitfromcompetitiveH₂imports.KeyopportunitiesincludethehighrepurposingpotentialofgaspipelinesfromItalytoCentralEuropeviaAustria,SlovakiaandtheCzechRepublic,andpipelineinterconnectionswithAlgeriaandTunisia–themainanticipatedsuppliersforthiscorridor.TheSouthCentralCorridorrepresentsafun-damentalenergybridgeforEuropebetweenMediterraneanshores,makingavailabletotheUnionabundant,cost-competitivehydrogenresourcesfromNorthAfricaandexploitingforthemostpartexistinginfrastructure.Indeed,theNorthAfrica-Europelinkisakeycomponenttoprogressivedecarbonisationattheinternationallevelinsupportoftheenergytransition.Finally,thecorridorwouldconstituteastrategiclinkguaranteeingtoEuropegreaterenergydiver-sificationandsecuritywhile,atthesametime,contributingtothestabilisationofakeyRegion,inthecontextoftheEuropeanneighborhoodpolicy.ACCORDINGTOTHEEHB2022REPORTANALYSIS:H₂supplypotentialEmissionsreductionsIn2030hydrogensupplyis(TWh/y)(MtCO�/yvs.2019)~100TWh,ofwhichmorethan70%isimports.Hydrogensupplyin-340TWh20302040creasessignificantly2040,reaching340TWh.97TWh(2030)97TWh–55Mt(6%)20302040–160MtImportsGrid-basedDedicatedgreenBlue(18%)Source:FivehydrogensupplycorridorsforEuropein2030,EuropeanHydrogenBackbone,May2022EuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridors—5SouthCentralH₂supplycorridor2.2.PROJECTSSNAPSHOTHYDROGENINFRASTRUCTUREMAP2030LEGENDStorageTerminalsandportsTransmissionNewandconvertedaquiferNewConversionofexistingaquiferNewandconversionNewNewdepletedfieldConversionofexistinginfrastructureNewandconversionNewandconverteddepletedfieldConversionofexistinginfrastructureConversionofexistingdepletedfieldDemandNewsaltcavernDistributionNewandconvertedsaltcavernDemandConversionofexistingdepletedsaltcavernNewNewsurfacestorageProductionNewandconversionConversionofexistinginfrastructureElectrolyserCompletedMethaneReforming(SMR/ATR)HighpressuredistributionOther/nodataavailable6—EuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridorsSouthCentralH₂supplycorridorHYDROGENINFRASTRUCTUREMAP2040LEGENDStorageTerminalsandportsTransmissionNewandconvertedaquiferNewConversionofexistingaquiferNewandconversionNewNewdepletedfieldConversionofexistinginfrastructureNewandconversionNewandconverteddepletedfieldConversionofexistinginfrastructureConversionofexistingdepletedfieldDemandNewsaltcavernDistributionNewandconvertedsaltcavernDemandConversionofexistingdepletedsaltcavernNewNewsurfacestorageProductionNewandconversionConversionofexistinginfrastructureElectrolyserCompletedMethaneReforming(SMR/ATR)HighpressuredistributionOther/nodataavailableEuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridors—7SouthCentralH₂supplycorridorHYDROGENINFRASTRUCTUREMAP2050LEGENDStorageTerminalsandportsTransmissionNewandconvertedaquiferNewConversionofexistingaquiferNewandconversionNewNewdepletedfieldConversionofexistinginfrastructureNewandconversionNewandconverteddepletedfieldConversionofexistinginfrastructureConversionofexistingdepletedfieldDemandNewsaltcavernDistributionNewandconvertedsaltcavernDemandConversionofexistingdepletedsaltcavernNewNewsurfacestorageProductionNewandconversionConversionofexistinginfrastructureElectrolyserCompletedMethaneReforming(SMR/ATR)HighpressuredistributionOther/nodataavailable8—EuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridorsSouthCentralH₂supplycorridorProjectnameCategoryCommis-CapacityLinkItalianH�Backbone(partofSunsHynecorridor)TransmissionsioningyearPugliaGreenHydrogenValley–CerignolaProduction2030ImportfromN.Africa:PugliaGreenHydrogenValley–TarantoProduction448GWh/dPugliaGreenHydrogenValley–BrindisiProductionExporttoN.EU:201GWh/dSLOH2backboneTransmissionSLOP2G(electrolyser)Production202680MWCentralEuropeanHydrogencorridorproject,TransmissionCEHCSKpartBaumgartenandLanžhot(partof202680MWSunsHynecorridor)CentralEuropeanHydrogencorridorproject,202660MWCEHC,CZpart(Lanžhot-Waidhaus)(partofSunsHynecorridor)20356GWh/dOGEH2erculesNetworkSouth(partofSunsHynecorridor)202810MWH�ReadinessoftheTAGPipelineSystem(partofSunsHynecorridor)2030144GWh/dH�BackboneWAG+PentaWestH2EU+STORETransmission2030144GWh/dUndergroundSunStorage2030Transmission2030144GWh/dUndergroundSunStorageScale-UpTransmission2030168GWh/dayIT/ATTransmission2030142GWh/dtoWAGand/orSKHyPipeBavaria–TheHydrogenHubTransmission&Storage2030H�CollektorStorage202355TWhH�CampusWNLogHynStorage20302030:2.5TWhTransmission2027–20302040:40TWhDistribution20262050:80TWhProduction2023Production2026Storageworkingvolume:4.5GWhH�(assumingonecycleperyear)Injectioncapacity:0.031GWhH�/dWithdrawalcapacity:0.048GWhH�/d150GWhH�assumingonecycleperyear–projectrunningasof20302030:150GW/d3MW4000t/yThetableincludessomeofthehydrogenprojectsdisplayedontheHydrogenInfrastructureMap,lastupdatedon30March2023.EuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridors—9SouthCentralH₂supplycorridor2.3SPECIFICBOTTLENECKS—EnergydemandisstronglycondensedinNorthItaly/Austria/GermanywhilethepotentialforthemostThepeculiarityoftheregionsinvolvedandthestrongcost-effectiveproductionofhydrogenisinthesouthdependanceonextra-EUcountriesforlarge-scaleproduc-ofEurope/NorthAfrica.Takingadvantageofhighertionatlowercostsneedstobeconsidered.RESavailabilityandproducibility,aswellasextendedlandavailability,greenhydrogenproductioninSouthern—InNorthAfricathereiscurrentlyalackofdedicatedH₂regionsisthemostcost-efficientsolution,alsoaddinginfrastructureassetsandacleardevelopmentprocessthetransportcostsfromNorthAfricatoEurope.forH₂infrastructureswhilenaturalgaspipelinesconnectingNorthAfricatoEuropethroughItalyarealreadyinplaceandsuitableforrepurposing.2.4SPECIFICRECOMMENDATIONS—Toaddresstheissuewithlackofinfrastructureas—Totackletheneedforinterconnectionbetweenthementionedabove,inJanuary2023ItalyandAlgeriaNorthandSouthacoordinateddevelopmentofthesignedacooperationagreementtodevelopenergyfullcorridor,includingprogressiveenhancementsofinfrastructures,includingH₂pipes.ThecooperationtheH₂Italianbackboneandtheirinterconnectionswithagreementinvolvesvariousindustrialplayers,includingAustrian,Slovak,CzechandGermangrids,shouldbeupstreamandinfrastructureoperatorsinordertodefineensured.astrategiccollaborationtosupportthedevelopmentofthehydrogencorridor.—Intensifyexistingandestablishnewstrategicenergy/H₂partnershipsbetweenEUandpromisingexport-ingcountries(forexamplebysigningcollaborationdocumentsonstrategicprojectsforlargescaleandcost-efficienthydrogenproduction).OneexampleofcooperationthatcouldbeusedasbasisfortheMoUwithNorthAfricaisthesignedMoUEU-Ukraine"onaStrategicPartnershiponRenewableGases."10—EuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridorsIberianH₂supplycorridor3IBERIANH₂SUPPLYCORRIDOR3.1POTENTIALOFTHEH₂CORRIDORMajordriverforthedevelopmentistoconnecthigh-productionpotentialregionsinthesouth(ES,PT,MO,DZ)withoff-takerregionsinNorth-WesternEurope(DE,BE,NL,FR).Newinterconnectionsbe-tweenPortugalandSpain,andbetweentheIberianPeninsulaandFrancearekeyforthedevelopmentofthecorridor.AsitwouldhelpprovidereliableH₂supplyforofftakersintheregionandallowallthreecountriestobenefitfromthelow-cost,high-vol-umeSpanishandPortuguesehydrogenproductionandundergroundstoragesiteslocatedinFranceandintheIberianPeninsula.Thiscorridor,whichwouldstretchallthewaytoGermany,canplayanimportantroleindecarbonisingregionalindustrialandtransportecosystemsinPortugal,Spain,andFrance,anddeliverhydrogenatlowcosttodemandcentresinGermanyandneighbouringcountries.Thisprojectcorrespondstotheannouncementmadeonthe20ofOctober2022inBrusselsbythreeleadersfromFrance,SpainandPortugaltodevelopamaritimepipelineconnectingBarcelonawithMarseilleasthemostdirectandefficientoptiontoconnecttheIberianPeninsulatoCentralEurope.InAlicanteon9ofDecember2022,theyconfirmedthelaunchingofthisGreenEnergycorridor,newlycalledH2Med.InthelongertermthecorridorcanalsoprovideaccesstohydrogenimportsfromMoroccoandAlgeria.ACCORDINGTOTHEEHB2022REPORTANALYSIS:H₂supplypotentialEmissionsreductionsIn2030hydrogensupplyis(TWh/y)(MtCO�/yvs.2019)~160TWh,ofwhich65%isisfromdedicatedgreenhydrogen.Hydrogen569TWh20302040supplyincreasessignificantly2040,reaching570TWh.164TWh(2030)164TWh–73Mt(7%)20302040–211MtImportsGrid-basedDedicatedgreenBlue(21%)Source:FivehydrogensupplycorridorsforEuropein2030,EuropeanHydrogenBackbone,May2022EuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridors—11IberianH₂supplycorridor3.2PROJECTSSNAPSHOTHYDROGENINFRASTRUCTUREMAP2030LEGENDStorageTerminalsandportsTransmissionNewandconvertedaquiferNewConversionofexistingaquiferNewandconversionNewNewdepletedfieldConversionofexistinginfrastructureNewandconversionNewandconverteddepletedfieldConversionofexistinginfrastructureConversionofexistingdepletedfieldDemandNewsaltcavernDistributionNewandconvertedsaltcavernDemandConversionofexistingdepletedsaltcavernNewNewsurfacestorageProductionNewandconversionConversionofexistinginfrastructureElectrolyserCompletedMethaneReforming(SMR/ATR)HighpressuredistributionOther/nodataavailable12—EuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridorsIberianH₂supplycorridorHYDROGENINFRASTRUCTUREMAP2040LEGENDStorageTerminalsandportsTransmissionNewandconvertedaquiferNewConversionofexistingaquiferNewandconversionNewNewdepletedfieldConversionofexistinginfrastructureNewandconversionNewandconverteddepletedfieldConversionofexistinginfrastructureConversionofexistingdepletedfieldDemandNewsaltcavernDistributionNewandconvertedsaltcavernDemandConversionofexistingdepletedsaltcavernNewNewsurfacestorageProductionNewandconversionConversionofexistinginfrastructureElectrolyserCompletedMethaneReforming(SMR/ATR)HighpressuredistributionOther/nodataavailableEuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridors—13IberianH₂supplycorridorHYDROGENINFRASTRUCTUREMAP2050LEGENDStorageTerminalsandportsTransmissionNewandconvertedaquiferNewConversionofexistingaquiferNewandconversionNewNewdepletedfieldConversionofexistinginfrastructureNewandconversionNewandconverteddepletedfieldConversionofexistinginfrastructureConversionofexistingdepletedfieldDemandNewsaltcavernDistributionNewandconvertedsaltcavernDemandConversionofexistingdepletedsaltcavernNewNewsurfacestorageProductionNewandconversionConversionofexistinginfrastructureElectrolyserCompletedMethaneReforming(SMR/ATR)HighpressuredistributionOther/nodataavailable14—EuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridorsIberianH₂supplycorridorProjectnameCategoryCommis-CapacityLinkH2Med-CelZaTransmissionsioningyearH2Med-BarMarTransmission20300.75MTPAH�Spanishhydrogenbackbone2030Transmission(81GWh/dHHV)(6thlistPCIcandidate)20302MTPAH�(216GWh/dHHV)2028–20301.3Mtofnationaldemand,2MtofexportsthroughBarMar,0.75MtofimportsthroughCelZaand0.45Mtofexportsthroughcarriers(maritimetransmission)Spanishhydrogenbackbone(includingrepurposingTransmission~2040ofexistinggasconnectionswithFranceandMorocco)ES-ITOffshoreInterconnector(newH�-readygasTransmission2040320GWh/dHHVpipelinetoberepurposed)20302030WorkingGasVolumeby2030:H�storageNorth-1(Spain)Storage2040335GWh(FullWGVtoreach20301,110GWhbefore2040ataH�storageNorth-2(Spain)Storage2030laterstageofdevelopment)2030YelaStorageWorkingGasVolumeby2030:2040240GWh(FullWGVtoreachHySoW(HydrogenSouthwestcorridorofFrance)Transmission&Storage812GWhbefore2040ata2027laterstageofdevelopment)H2Med-CelZaTransmission2028(CeloricodaBeira-ValedeFradespipeline)WorkingGasVolume:1,700GWhPortuguesehydrogenbackbonefirststageTransmission(Includes:newFigueiradaFozCantanhedepipeline,44GWh/dHHV(transportpartandrepurposedpipelinesCantanhedeMangualde,toconnectthestorage)MangualdeCeloricodaBeira,andMonforteStoragesalinecapacities:CeloricodaBeira)500GWh(WGVHHV)Portuguesehydrogenbackbone2040Transmission81GWh/dHHVMosaHYcTransmissionPortuguesehydrogenback-RHYnTransmissionbonewillaccommodatetheH�productionandconsumptioninPortugalandallowforanexportofupto0.75MtviaCelZatoSpain.Portuguesehydrogenback-bonewillaccommodatetheH₂productionandconsumptioninPortugalandallowforanexportofupto0.75MtviaCelZatoSpain5,5GWh/d20GWh/dEuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridors—15IberianH₂supplycorridorProjectnameCategoryCommis-CapacityLinkWHHYNTransmissionsioningyearDHUNETransmissionFrench-BelgiancorridorTransmission202624GWh/dHYnframedTransmissionHy-FenTransmission202724GWh/dFrenchHydrogenBackbone2040TransmissionHyWestLarrauandBiriatouTransmission202825GWh/d2030H2erculesNetworkSouthTransmission2040200GWh/dHypster(Firstphase)Storage2035–2040NAHypster(Secondphase)Storage20302023Biriatou:85GWh/d(HHV)GeoH2StorageLarrau:47GWh/d(HHV)2026TarragonaHydrogenNetwork(T-HYNET)Production192GWh/d(Electrolyser)2030Valleandaluzdelhidrogenoverde(Electrolyser)ProductionStorageWorkingvolume:HyperionH�Alter(Electrolyser)Production20250.12GWhH2Sines.RdamTerminal&PortH2Sines.RDAMelectrolyserProductionStorageWorkingvolume:BH2C(PhaseI,II,III,IV)Distribution1.7GWhAsturiasH�ValleyDistributionStorageWorkingvolume:250GWh150MW20272GW20259.22MW20262028400MW2023–20262025ThetableincludessomeofthehydrogenprojectsdisplayedontheHydrogenInfrastructureMap,lastupdatedon30March2023.16—EuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridorsIberianH₂supplycorridor3.3.SPECIFICBOTTLENECKS—ThereiscurrentlylackofdedicatedH₂assetsanddevelopmentprocessforhydrogeninNorthAfrica.At—Thereisnoadequateandtimelydevelopmentofstor-thisstagenosubstantialflowsfromNorthAfricaareageassetsatthisstageintheIberiancorridor,whichassumedin2030viatheIberiancorridor.providesaproblemforefficientuseanddevelopmentoftransportinfrastructure.Thereareregulatory,admin-istrativeandfinancialissueswhicharenotsufficientlyaddressedatpresent.3.4.SPECIFICRECOMMENDATIONSThestorageandtransportinfrastructureshouldbedevel-SupportfordevelopmentofimportfromNorthAfrica:opedconsistentlyinatimelymanneralongthecorridor:—EnergydemandisstronglycondensedinGermany—Timelydevelopmentofthestorageprojectsacrosswhilethepotentialforthemostcost-effectivepro-thecorridorisimportanttoprovidetheneededmarketductionofhydrogenisinthesouthofEurope/Northintegrationandsecurityofsupply.ThisisofparticularAfrica.TakingadvantageofhigherRESavailabilityandinterestfortheIberiancorridor,supplyingdemandtoproducibility,aswellasextendedlandavailability,greenGermanywithwindandsolarrenewablebasedhydro-hydrogenproductioninSouthernregionsisthemostgenproducedinSpain.cost-efficientsolution.—Needtogetassoonaspossibleclarityonavailability—EnergypartnershipswiththirdcountrieslikeMoroccooffundstofinancefirstthestudiesandthentheworksandAlgeriahavetobeintensifiedtoensureH₂importstocomplywiththe2030commissioningobjectives.fromtheseregionswithpromisingrenewablepoten-WaitingfortheCEFfundrelatedtothePCIstatuswouldtials.CurrentinitiativesliketheonebetweenGermany,threatentheavailabilityofthecorridorinduetime.CBAthecountrytowardswhichthecorridoristransport-andCBCAconductedneedstocaptureallthecostsandinghydrogen,andMoroccoandAlgeriashouldbebenefitsforallprojectsandcountriesincludedintheintensifiedandextended.ThesepartnershipsshouldIberiancorridor.involvegovernmentsandindustrialplayersforgoodcoordinationacrossthecorridor.Thequestionsaround—TotackletheneedforinterconnectionbetweentheguaranteeoforigincertificationshouldalsobepartNorthandSouthacoordinateddevelopmentalongtheofthesepartnerships.Thereisaneedforreinforcedentirecorridor,includingprogressiveenhancementscoordinationbetweenEU,EUmemberstatesandNorthoftheH₂SpanishandPortuguesebackboneandtheirAfricancountries.interconnectionswithFrenchandGermanbackbones,shouldbeensured.EuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridors—17NorthSeaH₂supplycorridor4NORTHSEAH₂SUPPLYCORRIDOR4.1POTENTIALOFTHEH₂CORRIDORThecorridorwillcombineseveraltypesofinfrastruc-tureassetstoestablishitselfasahubfor(i)liquidimportsofhydrogenandderivatives,(ii)pipelineimportsandwidertransmission,(iii)storage,(iv)production,and(v)end-use.Tobuildupthisfulleco-systemthecorridorleveragesexistinginfrastructureoftheseaportsinAntwerp,Rotterdam,Zeebrugge,Amsterdam,Gent,Terneuzen,Vlissingen,whichwillformthestartofanenergyimportandtransportcorridor.AswellasleverageontheextensiveoffshorerenewablecapacityintheNorthSeawithimportcapacityandconnectiontothenationalandregionalH₂backbonesintheNetherlandsandBelgiumtothehinterlandinGermany.Hydrogenderivatesassucharewell-knownproductsinthisregionastheyarealreadywidelyusedinthechemicalclustersclosetoportsaswellasintheGermanhinterland.Hence,thereisexistinginfrastructuretoimportandusehydrogen/hydrogenderivatesaswellasotherassetssuchasknow-howandexpertiseonsafetyofhandlingthesemolecules.BasedonEHBInitiativeanalysis,thecorridorcovers12,000kmoflarge-scalehydrogenpipelinesin2030,ofwhich70%wouldberepurposed.ACCORDINGTOTHEEHB2022REPORTANALYSIS:H₂supplypotentialEmissionsreductionsIn2030hydrogensupplyis(TWh/y)(MtCO�/yvs.2019)~250TWh,ofwhichover40%isbluehydrogen.Hydrogensupplyincrea-852TWhsessignificantly2040,reaching570TWh.20302040249TWh(2030)249TWh–94Mt(8%)20302040–254MtImportsGrid-basedDedicatedgreenBlue(21%)Source:FivehydrogensupplycorridorsforEuropein2030,EuropeanHydrogenBackbone,May202218—EuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridorsNorthSeaH₂supplycorridor4.2PROJECTSSNAPSHOTHYDROGENINFRASTRUCTUREMAP2030LEGENDStorageTerminalsandportsTransmissionNewandconvertedaquiferNewConversionofexistingaquiferNewandconversionNewNewdepletedfieldConversionofexistinginfrastructureNewandconversionNewandconverteddepletedfieldConversionofexistinginfrastructureConversionofexistingdepletedfieldDemandNewsaltcavernDistributionNewandconvertedsaltcavernDemandConversionofexistingdepletedsaltcavernNewNewsurfacestorageProductionNewandconversionConversionofexistinginfrastructureElectrolyserCompletedMethaneReforming(SMR/ATR)HighpressuredistributionOther/nodataavailableEuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridors—19NorthSeaH₂supplycorridorHYDROGENINFRASTRUCTUREMAP2040LEGENDStorageTerminalsandportsTransmissionNewandconvertedaquiferNewConversionofexistingaquiferNewandconversionNewNewdepletedfieldConversionofexistinginfrastructureNewandconversionNewandconverteddepletedfieldConversionofexistinginfrastructureConversionofexistingdepletedfieldDemandNewsaltcavernDistributionNewandconvertedsaltcavernDemandConversionofexistingdepletedsaltcavernNewNewsurfacestorageProductionNewandconversionConversionofexistinginfrastructureElectrolyserCompletedMethaneReforming(SMR/ATR)HighpressuredistributionOther/nodataavailable20—EuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridorsNorthSeaH₂supplycorridorHYDROGENINFRASTRUCTUREMAP2050LEGENDStorageTerminalsandportsTransmissionNewandconvertedaquiferNewConversionofexistingaquiferNewandconversionNewNewdepletedfieldConversionofexistinginfrastructureNewandconversionNewandconverteddepletedfieldConversionofexistinginfrastructureConversionofexistingdepletedfieldDemandNewsaltcavernDistributionNewandconvertedsaltcavernDemandConversionofexistingdepletedsaltcavernNewNewsurfacestorageProductionNewandconversionConversionofexistinginfrastructureElectrolyserCompletedMethaneReforming(SMR/ATR)HighpressuredistributionOther/nodataavailableEuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridors—21NorthSeaH₂supplycorridorProjectnameCategoryCommis-CapacityLinkTransmissionsioningyearDKHydrogenPipeline,WestDKHydrogenSystemStorage202860GWh/dDKHydrogenStorage2030WorkingGasVolume:20273,500tH�(116GWh),DeltaH₂CorridorTransmission2027Injection:3.16GWh/dNationalH₂BackbonebyGasunie(NL)TransmissionWithdrawal:9.5GWh/d2026BelgianHydrogenBackbone(BE)Transmission2027131,5GWh/d2030ZeebruggeNewMoleculesdevelopmentTerminal&port2040Capacity:10–15GWby2030(import)2030Interconnectioncapacities:NL-BE20261,5GWDunkerqueNewMoleculesdevelopmentTerminal&port2030NL-BE20302GW(import)NL-BE20403GW2027NL-DE20260,5GWAntwerpNH₃ImportTerminal(Antwerp)Terminal&portNL-DE203010,2GW2028NL-DE204015,8GWH2BE(large-scalelow-carbonH₂productioninProductionNorthSeaport(Ghent)StorageBE-NL:+36GWh/dBE-FR:+24GWh/dHyStockhydrogenstorageImport:+16.2GWh/dBE-NL:+12GWh/dBE-FR:+84GWh/dBE-DE:+91GWh/dImport:+48GWh/dBE-NL:+12GWh/d-3NH�tanksof100,000m3each-ConnectiontoH�gridofFluxys-3×3000t/dcrackingofNH�toH�(1250tH�/d)equalto450,000t/y-17.7TWh/yHHV-48GWh/d=2GWh/h-3NH�tanksof100,000m3each-ConnectiontoH�gridofGRTgaz-3×3000t/dcrackingofNH�toH�(1250tH�/d)equalto450,000t/y-17.7TWh/yHHV-48GWh/d=2GWh/h-2NH�tanksof100,000m3each-ConnectiontoH�gridofFluxys-CrackingofNH�toH�:3000t/d-3000t/dNH�isequalto411t/H�/day-150,000t/H�peryear-5.9TWh/yHHV-16.2GWh/d=0.67GWh/hHHV1GWSeaH2land(electrolyserinNorthSeaPortProduction2027Workinggasvolume:833GWhVlissingen)2030Injectioncapacity:75.5GWh/dWithdrawalcapacity:75.5GWh/d1GW22—EuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridorsNorthSeaH₂supplycorridorProjectnameCategoryCommis-CapacityLinkProjectHeliosTerminal&portsioningyearAmplifhyRotterdamTerminal&portTerminal&port2026AmplifhyAntwerpProductionCHYMIA(ClusterHYdrogenforMobilityProduction2026DailySend-outcapacity:andIndustryinAntwerp)Production45GWhNorthH2Terminal&port2026Djewels(electrolyser)Transmission2025DailySend-outcapacity:45GWhACEterminalinRotterdamProductionAquaDuctusProduction100MWProductionHyOffwind(Zeebrugge)Production20304GWPowertoMethanolProduction2025H2ermes(electrolyser)Production202620MWH2eraProduction2029HyNetherlandsProduction20246,240GWh/yH2morrowStorage2023HH1LoadingFacility2025Transportcapacityofupto10GWH2-Fifty(electrolysers)Storage2026ofgreenhydrogenproductionGreenHydrogenHubZuidwending202525MWTransmission2028GreenHydrogenHubDrenthe20258,000t/methanolTransmission2025H2erculesNetworkNorthTransmission2026100MWDistributionH2erculesNetworkWestDistribution2028500MWH2erculesNetworkNorth-WestStadAardgasvrij-HydrogenCity2028100MWWaterstofWijkWagenborgen20301GW20302025200MW2023250MWStorageworkingvolume:400GWhInjectioncapacity:4.5936GWh/dWithdrawalcapacity:9.216GWh/dStorageworkingvolume:400GWhInjectioncapacity:4.5936GWh/dWithdrawalcapacity:9.216GWh/dIPOude:52.8GWh/dIPDornum/Wilhelmshaven:642GWh/dIPEynatten:91.2GWh/dIPElten:76.8GWh/dThetableincludessomeofthehydrogenprojectsdisplayedontheHydrogenInfrastructureMap,lastupdatedon30March2023.EuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridors—23NorthSeaH₂supplycorridor4.3SPECIFICBOTTLENECKS—Thelocalrenewableelectricity-to-hydrogenproductioncapacitywillnotbeabletomeethighdemandsinthis—Missingopen-accesshydrogenbackboneconnectedhighlyindustrialisedregionandthehinterlanditistoindustrialregionsinGermanhinterland(e.g.partsofserving,thisimbalancewillneedtobeaddressedbyBavariaandBaden-Wuerttemberg).importsfromthirdcountries.—Lackofadequateregulatory,aswellasR&Iframeworkastotransportationofhydrogenandhydrogencarriersfromlandingpointtoplaceofconsumption.4.4SPECIFICRECOMMENDATIONS—Capitaliseonexistinginfrastructuretoimportanduse—Addressregulatorychallengeslinkedtotransportationhydrogenandhydrogenderivates,aswellasontheofhydrogenandhydrogencarriersfromthelandingexistingexpertiseasasolidbasistobuildupon.portstothehinterlanddestinationsbydifferenttransportmodes,suchasbybarges,rail,seagoing—Supportlargescaleimportsbythecreationofavessels.well-functioninginternationalmarketforhydrogen/hydrogencarriersbya.o.guaranteeoforigin/certi-E.g.toseetheuptakeoftheconstructionofhydrogenficationsystem,operationalsupportmechanisms,andhydrogencarrierseabornetankers,certainrapidpermittingproceduresforthedevelopmentofregulatorychallengeslinkedtosafetyissuesandlackinfrastructures,internationalpartnerships,etc.ofinternationalstandards,aswellaslackofsufficientandcoordinatedinvestments,needtobeaddressed;e.g.tofacilitatetransportbybargesandrailthereisaneedforclearandharmonisedsafetyregulationsandpermittingproceduresforLH₂andCH₂transportationininlandshippingandrail.24—EuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridorsNordicBalticH₂supplycorridor5NORDICBALTICH₂SUPPLYCORRIDOR5.1POTENTIALOFTHEH₂CORRIDORMajordriverforthedevelopmentoftheNordicBalticH₂supplycorridoristhemajorpotentialonshoreandoffshorewindpotentialintheNordics,andtheBalticSea,alongwithgrid-basedgreenhy-drogen,leveragingthevast,low-costhydropowerpotentialoftheNordics.TheBalticSeaisalargeareawithdensepopulationandarelativelysmallamountofconsumption.Hydrogenwillbesuppliedtosteel,ammonia,paperandpulpindustrylocatedintheNorth(needof100TWhofH₂)aswellastothecontinent.PipelineandterminalrouteswithfirstgreenexportsfromtheregiontocontinentalEuropeplannedin2028.TheNordicroutewillbuildonnewhydrogeninfrastructurebasedondevelopmentof1,000kmofdedicatedgreenH₂pipelineintheBothnianBayoperationalby2028.Thereisalsoaplanfor3,000kmlongpipelinebasedonajointprojecttoconnectsixstates–Finland,Estonia,Latvia,Lithuania,PolandandGermany.ThiscorridoroffersalsoconnectiontoCentralandEasternEuropeandSouthGermanyviapipelinesintheproject“FLOW–MakingHydrogenHappen”andthe“Czech-GermanHydrogenInterconnector”.ACCORDINGTOTHEEHB2022REPORTANALYSIS:184TWh(2030)In2030hydrogensupplyis~185TWh,ofwhichnearly70%isgreenhydrogen.HydrogensupplyincreasesImportsGrid-basedDedicatedgreenBluesignificantly2040,reaching500TWh.Source:FivehydrogensupplycorridorsforEuropein2030,EuropeanHydrogenBackbone,May2022EuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridors—25NordicBalticH₂supplycorridor5.2PROJECTSSNAPSHOTHYDROGENINFRASTRUCTUREMAP2030LEGENDStorageTerminalsandportsTransmissionNewandconvertedaquiferNewConversionofexistingaquiferNewandconversionNewNewdepletedfieldConversionofexistinginfrastructureNewandconversionNewandconverteddepletedfieldConversionofexistinginfrastructureConversionofexistingdepletedfieldDemandNewsaltcavernDistributionNewandconvertedsaltcavernDemandConversionofexistingdepletedsaltcavernNewNewsurfacestorageProductionNewandconversionConversionofexistinginfrastructureElectrolyserCompletedMethaneReforming(SMR/ATR)HighpressuredistributionOther/nodataavailable26—EuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridorsNordicBalticH₂supplycorridorHYDROGENINFRASTRUCTUREMAP2040LEGENDStorageTerminalsandportsTransmissionNewandconvertedaquiferNewConversionofexistingaquiferNewandconversionNewNewdepletedfieldConversionofexistinginfrastructureNewandconversionNewandconverteddepletedfieldConversionofexistinginfrastructureConversionofexistingdepletedfieldDemandNewsaltcavernDistributionNewandconvertedsaltcavernDemandConversionofexistingdepletedsaltcavernNewNewsurfacestorageProductionNewandconversionConversionofexistinginfrastructureElectrolyserCompletedMethaneReforming(SMR/ATR)HighpressuredistributionOther/nodataavailableEuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridors—27NordicBalticH₂supplycorridorHYDROGENINFRASTRUCTUREMAP2050LEGENDStorageTerminalsandportsTransmissionNewandconvertedaquiferNewConversionofexistingaquiferNewandconversionNewNewdepletedfieldConversionofexistinginfrastructureNewandconversionNewandconverteddepletedfieldConversionofexistinginfrastructureConversionofexistingdepletedfieldDemandNewsaltcavernDistributionNewandconvertedsaltcavernDemandConversionofexistingdepletedsaltcavernNewNewsurfacestorageProductionNewandconversionConversionofexistinginfrastructureElectrolyserCompletedMethaneReforming(SMR/ATR)HighpressuredistributionOther/nodataavailable28—EuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridorsNordicBalticH₂supplycorridorProjectnameCategoryCommis-CapacityLinkNordicHydrogenRoute–BothnianBay–TransmissionsioningyearSwedishpartNordic-BalticHydrogenCorridor–FIsectionTransmission2029406GWh/d3H2–HelsinkiHydrogenHubProductionUPMLappeenrantaBiorefineryGreenH�Production2029200GWh/dHycamiteCustomerSampleFacilityProduction20242MWHydrogenstep1inHoforsProduction202520MWIPCEINorthernGreenCraneTerminal&port20237.85MW202320MWNordic-BalticHydrogenCoridor–EEsectionTransmission2026Expectedyearlyvolume:Nordic-BalticHydrogenCorridor–LTsectionTransmission292GW/yNordicBalticHydrogenCorridor–LVsectionTransmission2029200GWh/dHydrogenseasonalstorageinLatviaStorage2029200GWh/dNordic-BalticHydrogenCorridor–PLsectionTransmission2029200GWh/dPolishHydrogenBackboneInfrastructureTransmission2040DamasławekHydrogenStorageprojectStorage2029200GWh/d2039GreenFalconProduction2035Storageworkingvolume:H�InterconnectorBornholm–LubminTransmissionupto4.3TWh2021515MWFlow–MakingHydrogenhappen(VIPBrandov)Transmission20272027:36GWh/d(partofHydrogenInterconnector)2030:91.2GWh/d2030–20352035:240GWh/d240GWh/dCzechGermanHydrogenInterconnector,Transmission2030144GWh/dCzechPartBrandov–Waidhaus(partofCzech–GermanHydrogenInterconnector)OGEH2erculesNetworkSouthTransmission2030IPWaidhaus:144GWh/d(partofCzech–GermanHydrogenInterconnector)Theincludeddataoncapacitiesissubjecttochangebasedonfuturefeasibilitystudyresults.ThetableincludessomeofthehydrogenprojectsdisplayedontheHydrogenInfrastructureMap,lastupdatedon30March2023.EuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridors—29NordicBalticH₂supplycorridor5.3SPECIFICBOTTLENECKS—Limitedunderstandingoftherelevanttimescaleforcross-borderplanningfortheswitchfrom—Needfortailoredengagementtodrivepublicaccept-gastohydrogen.Needtodefineexactnumberofance,especiallywithlocalindigenouscommunitiesininterconnectionsandinfrastructuretobededicatedtheNortharea.forH₂.—Limitedparallellinesbetweentheclusters/valleysandregionallydefinedproductionsites.5.4SPECIFICRECOMMENDATIONS—Understandthematurityofthehydrogenvalleysand—Preparationofthespecialplanfortheconnectingproductionplansintheregion.especiallynorthernpartoftheregionproductionsidetowardsfurtherconnectionwithBalticstatestowards—PrepareajointregionalapproachplanwithspecificwestofEurope.recommendationforthededicatedMembersStatesandEuropeanCommissiontowardsfulfillingREpowerEU.—Planforthepotentialre-routingtowardsUkrainetoutilisethehugepotentialofthegreenH₂productionfromtheEast.30—EuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridorsEasternH₂supplycorridor6EASTERNH₂SUPPLYCORRIDOR6.1POTENTIALOFTHEH₂CORRIDORMajordriverforthedevelopmentoftheEasterncorridoristoutilisethepotentialofrenewablehydrogenproductioninUkraine.Ukraineisaverypromisingfuturemajorsupplierofrenewablehydrogenwithexcellentconditionsforlarge-scale,greenhydrogenproductiondevelopment.Theestimatedtechnicalpotentialis~500–800GWofrenewableenergycapacity,whilethesupplypotentialrangesbetween~1,000–1,500TWh.Ukrainehaswell-developedammoniaandsteelproductionindustrieswhichcouldprovesuitableofftakers.UkraineiswellconnectedtoEuropebyitslargenaturalgaspipelinesystemthatcanberepurposedtotransporthydrogenandalsofeaturesasignificantnumberoflarge-scaleundergroundgasstorages.Parallelpipelinesalongtheplannedproject“CentralEuropeanHydrogenCorridor(CEHC)”allowforfastandcost-efficientrepurposingofdedicatedpipe-lineswithoutanynegativeeffectonthesecurityoftheregionalsupplyofnaturalgas.RepurposedpipelinesintheCzechRepublicandSlovakiawillbecombinedwithtargetedinvestmentsinnewdedicatedH₂pipelinesinAustriaandcompressorstationsinSlovakia.TheHydrogenstoragefacilitiesofRAGAustriaintheregionsofSalzburgandUpperAustriaandNAFTAinSlovakia(IPCEI)willbeusedtosecureandstructurethe(seasonal)demandofthehydrogenconsumers.ThecorridorcanconnecthighH₂supplypotentialinUkrainewithofftakersinCentralEuropeandsouthernGermanyby2030.Onthecorridoradditionalcountriescanbeconnected,i.e.Hungary,SloveniaandCroatia.Besidespipelinetransport,theDanuberivercouldbeusedforthetransportofhydrogenderivatesfromEasternEuropeviaships.EuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridors—31EasternH₂supplycorridor6.2PROJECTSSNAPSHOTHYDROGENINFRASTRUCTUREMAP2030LEGENDStorageTerminalsandportsTransmissionNewandconvertedaquiferNewConversionofexistingaquiferNewandconversionNewNewdepletedfieldConversionofexistinginfrastructureNewandconversionNewandconverteddepletedfieldConversionofexistinginfrastructureConversionofexistingdepletedfieldDemandNewsaltcavernDistributionNewandconvertedsaltcavernDemandConversionofexistingdepletedsaltcavernNewNewsurfacestorageProductionNewandconversionConversionofexistinginfrastructureElectrolyserCompletedMethaneReforming(SMR/ATR)HighpressuredistributionOther/nodataavailable32—EuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridorsEasternH₂supplycorridorHYDROGENINFRASTRUCTUREMAP2040LEGENDStorageTerminalsandportsTransmissionNewandconvertedaquiferNewConversionofexistingaquiferNewandconversionNewNewdepletedfieldConversionofexistinginfrastructureNewandconversionNewandconverteddepletedfieldConversionofexistinginfrastructureConversionofexistingdepletedfieldDemandNewsaltcavernDistributionNewandconvertedsaltcavernDemandConversionofexistingdepletedsaltcavernNewNewsurfacestorageProductionNewandconversionConversionofexistinginfrastructureElectrolyserCompletedMethaneReforming(SMR/ATR)HighpressuredistributionOther/nodataavailableEuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridors—33EasternH₂supplycorridorHYDROGENINFRASTRUCTUREMAP2050LEGENDStorageTerminalsandportsTransmissionNewandconvertedaquiferNewConversionofexistingaquiferNewandconversionNewNewdepletedfieldConversionofexistinginfrastructureNewandconversionNewandconverteddepletedfieldConversionofexistinginfrastructureConversionofexistingdepletedfieldDemandNewsaltcavernDistributionNewandconvertedsaltcavernDemandConversionofexistingdepletedsaltcavernNewNewsurfacestorageProductionNewandconversionConversionofexistinginfrastructureElectrolyserCompletedMethaneReforming(SMR/ATR)HighpressuredistributionOther/nodataavailable34—EuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridorsEasternH₂supplycorridorProjectnameCategoryCommis-CapacityLinkH2EU+STOREsioningyearUndergroundSunStorage2030Transmission&Storage20302030:2.5TWhUndergroundSunStorageScale-Up2040:40TWhCentralEuropeanHydrogenCorridor(UKRpart)2050:80TWhCentralEuropeanHydrogenCorridor(SKpart)Storage2023Storageworkingvolume:CentralEuropeanHydrogenCorridor(CZpart)4.5GWhH�(assumingoneOGEH2erculesNetworkSouthcycleperyear)(partofCentralEuropeanHydrogenCorridor)Injectioncapacity:H2I-S&Dstorage0.031GWhH�/dUGSLab–H�storageWithdrawalcapacity:0.048GWhH�/dUndergroundGasStorageVelkeKapusanyStorage2030150GWhH�,assumingP2GVelkeKapusanyelectrolyseronecycleperyear–ProjectH�Infrastructure-Distributionrunningasof2030H�CollektorG2F–GasToFuture(Electrolyser)Transmission20302030:IPVeľkéKapušanyH�BackboneWAG+PentaWest240GWh/dTransmission20302030:IPVeľkéKapušany240GWh/d2030:IPBaumgarten144GWh/dTransmission20302030:144GWh/dTransmission2030IPMedelsheim:192Gwh/dStorage2023IPWaidhaus:144GWh/dStorage2024Injectioncapacity:Storage20252.6GWhH�/dWithdrawalcapacity:Production20244.84GWhH�/dDistribution2030Distribution2026Storageworkingvolume:Production20243,122.83GWhmixofH�Transmission2030andnaturalgasInjectioncapacity:34.2184GWhH�/dWithdrawalcapacity:34.2184GWhH�/d7.2GWh/y2.9GWh/y2030:55TWhEuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridors—35EasternH₂supplycorridorProjectnameCategoryCommis-CapacityLinkSLOH2backbonesioningyearTransmission20356GWh/dSLOP2GElectrolyserProduction202810MWGreenHydrogen@BlueDanubeTerminal&port2024220t/dFlow–MakingHydrogenhappen(VIPBrandov)Transmission2030–2035240GWh/dHyPipeBavaria–TheHydrogenHubTransmission2027–20302030:150GW/dThetableincludessomeofthehydrogenprojectsdisplayedontheHydrogenInfrastructureMap,lastupdatedon30March2023.6.3SPECIFICBOTTLENECKS—Highshareofnuclearpowergenerationintheenergymixintheregion,andassuchverydependentonhow—ManyuncertaintiesrelatetotheongoingwarinUkraine.nuclearistreatedintermsofTaxonomyRegulation.SpecificissuesincludetheoperationalstateofUkraine’snaturalgasinfrastructure,thespeedofeconomicrecoveryandinfrastructureinvestmentandthedevel-opmentofahydrogenmarketandrelatedsupplychainsinUkraine.6.4SPECIFICRECOMMENDATIONS—Intensifyenergypartnershipswithexportingcountries,—TheHydrogenBankshouldconsidercreatingaspecificlikeUkraine.fundingwindowforhydrogenproduction/infrastructuredevelopmentinUkraine(thisalsofitswellwiththeideaofreconstructionafterwar).36—EuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridorsSoutheasternH₂supplycorridor7SOUTHEASTERNH₂CORRIDOR7.1POTENTIALOFTHEH₂CORRIDORThemajordriverbehindthedevelopmentofthishydrogencorridoristheneedtodecarboniseindustry,transportandpoweracrossEasternandSouth-EasternEurope.ThisisspecificallyrelevantfornewgreensteelprojectsandexistingindustryinGreece,Bulgaria,Romania,Hungary,Slovakia,Croatia,Slovenia,Austria,CzechiatowardsGermany.DuetothevicinitytoNorthAfricaandMiddleEast,thecorridorcouldinthefuturefacilitatehydrogenimportsfromtheneighboringcountriesviashippingorsubseapipelinetransportation.Theareaoffersabundantrenewablespotential,duetolandavailabilityandhigh-capacityfactorsforsolarandonshorewind.DepletedgasfieldsinGreece,Czechia,Slovakia,Austria,andsaltcavernsGermanywillbeusedtoprovideacost-effectivehydrogenstoragesolution.H₂SUPPLYANDDEMANDDATA:Demanddataperyear—2030:53TWh—2040:179TWh—2050:260TWhSupplydataperyear—2030:22.1TWh—2040:151TWh—2050:183TWhEuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridors—37SoutheasternH₂supplycorridor7.2PROJECTSSNAPSHOTHYDROGENINFRASTRUCTUREMAP2030LEGENDStorageTerminalsandportsTransmissionNewandconvertedaquiferNewConversionofexistingaquiferNewandconversionNewNewdepletedfieldConversionofexistinginfrastructureNewandconversionNewandconverteddepletedfieldConversionofexistinginfrastructureConversionofexistingdepletedfieldDemandNewsaltcavernDistributionNewandconvertedsaltcavernDemandConversionofexistingdepletedsaltcavernNewNewsurfacestorageProductionNewandconversionConversionofexistinginfrastructureElectrolyserCompletedMethaneReforming(SMR/ATR)HighpressuredistributionOther/nodataavailable38—EuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridorsSoutheasternH₂supplycorridorHYDROGENINFRASTRUCTUREMAP2040LEGENDStorageTerminalsandportsTransmissionNewandconvertedaquiferNewConversionofexistingaquiferNewandconversionNewNewdepletedfieldConversionofexistinginfrastructureNewandconversionNewandconverteddepletedfieldConversionofexistinginfrastructureConversionofexistingdepletedfieldDemandNewsaltcavernDistributionNewandconvertedsaltcavernDemandConversionofexistingdepletedsaltcavernNewNewsurfacestorageProductionNewandconversionConversionofexistinginfrastructureElectrolyserCompletedMethaneReforming(SMR/ATR)HighpressuredistributionOther/nodataavailableEuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridors—39SoutheasternH₂supplycorridorHYDROGENINFRASTRUCTUREMAP2050LEGENDStorageTerminalsandportsTransmissionNewandconvertedaquiferNewConversionofexistingaquiferNewandconversionNewNewdepletedfieldConversionofexistinginfrastructureNewandconversionNewandconverteddepletedfieldConversionofexistinginfrastructureConversionofexistingdepletedfieldDemandNewsaltcavernDistributionNewandconvertedsaltcavernDemandConversionofexistingdepletedsaltcavernNewNewsurfacestorageProductionNewandconversionConversionofexistinginfrastructureElectrolyserCompletedMethaneReforming(SMR/ATR)HighpressuredistributionOther/nodataavailable40—EuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridorsSoutheasternH₂supplycorridorProjectnameCategoryCommis-CapacityLinksioningyearDedicatedH�Pipeline(BulgariatoGreece)Transmission203070GWh/dDedicatedH�Pipeline(GreecetoBulgaria)Transmission203070GWh/dRetrofittingofexistingGreekTransmissionSystemTransmission20259.967GWh/d(BulgariatoGreece)RetrofittingofexistingGreekTransmissionSystemTransmission20255.5GWh/d(GreecetoBulgaria)SouthKavalaUndergroundGasStoragefacilityStorage2029Injectioncapacity:35GWh/dMaritsaEasthydrogenreadypipelineTransmission2026Withdrawalcapacity:Transmission202935GWh/dH�transmissionsysteminBulgaria.PiplinefromtheBulgarian-Greekborder(Kulata)andSofiaTransmission70GWh/dregioninBulgaria.70GWh/dH�transmissionsysteminBulgariawith2branchestoRomania-nearRuseandKozloduy2040Tobedefinedandaligned2040jointlywiththeRomanianH�transmissionsysteminBulgaria.PipelinefromTransmission2029operator.theSofiaregiontoRomania,Olteniaregion20302023TobedefinedandalignedGiurgiu–NodlaccorridormodernisationforTransmission2024jointlywiththeRomanianhydrogentransmissionTransmissionoperator.2025CentralEuropeanHydrogenCorridorproject,76,8GWh/dCEHCSKpart20242030VeľkéKapušanyIP:H2I-S&DstorageStorage240GWh/dUGSLab–H�storageStorageLanžhotIP:144GWh/dUndergroundGasStorageVelkeKapusanyStorageInjectioncapacity:2.6GWhH�/dP2GVelkeKapusanyelectrolyserProductionWithdrawalcapacity:Transmission4.84GWhH�/dCentralEuropeanHydrogenCorridorproject,CEHC,CZpart(Lanžhot-Waidhaus)Storageworkingvolume:3,122.83GWhmixofH�andnaturalgasInjectioncapacity:34.218GWhH�/dWithdrawalcapacity:34.218GWhH�/d7.2GWh/y144GWh/d(6GWh/h)EuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridors—41SoutheasternH₂supplycorridorProjectnameCategoryCommis-CapacityLinkSK-HUH�corridorsioningyearTransmission2030100GWh/dHydrogenproductionforfuelgasatVarosfoldCSProduction20281MWH2EU+STORETransmission&Storage20302030:2.5TWh2040:40TWh2050:80TWhUndergroundSunStorage2030Storage2023Storageworkingvolume:4.5GWhH�(assumingonecycleperyear)Injectioncapacity:0.031GWhH�/dWithdrawalcapacity:0.048GWhH�/dUndergroundSunStorageScale-UpStorage2030150GWhH₂(assumingonecycleperyear)AdjustmentofexistingEUSpipelineSK-HUTransmission2040100GWh/dH�BackboneMurfeldTransmission203512TWhHyPipeBavaria–TheHydrogenHubTransmission2027–20302030:150GW/dH2erculesNetworkSouthTransmission2030WaidhausIP:144GWh/dThetableincludessomeofthehydrogenprojectsdisplayedontheHydrogenInfrastructureMap,lastupdatedon30March2023.7.3SPECIFICBOTTLENECKS—Thelackofparallelnetworkscouldalsodelaythedevelopmentoftherequiredinfrastructure,sincethe—Theabsenceofnationalhydrogenstrategiesinmanyofconstructionofnew,dedicatedH₂pipelineswilltakethecountriesofthecorridorcandelaytheprogressofmoretimeandmostlikelytheywillbemoreexpensivethehydrogenmarketdevelopmentsintheregion.relativetorepurposedpipelineselsewhereinEurope.7.4SPECIFICRECOMMENDATIONS—Facilitateintegratedenergysystemplanningof—EstablishstrategichydrogenpartnershipsbetweenEUhydrogen,naturalgas,andelectricityinfrastructureandpotentialexportingcountriesinNorthAfricaandsupportingtheaccelerateddeploymentandintegrationtheMiddleEast.ofrenewableenergyresources.—Developsupportmechanismforinternationalhydrogen—Integrateimportconsiderationsinhydrogeninfrastruc-projectsandtransparentcertificationmechanisms.tureplanning,includingportfacilitiesforacceptingandhandlinghydrogencarriers.42—EuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridorsGermany8GERMANY–DEMANDDRIVINGROLEFORALLCORRIDORS8.1POTENTIALOFGERMANYASCENTRALDEMANDCENTREGermanyplaysacentralroleinthedevelopmentofaEuropeanhydrogeneconomyasallsixoutlinedcorridorsareconnecteddirectlyorindirectlytoGermandemandcentres.ThedevelopmentoftheGermandomestichydrogenmarkethasthereforesignificanteffectsontheoverallrealisationandspeedofthecorridors.Germany’snaturalgassystemiscomplexwith16gasTSOsand700DSOs,butitiswellorganisedandcanbuildonverywell-developedgasinfra-structurebothonthelevelofdistribution(550,000km)aswellastransmission(25,000km)thatcanberepurposedtotransporthydrogeneasilytoagreatvarietyofcustomers.1Germanyhasalongexperi-enceingasconversionprocessesfromtowngastonaturalgasandmorerecentlyongoingconversionfromDutchL-GastoH-Gas.In2030Germanyexpectsahydrogendemandbe-AspartoftheanalysisconductedbyEuropeanHydrogentween95–130TWhacrossallsectors.Inaddition,Backboneinitiative,demandinthemiddleofEuropecurrentgreyhydrogendemandof55TWhneeds(Germany,Benelux,Czechia,Poland,andAustria)willintobedecarbonised.Shouldpricesforfossilener-2040exceedsupplypotentialoftheregionby440TWh.gycarriersremainhigh,andhydrogenproductionThisunderlinesthenecessityfortheregionforwell-costsfurtherdecrease,hydrogendemandcouldestablishedimportroutesandlarge-volume(underground)risequickerandingreaterquantitythancurrentlyhydrogenstoragesites.envisaged.Inaddition,GermanyhasthelargestgasstoragecapacityintheEUandthefourthintheworld,afterUnitedStates,RussiaandUkraine.Thisstoragecapacitycanbegraduallyrepurposedtoprovidemuch-neededhydrogenstoragecapac-ity.Inaddition,severalsitesfornewsaltcavernsareavailableadjacenttoexistingstoragesites.FlexibilitycanbefurtherincreasedinthefuturebyrepurposingLNGimportterminalsthatarecurrentlybeingsetupinGermanyforhydrogenanditsderivativesimportsbeyond2030.AttheDSOlevelanationalprojectGTP-GasdistributionTransfor-mationPlanwassetup.1FNB-GasWasserstoffbericht.pdfEuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridors—43Germany8.2PROJECTSSNAPSHOTHYDROGENINFRASTRUCTUREMAP2030LEGENDStorageTerminalsandportsTransmissionNewandconvertedaquiferNewConversionofexistingaquiferNewandconversionNewNewdepletedfieldConversionofexistinginfrastructureNewandconversionNewandconverteddepletedfieldConversionofexistinginfrastructureConversionofexistingdepletedfieldDemandNewsaltcavernDistributionNewandconvertedsaltcavernDemandConversionofexistingdepletedsaltcavernNewNewsurfacestorageProductionNewandconversionConversionofexistinginfrastructureElectrolyserCompletedMethaneReforming(SMR/ATR)HighpressuredistributionOther/nodataavailable44—EuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridorsGermanyHYDROGENINFRASTRUCTUREMAP2040LEGENDStorageTerminalsandportsTransmissionNewandconvertedaquiferNewConversionofexistingaquiferNewandconversionNewNewdepletedfieldConversionofexistinginfrastructureNewandconversionNewandconverteddepletedfieldConversionofexistinginfrastructureConversionofexistingdepletedfieldDemandNewsaltcavernDistributionNewandconvertedsaltcavernDemandConversionofexistingdepletedsaltcavernNewNewsurfacestorageProductionNewandconversionConversionofexistinginfrastructureElectrolyserCompletedMethaneReforming(SMR/ATR)HighpressuredistributionOther/nodataavailableEuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridors—45GermanyHYDROGENINFRASTRUCTUREMAP2050LEGENDStorageTerminalsandportsTransmissionNewandconvertedaquiferNewConversionofexistingaquiferNewandconversionNewNewdepletedfieldConversionofexistinginfrastructureNewandconversionNewandconverteddepletedfieldConversionofexistinginfrastructureConversionofexistingdepletedfieldDemandNewsaltcavernDistributionNewandconvertedsaltcavernDemandConversionofexistingdepletedsaltcavernNewNewsurfacestorageProductionNewandconversionConversionofexistinginfrastructureElectrolyserCompletedMethaneReforming(SMR/ATR)HighpressuredistributionOther/nodataavailable46—EuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridorsGermanyProjectnamePromoterProjectTypeCategoryCapacityLinkGreenOctopusONTRASGastransportGmbHMix:new+conversionofTransmissionEntry/exitcapacityofMitteldeutschlandandVNGGasspeicherGmbHexistinginfrastructureandstorage84GWh/dNordic-BalticONTRASGastransportGmbHNewly-builtinfrastructureTransmissionONTRASentry:HydrogenCorridor–200GWh/dDEsectionONTRASexit:100GWh/ddoinghydrogenONTRASGastransportGmbHMix:new+conversionofTransmissionEntry/exitcapacityofexistinginfrastructure84GWh/dHyPipeBavaria–bayernetsConversionofexistingTransmission150GWTheHydrogenHubinfrastructureRHYnIntercoterranetsBWConversionofexistingTransmission12GWh/dinfrastructureanddistribu-tionH2EU+STORERAGAustria,Bayerngas,Mix:new+conversionofIntegrated2030:2.5TWhbayernets,GasConnectexistinginfrastructureinfrastructure2040:40TWhAustria,Eco-Optima,eustream,project2050:80TWhNafta,OpenGridEurope,GasTransmissionSystemOperatorofUkraine,StorageSystemOperatorofUkraine(UkrtransgazJSC)andMNDAquaDuctusGASCADENewTransmission10GWFLOW-makingGASCADEMix:new+conversionofTransmissionUpto20GWhydrogenhappenexistinginfrastructureH�InterconnectorGASCADENewTransmissionUpto10GWBornholm–Lubmin(IBL)HyPerLinkI/IIGasunieEnergyDevelopmentMix:new+conversionofTransmission4.080GWGmbHexistinginfrastructureHyPerLinkVGasunieEnergyDevelopmentTransmission3.84GWGmbH+ThyssengasHyPerLinkIII:GasunieEnergyDevelopmentTransmission8.6GWGmbHHyPerLinkIVGasunieEnergyDevelopmentTransmission10GWGmbHH�CASTEtzelGasunieEnergyDevelopmentStorageStorageGmbH+projectpartners(STORAGETZEL,GASUNIE,DEEP.KBB,DLR,HARTMANNValves,SOCON,ClausthalUniversityofTechnology)GETH�Nowega,OGE,ThyssengasConversionofexistingTransmissioninfrastructure/newlybuiltpipelineEuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridors—47ProjectnamePromoterProjectTypeCategoryCapacityLinkH2erculesOGEConversionofexistingTransmissioninfrastructureXanten–Vörde–ThyssengasConversionofexistingTransmissionOberhauseninfrastructure/newlybuiltpipelineLeverkusen–KölnThyssengasConversionofexistingTransmissioninfrastructure/new-builtpipelineEast-WestThyssengasConversionofexistingTransmissionConnectioninfrastructure/new-builtpipelineVlieghuis–OchtrupThyssengasConversionofexistingTransmission2027:600MWinfrastructure2029:800MW2031:1,300MWCleanHydrogentoEquinorMixofnewandconversionTransmission4mt/yEurope(CHE)H2.RuhrEON,EnelandIberdrolaDistribution80,000t/yofgreenH�&greenammoniaAmmoniaImportRWESupply&TradingGmbHNewTerminal&port300,000t/yofgreenNH�TerminalBrunsbüttelbpWilhelmshavenBPEuropaSEMixTerminal&port54.8GW/hdailysend-outcapacityGreenHydrogenHubH2-20inSchopsdorfAvaconNetzGmbHConversionofexistingDistributioninfrastructureHamburgHydrogenGasnetzHamburgGmbHNewDistribution2GWIndustryGrid(HH-WIN)WESTKuSTE100-ThugaAG/StadtwerkeHeideMixofnewandconversionDistributionTeilprojektGrunerGmbHHeizenH2-SauerlandWestnetzGmbHConversionofexistingDistributioninfrastructureH2-NetzHanshagenE-ONNewDistributionThetableincludessomeofthehydrogenprojectsdisplayedontheHydrogenInfrastructureMap,lastupdatedon30March2023.48—EuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridors8.3SPECIFICBOTTLENECKSthegridlevelregardingthefuturetariffdesign.TheproposalbyDENA–verysimilartotheinter-temporal—OverhauloftheenergysysteminGermany:TheCostallocationmechanismthathasbeenproposedbyGermanenergysystemiscurrentlyundergoingmajortheEuropeanParliamentinitspositionwouldallowgridchangesduetotheRussianwaragainstUkraineoperatorstogoaheadwiththeirinvestment.withRussiannaturalgassuppliestoGermanyhavingdeclinedsharply.Thus,achangeofimportandsup-—RegulatoryuncertaintyatEUlevelonunbundlingtoplyroutesoccurredonthegasmarket.InadditiontodelayinvestmentsinGermany:TheHydrogenandGasthediversificationoffossilenergysources,therapiddecarbonisationpackageproposedbytheEuropeanconversiontoclimate-friendlyenergysourcesistheCommissioninDecember2021hasaddedfurtherfocusofGermanandEuropeanenergypolicy.Theramp-uncertaintyintheGermaninfrastructuremarketdueupofanationalandEuropeanhydrogenmarketbasedtoitsrestrictiveunbundlingprovisionsforhydrogen.onawell-connectedonshoreandoffshorehydrogenAsnumerouscountriesinEurope,Germanyhasveryinfrastructureplaysacentralrole.As99%oftheindus-successfullyappliedtheIndependentTransmissiontrialconsumers,powerplantsandCHPplantsandmostOperator(ITO)modelinitsgasandelectricitymarket.ofthedecentralisedhydrogenproductionareconnectedThesuggestedphase-outbytheEuropeanCommissiontotheDSOlevelitisimportantthattheconversionofoftheITOmodelinthehydrogensectorafter2030theTSOandDSOgohand-in-handandaresupportedandtheimmediateownershipunbundlingevenforonebypolitics.Manyindustrialend-usersareinthesouthmeterofhydrogengridattheDSOsectorhasthereforeandsouth-westofGermanywherethetimingofthetriggeredsevereuncertaintiesandisdelayingmuchbackbonemightnotmeettheirneeds.neededfinalinvestmentdecisionsbyinfrastructureoperators.—UncertaintyatnationallevelonH₂planningandtariffframework:Lackofclarityformanyinvestmentsat8.4SPECIFICRECOMMENDATIONSThelegalandregulatoryconditionsneedtobesetas—Thepotentialofcurrentinfrastructureoperatorsforquicklyaspossibletoallowcurrentinfrastructureopera-hydrogencanbeunleashedbynotimposinganylegaltorstostartrepurposingtheirassetstohydrogen.separationobligations(horizontalunbundling).Set-upofanadequateoverallregulatoryframework,—DistinctionbetweendistributionandtransmissionconsideringtheGermanspecificityoffullyprivate-needed.Germanyhasclearrulesontasksandcontractsly-ownednetworkoperators:ofeachinfrastructurelevelandwithouttheseparationDSOwillboundbytheEuropeannetworkcodesandnot—Providingcoherentrulesforhydrogennetworkopera-anymorebytheGermanrules.torstoensurehydrogenforpublicsupply.Set-upacoherentnetworkandstoragedevelopment—Allocatingrisksfairlytoaddressinvestors’andcustom-frameworkatnationallevelers’concernsinthehydrogenscale-upphase.—Introducingalegallybindingintegratednetwork—Ensuringtherefinancingfornetworkoperatorsinandevelopmentplanningprocessforallgases(hydrogenadequatemannerandprovidingforcost-competitiveandmethane).networkfeesintheinitialscaleupphase.TheproposaloftheDENAforthetemporalcostallocationmethod—GivingtheTSOsandtheSSOsthemandatetobuildthathasbeenincludedintheEuropeanparliament’sandoperateastartbackbone-networkforhydrogen,positionprovidescouldbeoneoption.referredtotheanalysisofstrategicproductionanddemandcentreswithinGermanywithoutfurtherdelay.—Applyingpragmaticunbundlingrulesforthehydrogensector.AttheTSOleveltheITOunbundlingmodelhas—IntroducinginstrumentstooptimisethelocalisationofworkedverysuccessfullyinGermanyinthepastinpower-to-gasfacilitiesaswellashydrogen-firedpowerelectricityandgasandshouldalsobeappliedintheplantsbyprovidinganadequateincentiveregime.hydrogensector.TheDSOunbundlingruleshavebeenimplementedverystrictlybytheregulatorandhave—IntegrationofGasdistributionTransformationPlanintoenabledintensecompetitionacrossthecountryeventhehydrogenplanning.ineverysmallestgrids.—Implementthelocalheatingandcoolingplansasabasisoftheinvestmentdecisionsinthecitiesandregions.EuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridors—499GENERALBOTTLENECKSANDRECOMMENDATIONSDuringthediscussionwiththestakeholdersseveralbottlenecksandrecommendationswereidentifiedthathadahorizontalcharacter,influencingthedevelopmentofalltherespectiveH₂supplycorridorsidentified.Toprovideaholisticpicture,thesegeneralbottlenecksandrecommendationsareaddressedinthisdedicatedchapter.9.1GENERALBOTTLENECKS—Concernsoversocietalacceptancefornewenergycarriers’projects.—Missingclearregulatoryframework:—Missingincentivesforoff-takers–lackofcleartargets»Gas/H₂DecarbonisationPackagetobefinalised,andfinancialsupport(funding).»MissingH₂standardswhichcoulddelaytheH₂—Missingavailabilityofworkforce.productiondevelopmentandtheH₂infrastructuredeployment,—Overviewoffullvaluechainforeverycommercialpartyisdifficult.»ConcernsregardingproposedTPArulesforimportterminalsundertheGasPackageproposal,—MissingclearandcoordinatedactionatEUlevelandnationalgovernmentsoninfrastructureplanning&»MissingcertificationschemeforHydrogenimports,development.»Overcomplicatedpermitgrantingprocedure,—MissingalignmentatMemberStatelevelonthehydro-genmarketorganisationtarget,whichrisksnotseeing»Unbundlingrules-Unbundlingrulesshouldfacilitateadeepandsecureliquidmarketemergeby2030,andtheefficientconversionbytheTSOtofosterdevelop-insteadseeingnationaloreventerritorialH₂islands.mentofnewandrepurposedhydrogeninfrastructure.Thereisalackoffundingopportunitiesandfinancingforinfrastructure.Short-termfinancingcapacityofpri-—MissingleadershipforthepurchasingofhydrogenvateactorsisnotuptotheambitionsofREPowerEUabroad(EUlevelormemberstatelevel).by2050.—MissingTechnologyopenness:AlltypesofCO₂neu-—Thetechnicalelementsoftransportinghydrogenmighttralandgreenhydrogen(waterelectrolysis,methanebealsoconsideredaspotentialbottlenecksifnotprop-electrolysis/pyrolysis,SMR+CCUSetc.)willbeneedederlyaddressed.fortheenergytransitionandshouldbeconsideredinproduction,infrastructureplanningandfunding.50—EuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridors9.2GENERALRECOMMENDATIONS—Thedevelopmentofproduction,transmissionand—Leadershiprequiredforthepurchasingofhydrogenstorageinfrastructuremusttakeplacesimultaneously.abroad(EUlevelormemberstatelevel),specificallyEspeciallylargevolumeundergroundH₂storagehelpsneedforEUtoaggregateofftakeandenterintobilateralmarketparticipantstopurchaseinlargervolumes,moreagreementswiththirdcountriesflexiblyandcheaper.Here,aninfrastructuredevelop-mentmustthereforebeadvancedquickly.—UnlockEUandnationalfinancing:—NeedforclearandstableEUlegislationneededfor»Tofast-trackhydrogeninfrastructurecorridorsinvestorcertainty:deployment(e.g.ring-fencingspecificfundsforH₂corridorsinEUfundingprogrammes;aligningIPCEI»Needforlightregimeandlong-termsecurity,withprocesswiththeH₂corridors,etc.)easyandapplicableregulationaswellaspossibletransitionperiod»Needforearlyfinancingwhichgivesthepossibilitytodesignthenecessarynetworkintherightsizefrom»EnsurearegulatoryregimeforDSOswhichensuresthebeginning,notbasedoncurrentproduction/needsthemostefficienttransitionofgasinfrastructuresbutwhatweforeseein2030,2040and2050withthesameunbundlingrulesforhydrogenthanforthenaturalgasnetworks—Intensifyenergypartnershipswithexportingcoun-triesprovidingfinancingsupporttoreducethecostof»Simplify,shortenandaccelerateplanningandpermit-capitalinexportcountries,needforpublic-private&tingproceduresforthefullvaluechainofrenewableprivate-privatepartnershipsonconcreteprojectsenergiesandhydrogeninfrastructureprojectstomeet2030ambitions.—Givespaceforinnovationandcompetitionformarketplayers(avoidoverregulation)»Establishintegratedenergysystemplanningofhydrogenandnaturalgasinfrastructure,basedon—Societalacceptancefornewenergycarriersiskey.(EUsharedenergyscenarioscoveringalsotheelectricityandinexportcountries)sector—Incentivesforoff-takerswithtechnologyopenapproach»Implementarobusthydrogencertificationschemeforhydrogenimportsoperationalbytheendof2023the—Differentoptionsandtechnologiestoimportandex-latesttoprovideclarityforexportingcountrieschangehydrogenandderivatives»Supportandfacilitatetheimportofblending/pure—InsertspecificreferencesofGOimportanceforH₂hydrogenfromthirdcountriesdevelopment,includingblending,andthekeyroleofaGOframeworkharmonisedacrossMemberStates—SimultaneousplanningandimplementationofH₂aswellastheirkeypartnersintheidentifiedcorridorsstoragesalongtheH₂importcorridors.H₂storages(NorthAfrica,Ukraine,non-EUNortherncountriessuchwillbeneededtoenhanceSoSbyprovidingseasonalasUKandNorway).balancingaswellasmoreshort-termflexibilityservices.BothinthetransitionperiodandinafullyCO₂-neutralworld,therewillbeaneedforbothH₂productionandH₂customerstorages.EuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridors—5110CONCLUSIONThis‘Learnbook’hasattemptedtobringsomeconcreteness,specificity,andtangibilitytotheconceptualframeworkofhydrogencorridorsoutlinedbytheEuropeanCommissioninits’REPowerEUActionPlan.ThefinalproductrepresentsthecombinedeffortsofallthoseinvolvedintheRoundtable,withtheprojectdatabeingprovidedbytheMembersoftheRoundtable,andtheco-chairsandfacilitatingorganisationhavingsynthesiseditintoauseableamalgamatedform.ItisclearfromthedatapresentedhereinthatthereisIndividualcorridorshaveinherentregionalandnationalasignificantestablishedandgrowingmomentumfornuancesassociatedwiththeirphysicalgeography,butthedeliveringontheEuropeanCommission'svisionforinternationalcollaborationofpartiesrequiredtodeliverthetransmission,distributionandstorageofhydrogenpan-EuropeannetworkinfrastructurehasinvariablywithintheEUandthewiderneighbourhoodregions.encouragedpromoterstocallforapan-EuropeanMostprojectspresentedinthedocumentarequitema-harmonisationoftheapproachtogovernanceandsupport.ture,witharelativelywellelaboratedsetofcorridorsThisisneededaspertainstofundsandregulationthattobecommissionedalreadybefore2030.Thisisveryhaveapan-Europeanorcross-borderscope(e.g.IPCEIorpositivenewsforthesector,andthesignalsofintentandinteroperabilityissues),buttherearealsoconsistentcallswillingnessareclear.toleveragecooperationforstrategicends,forexamplejointpurchasingorthesignatureofpartnershipswiththirdNevertheless,thedataandinputcollectionprocessforthiscountries.LearnbookalsoclarifiedstructuralissueswiththebuildoutofthecorridorsthatarefundamentallyatoddswiththeTheTransmissionandDistributionRoundtablehasprovenscaleandtimelineenvisaged.TheLearnbookdelineatesavaluablebaseforcollaborationamongstactorsinvolvedspecificbarrierscorrespondingtogivencorridors,buttheinthebuildoutofvaluechainsforconnectingrenewablemostconsistentlyvoicedconcernspertainedtothreeandlow-carbonhydrogenproductionwithdemandcross-cuttingissues.(i)Prolongedregulatoryuncertaintycentres.HopefullytheLearnbookcanbeausefulevolvingandcomplexity,(ii)financinglimitationsandcomplexityreferencepointfortherealisationofEurope’shydrogenrelativetoglobalcompetitors,and(iii)administrativecorridorsmovingforward,acrucialprecursortoaEuropeantimelinesthatareincompatiblewithstrategictimelines.hydrogeneconomy.Overcomingthesestickingpointsiskeytocreatingthecriticalmassrequiredtorealisetheambitionsofaninitiativeofthisnature.52—EuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridorsABBREVIATIONSBE–BelgiumL-Gas–LowcalorificgasCBA–CostBenefitAnalysisH-Gas–HighcalorificgasCBCA–CrossBorderCostAllocationLH₂–LiquidHydrogenCEDEC–EuropeanFederationofLocalandLNG–LiquifiedNaturalGasMO–MoroccoRegionalEnergyCompaniesMoU–MemorandumofUnderstandingCEF–ConnectingEuropeFacilityMt–MegatonneCHP–CombinedheatandpowerMt/y–MegatonneperyearCH₂–MethyleneMTPAH₂–MillionTonnesperannumCO₂–CarbonDioxideMW–MegawattDE–GermanyNGO–Non-governmentalorganisationDENA–GermanEnergyAgencyNH₃–AmmoniaDGGROW–TheDirectorateGeneralforInternalMarket,NL–TheNetherlandsOGE–OpenGridEuropeIndustry,EntrepreneurshipandSMEsPCI–ProjectsofCommonInterestDZ–AlgeriaPT–PortugalDSO–DistributionSystemOperatorR&I–Research&InnovationECH2A–TheEuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceRES–RenewableEnergySourcesEHB–EuropeanHydrogenBackboneSMR/ATR–Steammethanereforming/ES–SpainFR–FranceAutothermalReformingGD4S–GasDistributorsforSustainabilityt/d–TonnesperdayGIE–GasInfrastructureEuropet/y–TonnesperyearGWh–GigawatthoursTWh–Terawatt-hourGWh/d–GigawatthoursperdayTWh/y–Terawatt-hoursperyearGWh/y–GigawatthoursperyearTPA–ThirdPartyAccessGO–GuaranteeofOriginTSO–TransmissionSystemOperatorH₂–HydrogenTYNDP–Ten-YearNetworkDevelopmentPlanHVV–HigherHeatingValueIPCEI–ImportantProjectsofCommonEuropeanInterestITO–IndependentTransmissionOperatorEuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridors—53IMPRINTDESIGNPUBLISHERDreiDreizehnGmbH,Berlinwww.313.deEuropeanCleanHydrogenAlliance–RoundtableforHydrogenTransmissionandDistributionPICTURESSUPPORTEDiStock.combytheEuropeanCommissionDirectorate-GeneralforInternalMarket,Industry,EntrepreneurshipandSMEs54—EuropeanCleanHydrogenAllianceLearnbookonHydrogenSupplycorridorsH₂

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