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The shaded areas of the map indicate ESCAP members and associate members.

The Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) is the most inclusive

intergovernmental platform in the Asia-Pacific region. The Commission promotes cooperation among

its 53 Member States and nine associate members in pursuit of solutions to sustainable development

challenges. ESCAP is one of the five regional commissions of the United Nations.

The ESCAP Secretariat supports inclusive, resilient and sustainable development in the region by

generating action-oriented knowledge, and by providing technical assistance and capacity-building

services in support of national development objectives, regional agreements and the implementation

of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was established on 8 August 1967. The Member

States are Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, the Lao Peoples’ Democratic Republic, Malaysia,

Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam.

One Vision, One Identity, One Community.

ASEAN: A Community of Opportunities for All.

General information on ASEAN appears online at the ASEAN website: www.asean.org

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in the report do not imply the

expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning

the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation

of its frontiers or boundaries.

The United Nations bears no responsibility for the availability or functionality of URLs.

Opinions, figures and estimates set forth in this publication are the responsibility of the authors and

should not necessarily be considered as reflecting the views or carrying the endorsement of the United

Nations. Any errors are the responsibility of the authors. Mention of firm names and commercial

products does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations.

This report has been issued without formal editing.

Chapter 1 ▲ Introduction

Digital and Sustainable Trade Facilitation in ASEAN 2023 i

Based on the United Nations Global Survey on Digital and

Sustainable Trade Facilitation

Digital and Sustainable Trade Facilitation

in the Association of Southeast Asian

Nations (ASEAN) 2023

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TheshadedareasofthemapindicateESCAPmembersandassociatemembers.TheEconomicandSocialCommissionforAsiaandthePacific(ESCAP)isthemostinclusiveintergovernmentalplatformintheAsia-Pacificregion.TheCommissionpromotescooperationamongits53MemberStatesandnineassociatemembersinpursuitofsolutionstosustainabledevelopmentchallenges.ESCAPisoneofthefiveregionalcommissionsoftheUnitedNations.TheESCAPSecretariatsupportsinclusive,resilientandsustainabledevelopmentintheregionbygeneratingaction-orientedknowledge,andbyprovidingtechnicalassistanceandcapacity-buildingservicesinsupportofnationaldevelopmentobjectives,regionalagreementsandtheimplementationofthe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment.TheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN)wasestablishedon8August1967.TheMemberStatesareBruneiDarussalam,Cambodia,Indonesia,theLaoPeoples’DemocraticRepublic,Malaysia,Myanmar,thePhilippines,Singapore,ThailandandVietNam.OneVision,OneIdentity,OneCommunity.ASEAN:ACommunityofOpportunitiesforAll.GeneralinformationonASEANappearsonlineattheASEANwebsite:www.asean.orgCopyright©UnitedNations2023AllrightsreservedThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofthematerialinthereportdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheSecretariatoftheUnitedNationsconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.TheUnitedNationsbearsnoresponsibilityfortheavailabilityorfunctionalityofURLs.Opinions,figuresandestimatessetforthinthispublicationaretheresponsibilityoftheauthorsandshouldnotnecessarilybeconsideredasreflectingtheviewsorcarryingtheendorsementoftheUnitedNations.Anyerrorsaretheresponsibilityoftheauthors.MentionoffirmnamesandcommercialproductsdoesnotimplytheendorsementoftheUnitedNations.Thisreporthasbeenissuedwithoutformalediting.Chapter1LIntroductionDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN2023iBasedontheUnitedNationsGlobalSurveyonDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationintheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN)2023Chapter1LIntroductionDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN2023iiFOREWORDThelingeringaftermathoftheCOVID-19crisiscontinuestoimpedeglobaltrade;thischallengeisexacerbatedbygeopoliticalconflictsthatcausesupplychaindisruptionsandheightenedinflation,increasingtradecostsanduncertainties.ThefindingsofthisreporthighlighttheeffortsmadebytheASEANMemberStates(AMS)insimplifyinganddigitalizingtradeprocedures,acknowledgingthecrucialroleplayedbytradefacilitationinreducingvulnerabilitiesinglobalsupplychainsandmitigatingoveralltradecosts.TheoutcomesofthelatestUnitedNationsGlobalSurveyonDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationoftheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN)MemberStatesrevealsubstantialandongoingadvancementsintheadoptionofanextensivearrayoftradefacilitationmeasuresthatsurpasstherequirementssetbytheWorldTradeOrganizationTradeFacilitationAgreement.Notably,thesurveyencompassesnumerousadvancedmeasurespioneeredbyASEANaspartofitscommitmenttoimplementtheASEANSingleWindowAgreement(ASW).AstheASEANdigitaltransformationagendaprogressesintoitsnextphase,expeditingthedigitalizationoftradeprocessesremainsanutmostpriority.ThisreportunderscoresthefactthattheimplementationofdigitaltradefacilitationmeasuresbytheAMShasenabledthemtosurpassregionalaveragesinAsiaandthePacific.ThissuccesscanbeattributedtocollectiveeffortsthroughinitiativesliketheASW,whichreflectcontinuousadvancements.Withsuchprogress,theAMSthathavenotjoinedtheFrameworkAgreementonFacilitationofCross-borderPaperlessTradeinAsiaandthePacificmayexplorethepossibilityofaccessionandsubsequentlyleveragetheUNtreatytopromoteitsdigitalsolutionstootherAsianandPacificcountriesandaddresscapacitygapswithinthebloc.Inthepursuitofstrengtheningcompetitivenessinglobaltrade,theAMSshouldprioritizetheenhancementofsustainablepracticesforsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesandothervulnerablegroupsandsectors.Furthermore,theacknowledgmentbytheAMSoftheneedtobecomealeadingdigitalcommunityunderscorestheimportanceoffosteringtheadoptionofemergingtechnologiesandinnovationininternationaltradeproceduresthroughenhancedregionalcooperation.Wehopetheinsightsprovidedinthisreportandtheinteractivedatabaseavailableatuntfsurvey.orgwillproveusefulinthisregard,pavingthewayforfurthersimplified,cost-effective,resilient,andsustainabletradepractices.ArmidaSalsiahAlisjahbanaDr.KaoKimHournExecutiveSecretaryofESCAPSecretary-GeneralofASEANChapter1LIntroductionDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN2023iiiACKNOWLEDGEMENTSTheASEANreportispartofaglobalsurveyeffortontheimplementationoftradefacilitationandpaperlesstrademeasures,undertakenjointlybythefiveUnitedNationsRegionalCommissionsforAfrica(ECA),Europe(ECE),AsiaandthePacific(ESCAP),LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean(ECLAC)andWestAsia(ESCWA)aswellastheUnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment(UNCTAD).ThereportwasjointlypreparedbyESCAPandtheASEANSecretariat.SilvèreDernouh,MatthieuLevasseurandChorthipUtoktham,undertheguidanceofSooHyunKimandtheoverallsupervisionofYannDuval,allfromtheTrade,InvestmentandInnovationDivision(TIID)ofESCAP,providedthedataanalysisforASEANMemberStates,collectedaspartoftheUnitedNationsGlobalSurveyonDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitation2023.CuongBaTranoftheTradeFacilitationDivisionoftheASEANSecretariatprovidedananalysisofrecentASEANCustomsIntegration,ASEANCustomsTransitSystem(ACTS),ASEANSingleWindow(ASW),andTradeFacilitationinitiatives,whichhavebeeninitiatedandimplementedduringthetimeofconductingthesurvey,tofurtherenrichandstrengthenthereport.Healsocontributedto,andreviewedthereport.GarlanAyogaIrawanfromtheASEANSecretariatprovidedfactualvalidationforASEANcountries.AssistanceprovidedbyLaurenShykorainfinalizingthereportisappreciated.TonyOliverinformallyeditedthefinaldraftofthereport.TheUnitedNationsNetworkofExpertsforPaperlessTradeandTransportinAsiaandthePacific(UNNExT),aknowledgecommunitysupportedbyESCAPandECE,greatlyfacilitateddatacollection.CommentsandsuggestionsreceivedfromparticipantsoftheASEANTradeFacilitationJointConsultativeCommittee(ATF-JCC)aregratefullyacknowledged.ThefinancialsupportfromtheRepublicofKoreaundertheproject“CapacityBuildingonTradeFacilitationandtheAsia-PacificTradeAgreement(APTA)PromotiontoStrengthenIntra-regionalCooperation(PhaseIV)”isgratefullyacknowledged.Chapter1LIntroductionDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN2023ivEXECUTIVESUMMARYThereductionoftradecostsiscrucialforenablingeconomiestoeffectivelyparticipateinregionalandglobalvaluechains,andpromotegrowthandsustainabledevelopment.However,theaftermathoftheCOVID-19crisiscontinuestoimpedeinternationaltrade,withgeopoliticalconflictscreatingnewsupplychaindisruptionsandhighinflation,increasingtradecostsanduncertainties.ThishasaddedfurtherpressuretoalreadyhightradecostsinAsiaandthePacific.Giventhissituation,tradefacilitationassumesapivotalrole,facilitatingmoreefficientandtransparenttradeprocedures,thusreducingthevulnerabilityofglobalsupplychainsandoveralltradecosts.Consequently,theWorldTradeOrganization’s(WTO)TradeFacilitationAgreement(TFA)andregionalinitiativeshavefocusedontradedigitalization,suchastheFrameworkAgreementonFacilitationofCross-borderPaperlessTradeinAsiaandthePacific,offeringguidanceonmeasuresthatshouldbeconsideredforimplementation.Thepresentreportunveilsthefindingsofthe2023UnitedNationsGlobalSurveyonDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitation,focusingontheprogressmadeintradefacilitationacrossthe10ASEANcountries.Thereportoffersacomprehensiveanalysisof60tradefacilitationmeasures,categorizedintofourgroups–“GeneralTradeFacilitation”,“DigitalTradeFacilitation”,“SustainableTradeFacilitation”and“OtherTradeFacilitation.”Furthermore,thesegroupsofmeasuresencompass11subgroups,includingbothbindingandnon-bindingmeasuresoftheWTOTFA.Theyalsoincludemeasuresrelatedtodigitalandsustainabletrade.Thereportbringstolightthefollowingkeyfindings:GBasedonaninitialsetof31generaltradefacilitationmeasures,thesurveyuncoversthatASEANachievedanimpressivesubregionalimplementationrateof81%(comparedwith79%in2021),whichsignificantlysurpassedtheAsia-Pacificregion’saverageimplementationrateof67%;GWhenexpandingthescopetoincludeabroaderrangeof40tradefacilitationmeasures,whichencompassesthegroup“SustainableTradeFacilitation”,thesurveyshowsalowerlevelofimplementationrates.TheAsia-Pacificregiondoesnotscoreashigh,recordinga63%implementationrate(-4percentagepoints),whileASEANMemberStates’implementationrateis75%(-6percentagepoints).Thisemphasizestheneedforsubstantialprogressinimplementingtradefacilitationmeasuresrelatedto‘TradefacilitationforSMEs’and‘Agriculturaltradefacilitation’;GTheimplementationoftradefacilitationmeasuresvariesconsiderablyfromoneASEANcountrytoanother.Lookingatthesetof40generaldigitalandsustainabletradefacilitationmeasures,Singaporehasachievedaworld-leadinglevelofimplementation,standingat96%.IndonesiaandMalaysiahavealsoachievedcommendableimplementationratesofmorethan80%;GTheaverageimplementationratehaswitnessedarise,climbingfrom79%in2021to81%in2023.VietNamisthecountrywiththehighestincrease,withanimplementationrategoingfrom63%to70%in2023(7percentagepointsincrease).TheLaoPeople’sDemocraticRepublic(LaoPDR)hasalsomadesignificantprogress,reachingover56%,whichrepresentsanincreaseof4percentagepoints;GIntheAsia-Pacificregion,ASEANcountriesmadethemostsignificantprogressinimplementingmeasuresrelatedto‘Paperlesstrade’and‘Cross-borderpaperlesstrade’between2021and2023,withimplementationratesof81%and60%,respectively.Thisimprovementincross-borderpaperlesstradehasbeenmadethankstothecontinuedexpansionandimprovementoftheASEANSingleWindow(ASW)duringthepasttwoyears.Inaddition,ASEANMemberStateshavealsobeendeepeningdiscussionswithASEANDialoguePartnersontheexchangeoftrade-relateddocuments;GMeasuresunderthe“SustainableTradeFacilitation”groupareamongtheleastimplemented,particularlythosetargetingwomen.Specifically,theimplementationrateforthesubgroupfocusingon‘Womenintradefacilitation’standsat33%.ThishighlightstheneedforimprovementChapter1LIntroductionDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN2023vinimplementingtradefacilitationpoliciesthatpromoteparticipationofwomenintrade,providebenefitstowomenengagedintradeactivities,andenhancetheirrepresentationwithinNationalTradeFacilitationCommitteesorsimilarentities;GTheimplementationofmeasuresrelatedto‘Tradefacilitationintimesofcrisis’isrelativelyhigh,withanimplementationrateof75%,surpassingtheaverageinAsia-Pacificstandingat60%.TheASEANMemberStateshavenotablyachievedahighimplementationrateforlong-termmeasures,thankstotheirenhancedcooperationduringtheCovid-19crisis.Thereporthighlightsthatsignificanttradecostreductionscouldbeachievedthroughtheimplementationofpaperlessandcross-borderpaperlesstrademeasures,surpassingtheimpactofconventionaltradefacilitationmeasures.Fullimplementationofbindingandnon-bindingmeasuresoutlinedintheWTOTFAcouldleadtoareductionintradecoststojustover3%.Ontheotherhand,theadoptionofdigitaltradefacilitationmeasures,facilitatingseamlesselectronicexchangeoftradedataanddocumentsacrossborders,hasthepotentialtosignificantlyreducetradecostsbymorethan9%forASEANinafullimplementationscenario.BuildinguponexistinginitiativesandfosteringcollaborationamongASEANMemberStates,theFrameworkAgreementonFacilitationofCross-BorderPaperlessTradeinAsiaandthePacificoffersfurtheropportunitiesforASEANcountriestopromotetheirowninitiativesandsolutionsaswellassupportthefurtheradvancementoftheASEANSingleWindowandensuringinteroperabilitywithotherpaperlesstradesystems.MovingupthetradefacilitationladdertowardsseamlessinternationalsupplychainsThisreportshouldbereadinconjunctionwiththeupcomingGlobalandtheAsia-PacificregionalreportontheresultsoftheUNGlobalSurveyonDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitation2023,whichwillbecomeavailableathttps://untfsurvey.org/.020406080100PerformanceAreaBruneiDarussalamMyanmarFrontier(fullimplementation)CambodiaPhilippinesAsia-PacificIndonesiaSingaporeEastandNorth-EastAsiaLaoPDRThailandASEANMalaysiaVietNamInstitutionalarrangementandcooperationTransparencyFormalitiesPaperlesstradeCross-borderpaperlesstradeChapter1LIntroductionDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN2023viCONTENTSForeword.............................................................................................................................................iiAcknowledgements............................................................................................................................iiiExecutivesummary.............................................................................................................................ivAbbreviations......................................................................................................................................ixChapter1.Introduction..........................................................................................11.1.Backgroundandobjective...............................................................................11.2.Surveyinstrumentandmethodology...............................................................2Chapter2.Tradefacilitationimplementation:Overview........................................52.1.Mostandleastimplementedtradefacilitationmeasures................................92.2.Progressinimplementationbetween2021-2023............................................12Chapter3.Implementationoftradefacilitationmeasures:Acloserlook..............153.1.Transparency....................................................................................................153.2.Formalities.......................................................................................................173.3.Institutionalarrangementandcooperation......................................................183.4.Transitfacilitation.............................................................................................193.5.Paperlesstrade................................................................................................213.6.Cross-borderpaperlesstrade..........................................................................223.7.TradefacilitationforSMEs...............................................................................263.8.Agriculturaltradefacilitation............................................................................283.9.Womenintradefacilitation..............................................................................303.10.Tradefinancefacilitation..................................................................................313.11.Tradefacilitationintimesofcrisis....................................................................32Chapter4.AssessingtheimpactoftradefacilitationinASEAN...........................35Chapter5.Conclusionandthewayforward.........................................................39AnnexesAnnex1.Listofparticipatingcountries....................................................................................43Annex2.GroupingoftradefacilitationmeasuresandcorrespondencewithTFAarticles.......45Annex3.Athree-stepapproachfordatacollectionandvalidation.........................................47Annex4.Definitionofeachstageofimplementation...............................................................48Chapter1LIntroductionDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN2023viiListofBoxes,FiguresandTablesBoxesBox1.Emergingtechnologiesfortradefacilitation...................................................................24Box2.Climate-smarttradefacilitation......................................................................................25Box3.Tradefacilitationfore-commerceandSMEs.................................................................27Box4.AregionalUnitedNationstreaty,“leavingno-onebehind”toacceleratetradedigitalization....................................................................................................................37FiguresFigure1.TradefacilitationimplementationinAsia-PacificsubregionsincludingASEAN.............6Figure2.TradefacilitationimplementationinAsia-Pacificsubregions,includingadditionalsustainablemeasures.....................................................................................................7Figure3.OverallimplementationoftradefacilitationmeasuresinASEANcountries...................7Figure4.OverallimplementationoftradefacilitationmeasuresinASEANcountriesincludingadditionalsustainablemeasures....................................................................................8Figure5.ImplementationofdifferentgroupsoftradefacilitationmeasuresbyASEANMemberStates...............................................................................................................8Figure6.LevelofimplementationofWTOTFA-relatedmeasures(excludingtransit)byASEANmembers.......................................................................................................11Figure7.TradefacilitationimplementationbyASEANMemberStatesbetween2021and2023.........................................................................................................................12Figure8.AverageimplementationofdifferentsubgroupsoftradefacilitationmeasuresbyASEANMemberStates.............................................................................................13Figure9.Stateofimplementationof‘Transparency’byASEANbenchmarkingAsia-Pacific.......16Figure10.Stateofimplementationof‘Transparency’inASEAN....................................................16Figure11.Stateofimplementationof‘Formalities’byASEANbenchmarkingAsia-Pacific...........17Figure12.Stateofimplementationoftrade‘Formalities’inASEAN...............................................18Figure13.Stateofimplementationof‘Institutionalarrangementandcooperation’byASEANbenchmarkingAsia-Pacific...........................................................................19Figure14.Stateofimplementationof‘Institutionalarrangementandcooperation’measuresfortradefacilitationinASEAN........................................................................................19Figure15.Stateofimplementationof‘Transitfacilitation’byASEANbenchmarkingAsia-Pacific.....................................................................................................................20Figure16.Stateofimplementationof‘Transitfacilitation’inASEAN..............................................20Fiugre17.Stateofimplementationof‘Paperlesstrade’byASEANbenchmarkingAsia-Pacific...21Figure18.Stateofimplementationof‘Paperlesstrade’inASEAN................................................22Figure19.Stateofimplementationof‘Cross-borderpaperlesstrade’byASEANbenchmarkingAsia-Pacific.....................................................................................................................23Figure20.Stateofimplementationof‘Cross-borderpaperlesstrade’inASEAN..........................23Figure21.Stateofimplementationof“Wildlifetradefacilitation”inASEAN..................................25Figure22.Stateofimplementationof‘TradefacilitationforSMEs’byASEANbenchmarkingAsia-Pacific.....................................................................................................................26Figure23.Stateofimplementationof‘TradefacilitationforSMEs’inASEAN...............................27Figure24.Stateofimplementationof“Tradefacilitationfore-commerce”inASEAN...................28Figure25.Stateofimplementationof‘Agriculturaltradefacilitation’byASEANbenchmarkingAsia-Pacific.....................................................................................................................29Figure26.Stateofimplementationof‘Agriculturaltradefacilitation’inASEAN.............................29Chapter1LIntroductionDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN2023viiiFigure27.Stateofimplementationof“Womenintradefacilitation”byASEANbenchmarkingAsia-Pacific.....................................................................................................................30Figure28.Stateofimplementationof“Womenintradefacilitation”inASEAN..............................31Figure29.Stateofimplementationof“Tradefinancefacilitation”byASEANbenchmarkingAsia-Pacific.....................................................................................................................32Figure30.Stateofimplementationof“Tradefinancefacilitation”inASEAN..................................32Figure31.Stateofimplementationof“Tradefacilitationintimesofcrisis”byASEANbenchmarkingAsia-Pacific.............................................................................................33Figure32.Stateofimplementationof“Tradefacilitationintimesofcrisis”inASEAN...................33Figure33.ImpactoftradefacilitationimplementationontradecostsofASEANeconomies........36Figure34.TradefacilitationimplementationandtradecostsofAsia-Pacificeconomies...............40Figure35.Movingupthetradefacilitationladdertowardsseamlessinternationalsupplychains..................................................................................................................41TablesTable1.Intra-andextra-regionalcomprehensivetradecostsintheAsia-Pacificregion...........2Table2.Most-andleast-implementedmeasuresineachgroupoftradefacilitationmeasuresbyASEANMemberStates.............................................................................................9Table3.ChangesintradecostsinASEANresultingfromimplementationoftradefacilitationandpaperlesstrade........................................................................................................36Chapter1LIntroductionDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN2023ixABBREVIATIONSADBAsianDevelopmentBankAEOAuthorizedEconomicOperatorASEANAssociationofSoutheastAsianNationsASWASEANSingleWindowECAUnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforAfricaECEUnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforEuropeECLACUnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanENEAEastandNorth-EastAsiaESCAPUnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCommissionforAsiaandthePacificESCWAUnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCommissionforWesternAsiaICTInformationandCommunicationsTechnologyITCInternationalTradeCentreLDCLeastDevelopedCountryLLDCLandlockedDevelopingCountryNCANorthandCentralAsiaNTFCNationalTradeFacilitationCommitteeOCOOceaniaCustomsOrganizationOECDOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopmentPIDEPacificIslandDevelopingEconomiesSAARCSouthAsianAssociationforRegionalCooperationSEASouth-EastAsiaSIDSSmallIslandDevelopingStatesSSWASouthandSouth-WestAsiaTFATradeFacilitationAgreementUN/CEFACTUnitedNationsCentreforTradeFacilitationandElectronicBusinessUNCTADUnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopmentUNNExTUnitedNationsNetworkofExpertsforPaperlessTradeandTransportforAsiaandthePacificUNRCUnitedNationsRegionalCommissionWTOWorldTradeOrganizationChapter1LIntroductionDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN2023xChapter1LIntroductionDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationintASEAN2023111CHAPTER1Introduction1.1.BackgroundandobjectiveItiswidelyrecognizedthatreducingtradecostsplaysacrucialroleinfacilitatingtheactiveengagementofeconomiesinregionalandglobalvaluechains,therebyensuringthattraderemainsasamainengineofgrowthandsustainabledevelopment.Asshownintable1,basedonthelatestdatafromtheESCAP-WorldBankTradeCostDatabase,comprehensivenon-tarifftradecostsbetweenthemiddle-incomeASEANeconomies(75%tariff-equivalent)arestillsignificantlyhigherthanthecostsoftradinggoodsamongthethreelargesteconomiesinEuropeanUnion(42%tariff-equivalent)orthosebetweenChina,theRepublicofKoreaandJapan(58%tariffequivalent).TheaftermathoftheCOVID-19crisiscontinuestoimpedeinternationaltrade,withgeopoliticalconflictscreatingnewsupplychaindisruptions,andinflationincreasingtradecostsanduncertainties.Althoughglobalmerchandisetradevolumesexhibitedaresilientreboundfollowingthepandemic,tradegrowthfalteredin2022,withslowgrowthexpectedtopersistthroughout2023.However,tradefacilitationmeasuresplayacrucialroleinmitigatingthesechallengesbyenhancingefficiencythroughstreamlinedanddigitalizedprocesses.Byimplementingeffectivetradefacilitationstrategies,unnecessarycostscanbereduced,helpingtocounterthetrendofincreasingtradecosts.Chapter1LIntroductionDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN20232Intra-andextra-regionalcomprehensivetradecostsintheAsia-PacificregionRegionASEAN-4NorthPacificSAARC-3AUS-NZLEurope-3EastandIslandsAsia-3CentralDevelopingAsia-4EconomiesASEAN-474.9%78.6%305.9%298.8%129.6%104.0%105.3%(-0.6%)(3.2%)(-5.1%)(8.0%)(2.9%)(4.7%)(-0.2%)EastAsia-378.6%58.0%167.1%201.2%129.3%89.6%85.6%(3.2%)(10.0%)(-0.2%)(-21.5%)(5.4%)(4.4%)(1.0%)Northand305.9%167.1%108.8%427.5%265.7%310.0%146.2%CentralAsia-4(-5.1%)(-0.2%)(-6.2%)(29.1%)(3.8%)(-13.3%)(-2.8%)PacificIslands298.8%201.2%427.5%89.6%361.4%102.3%312.1%DevelopingEconomies(8.0%)(-21.5%)(29.1%)(-19.9%)(6.8%)(7.1%)(0.2%)SAARC-3129.6%129.3%265.7%361.4%160.7%139.2%117.4%(2.9%)(5.4%)(3.8%)(6.8%)(37.6%)(2.3%)(3.6%)AUS-NZL104.0%89.6%310.0%102.3%139.2%52.8%103.0%(4.7%)(4.4%)(-13.3%)(7.1%)(2.3%)(0.8%)(-3.5%)Europe-3105.3%85.6%146.2%312.1%117.4%103.0%41.8%(-0.2%)(1.0%)(-2.8%)(0.2%)(3.6%)(-3.5%)(-2.7%)USA84.4%66.3%190.7%183.0%111.7%97.7%65.6%(-2.1%)(3.9%)(8.0%)(-6.4%)(-0.2%)(-1.6%)(-2.0%)Source:ESCAP-WorldBankTradeCostDatabase,updatedJune2023.Availableathttps://www.unescap.org/resources/escap-world-bank-trade-cost-databaseorhttps://artnet.unescap.org/databases#tradecost.Note:Tradecostsmaybeinterpretedastariffequivalents.Percentagechangesintradecostsbetween2010-2015and2016-2021areshowninparentheses.ASEAN-4:Indonesia,Malaysia,thePhilippines,Thailand;EastAsia-3:China,Japan,RepublicofKorea;Europe-3:Germany,France,UnitedKingdom;SAARC-3:Bangladesh,India,Pakistan,SriLanka;Pacificislanddevelopingeconomies:Fiji,Samoa;NorthandCentralAsia:Georgia,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,RussianFederation.Table1Ingeneral,significantprogresshasbeenmadeinreducingtradecostsbyeliminatingorloweringtariffsduringthepastfewdecades.Studiesindicatethatnon-tariffmeasurescancontributeuptotwiceasmuchtotradecostscomparedwithordinaryCustomstariffs.Hence,toachieveadditionaltradecostreductions,itisimperativetotacklenon-tariffbarriers,suchasinadequatetransportation,logisticsinfrastructureandservicesaswellascomplexregulatoryproceduresanddocumentation.Inthiscontext,thisreportpresentsacomprehensiveoverviewoftheresultspertainingtotheASEANcountriesoftheresultsfromtheUNGlobalSurveyonDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitation2023.Furthermore,potentialimpactsofimplementingtradefacilitationmeasuresinASEANareassessedbasedonatradecostmodel.1.2.SurveyinstrumentandmethodologyTheUNGlobalSurveyonDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitation(hereaftercalled“theSurvey”)2023buildsupontheoriginalinstrument(formerlyknownastheGlobalSurveyonTradeFacilitationandPaperlessTradeImplementation).ItwaspreparedaccordingtothefinallistofcommitmentsincludedintheWTOTradeFacilitationAgreement(TFA)andsupplementedbyforward-lookingmeasuresthataresoughttobeimplementedundertheUnitedNationstreaty–theFrameworkAgreementonFacilitationofCross-borderPaperlessTradeinAsiaandthePacific(CPTA)–andthosesupportinginclusiveandsustainabletrade.Chapter1LIntroductionDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationintASEAN20233The2023Surveycovers60tradefacilitationmeasurescommonlyusedbyfiveUnitedNationsRegionalCommissions(UNRCs).The60measuresareclassifiedintofourgroupsand11subgroups(annex2).Thefirstgroup,“GeneralTradeFacilitation”,includesmanyWTOTFAmeasureswithsubgroupsof‘Transparency’,‘Formalities’,‘Institutionalarrangementandcooperation’and‘Transitfacilitation’.Thesecondgroup,“DigitalTradeFacilitation”measures,includes‘Paperlesstrade’and‘Cross-borderpaperlesstrade’.Thethirdgroupof“Sustainabletradefacilitation”measuresincludes‘TradefacilitationforSMEs’,‘Agriculturaltradefacilitation’and‘Womenintradefacilitation’subgroups.Thefourthgroup“OtherTradeFacilitation”comeswithfoursubgroups:‘Tradefinancefacilitation’,‘Tradefacilitationintimesofcrisis’,‘Tradefacilitationfore-commerce’and‘Wildlifetradefacilitation’.TheselasttwomeasureswereaddedtotheSurveyonapilot-basis.TheoverallscopeofthesurveygoesbeyondthemeasuresincludedintheWTOTFA.Mostpaperlesstrademeasures,particularlyforcross-borderpaperlesstrade,arenotspecificallyfeaturedintheWTOTFA.However,theirinclusioninmanycaseswouldsupportbetterimplementationoftheTFAandindigitalform.Most“SustainableTradeFacilitation”groupmeasuresarenotspecificallyincludedintheWTOTFA,exceptforsomeofthe‘Agriculturaltradefacilitation’measures.The“OtherTradeFacilitation”groupisaddedwithconsiderationsoftradefinance’sroleinfacilitatingtradeflowsaswellasthechallengesposedbycrisissituationstotheglobaltradeandsupplychain(especiallyCOVID-19),withtherisingimportanceofcross-bordere-commerceandtheincreasingneedtocombatillegalwildlifetrade.ESCAPadoptedathree-stepapproachtodevelopingthedataset(annex2).DatawascollectedbetweenJanuaryandJuly2023.Basedonthedatacollected,eachofthetradefacilitationmeasuresincludedinthesurveywasratedas“fullyimplemented”,“partiallyimplemented”,“onapilotbasis”,“notimplemented”or“don’tknow”.Definitionsforeachstageareprovidedinannex3.Ascoreof3,2,1orzerowasassignedtoeachofthefourimplementationstagestocalculateimplementationratesforindividualmeasuresacrosscountries,regionsorgroupings.Countrygroupingsusedintheanalysisasdetailedinannex1andshowninfigure1.Furtherdetailsandexamplesonthecalculationofimplementationratesareavailableonline.Chapter2LTradefacilitationimplementation:OverviewDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN20234Chapter2LTradefacilitationimplementation:OverviewDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN2023555CHAPTER2Tradefacilitationimplementation:OverviewAccordingtotheSurvey2023,theimplementationofasetof31tradefacilitationandpaperlesstrademeasuresbyASEANMemberStatesiscommendable,withanaverageimplementationrateof81%.Thisfiguresurpassestheregionalaverageof67%observedintheAsia-Pacificregion(figure1).Comparedwithothersubregions,ASEAN’slevelofimplementationranksthirdafterAustraliaandNewZealand,andEastandNorth-EastAsia.ThisnotableachievementhighlightstheactiveeffortsundertakenbyASEANduringthepasttwoyears,despitethechallengesposedbythelong-termimpactsoftheCOVID-19pandemicandsubsequentdisruptionsintheglobalsupplychain.Inparticular,theASEANSingleWindow(ASW),asahighlyadvancedcross-borderpaperlesstradeinitiative,demonstratedrapidadvancements.Threetradeadministrationdocuments–i.e.,thee-FormD,theASEANCustomsDeclarationDocument(ACDD),andthee-Phytocertificate–havebeenexchangedthroughtheASWtodifferentextents.Whilethee-FormDhasbeenfullyexchangedamong10ASEANMemberStates,theACDDisexchangedamongnineASEANMemberStates,andtwoASEANMemberStates,namelyIndonesiaandThailand,haveexchangedthee-Phytocertificate.Moreeffortsareongoingtogetthelastcountry,theLaoPDR,tojointheACDDliveoperation,whiletestsareongoingwithsomeotherASEANMemberStatesfortheliveoperationofe-Phytocertificate.Chapter2LTradefacilitationimplementation:OverviewDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN20236Figure2introducesanadditionalninemeasuresfromthe“SustainableTradeFacilitation”group,focusingon‘TradefacilitationforSMEs’and‘Agriculturaltradefacilitation’,expandingthescopebeyondtheinitial31measures.ItisapparentthattheimplementationrateintheASEANsubregionofthissetofmeasureshasloweredtheimplementationrateby6percentagepoints.Thedegreetowhichtheimplementationratingdecreaseswhen“SustainableTradeFacilitation”measuresareaddedissignificantforASEAN.Indeed,ASEAN’sratingdecreasedmorethanothersubregions,includingAustraliaandNewZealand,EastandNorth-EastAsia,andNorthandCentralAsia.Greateremphasisandadvancementof“SustainableTradeFacilitation”measureswouldbeimperativefortheASEANcountries,especiallywiththeincreasinginterestandpolicydevelopmentinmakingtrademoreinclusiveandsustainablebymanyofASEAN’smaintradingpartners.TheASEANMemberStatesexhibitvaryingdegreesofimplementationwhenitcomestotradefacilitationmeasures(figure3).Singaporehasattainedaremarkablelevelofimplementation,clearlymakingitoneoftheleadersamongdevelopingeconomies.Moreover,Indonesia,Malaysia,thePhilippinesandThailandhaveachievedhighimplementationratesexceeding80%.Ontheotherhand,thereisstillroomforimprovementfortheLaoPDRandMyanmar,whichhaveimplementationratesbelowthesubregionalaverageandunder70%.Whenexaminingtheimplementationratesfor40measures,includingthe“SustainableTradeFacilitation”groupofmeasures,theASEANMemberStatesstillexhibitsomevariations.Ononehand,Singaporeclearlystandsoutwith96%,andMalaysiafollowswith88%implementationrate.Ontheotherhand,theLaoPDRandMyanmarrecorded56%implementationrates,whichisbelowtheAsia-Pacificregionalaverageof63%(figure4).Itisworthnotingthat,apartfromIndonesia,theimplementationratesconsidering40measuresarealllowerthantheonesconsidering31measures.Thisdisparitycanbeattributedtotherelativelylowerimplementationratesof“SustainableTradeFacilitation”measurescovering‘TradefacilitationforSMEs’,and‘Agriculturaltradefacilitation’.TradefacilitationimplementationinAsia-PacificsubregionsincludingASEANFigure197%83%81%74%64%42%0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%AustraliaandNewZealandEastandNorth-EastAsiaASEANNorthandCentralAsiaSouthandSouth-WestAsiaPacificIslandDevelopingEconomiesChapter2LTradefacilitationimplementation:OverviewDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN20237TradefacilitationimplementationinAsia-Pacificsubregions,includingadditionalsustainablemeasuresFigure2OverallimplementationoftradefacilitationmeasuresinASEANcountriesFigure30%20%40%60%80%100%TransparencyPaperlesstradeCross-borderpaperlesstradeFormalitiesInstitutionalarrangementandcooperationBruneiDarussalamCambodiaIndonesiaLaoPDRMalaysiaMyanmarPhilippinesSingaporeThailandVietNamASEANAsia-Pacific94%81%75%73%62%38%0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%AustraliaandNewZealandEastandNorth-EastAsiaASEANNorthandCentralAsiaSouthandSouth-WestAsiaPacificIslandDevelopingEconomiesChapter2LTradefacilitationimplementation:OverviewDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN20238Whileprogresshasbeenmadeinvariousareas,thereisstillroomforimprovement.Indeed,whenitcomesto“Tradefinancefacilitation”and“Womenintradefacilitation”theimplementationratesstandat28%and33%respectively,makingthemtheleastimplementedsubgroupscoveredinthesurvey(figure5).Recognizingtheimportanceofthe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment,concertedeffortsarenecessarytofurtherimplementtradefinancefacilitationmeasuresaswellasenhancetheparticipationandcontributionofwomenintradefacilitationthroughouttheASEANregion.OverallimplementationoftradefacilitationmeasuresinASEANcountriesincludingadditionalsustainablemeasuresFigure40%20%40%60%80%100%TransparencyPaperlesstradeCross-borderpaperlesstradeFormalitiesInstitutionalarrangementandcooperationTradeFacilitationinSMEPolicyFrameworkTradeFacilitationandAgricultureTradeBruneiDarussalamCambodiaIndonesiaLaoPDRMalaysiaMyanmarPhilippinesSingaporeThailandVietNamASEANAsia-Pacific95%90%71%81%60%80%49%60%33%28%75%0%20%40%60%80%100%TransparencyFormalitiesInstitutionalarrangementandcooperationPaperlesstradeCross-borderpaperlesstradeTransitfacilitationTradefacilitationinSMEpolicyframeworkTradefacilitationandagriculturetradeWomenintradefacilitationTradefinancefacilitationTradeFacilitationintimesofcrisisandpandemicImplementationofdifferentgroupsoftradefacilitationmeasuresbyASEANMemberStatesFigure5Chapter2LTradefacilitationimplementation:OverviewDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN20239CategoryMostimplemented(%ofcountries)Leastimplemented(%ofcountries)ImplementedImplementedfully,partiallyfully,partiallyMeasureandonapilotMeasureandonapilotbasis(%)/Fullbasis(%)/Fullimplementationimplementation(%)(%)TransparencyAdvancepublication/100.0/90.0Advancerulingontariff100.0/60.0notificationofnewtrade-classificationandoriginrelatedregulationsbeforeofimportedgoodstheirimplementation;Stakeholders’consultationonnewdraftregulations(priortotheirfinalization);Publicationofexistingimport-exportregulationsontheinternetFormalitiesAcceptanceofcopiesof100.0/80.0TFmeasuresfor100.0/60.0originalsupportingauthorizedoperators;documentsrequiredforriskmanagementimport,exportortransitformalities;expeditedshipmentsInstitutionalNationalTradeFacilitation100.0/80.0Governmentagencies90.0/0.0arrangementandCommitteeorsimilardelegatingbordercooperationbodycontrolstoCustomsauthoritiesPaperlesstradeElectronicsubmissionof100.0/80.0Electronicapplicationfor60.0/10.0CustomsDeclarationsCustomsrefunds2.1.MostandleastimplementedtradefacilitationmeasuresTable2presentsvaluableinsightsintotheimplementationstatusoftradefacilitationmeasureswithineachsubgroupassessedintheSurvey.Inthe‘Transparency’subgroup,threemeasuresstandoutasthemostimplemented–advancepublicationornotificationofnewtrade-relatedregulationsbeforetheirimplementation,stakeholders’consultationonnewdraftregulations(priortotheirfinalization)andpublicationofexistingimport-exportregulationsontheInternet.Ontheotherhand,the‘Tradefinancefacilitation’subgrouprevealsthattheleastimplementedmeasureis‘authoritiesengagedinblockchain-basedsupplychainprojectcoveringtradefinance’.Thisindicatestheneedforimprovementinfosteringtheinvolvementofrelevantauthoritiesinblockchaininitiativespertainingtotradefinance.Most-andleast-implementedmeasuresineachgroupoftradefacilitationmeasuresbyASEANMemberStatesTable2Chapter2LTradefacilitationimplementation:OverviewDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN202310Cross-borderLawsandregulationsfor100.0/40.0Electronicexchangeof60.0/0.0paperlesstradeelectronictransactionsCustomsDeclarationTransitfacilitationLimitthephysical100.0/87.5Supportingpre-arrival87.5/37.5inspectionsoftransitprocessingfortransitgoodsanduseriskfacilitationassessmentTradefacilitationTrade-relatedinformation100.0/60.0SMEsinNationalTrade50.0/10.0forSMEsmeasuresforSMEsFacilitationCommitteeAgriculturaltradeSpecialtreatmentfor90.0/50.0Electronicapplication70.0/20.0facilitationperishablegoodsandissuanceofSPScertificatesWomenintradeTFmeasurestobenefit70.0/0.0TFpolicy/strategyto50.0/0.0facilitationwomeninvolvedintradeincreasewomen’sparticipationintrade;women’smembershipintheNationalTradeFacilitationCommitteeorsimilarbodiesTradefinanceVarietyoftradefinance80.0/10.0SingleWindowfacilitates30.0/0.0facilitationservicesavailabletradersaccesstofinance;Authoritiesengagedinblockchain-basedsupplychainprojectcoveringtradefinanceTradefacilitationPlaninplacetofacilitate100.0/50.0Agencyinplaceto100.0/20.0intimesofcrisistradeduringfuturecrisesmanageTFintimesofcrisesandemergencies.AdditionaltradefacilitationmeasurestofacilitatetradeintimesofemergenciesTradefacilitationTradefacilitation80.0/50.0Tradefacilitation80.0/50.0fore-commercemeasuresforcross-bordermeasuresforcross-bordere-commercee-commerceWildlifetradeElectronicexchangeof50.0/0.0Electronicexchangeof50.0/0.0facilitationCITESpermits/certificatesCITESpermits/certificatesTable2.(contined)CategoryMostimplemented(%ofcountries)Leastimplemented(%ofcountries)ImplementedImplementedfully,partiallyfully,partiallyMeasureandonapilotMeasureandonapilotbasis(%)/Fullbasis(%)/Fullimplementationimplementation(%)(%)Chapter2LTradefacilitationimplementation:OverviewDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN202311Figure6illustratestheextentofimplementationofmeasuresdirectlyalignedwiththerequirementsoftheWTOTFA,asindicatedbythedatagatheredduringtheSurvey.ThesefindingscloselyalignwiththeinformationconveyedbycountriesthroughofficialnotificationstotheWTO.AmongtheASEANcountries,themeasureswiththehighestimplementationratesare‘advancepublication/notificationofnewregulationsbeforetheirimplementation’,‘stakeholders’consultationonnewdraftregulations(priortotheirfinalization)’and‘publicationofexistingimport-exportregulationsontheInternet’.Itisnoteworthythat90%ofASEANMemberStateshavefullyimplementedthesemeasures,whiletheremaining10%havepartiallyimplementedthem.Themeasure‘nationallegislativeframeworkandinstitutionalarrangementsareavailabletoensurecooperationbetweenborderagencies’istheleastimplemented.While70%ofASEANcountrieshavepartiallyimplementedthismeasure,only20%ofASEANMemberStateshavefullyimplementedit.LevelofimplementationofWTOTFA-relatedmeasures(excludingtransit)byASEANmembersFigure6FullyimplementedPartiallyimplementedPilotstageofimplementationDon’tknowNotapplicableNotimplemented0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%Art.1.2:Publicationofexistingimport-exportregulationsontheinternetArt.2.2:Stakeholders’consultationonnewdraftregulations(priortotheirfinalization)Art.2.1:Advancepublication/notificationofnewtrade-relatedregulationsbeforetheirimplementationArt.10.2.1:Acceptanceofcopiesoforiginalsupportingdocumentsrequiredforimport,exportortransitformalitiesArt.4:IndependentappealmechanismandonlinelodgingArt.7.6:EstablishmentandpublicationofaveragereleasetimesArt.7.8:ExpeditedshipmentsArt.23:NationalTradeFacilitationCommitteeorsimilarbodyArt.7.3:Separationofreleasefromfinaldeterminationofcustomsduties,taxes,feesandchargesArt.7.1:Pre-arrivalprocessingArt.7.5:Post-clearanceauditsArt.3:AdvancerulingontariffclassificationandoriginofimportedgoodsArt.7.4:RiskmanagementArt.7.2:E-PaymentofCustomsDutiesandFeesArt.7.7:TFmeasuresforauthorizedoperatorsArt.10.4:ElectronicSingleWindowSystemArt.7.9:SpecialtreatmentforperishablegoodsArt.8:Nationallegislativeframeworkand/orinstitutionalarrangementsforborderagenciescooperationChapter2LTradefacilitationimplementation:OverviewDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN20231278%78%85%63%86%66%86%96%85%67%79%81%64%78%81%87%68%87%61%87%97%85%74%81%83%67%0%20%40%60%80%100%BruneiDarussalamCambodiaIndonesiaLaoPDRMalaysiaMyanmarPhilippinesSingaporeThailandVietNamASEANEastandNorth-EastAsiaAsia-Pacific202120232.2.Progressinimplementationbetween2021-2023SomeinterestingprogresshasbeenmadeintheimplementationoftradefacilitationmeasureswithinASEANfrom2021to2023.Theaverageimplementationratehaswitnessedarise,climbingfrom79%in2021to81%in2023(figure7).Notably,VietNamhasachievedthehighestprogress,withitsimplementationratesoaringbynearly7percentagepoints,from67%in2021to74%in2023,followedbytheLaoPDR(from63%in2021to68%in2023)andCambodia(from78%in2021to81%in2023).Figure8showsasteadyriseinimplementationratesduringthe2019-2023period,althoughtheincreaseismoremoderatebetween2021-2023thaninthe2019-2021period.AmongASEANMemberStates,theaverageprogressobservedbetween2021and2023is1percentagepoint,whiletheincreasebetween2019to2021was5percentagepoints.Note:Figure7isbasedon31generaltradefacilitationmeasuresfromthe2023UNGlobalSurveyonDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitation.TradefacilitationimplementationbyASEANMemberStatesbetween2021and2023Figure7Duringthepasttwoyears,thisprogresshasbeenequallybalancedbetweenWTOTFArelatedmeasures,digitaltrademeasures,andsustainablemeasures.Morespecifically,ASEANMemberStateshavebeenparticularlyactiveinimplementingmeasuresrelatedto‘Paperlesstrade’,‘Cross-borderpaperlesstrade’and‘Womenintradefacilitation’.Foreachofthesesub-groups,theimplementationratehasincreasedby3percentagepoints.TheseeffortsunderlinethecommitmentofASEANcountriestopromoteinclusivetrade,adoptmodernandefficienttradepractices,andfurtherinternationalcooperation.Chapter2LTradefacilitationimplementation:OverviewDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN202313AverageimplementationofdifferentsubgroupsoftradefacilitationmeasuresbyASEANMemberStatesFigure891%88%67%73%48%93%89%76%78%57%49%63%30%26%73%95%90%71%81%60%48%64%33%28%75%0%20%40%60%80%100%201920212023TransparencyFormalitiesInstitutionalarrangementandcooperationPaperlesstradeCross-borderpaperlesstradeTradefacilitationforSMEsAgriculturetradefacilitationWomenintradefacilitationTradefinancefacilitationTradefacilitationintimesofcrisisChapter3LImplementationoftradefacilitationmeasures:AcloserlookDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN202314Chapter3LImplementationoftradefacilitationmeasures:AcloserlookDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN2023151515CHAPTER3Implementationoftradefacilitationmeasures:Acloserlook3.1.Transparency‘Transparency’comprisesfivemeasuresrelatedtoArticles1to5oftheWTOTradeFacilitationAgreement(TFA)andGATTArticleXon“PublicationandAdministrationofTradeRegulations”.TheASEANcountriesexhibitaremarkableaverageimplementationlevelof95%forthissubgroup,significantlysurpassingtheAsia-Pacificaverage.Specifically,thesubregionalimplementationratesfor‘stakeholdersconsultationonnewdraftregulations(priortotheirfinalization)’,‘advancepublication/notificationofnewtrade-relatedregulationsbeforetheirimplementation’and‘publicationofexistingimport-exportregulationsontheInternet’reachanimpressive97%(figure9).Inaddition,figure10illustratesthatallmeasuresunder‘Transparency’havebeeneitherfullyorpartiallyimplementedacrossallASEANMemberStates.Themeasuresof‘advancepublication/notificationofnewtrade-relatedregulationsbeforetheirimplementation’,‘stakeholders’consultationonnewdraftregulations(priortotheirfinalization)’and‘publicationofexistingimport-exportregulationsontheInternet’demonstratethehighestlevelofimplementation,withmeasuresbeingfullyimplementedby90%ofcountriesinthissubregion.Chapter3LImplementationoftradefacilitationmeasures:AcloserlookDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN202316In2021,ASEANMemberStatesprioritizedthe“strengthenednotificationofdraftmeasuresoractionswhichmaydirectlyorindirectlynullifyorimpairanybenefittootherASEANMemberStates,orimpedetheattainmentofanyobjectiveinaccordancewithArticle11oftheATIGAandtheNon-tariffMeasure(NTM)Guidelines.”Asaresult,mostdraftmeasureswerenotifiedinEnglishtotheASEANSecretariatforuploadingontoitswebsite.Thisactionfurtherenhancestransparencyattheregionallevelbyprovidingtheprivatesectorwithgreateropportunitiestoprovidecommentsandinputsondraftmeasuresbeforetheycomeintoeffect.Thecombinedeffortsofnationalandregionalimplementationof‘advancepublication/notificationofnewtrade-relatedregulationsbeforetheirimplementation’havesignificantlystrengthenedtransparency.Althoughtheimplementationrateof‘advancerulingontariffclassificationandoriginofimportedgoods’iscomparativelylowerwithinthe‘Transparency’measures,70%ofcountriesinASEANhavefullyimplementedit.Stateofimplementationof‘Transparency’byASEANbenchmarkingAsia-PacificFigure90%20%40%60%80%100%Asia-PacificASEANPublicationofexistingimport-exportregulationsontheinternetStakeholders’consultationonnewdraftregulations(priortotheirfinalization)Advancepublication/notificationofnewtrade-relatedregulationsbeforetheirimplementationAdvancerulingontariffclassificationandoriginofimportedgoodsIndependentappealmechanismandonlinelodgingStateofimplementationof‘Transparency’inASEANFigure10FullyimplementedPartiallyimplementedPilotstageofimplementationDon’tknowNotapplicableNotimplementedAdvancepublication/notificationofnewtrade-relatedregulationsbeforetheirimplementationStakeholders’consultationonnewdraftregulations(priortotheirfinalization)Publicationofexistingimport-exportregulationsontheInternetIndependentappealmechanismandonlinelodgingAdvancerulingontariffclassificationandoriginofimportedgoods0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%Chapter3LImplementationoftradefacilitationmeasures:AcloserlookDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN2023173.2.FormalitiesThe‘formalities’subgroupencompasseseightgeneraltradefacilitationmeasuresthataimtostreamlinetradeprocedures,aligningwiththerequirementsoutlinedinArticles6-10oftheWTOTFAandGATTArticleVIIIon“ReleaseandClearanceofGoods”.In2023,theimplementationlevelsofallthemeasureswithinthe‘Formalities’categorystandsat90%.Notably,ASEANsurpassestheregionalaverageofAsiaandthePacificinimplementingeachandeverymeasure.Themeasureswiththehighestimplementationrateinthesubregionarethe‘acceptanceofcopiesoforiginalsupportingdocumentsrequiredforimport,exportortransitformalities’and‘establishmentandpublicationofaveragereleasetimes’reachinganimplementationrateof93%.Furthermore,thesubregionalimplementationratesfor‘post-clearanceaudits’,‘pre-arrivalprocessing’and‘separationofreleasefromthefinaldeterminationofCustomsduties,taxes,feesandcharges’haveachievedacommendable90%(figure11).ASEANMemberStatesarecontinuingtofurtherimprovethismeasure.VietNamhasadoptedtheDecisionNo.38/QD-TTg1approvingprojectonreformofqualityandfoodsafetyinspectionmodelforimportedgoods,proposingacentralizedinterdisciplinaryriskmanagementcentretopromotetheadoptionofriskmanagementacrossallborderagencies.Atotalof90%ofallASEANMemberStateshavefullyorpartiallyimplementedall‘formalities’measures.Amongthemeasures,‘acceptanceofcopiesoforiginalsupportingdocumentsrequiredforimport,exportortransitformalities’,‘expeditedshipments’,and‘establishmentandpublicationofaveragereleasetimes’,exhibitthehighestfullimplementationrateat80%.Forthemeasure‘expeditedshipments’,10%ofthecountriesdeclaredthattheyhadpartiallyimplementeditandanother10%havenotimplementedit.Theleasttwoimplementedmeasuresare‘riskmanagement’and‘TFmeasuresforauthorizedoperators’,whichhavebeenfullyimplementedby60%ofthecountries(figure12).1Decisionapprovingprojectonreformofqualityandfoodsafetyinspectionmodelforimportedgoods–38/QD-TTginVietNam,Decision38/QD-TTg2021projectonreformofqualityinspectionmodelforimportedgoodsinVietNam(thuvienphapluat.vn).Stateofimplementationof‘Formalities’byASEANbenchmarkingAsia-PacificFigure110%20%40%60%80%100%Asia-PacificASEANRiskmanagementPre-arrivalprocessingPost-clearanceauditsSeparationofreleasefromfinaldeterminationofcustomsduties,taxes,feesandchargesEstablishmentandpublicationofaveragereleasetimesTFmeasuresforauthorizedoperatorsExpeditedshipmentsAcceptanceofcopiesoforiginalsupportingdocumentsrequiredforimport,exportortransitformalitiesChapter3LImplementationoftradefacilitationmeasures:AcloserlookDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN2023183.3.InstitutionalarrangementandcooperationThe‘Institutionalarrangementandcooperation’categorycomprisesthreetradefacilitationmeasureshighlightedintheSurvey.Thesemeasuresrevolvearoundthelongstandingrecommendationtoestablishanationaltradefacilitationbodythatpromotescoordinationandcooperationamonggovernmentagenciesandotherstakeholdersinvolvedintradefacilitationactivities.Inaddition,allthreemeasuresarespecifiedinvariousarticlesoftheWTOTFA.InASEAN,theimplementationrateofthesemeasuresstandsat71%,surpassingtheregionalaverageintheAsia-Pacificregion.Figure13illustratesthevaryingstateofimplementationforeachmeasurewithinthissubgroup.Themeasurewiththehighestimplementationrateisthe‘NationalTradeFacilitationCommitteeorsimilarbody’,exceeding90%.Theimplementationrateforthe‘nationallegislativeframeworkand/orinstitutionalarrangementsforborderagenciescooperation’is67%,whichisbelowtheregionalaverageintheAsia-Pacificregion.Ontheotherhand,20%ofcountriesinthissubregionhaveyettoimplementthemeasureof‘governmentagenciesdelegatingbordercontrolstoCustomsauthorities’,makingittheleastimplementedmeasurewithinthissubgroup(figure14).Stateofimplementationoftrade‘Formalities’inASEANFigure120%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%RiskmanagementTFmeasuresforauthorizedoperatorsPre-arrivalprocessingPost-clearanceauditsSeparationofreleasefromfinaldeterminationofcustomsduties,taxes,feesandchargesExpeditedshipmentsEstablishmentandpublicationofaveragereleasetimesAcceptanceofcopiesoforiginalsupportingdocumentsrequiredforimport,exportortransitformalitiesFullyimplementedPartiallyimplementedPilotstageofimplementationDon’tknowNotapplicableNotimplementedChapter3LImplementationoftradefacilitationmeasures:AcloserlookDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN2023193.4.TransitfacilitationThreetradefacilitationmeasuressurveyedspecificallypertainto‘transitfacilitation’andarealignedwithWTOTFAArticle11on“FreedomofTransit.”Thesemeasuresaimtosimplifytheformalitiesassociatedwithtransittraffic,enablingseamlesstransportationofgoodsthroughoneormultipletransitcountries.Theyholdparticularsignificanceforlandlockeddevelopingcountries,astheirgoodsoftenpassthroughneighbouringterritoriesfortransit.Inthesubregion,theimplementationlevelof‘Transitfacilitation’standsatapproximately80%,surpassingtheAsia-Pacificregionalaverage.Amongthesemeasures,‘limitthephysicalinspectionsoftransitgoodsandutilizingriskassessment’achievesthehighestimplementationrate(92%,fullyimplementedby60%ofcountries),followedby‘cooperationbetweentransit-involvedagencies’(85%,fullyimplementedby60%ofcountries).OnecontributingfactortoenhancedtransitfacilitationistheimplementationoftheASEANCustomsTransitSystem(ACTS)amongthesixparticipatingMemberStates.TheACTS’sbenefitsaredescribedbystakeholdersasseamlessclearance,fastertransit,precisetiming,andcostreduction.SinceitslaunchinNovember2020,agrowinginterestfromtheprivatesectorisbeingobserved.Asaresult,byJune2023,80Stateofimplementationof‘Institutionalarrangementandcooperation’byASEANbenchmarkingAsia-PacificFigure130%20%40%60%80%100%NationalTradeFacilitationCommitteeorsimilarbodyNationallegislativeframeworkand/orinstitutionalarrangementsforborderagenciescooperationGovernmentagenciesdelegatingbordercontrolstoCustomsauthoritiesAsia-PacificASEANStateofimplementationof‘Institutionalarrangementandcooperation’measuresfortradefacilitationinASEANFigure14GovernmentagenciesdelegatingbordercontrolstoCustomsauthoritieNationallegislativeframeworkand/orinstitutionalarrangementsforborderagenciescooperationNationalTradeFacilitationCommitteeorsimilarbody0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%FullyimplementedPartiallyimplementedPilotstageofimplementationDon’tknowNotapplicableNotimplementedChapter3LImplementationoftradefacilitationmeasures:AcloserlookDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN202320successfulACTSmovementsweremadeacrossseveralASEANbordersinthreetransitroutes:(a)Singapore–Malaysia–Thailand;(b)Malaysia–Thailand–Cambodia;and(c)Malaysia–Thailand–Cambodia–LaoPDR–VietNam.Amongthegoodstransportedareadvancedmaterialsforhealthcareandmanufacturing,mechanicalandelectroniccomponents,andprintercomponents,amongothers.DiscussionsareunderwaytoconsidertheexpansionofthescopeoftheACTSthroughtheinclusionofMulti-ModalTransport(MMT)andtheexpansionofACTStotheremainingASEANMemberStatesalongtheBorneocorridor.‘Supportingpre-arrivalprocessingfortransitfacilitation’remainstheleastimplementedmeasurewithanimplementationratethatstandsat71%,with30%ofASEANcountrieshavingfullyimplementedit(figures15and16).Stateofimplementationof‘Transitfacilitation’byASEANbenchmarkingAsia-PacificFigure150%20%40%60%80%100%Transitfacilitationagreement(s)LimitthephysicalinspectionsoftransitgoodsanduseriskassessmentSupportingpre-arrivalprocessingfortransitfacilitationCooperationbetweenagenciesofcountriesinvolvedintransitAsia-PacificASEANStateofimplementationof‘Transitfacilitation’inASEANFigure16Supportingpre-arrivalprocessingfortransitfacilitationTransitfacilitationagreement(s)LimitthephysicalinspectionsoftransitgoodsanduseriskassessmentCooperationbetweenagenciesofcountriesinvolvedintransit0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%FullyimplementedPartiallyimplementedPilotstageofimplementationDon’tknowNotapplicableNotimplementedChapter3LImplementationoftradefacilitationmeasures:AcloserlookDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN2023213.5.PaperlesstradeNinetradefacilitationmeasuressurveyedarecategorizedunderthe‘Paperlesstrade’subgroup.Thesemeasuresinvolvetheutilizationofmoderninformationandcommunicationstechnologies(ICT)intradeprocedures,rangingfrombasicInternetconnectivityatbordercrossingstocomprehensiveelectronicSingleWindowsystems.ManyofthesemeasuresalignwiththeprovisionsoutlinedintheWTOTFA.Inthesubregion,theimplementationlevelof‘paperlesstrade’standsat82%,surpassingtheAsia-Pacificregionalaverage.However,itisimportanttonotethatwhiletheTFAencourageseconomiestoimplementsuchmeasures,itdoesnotimposethemasmandatoryrequirements.Consequently,thereisasignificantdisparityintheimplementationratesofthe‘paperlesstrade’measures,rangingfrom47%to93%.Asdepictedinfigure17,‘electronicsubmissionofcustomsdeclarations’,reaches93.3%,thehighestlevelinthissubgroup.Itiscloselyfollowedbythemeasuresrelatedtothe‘automatedCustomssystem’and‘InternetconnectionavailabletoCustomsandothertradecontrolagencies’thatareachievingacommendableimplementationrateof90%.Conversely,themeasurewiththelowestimplementationrateis‘electronicapplicationforCustomsrefunds’,withanimplementationrateof47%.Only10%ofthecountriesinASEANhavefullyimplementedthismeasure,whileimplementationhasnotyetcommencedin30%oftheASEANcountries(figure18).Inlinewitheffortstofacilitatepaperlesstrade,forexample,LaoPDRexpandedtheLaoNationalSingleWindow(LNSW)toincludetheMinistryofHealth.Thisexpansionisaimedspecificallyatstreamliningtheprocessofapplyingforimportlicensesformedicines,cosmeticsandothergoodscoveredbythefoodanddrugagreement.Stateofimplementationof‘Paperlesstrade’byASEANbenchmarkingAsia-PacificFigure170%20%40%60%80%100%AutomatedCustomsSystemInternetconnectionavailabletoCustomsandothertradecontrolagenciesElectronicSingleWindowSystemElectronicsubmissionofCustomsdeclarationsElectronicapplicationandissuanceofimportandexportpermitElectronicSubmissionofAirCargoManifestsElectronicapplicationandissuanceofPreferentialCertificateofOriginE-PaymentofCustomsDutiesandFeesElectronicApplicationforCustomsRefundsAsia-PacificASEANChapter3LImplementationoftradefacilitationmeasures:AcloserlookDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN2023223.6.Cross-borderpaperlesstradeThecategoryof‘Cross-borderpaperlesstrade’encompassessixmeasuresaimedatfacilitatingtheexchangeandrecognitionoftrade-relateddataanddocuments.Twofundamentalmeasuresinthiscategoryincludetheestablishmentof‘lawsandregulationsforelectronictransactions’andtherecognitionofa‘certificationauthority’.Thesemeasuresserveasessentialfoundationsforenablingthesecureexchangeoftrade-relatedinformationwithinacountryandacrosstheentireinternationalsupplychain.Theyhavebeenfullyimplementedby40%ofASEANcountries,makingthemthemostimplementedmeasuresofthissubgroup.Theremainingfourmeasuresfocusonimplementingsystemsthatfacilitatetheactualexchangeoftrade-relateddataanddocumentsacrossborders,eliminatingtheneedforphysicalpaperdocuments.InASEAN,theimplementationrateof‘Cross-borderpaperlesstrade’standsat60%andsignificantlysurpassestheregionalaverage(figure19).ThiscanbeattributedinparttothecontinuousutilizationoftheASW.In2021,ASEANMemberStatesexchanged880,000e-FormDthroughtheASW.AsofJuly2022,fourASEANMemberStates–Indonesia,Malaysia,ThailandandVietNam–arefullyissuinge-FormD,wherethehardcopye-formDisonlyissuedwhentheASWhastechnicalissues.2Duringthepasttwoyears,ASEANMemberStateshaveexpandedtheASWtofacilitatetheexchangeofothertrade-relateddocuments,suchastheASEANCustomsDeclarationDocument(ACDD),whicharenowexchangedamongnineASEANmemberswith1.7millionACDDexchangedin2022.IndonesiaandThailandhavealsoexchangedelectronicPhytosanitary(e-Phyto)certificatessinceDecember2022,whilethePhilippineswilljointhembytheendof2023.Inaddition,ASEANMemberStatesareengagedindiscussionswithStateofimplementationof‘Paperlesstrade’inASEANFigure18ElectronicApplicationforCustomsRefundsElectronicapplicationandissuanceofPreferentialCertificateofOriginElectronicapplicationandissuanceofimportandexportpermitElectronicSubmissionofAirCargoManifestsElectronicSingleWindowSystemE-PaymentofCustomsDutiesandFeesAutomatedCustomsSystemInternetconnectionavailabletoCustomsandothertradecontrolagenciesElectronicsubmissionofCustomsdeclarations0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%FullyimplementedPartiallyimplementedPilotstageofimplementationDon’tknowNotapplicableNotimplemented2MonthlyBulletin,July2022:AvailableatASEAN-for-Business_July-2022-1.pdf.Chapter3LImplementationoftradefacilitationmeasures:AcloserlookDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN202323DialoguePartners,includingChina,Japan,theRepublicofKoreaandtheUnitedStatesofAmerica,toexploretheexchangeofvarioustrade-relateddocuments.Figure20illustratesthat80%ofcountrieswithinthissubregionhaveeitherfullyorpartiallyimplemented‘lawsandregulationsforelectronictransactions’,‘electronicexchangeofCertificateofOrigin’and‘recognizedcertificationauthority’.Notably,themeasurewiththelowestimplementationrateisthe‘paperlesscollectionofpaymentfromdocumentaryletterofcredit’,remainingunimplementedin40%ofcountries.Stateofimplementationof‘Cross-borderpaperlesstrade’byASEANbenchmarkingAsia-PacificFigure190%20%40%60%80%100%LawsandregulationsforelectronictransactionsRecognisedcertificationauthorityElectronicexchangeofCustomsDeclarationElectronicexchangeofCertificateofOriginElectronicexchangeofSanitary&Phyto-SanitaryCertificatePaperlesscollectionofpaymentfromadocumentaryletterofcreditAsia-PacificASEANStateofimplementationof‘Cross-borderpaperlesstrade’inASEANFigure20ElectronicexchangeofCustomsDeclarationElectronicexchangeofSanitary&Phyto-SanitaryCertificateElectronicexchangeofCertificateofOriginPaperlesscollectionofpaymentfromadocumentaryletterofcreditRecognisedcertificationauthorityLawsandregulationsforelectronictransactions0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%FullyimplementedPartiallyimplementedPilotstageofimplementationDon’tknowNotapplicableNotimplementedChapter3LImplementationoftradefacilitationmeasures:AcloserlookDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN202324Withtheevolutionoftechnologiesandgreateremphasisonsustainabletrade,countriesneedtoconsideranddevelopeffectiveandforward-lookingtradefacilitationmeasures.Efficientuseofemergingtechnologieswouldneedtobeusedbasedonconsciousdecisionswhereitcouldbeeffectivelyusedaswellassupportedbyappropriatelegalframeworks(box1).Moreover,implementationofpaperlessandcross-borderpaperlesstradefacilitationmeasurescouldleadtomakingtrademoresustainableandclimate-smart(box2).Box1EmergingtechnologiesfortradefacilitationEmergingtechnologiesintradefacilitationbroadlyreferstothearrayofnewtoolsusedtoaidthequickandefficientflowofgoodsacrossinternationalmarkets.SomeCustomsoffices,forexample,areexploringhowemergingtechnologiesincludingBigDataanalyticsandartificialintelligencecanbeusedforconductingdataanalysistospeedupclearanceprocessesandimprovingriskmanagement,whilephasingoutsomemanualwork.3Othershaveenabledblockchaintechnologytobringaboutgreatertransparencyandefficiencyindigitallytrackinggoodsalongallsegmentsofthesupplychain.4Astechnologycontinuestoadvanceandchange,therewillbenewwaystoutilizesuchtoolsforsupportinginternationaltradefacilitation.VietNamhasreinforcedtheimportanceofemergingtechnologyintradefacilitationthrougharecentpolicydirective.In2022,VietNamintroducedanationalplancalledtheDigitalTransformationoftheCustomsSectorby2025.Theplan’smainobjectivesarethree-fold:redesigningthenationaldigitalCustomssystem;implementingtheNationalSingleWindowandASEANSingleWindowintoaconsolidatedCustomsITsystem;andbuildingacentralizeddatabaseonimportandexportgoodsfortheuseofCustomsandbusinessstakeholders.5Thepolicyhascalledformoreresearchonseveralemergingtechnologies,includingBigData,IntelligentAnalytics,BlockchainandArtificialIntelligence,withtheintentionofgradualimplementationofthesesystemsindigitaltradeprocesses.6Fromalegalstandpoint,itischallengingtogovernandregulateemergingtechnologiesfortradefacilitation,particularlygiventherapidnatureoftechnologicaladvancesandtheinternationalcooperationrequiredtoharmonizetherulesthatgovernandsupportthem.Itishelpfultolooktointernationalstandardstomodellegalframeworksforemergingtechnology.Forexample,theUNCITRALModelLawsincludethefoundationalprinciplesofnon-discrimination,technologicalneutralityandfunctionalequivalencethatsetthelegalfoundationforensuringelectronicdocumentsarerecognizedandconsideredequivalenttopaper-baseddocuments.7Beyondsuchlaws,policiesareneededtoharmonizenationallegislationwithinternationaltradingpartnersandensureinteroperabilityforeffectivetradefacilitation.Countriesthathaveaccesstotechnologiesusedfordigitaltradefacilitationhaveanopportunitytosharebestpracticesandaidincapacity-buildinginothercountriestoavoidthedevelopmentofadigitaldivideinthefutureoftrade.3Source:WorldTradeOrganization(WTO)andWorldCustomsOrganization(WCO),“Theroleofadvancedtechnologiesincross-bordertrade:ACustomsperspective”(2022).Availableathttps://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/wcotech22_e.pdf.4Source:UNECEWhitePaperontheuseofArtificialIntelligenceinTradeFacilitation,February2023.Availableathttps://unece.org/sites/default/files/2023-02/WhitePaper_AI-TF_Feb2023_0.pdf.5Source:https://laocai.customs.gov.vn/index.jsp?pageId=5201&aid=174747&cid=7932.6Seehttps://nganhangphapluat.lawnet.vn/en/tu-van-phap-luat/bo-may-hanh-chinh/vietnam-solutions-to-promote-communication-raise-awareness-increase-interaction-with-citizens-and-businesses-in-the-digital-transformation-of-the-customs-sector-in-the-period-of-20212025-390207.7UNCITRALModelLawonElectronicCommerce(1996)withadditionalarticle5wasadoptedin1998bytheUnitedNationsCommissionOnInternationalTradeLaw.Chapter3LImplementationoftradefacilitationmeasures:AcloserlookDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN202325Box2Climate-smarttradefacilitationClimate-smarttradefacilitationwouldrefertotradefacilitationmeasuresthataimtomaketradegreener,inlinewithGoal13oftheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)onclimateaction.Digitalizationisonekeyelementinthegreentradetransition.The2021Asia-PacificTradeandInvestmentReporthighlightedtheneedforanaccelerationofclimate-smarttradesolutions.8Paperlessandcross-borderpaperlesstrademeasurescanhavepositiveimpactsonprotectingtheenvironmentandmakingtrademoresustainablebyreducingGHGemissions,bothfromembodiedcarbonemissionsinpaperproduction,andintheemissionsfromtransportingphysicaldocuments.AnESCAPstudyundertakeninMay2021estimatedthatbyfullydigitalizingregulatoryproceduresaroundtrade,between32and86kgofCO2equivalentscouldbesavedperend-to-endtransaction.9Anotherareaforenhancedcooperationintherealmofenvironmentalprotectionisintheexpansionofcooperationinthesafetradeofsensitivegoods.Forexample,thetransboundarymovementsofhazardouswastes,includingtoxic,poisonous,explosive,corrosive,flammable,ecotoxicandinfectiouswastes,aregovernedbytheBaselConvention.Partiesareobligedtoensurethatsuchwasteismanagedanddisposedofinanenvironmentallysoundmanner.Similarly,theConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesofWildFaunaandFlora,knownasCITES,isanagreementbetweenGovernmentsthataimstoensurethatinternationaltradeinwildanimalsandplantspecimensareregulatedfortheprotectionofthosespecies.Electronicpermits(eCITES)areanemergingdigitalsolutionforimprovingtheimplementationoftheCITESConventionbysimplifyingthecomplianceprocedurefortradeinthesegoods.Itisalsobeingusedasameansofcombattingillegaltrade.Inthe2023Survey,thepilot-testedmeasures,‘Wildlifetradefacilitation’,addressedtheimplementationoftheCITESelectronicpermitsystem(eCITES).ItisnotedthatASEANMemberStateshavealowlevelofimplementationrateeCITESpermits(figure21).8SeetheAsia-PacificTradeandinvestmentReport2021:AcceleratingClimate-SmartTradeandInvestmentforSustainableDevelopment,ESCAP(unescap.org).9SeetheESCAPWorkingPaper:APrimeronQuantifyingtheEnvironmentalBenefitsofCross-borderPaperlessTradeFacilitation,ESCAP(unescap.org).Stateofimplementationof“Wildlifetradefacilitation”inASEANFigure21Electronicapplication,issuanceandexchangeofeCITES0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%FullyimplementedPartiallyimplementedPilotstageofimplementationDon’tknowNotapplicableNotimplementedChapter3LImplementationoftradefacilitationmeasures:AcloserlookDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN2023263.7.TradefacilitationforSMEsIntermsoftheAsia-Pacificregion,thereisconsiderablevariationinthelevelofimplementationofallfivemeasuresin“TradefacilitationforSMEs”,asindicatedbyfigure22.Comparatively,theimplementationrateofthesemeasuresinASEANcountriesisrelativelylow,hoveringataround49%.However,itisworthnotingthatallASEANcountrieshaveeitherfullyorpartiallyimplemented‘trade-relatedinformationmeasuresforSMEs’withahighimplementationrateof87%.Whenitcomesto‘otherspecialmeasuresforSMEs’,‘SMEsaccessSingleWindow’and‘SMEsinAEOscheme,theimplementationratesstandat43%,40%and37%,respectively,whichisquitelow,butstillabovetheregionalaverage.Theleastimplementedmeasureis‘SMEsinNationalTradeFacilitationCommittee’,whichremainsunimplementedin40%ofthecountries,asshowninfigure23.InCambodia,aninitiativeknownastheSeT4SMEProject10isworthnoting.Thistwo-yearproject(2021-2023)focusesonempoweringsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises(SMEs)byprovidingthemwiththenecessaryskillsandknowledgetonavigatetheglobale-commercemarket,withastrongemphasisonsupportingwomen-ownedbusinesses.Theupwardtrendintheuseofe-commerceintheglobaleconomycouldpresentopportunitiesforSMEstoconnecttoglobalsupplychains,butmeasuresspecifictoSMEsaswellastosupportinge-commercewouldneedtobefurtherenhanced(box3).Stateofimplementationof‘TradefacilitationforSMEs’byASEANbenchmarkingAsia-PacificFigure220%20%40%60%80%100%OtherspecialmeasuresforSMEsTrade-relatedinformationmeasuresforSMEsSMEsinAEOschemeSMEsaccessSingleWindowSMEsinNationalTradeFacilitationCommitteeAsia-PacificASEAN10SmallPackageExporterChampions(SPEC)ProgramlaunchedinCambodia:CWEACambodiaSeT4SMEInstitutionalisation,Cambodia–Countries–Site(swisscontact.org).Chapter3LImplementationoftradefacilitationmeasures:AcloserlookDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN202327Box3SMEsinNationalTradeFacilitationCommitteeOtherspecialmeasuresforSMEsSMEsinAEOschemeSMEsaccessSingleWindowTrade-relatedinformationmeasuresforSMEs0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%FullyimplementedPartiallyimplementedPilotstageofimplementationDon’tknowNotapplicableNotimplementedStateofimplementationof‘TradefacilitationforSMEs’inASEANFigure23Tradefacilitationfore-commerceandSMEsElectroniccommerce(e-commerce)accountsforasignificantproportionofbusinesstransactionsamongASEANcountriesandisanincreasinglyimportantelementininternationaltrade.Anongoingchallengeinthisspaceistoharmonizeregulationsgoverninge-commerceacrossnations;althoughprogresshasbeenmade,regulationsgoverninge-commercehavenotkeptpacewiththerapidexpansionofe-commercialtransactions.TheWTOE-commerceJointStatementInitiative(JSI)isanimportantforumforbringingnationstogethertosynchronizedigitaltradeprocesses,inlinewithsharedgoalsforenhancingcross-borderpaperlesstrade.11Sinceexploratoryworkbeganin2017,89WTOmembershaveparticipatedinworkinggroupdiscussions,includingeightASEANcountries:BruneiDarussalam,Indonesia,LaoPDR,Malaysia,Myanmar,thePhilippines,SingaporeandThailand.InMay2023,negotiationsone-commercewereco-convenedbyAustralia,Japan,andSingapore,wherekeyissuesincludingdataflow,datalocalizationanddevelopmentofe-commerceintradewerediscussed.Inaddition,theFrameworkAgreementonFacilitationofCross-borderPaperlessTradeinAsiaandthePacific(CPTA)aimedatadvancingdigitalizationoftradeprocedures,wouldbecloselylinkedtothefacilitationofe-commerce.Theupwardtrendintheuseofe-commerceintheglobaleconomycanhavepositiveimplicationsnotonlyforefficiency,butalsosustainabletradefacilitation.ThisisparticularlytrueforSMEslookingtoparticipateininternationaltrade.Ifadequatelysupportedbytherightgovernmentpolicies,e-commercepresentsanopportunityforSMEstoconnecttoglobalsupplychains,whichisasteptowardsmakingtrademoreequitableandsustainable.ThiscaninvolvetargetedprogramsorpoliciesforSMEstoassistthemintakingadvantageoftheopportunitiesprovidedbye-commerce.11Source:WTOJointInitiativeonE-Commerce.Chapter3LImplementationoftradefacilitationmeasures:AcloserlookDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN2023283.8.AgriculturaltradefacilitationTheimplementationrateof‘Agriculturaltradefacilitation’intheASEANsubregionstandsat60%,higherthantheAsia-Pacificaverageof58%.Thetwomostimplementedmeasuresare‘Nationalstandardsandaccreditationbodiestofacilitatecompliancewith‘sanitaryandphytosanitary’and‘specialtreatmentforperishablegoods’,bothachievinganimplementationrateof70%and73%,respectively(figure25).Asanexample,theLaoPDRisnowgivingprioritytoperishablegoodswhenschedulingphysicalexaminations.Indeed,accordingtotheCustomsLaw2020,“perishableordegradablegoodsornon-commercialgoods;agriculturalproducts;liveanimals;goodsusedincaseofemergency;goodsusedforthepurposeofthenationaldefenceandsecurity;goodsofdiplomats,legalornaturalpersonswithprivilegesmaybereleasedpriortotheCustomsDeclaration,subjecttocompletionoftheCustomsguaranteeproceduresasprovidedforinArticle41ofthisLaw”.InIndonesia,e-commercehasbeenbeneficialforSMEsinpromotinggoodsandservicesaswellasincreasingmarketaccessinternationally.12However,somegapsinSMEcapacityforusinge-commercialplatformshasunderminedtherealizationoftheirfullpotentialinfacilitatingdigitaltrade.TheGovernmentofIndonesiahasplacedemphasisonpromotinge-commerceanddigitaltradeliteracyforSMEs,includingthroughthe2019E-commerceRoadmapandthe2020GoDigitalVision,whichaimtoincreasethecompetitivenessofSMEsinthedigitaleconomy.13RegionalSMEscanalsoparticipateintheASEANMentorshipforEntrepreneursNetwork(AMEN)tobuilduptheirdigitalskillsandnetworks.14Inthe2023Survey,thepilot-tested‘Tradefacilitationfore-commerce’measurereflectswhethercountrieshaveimplementedanationalstrategyoncross-bordere-commerceandademinimisregime.Itisobservedthat70%ofASEANMemberStateshaveeitherfullyorpartiallyimplementedthem,demonstratingtheircommitmenttodevelopingdigitaltrade(Figure24).Nevertheless,thereisstillroomforimprovement,notonlyfortheareasindicatedinthemeasurebutalsothewiderscope,asmentionedearlierinthisreport,initsrelevancewiththeoverall“DigitalTradeFacilitation”aswellasitscontributiontosustainabletrade.Box3(contined)Stateofimplementationof“Tradefacilitationfore-commerce”inASEANFigure24TFmeasuresforcross-bordere-commerce0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%FullyimplementedPartiallyimplementedPilotstageofimplementationDon’tknowNotapplicableNotimplemented12https://think-asia.org/bitstream/handle/11540/11855/ISEAS_Perspective_2020_36.pdf?sequence=1.13Seehttps://partners.wsj.com/bkpm/indonesia-open-for-business/indonesia-set-to-become-a-digital-economic-powerhouse/.14ASEANCultivatesMentorsthroughASEANMentorshipforEntrepreneursNetwork(AMEN)andJapan-ASEANIntegrationFund.Chapter3LImplementationoftradefacilitationmeasures:AcloserlookDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN202329Followingcloselyistheavailabilityof‘testingandlaboratoryfacilitiestomeetSanitaryandPhytosanitary(SPS)requirementsofmaintradingpartners’withanimplementationrateof63%.Themeasurewiththelowestimplementationrateinthissubgroupisthe‘electronicapplicationandissuanceofSPScertificates’withasubregionalimplementationrateof50%.Implementationofthismeasureisoftenincomplete,andonly20%ofcountrieswithinthesubregionhavefullyimplementedit(figure26).Stateofimplementationof‘Agriculturaltradefacilitation’byASEANbenchmarkingAsia-PacificFigure25Stateofimplementationof‘Agriculturaltradefacilitation’inASEANFigure260%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%SpecialtreatmentforperishablegoodsTestingandlaboratoryfacilitiesavailabletomeetSPSofmaintradingpartnersNationalstandardsandaccreditationbodiestofacilitatecompliancewithSPSElectronicapplicationandissuanceofSPScertificatesAsia-PacificASEANElectronicapplicationandissuanceofSPScertificatesTestingandlaboratoryfacilitiesavailabletomeetSPSofmaintradingpartnersNationalstandardsandaccreditationbodiestofacilitatecompliancewithSPSSpecialtreatmentforperishablegoods0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%FullyimplementedPartiallyimplementedPilotstageofimplementationDon’tknowNotapplicableNotimplementedChapter3LImplementationoftradefacilitationmeasures:AcloserlookDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN2023303.9.WomenintradefacilitationTheimplementationlevelofthethree‘Womenintradefacilitation’measuresattheASEANlevelcurrentlystandsat33%.ThisisnotashighastheaverageintheAsia-Pacificregion,indicatingthatthereisstillroomforimprovement.Onepossibleexplanationisthatwhilegenderequalityhasbeenintegratedintovariouspolicyinitiatives,thespecificconcernsoffemaletradersregardingtradefacilitationhavenotbeenadequatelyaddressed.Themeasurewiththehighestimplementationrateisthe‘TFmeasurestobenefitwomeninvolvedintrade,’whichstandsat43%.However,theimplementationratesoftheothertwomeasuresinthiscategorydonotexceed30%(figure27).Approximately70%ofthecountrieshaveintroduced‘TFmeasurestobenefitwomeninvolvedintrade’tosomeextent.However,theimplementationisonlypartialandlimitedtopilotprojects.Thesemeasuresincludehavingadesignatedgenderfocalpointinrelevantborderagencies,promotinggender-balancedparticipationintrainingandprovidingspecializedtrainingforwomenengagedintrade.Ontheotherhand,‘womenmembershipintheNationalTradeFacilitationCommitteeorsimilarbodies’and‘TFpolicy/strategytoincreasewomen’sparticipationintrade’haveonlybeenimplementedinhalfofthecountries–andeveninthosecases,theimplementationisincomplete(figure28).ThePhilippinesBureauofCustomsstandsoutasaprimeexampleinthisrealm.Aspartoftheircomprehensivetradefacilitationprogramme,thePhilippineshasestablishedapermanentpresenceoftheWomenBusinessCouncilPhilippines,Inc.15,comprisingwomenbusinessleadersandentrepreneurswhoactivelycontributetoshapingtradepoliciesandinitiatives.Thisensuresthestructuralandpermanentinclusionofwomentradersintheprogramme.Stateofimplementationof“Womenintradefacilitation”byASEANbenchmarkingAsia-PacificFigure270%20%40%60%80%100%WomenmembershipintheNationalTradeFacilitationCommitteeorsimilarbodiesTFpolicy/strategytoincreasewomen’sparticipationintradeTFmeasurestobenefitwomeninvolvedintradeAsia-PacificASEAN15SeeWomen’sBusinessCouncilPhilippines,Inc.(womenbiz.ph).Chapter3LImplementationoftradefacilitationmeasures:AcloserlookDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN2023313.10.TradefinancefacilitationAmongthesubgroupofmeasuresinASEAN,‘Tradefinancefacilitation’hasthelowestimplementationrate,whichis28%.Themostwidelyimplementedmeasureis‘varietyoftradefinanceservicesavailable’,with80%ofcountriesreportingfullorpartialimplementation.However,theratesofimplementationformeasuressuchas‘SingleWindowfacilitatestradersaccesstofinance;‘authoritiesengagedinblockchain-basedsupplychainprojectscoveringtradefinance’arerelativelylow,bothstandingat13%,belowtheregionalaverageandobservedinaverysmallnumberofcountriesaspartiallyImplementedorpilotinitiatives(figures29and30).ItIsworthnotingthatdatacollectiononthistopicduringthesurveyprovedtobechallenging.Forexample,therewasalackofevidenceregardingtheimplementationofSingleWindowfeaturesthatfacilitatetraders’accesstofinance,asindicatedbytradefacilitationexpertsandofficialswhoprovidedorvalidatedthesurveyresponses.Thissuggestsageneralunfamiliaritywithtradefinanceamongthesestakeholders.Traditionaltradefacilitationactors,includingCustomsandGovernmentMinistriesresponsiblefortrade,mayStateofimplementationof“Womenintradefacilitation”inASEANFigure28TFpolicy/strategytoincreasewomen’sparticipationintradeWomenmembershipintheNationalTradeFacilitationCommitteeorsimilarbodiesTFmeasurestobenefitwomeninvolvedintrade0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%FullyimplementedPartiallyimplementedPilotstageofimplementationDon’tknowNotapplicableNotimplementedperceivefinancingandpaymentproceduresininternationaltradetransactionsasbeyondtheirscopeofwork.However,consideringtheinterconnectednessofgoodsandfinancialflows,theresultshighlightthenecessityforenhancedcoordinationandcooperationwithstakeholdersinvolvedindevelopingfinancialandpaymentservices.However,therearestillgoodeffortsbeingundertakenbyASEANMemberStates–oneexampleisaprojectbyThailand’sJointStandingCommitteeonCommerce,IndustryandBanking(JSCCIB).16Thisprojectinvolvestheintegrationoftheblockchain-basedNationalDigitalTradePlatform(NDTP),whichcombinesthetechnologiesofJapan’sTradeWaltzandSingapore’sNetworkedTradePlatform(NTP).TheprimaryobjectiveofNDTPistodigitizetradeprocesses,enablingfasterimportsandexportswhilefacilitatingimprovedaccesstotradefinanceforsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises(SMEs).Initsinitialphase,NDTPfocusesonthedigitizationofvarioustradedocuments,suchaspurchaseorders,invoicesandpackinglists,utilizinginternationallyrecognizedUN/CEFACTstandards.Inaddition,transportdocumentssuchasbillsofladingandseawaybillsarealsobeingdigitized,streamliningtradeproceduresandpromotingefficiencyincross-bordertransactions.16JSCCIBinThaiisÀπâ“À≈—°Chapter3LImplementationoftradefacilitationmeasures:AcloserlookDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN202332Stateofimplementationof“Tradefinancefacilitation”byASEANbenchmarkingAsia-PacificFigure290%20%40%60%80%100%Asia-PacificASEANVarietyoftradefinanceservicesavailableSinglewindowfacilitatestradersaccesstofinanceAuthoritiesengagedinblockchain-basedsupplychainprojectcoveringtradefinanceStateofimplementationof“Tradefinancefacilitation”inASEANFigure30SinglewindowfacilitatestradersaccesstofinanceAuthoritiesengagedinblockchain-basedsupplychainprojectcoveringtradefinanceVarietyoftradefinanceservicesavailable0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%FullyimplementedPartiallyimplementedPilotstageofimplementationDon’tknowNotapplicableNotimplemented3.11.TradefacilitationintimesofcrisisInthe2021survey,anewcategorycalled‘Tradefacilitationmeasuresintimesofcrisis’wasintroducedinresponsetotheCOVID-19pandemic.GlobaltradehasbeensignificantlyhinderedbytheoutbreakofCOVID-19,causingunprecedentedchallengestotheglobalsupplychain.ASEANhasachievedanimplementationlevelof75%inthissubgroup,surpassingtheaverageintheAsia-Pacificregion.Amongthemeasures,the‘onlinepublicationofemergencyTFmeasures’hasthehighestimplementationrateat83%andhasbeenfullyorpartiallyimplementedbyallASEANcountries.Itiscloselyfollowedby“planinplacetofacilitatetradeduringfuturecrises”,withasubregionalimplementationrateof77%(figures31and32).Toaddressthechallengesposedbyrestrictivemeasures,itiscrucialtoenhancecooperationbetweencountriestopreventtradetensionsfromescalatingandensuretheuninterruptedflowofessentialgoodsinsupplychains.AnexcellentexampleofclosecollaborationamongASEANMemberStatesinmitigatingsupplychaindisruptionsandensuringthefreeflowofessentialgoods,especiallyduringtheCOVID-19pandemic,isthe13November2020signingoftheMemorandumofUnderstanding(MoU)ontheChapter3LImplementationoftradefacilitationmeasures:AcloserlookDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN202333ImplementationofNon-TariffMeasuresonEssentialGoodsundertheHanoiPlanofActiononStrengtheningASEANEconomicCooperationandSupplyChainConnectivityinResponsetotheCOVID-19Pandemic.Thisincludedaninitiallistof152essentialgoods;lateranadditional199foodandagriculturalproductsandgoodsrelatedtothemanufacturinganddistributionofvaccineswereincluded,reaffirmingthecommitmentofASEANMemberStatestofacilitateseamlessflowofessentialgoodsintheregion.17InNovember2022,ASEANextendedthevalidityofthisMoUuntil30November2024.ThankstostrongcoordinationbetweenASEANMemberStatesandeffortsontradefacilitationmeasuresinemergencies,allcountrieshaveimplementedadditionaltradefacilitationmeasurestofacilitatetradeinemergencies,with80%havingfullyorpartiallyimplementedthesemeasures(figure32).Stateofimplementationof“Tradefacilitationintimesofcrisis”byASEANbenchmarkingAsia-PacificFigure31Stateofimplementationof“Tradefacilitationintimesofcrisis”inASEANFigure320%20%40%60%80%100%PlaninplacetofacilitatetradeduringfuturecrisesAgencyinplacetomanageTFintimesofcrisesandemergenciesOnlinepublicationofemergencyTFmeasuresCoordinationbetweencountriesonemergencyTFmeasuresAdditionaltradefacilitationmeasurestofacilitatetradeintimesofemergenciesAsia-PacificASEANAdditionaltradefacilitationmeasurestofacilitatetradeintimesofemergenciesAgencyinplacetomanageTFintimesofcrisesandemergenciesCoordinationbetweencountriesonemergencyTFmeasuresPlaninplacetofacilitatetradeduringfuturecrisesOnlinepublicationofemergencyTFmeasures0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%FullyimplementedPartiallyimplementedPilotstageofimplementationDon’tknowNotapplicableNotimplemented17SeetheupdatedlistofessentialgoodsatASEANextendsMoUonessentialgoods–ASEANMainPortal.Chapter4LAssessingtheimpactoftradefacilitationinASEANDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN202334Chapter4LAssessingtheimpactoftradefacilitationinASEANDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN2023353535CHAPTER4AssessingtheimpactoftradefacilitationinASEANToassessthepotentialimpactoftheimplementationoftradefacilitationmeasuresinASEAN,atradecostmodelhasbeenformulatedasafunctionoftradefacilitationimplementationratesbasedontheSurveydata.Thisisinadditiontoothertraditionaltradecostfactorssuchasnaturalgeographicfactors(distance,“landlockedness”andcontiguity),culturalandhistoricaldistance(e.g.,commonofficiallanguageand/orformercolonialrelationships),thepresenceofregionaltradeagreementsandmaritimeconnectivity.ThemodelisbasedonADB/ESCAP(2021)bycapturingthechangesintradecostsresultingfromtheimplementationoftradefacilitationmeasuresbyeachcountry.TheoveralltradecostreductionsexpectedinASEANfromtheimplementationofthreesetsoftradefacilitationmeasuresareshownintable3.ThefirstsetoftradefacilitationmeasuresislimitedtotheimplementationofWTOTFAbindingmeasuresonly.Thesecondsetofmeasuresincludesallbindingandnon-bindingWTOTFAmeasuresincludedintheUnitedNationssurvey.18ThefinalandmostambitioussetisaWTOTFA+setofmeasures,includingdigitalimplementationofTFAmeasuresandcross-borderpaperlesstrade.Foreachsetofmeasures,theaveragechangesintradecostachievedifallASEANcountriesatleastpartiallyimplementallmeasures,oriftheyallfullyimplementallmeasures,arecalculated.18Thelistofbindingandnon-bindingWTOTFAmeasuresisavailableintheAppendixofADB/ESCAP,2021.Chapter4LAssessingtheimpactoftradefacilitationinASEANDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN202336ChangesintradecostsinASEANresultingfromimplementationoftradefacilitationandpaperlesstradeTable3ASEAN:tradecostsWTOTFAWTOTFA+(binding+bindingmodelWTOTFA(bindingonly)(binding+nonbinding)+nonotherpaperlessandcross-borderpaperlesstrade)PartiallyFullyPartiallyFullyPartiallyFullyimplementedimplementedimplementedimplementedimplementedimplementedModel1Overalltrade-0.13%-1.87%-0.19%-3.06%-2.49%-8.95%facilitationModel2Generaltrade-0.10%-1.40%-0.10%-1.90%-0.18%-2.30%facilitationmeasuresDigitaltrade0.00%0.00%-0.08%-0.65%-2.36%-6.35%facilitationmeasuresTwomainfindingsemergefromthisimpactanalysis.First,complyingwithWTOTFAbyimplementingbindingmeasurescanonlyslightlyreducetradecosts.Fullimplementationofbindingmeasuresintheoveralltradefacilitationmodelresultsinadecreaseoftradecostsofabout1.9%,whilefullimplementationofallmeasures(bothbindingandnon-binding)resultsina3.1%reduction.Second,thepaperlessimplementationoftheTFAmeasures,togetherwithenablingtheseamlesselectronicexchangeoftradedataanddocumentsacrossborders,willhelptosignificantlyreducetradecostsbynearly9%forASEANasawhole.Theresultsofmodel2alsosuggestthatmostofthetradecostreductionsareassociatedwithpaperlesstrademeasuresratherthanconventionaltradefacilitationmeasures.AllASEANeconomieswillreapsignificantbenefitsfromacceleratingtheimplementationoftradefacilitation.Asshowninfigure33,thefullimplementationofthethreedifferentsetsoftradeImpactoftradefacilitationimplementationontradecostsofASEANeconomiesFigure33-16%-15%-15%-9%-9%-6%-6%-6%-5%-2%-20%-15%-10%-5%0%EffectoffullimplementationofWTOTFAbindingmeasuresEffectoffullimplementationofWTOTFAbinding+non-bindingmeasuresEffectoffullimplementationofWTOTFAbinding+non-binding+otherpaperlesstrademeasuresLaoPDRMyanmarVietNamBruneiDarussalamCambodiaIndonesiaMalaysiaPhilippinesThailandSingaporeChapter4LAssessingtheimpactoftradefacilitationinASEANDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN202337Box4AregionalUnitedNationstreaty,“leavingno-onebehind”toacceleratetradedigitalizationTheFrameworkAgreementonFacilitationofCross-borderPaperlessTradeinAsiaandthePacific(CPTA),whichisaUnitedNationstreaty,aimstopromotecross-borderpaperlesstradeby(a)enablingtheexchangeandmutualrecognitionoftrade-relateddataanddocumentsinelectronicform,and(b)facilitationofinteroperabilityamongnationalandsubregionalSingleWindowsand/orotherpaperlesstradesystems.Itisdesignedasaninclusiveandenablingplatformthatwillbenefitallparticipatingeconomies,regardlessofwheretheystandintermsoftradefacilitationorSingleWindow/paperlesstradeimplementation.ThetreatywasadoptedbytheESCAPMemberStatesin2016.On20February2021,itenteredintoforce,indicatingESCAPmembers’continuedeffortstoacceleratetradedigitalizationintheregion.AlongwiththePhilippinesfromtheASEANregion,11countriesarePartiestothetreatyasofJune2023,withseveralotherESCAPmembersintheprocessofcompletingtheirdomesticprocessesforaccession.Achievingcross-borderpaperlesstradeacrosstheregionisalonganddifficultendeavour,anditcannotbeachievedwithoutclosecollaborationbetweencountries.TheFrameworkAgreementisexpectedtosupporttheprocessbyprovidingadedicatedinstitutionalframeworkforcountrieswiththeprovenpoliticalwilltodeveloplegalandtechnicalsolutionsforcross-borderpaperlesstrade,includingpilotprojects,capacity-buildingandtechnicalassistance,basedonexistinginternationalstandards.SomeofthebenefitsforESCAPMemberStatesthatbecomepartiestotheCPTAinclude:(a)Acceleratedprogresstowardsapaperlesstradeenvironmentatthenationallevel,basedonthepoliticalwilldemonstratedduringtheaccessionprocesstoCPTA,andthroughaccesstostructuredandregularsharingoflessonslearntontheimplementationofbestpractices;(b)Reductioninoverallinvestmentcostsandmaximizationofreturnsfrominvestmentsinpaperlesstradesystems,throughconcurrentdevelopmentofnationalpaperlesstradesystemsandenvironmentforcross-bordertradedataexchange;(c)Readyaccesstopotentialcounterpartcountriesinterestedinnegotiatingandachievingcross-borderdataexchange,avoidingorreducingtheneedforengaginginnumerousand/orpotentiallyincompatiblebilateralinitiatives;(d)Directparticipationinthedevelopmentofpragmaticsolutionsforthecross-borderexchangeoftradedocuments.Formoreadvancedcountrieswithrelevantexperienceandexistingpractices,includingmanyASEANeconomies,thiswillenablethemtoensurethatnewregionalsystemsandsolutionswillbeharmonizedandinteroperablewithwhattheyhavealreadyachievedonabilateraland/orsubregionalbasis.CompliancewithcommitmentsaPartymayhavemadethroughinitsbilateralandplurilateraltradeagreements,suchasregionaltradeagreements(RTAs)tocollaborateonexchangingelectronicdataanddocuments(typicallyfeaturedin“PaperlessTrading”ArticlesinRTAs,orrelatedprovisionsoragreements).Note:AdditionaldetailsontheFrameworkAgreementareavailableathttps://www.unescap.org/kp/cpta.facilitationmeasuresinalleconomiesresultsintradecostreductionsforalleconomies.Asexpected,thetradecostreductionsaremuchlargerwhencross-borderpaperlesstradeisachieved.However,achievingsuchtradecostreductionswillrequireclosercooperationbetweeneconomiesondevelopinginteroperablepaperlesstradesystems,asenvisagedintheCPTA(box4).Chapter5LConclusionandthewayforwardDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN202338Chapter5LConclusionandthewayforwardDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN2023393939CHAPTER5ConclusionandthewayforwardThisreportprovidesdataontheimplementationofdigitalandsustainabletradefacilitationacrosstheAsia-Pacificregion,includingallASEANMemberStatesand37othereconomies.Thesurveyencompassesgeneraltradefacilitationmeasures,asoutlinedintheWTOTFA,andalsoincludesdigitaltradefacilitationmeasures.Inaddition,itcoversmeasurestargetingtheagriculturalsector,SMEs,womentraders,tradefinance,andemergencysituations.Figure34reaffirmsthesignificantcorrelationbetweenthecostofinternationaltradeinAsia-Pacificcountriesandtheirleveloftradefacilitationimplementation.Basedonaninitialsetof31generaltradefacilitationmeasures,thesurveyrevealsanimpressiveaverageimplementationrateof81%inASEAN(comparedto79%in2021).Inthisregard,thesubregionexceedstheaverageimplementationrateintheAsia-Pacificregionwhichstandsat67%.Whenexpandingthescopetoincludeabroaderrangeof40tradefacilitationmeasures,whichencompassesthesubgroup‘sustainabletradefacilitation’,thesurveyrecordsalowerlevelofoverallimplementationrates.TheAsia-Pacificregionrecordsanimplementationrateof63%(-4percentagepoints),whileASEANMemberStates’implementationrateis75%(-6percentagepoints).Therefore,itisevidentthatsubstantialprogressstillneedstobemadeinimplementingtradefacilitationmeasuresrelatedto‘TradefacilitationforSMEs’and‘Agriculturaltradefacilitation’.Moreover,thethirdsubgroupunder“SustainableTradeFacilitation”,‘Womenintradefacilitation’,isstillanareaforimprovementwithanimplementationlevelofjust33%.Chapter5LConclusionandthewayforwardDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN202340ThesurveyresultsrevealthatintheASEANsubregion,mostcountrieshaveimplementedsomemeasurestoimprovetransparencyandsimplifytrade-relatedcostsandprocedures,eitherfullyorpartially.Inaddition,the‘Paperlesstrade’subgroupshowsahighimplementationrateof82%,indicatingthatallcountriessurveyedhaveactivelyworkedondevelopingCustomssystemstospeedupCustomsclearanceandimprovecontrolthroughtheadoptionofpaperlessprocesses.Moreover,countriesintheregionhavebeguntoimplementadvancednationalmulti-agencypaperlesssystems–suchasnationalelectronicSingleWindows,whichfacilitatetheelectronicexchangeofdataandinformationbetweengovernmentagenciesandbusinesses–therebypromotingpaperlesstrade.Intermsofcross-borderpaperlesstrade,therehasbeenanotableincreaseof3percentagepointscomparedwith2021,indicatingsignificantprogressintheimplementationofpaperlesscross-bordertradesystemsinASEANcountriesduringthepasttwoyears,withparticularfocusonexpandingandimprovingtheASEANSingleWindowInitiative.TradefacilitationimplementationandtradecostsofAsia-PacificeconomiesFigure34Tofurtheradvancetradefacilitationandpaperlesstrade,figure35illustratestheimplementationoftradefacilitationasastep-by-stepprocess.Tradefacilitationbeginswithestablishingthe‘Institutionalarrangement’toprioritizeandcoordinatetradefacilitationmeasures.Thenextstepistoenhance‘Transparency’bywidelysharinginformationonexistinglaws,regulationsandprocedures,andengaginginnegotiationswithstakeholderswhendevelopingnewones.Thethirdstepinvolvesdesigningandimplementingsimplifiedandefficienttrade‘Formalities’.Initially,thesere-engineeredandstreamlinedprocessesmayrelyonpaperdocuments,buttheycanbefurtherimprovedthroughtheuseofICTand‘Paperlesstrade’systems.Theultimatestepistoenableexchangeofelectronictradedataanddocumentsamongtraders,GovernmentsandserviceproviderswithinnationalsystemssuchastheSingleWindow,allowingstakeholdersinpartnercountriestoaccessthenecessaryinformationtoexpeditethemovementofgoodsandreduceoveralltradecosts.050100150200250300350y=-283.37x+351.19R2=0.6332Tradefacilitationimplementation:2021Tradecost,excl.tariff(percent,ad-valoremequivalent)0%20%40%60%80%100%Chapter5LConclusionandthewayforwardDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN202341Movingforward,itiscrucialforASEANMemberStatestoexpeditetheadvancementofdigitaltradefacilitation.TheimpactanalysisoftradefacilitationmeasuresonASEANtradecostsstronglyemphasizesthenecessityofimplementingpaperlesstradeandestablishingseamlesselectronicexchangeoftradedataanddocumentsbetweenASEANanditstradingpartners.Inlinewiththeexistingintra-ASEANtradefacilitationcommitmentsoutlinedintheASEANSingleWindowandotherASEANAgreements,anambitiousdigitaltradefacilitationstrategyisprojectedtoreducetradecostsbyapproximately9%comparedwiththecurrentcosts.Ontheotherhand,achievingbasiccompliancewiththeWTOTFAwouldonlyresultinareductionof1.9%intradecosts.Inthisregard,theFrameworkAgreementonFacilitationofCross-borderPaperlessTradeinAsiaandthePacificcomplementstheWTOTFA,anditprovidesasupportiveplatformforESCAPMemberStatestofacilitatetheelectronicexchangeofcross-bordertrade-relateddataanddocumentsforthosewhohavenotyetimplementedsuchmechanisms.ForASEANcountries,thisUnitedNationstreatypresentsopportunitiestoleverageandexpanduponthecross-borderpaperlesstradesolutionsalreadyestablishedthroughASEANinitiativesaswellassupportfurtherdevelopmentoftheASEANSingleWindowforinteroperabilitywithpaperlesstradesystemsofcountriesbeyondASEAN.Therefore,allASEANcountriesareencouragedtobecomeapartytothetreatyassoonaspossibleandpromoteharmonizationoftradefacilitationmeasuresacrosstheAsia-Pacificregion.Regarding“SustainableTradeFacilitation”,theadoptionofinclusivemeasurestosupportSMEsMovingupthetradefacilitationladdertowardsseamlessinternationalsupplychainsFigure35020406080100PerformanceAreaBruneiDarussalamMyanmarFrontier(fullimplementation)CambodiaPhilippinesAsia-PacificIndonesiaSingaporeEastandNorth-EastAsiaLaoPDRThailandASEANMalaysiaVietNamInstitutionalarrangementandcooperationTransparencyFormalitiesPaperlesstradeCross-borderpaperlesstradeChapter5LConclusionandthewayforwardDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN202342andfacilitatetheinvolvementofwomenintraderemainslimited.SMEsholdsignificantimportanceintheglobaleconomyanddigitaltrade,yettheavailabilityoftradefacilitationmeasurestailoredtotheirneedsisinadequate.Therefore,itiscrucialtoenhancethecapacityofSMEsandincorporatethemintotradefacilitationpoliciestoachievesustainabletradefacilitation.Abetterunderstandingandcollaborationamongtradefinanceandfacilitationagenciesisalsonecessarytoensuretheintegrationoftradefinanceandpaymentinstrumentsintotradefacilitationimplementationstrategies,includingSingleWindowdevelopmentplans.Consideringtheirpivotalroleinfosteringsustainableandinclusiveeconomicdevelopment,especiallyduringtimesofcrisis,tradefacilitationstrategiesshouldbedesignedholisticallyandinclusively.Furthermore,theCOVID-19pandemichasexposedvulnerabilitiesintheglobaltradingsystem,highlightingitsweaknesses.Inresponse,ASEANMemberStateshaveproactivelyimplementedspecificmeasuresrelatedto‘Tradefacilitationintimesofcrisis’in2021.ThisprogressshowstheeffortofASEANMemberStatestorestoretradeactivities,totheextentthattheASEANregionalaveragerateofimplementationhassurpassedtheAsia-Pacificaverage.Nevertheless,thereisstillroomforASEANMemberStatestofurtherenhancecooperation,especiallyinemergingtechnologies,e-commerceandclimate-smarttrade.Bydeepeningcollaborationandembracingadvancementsinthesethreeareas,ASEANMemberStatescanseizenewopportunitiesforeconomicdevelopment,resilienceandinclusivity.Indeed,emergingtechnologies,whenusedappropriatelyandsupportedbyadequatepoliciesandlegalframework,couldimprovesupplychainvisibility,andenhancetrustandtransparencyamongtradingpartners.Giventherapidnatureoftechnologicaladvances,policiesandnationallegislationwouldneedtobeadequatetosupporteffectiveuseoftheseemergingtechnologies.Moreover,internationalcooperationisrequiredtodevelopandharmonizerulestosupporttheuseofthesetechnologies.Countriesareatanearlystageofthisprocess,withthesurveyhighlightingthatonly20%ofASEANMemberStateshaveimplementedmeasuresrelatedtoblockchainprojectscoveringtradefinance.E-commerceenablesbusinessestoconducttransactionsonlineandstreamlinesthebuyingandsellingprocess.Itprovidesbusinesseswithaplatformtoreachawidercustomerbase,bothdomesticallyandinternationally,eliminatinggeographicalbarriers.DeepcooperationalreadyexistsamongASEANMemberStates,witheightofthemparticipatinginworkinggroupdiscussionswithintheWTO.However,thereisstillroomforimprovement,asonlyhalfofASEANMemberStateshavefullyimplementedtradefacilitationmeasurestofacilitatecross-bordere-commerce(anationalstrategyoncross-bordere-commerceandademinimisregime).Climate-smarttradefacilitationmeasuresplayacrucialroleinprotectingtheenvironmentandpromotingsustainabletradepractices.Bystreamliningandsimplifyingtradeprocedures,thesemeasuresreducedelaysandinefficienciesinthemovementofgoods,resultinginlowercarbonemissionsandenergyconsumption.Furthermore,theuseofdigitaltechnologiesandpaperlessprocessescouldsupportclimate-smarttradefacilitationbyminimizingtherelianceonpaper-baseddocumentationandcontributingtotheconservationofnaturalresources.Oneexampleistheuseofelectronicsystems,suchaseCITESpermits,whichsimplifiestheprocessofissuingandmanagingpermitsforthetradeofprotectedspecies.However,thesurveyhighlightsagenerallackofawarenessofthisprocess,with30%ofASEANMemberStatesintheprocessofsettingupasystemforapplyingforandissuingeCITESpermits.Therefore,itiscrucialforASEANcountriestoprioritizetheseareasandfostercollaborativeeffortstoembraceforward-lookingtradefacilitationpoliciesthatbenefitallstakeholders.Bydoingso,ASEANcanpavethewayforasustainableandprosperousfutureinthesubregion,whilesimultaneouslyworkingtowardsachievingtheSustainableDevelopmentGoals.AnnexesDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN202343AnnexesAnnex1.ListofparticipatingcountriesCountrySubregionAfghanistanSouthandSouth-WestAsiaArmeniaNorthandCentralAsiaAustraliaAustralia-NewZealandAzerbaijanNorthandCentralAsiaBangladeshSouthandSouth-WestAsiaBhutanSouthandSouth-WestAsiaBruneiDarussalamSouth-EastAsiaCambodiaSouth-EastAsiaChinaEastandNorth-EastAsiaFijiPacificIslandsDevelopingEconomiesGeorgiaNorthandCentralAsiaIndiaSouthandSouth-WestAsiaIndonesiaSouth-EastAsiaIslamicRepublicofIranSouthandSouth-WestAsiaJapanEastandNorth-EastAsiaKazakhstanNorthandCentralAsiaKiribatiPacificIslandsDevelopingEconomiesKyrgyzstanNorthandCentralAsiaLaoPDRSouth-EastAsiaMalaysiaSouth-EastAsiaMaldivesSouthandSouth-WestAsiaMicronesiaPacificIslandsDevelopingEconomiesMongoliaEastandNorth-EastAsiaMyanmarSouth-EastAsiaNauruPacificIslandsDevelopingEconomiesNepalSouthandSouth-WestAsiaNewZealandAustralia-NewZealandPakistanSouthandSouth-WestAsiaPalauPacificIslandsDevelopingEconomiesPapuaNewGuineaPacificIslandsDevelopingEconomiesPhilippinesSouth-EastAsiaRepublicofKoreaEastandNorth-EastAsiaRussianFederationNorthandCentralAsiaSamoaPacificIslandsDevelopingEconomiesAnnexesDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN202344SingaporeSouth-EastAsiaSolomonIslandsPacificIslandsDevelopingEconomiesSriLankaSouthandSouth-WestAsiaTajikistanNorthandCentralAsiaThailandSouth-EastAsiaTimorLesteSouth-EastAsiaTongaPacificIslandsDevelopingEconomiesTurkeySouthandSouth-WestAsiaTurkmenistanNorthandCentralAsiaTuvaluPacificIslandsDevelopingEconomiesUzbekistanNorthandCentralAsiaVanuatuPacificIslandsDevelopingEconomiesVietNamSouth-EastAsiaCountrySubregionAnnexesDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN202345Annex2.GroupingoftradefacilitationmeasuresandcorrespondencewithTFAarticlesGroupsSubgroupsMeasuresRelevantTFAArticlesTransparencyPublicationofexistingimport-exportregulations1.2ontheInternetStakeholders’consultationonnewdraftregulations2.2(priortotheirfinalization)Advancepublication/notificationofnewtrade-related2.1regulationsbeforetheirimplementationAdvancerulingontariffclassificationandoriginof3importedgoodsIndependentappealmechanism4FormalitiesRiskmanagement7.4Pre-arrivalprocessing7.1Post-clearanceaudits7.5SeparationofReleasefromfinaldeterminationof7.3Customsduties,taxes,feesandchargesEstablishmentandpublicationofaveragereleasetimes7.6TFmeasuresforauthorizedoperators7.7Expeditedshipments7.8Acceptanceofcopiesoforiginalsupportingdocuments10.2.1requiredforimport,exportortransitformalitiesNationalTradeFacilitationCommitteeorsimilarbody23Nationallegislativeframeworkand/orinstitutional8arrangementsforborderagenciescooperationGovernmentagenciesdelegatingbordercontrolstoCustomsauthoritiesAlignmentofworkingdaysandhourswithneighbouring8.2(a)countriesatbordercrossingsAlignmentofformalitiesandprocedureswithneighbouring8.2(b)countriesatbordercrossingsTransitTransitfacilitationagreement(s)Limitthephysicalinspectionsoftransitgoodsanduse10.5riskassessmentSupportingpre-arrivalprocessingfortransitfacilitation11.9Cooperationbetweenagenciesofcountriesinvolvedintransit11.16PaperlesstradeAutomatedCustomsSystemInternetconnectionavailabletoCustomsandothertradecontrolagenciesElectronicSingleWindowSystem10.4ElectronicsubmissionofCustomsDeclarationsElectronicapplicationandissuanceofimportandexportpermitElectronicsubmissionofSeaCargoManifestsElectronicSubmissionofAirCargoManifestsGeneralTradeFacilitationInstitutionalarrangementandcooperationDigitalTradeFacilitationAnnexesDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN202346ElectronicapplicationandissuanceofPreferentialCertificateofOriginE-PaymentofCustomsDutiesandFees7.2ElectronicApplicationforCustomsRefundsLawsandregulationsforelectronictransactionsRecognisedcertificationauthorityElectronicexchangeofCustomsDeclarationElectronicexchangeofCertificateofOriginElectronicexchangeofSanitaryandPhyto-SanitaryCertificatePaperlesscollectionofpaymentfromadocumentaryletterofcreditTrade-relatedinformationmeasuresforSMEsSMEsinAEOschemeSMEsaccessSingleWindowSMEsinNationalTradeFacilitationCommitteeOtherspecialmeasuresforSMEsTestingandlaboratoryfacilitiesavailabletomeetSPSof7.9maintradingpartnersNationalstandardsandaccreditationbodiestofacilitatecompliancewithSPSElectronicapplicationandissuanceofSPScertificatesSpecialtreatmentforperishablegoodsTFpolicy/strategytoincreasewomen’sparticipationintradeTFmeasurestobenefitwomeninvolvedintradeWomen’smembershipintheNationalTradeFacilitationCommitteeorsimilarbodiesSingleWindowfacilitatestradersaccesstofinanceAuthoritiesengagedinblockchain-basedsupplychainprojectcoveringtradefinanceVarietyoftradefinanceservicesavailableAgencyinplacetomanagetradefacilitationintimesofcrisesandemergenciesOnlinepublicationofemergencytradefacilitationmeasuresCoordinationbetweencountriesonemergencytradefacilitationmeasuresAdditionaltradefacilitationmeasurestofacilitatetradeintimesofemergenciesPlaninplacetofacilitatetradeduringfuturecrisesTradefacilitationmeasuresforcross-bordere-commerceElectronicexchangeofCITESpermits/certificatesCross-borderpaperlesstradeSustainableTradeFacilitationTradefacilitationforSMEsAgriculturetradefacilitationWomenintradefacilitationOtherTradeFacilitationTradefinancefacilitationTradefacilitationintimesofcrisisTradefacilitationfore-commerceWildlifetradefacilitationGroupsSubgroupsMeasuresRelevantTFAArticlesAnnexesDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN202347DatasubmissionThesurveyinstrumentwassentbytheESCAPSecretariattotradefacilitationbyexpertsexperts(inGovernments,theprivatesectorandacademia)inAsia-Pacificcountriestogatherpreliminaryinformation.ThequestionnairewasalsomadepubliclyavailableonlineanddisseminatedwiththesupportoftheInternationalChamberofCommerce(ICC)andtheUnitedNationsNetworkofExpertsforPaperlessTradeandTransportforAsiaandthePacific(UNNExT).Insomecases,thequestionnairewasalsosenttorelevantnationaltradefacilitationauthoritiesoragenciesaswellasregionaltradefacilitationpartnersororganizations,suchastheAsiaDevelopmentBank(ADB),theAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN),theCentralAsiaRegionalEconomicCooperation(CAREC)Institute,theOceaniaCustomsOrganization(OCO)andtheUnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment(UNCTAD).ThisfirststeptookplaceessentiallybetweenJanuaryandMay2023.DataverificationbytheTheESCAPSecretariatcross-checkedthedatacollectedinStep1.DeskUNRCsSecretariatresearchanddatasharingamongUNRCsandsurveypartnerswerecarriedouttofurtherchecktheaccuracyofdata.Face-to-faceortelephoneinterviewswithkeyinformantswerearrangedtogatheradditionalinformationwhenneeded.TheoutcomeofStep2wasaconsistentsetofresponsespercountry.Step2tookplacebetweenJanuaryandMay2023.DatavalidationbyStep3tookplacebetweenMayandJuly2023.TheESCAPSecretariatsentthenationalGovernmentscompletedquestionnairetoeachnationalGovernmenttoensurethateachcountryhadtheopportunitytoreviewthedatasetandprovideanyadditionalinformation.ThefeedbackresultsfromnationalGovernmentswereincorporatedinordertofinalizethedataset.Annex3.Athree-stepapproachfordatacollectionandvalidationAnnexesDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN202348StageofimplementationCoding/ScoringFullImplementation:Thetradefacilitationmeasureimplementedisinfullcompliancewithcommonly-acceptedinternationalstandards,recommendationsandconventionssuchastheRevisedKyotoConvention,UN/CEFACTRecommendationsortheWTOTradeFacilitationAgreement(TFA);itisimplementedinlawandinpractice;itisavailabletoessentiallyallrelevantstakeholdersnationwide,andsupportedbyadequatelegalandinstitutionalframeworksaswellasadequateinfrastructureandfinancialandhumanresources.ATFAprovisionincludedinthecommitmentsgivenunderNotificationsofCategoryAmaygenerallybeconsideredasameasure,whichisfullyimplementedbythecountry,withacaveatthattheprovisionwillbeimplementedbyaLeast-DevelopedCountry(LDC)memberwithinoneyearoftheTFAagreementcomingintoforce.Ifacountryregistersapositiveresponseforallsubquestionsconcerningagiventradefacilitationmeasure,thatmeasureshouldbeconsideredfullyimplemented.PartialImplementation:Ameasureisconsideredtobepartiallyimplementedifatleastoneofthefollowingistrue:(1)thetradefacilitationmeasureisinpartial–butnotinfull–compliancewithcommonly-acceptedinternationalstandards,recommendationsandconventions;(2)thecountryisstillintheprocessofrollingouttheimplementationofthemeasure;(3)themeasureisbeingusedbutonanunsustainable,short-termorad-hocbasis;(4)themeasureisimplementedinsome–butnotall–targetedlocations(suchaskeybordercrossingstations);or(5)some–butnotall–targetedstakeholdersarefullyinvolved.PilotStageofImplementation:Ameasureisconsideredtobeatthepilotstageofimplementationif,inadditiontomeetingthegeneralattributesofpartialimplementation,itisavailableonlytoaverysmallportionoftheintendedstakeholdergroup(oratacertainlocation)and/orisbeingimplementedonatrialbasis.Whenanewtradefacilitationmeasureisatthepilotstageofimplementation,theoldmeasureisoftencontinuouslyusedinparalleltoensurethattheserviceisstillprovidedevenwhentherehasbeenadisruptionwiththenewmeasure.Thisstageofimplementationalsoincludesrelevantrehearsalsandpreparationforthefullimplementation.Notimplemented:Ameasurehasnotbeenimplementedatthisstage.However,thisstagemaystillincludeinitiativesoreffortstowardsimplementationofthemeasure.Forexample,underthisstage,(pre)feasibilitystudiesorplanningfortheimplementationcanbecarriedout,andconsultationwithstakeholdersontheimplementationmaybearranged.Annex4.Definitionofeachstageofimplementation0132AnnexesDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationinASEAN202349

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