（已压缩）适应气候变化的城市规划与设计_菲律宾地方政府和_规划参与者的参考工具（2023）（英文版）--联合国人居署VIP专享VIP免费

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Supportedby:(~l~UN-HABITATbasedonadecisionoftheGermanBundestag••••••••••••••••••••URBANPLANNINGANDDESICNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEAREFERENCETOOLFORLOCALGOVERNMENTSANDPLANNINGACTORSINTHEPHILIPPINESDepartmentofHumanSettlementsandUrbanDevelopmentEnvironmental,LandUseandUrbanPlanningandDevelopmentBureauSupportedby:TechnicalSupport:I,,,Ill~.t.'""""'IC1imat&Resiliencyiin~,o,ghLin>ao-PlansandDeslgnsFunding:.&IFederalM;n;stryIKl/"~INTERNATIONALWfortheEnvironment,NatureConservation\~I}CLIMATEandNuclearSafety,__,,INITIATIVEbasedonadecisionoftheGermanBundestagPREFACEGlobally,urbanizationhasbeenconsistentlygrowingthroughouttheyearsanditisprojectedtoincreaseto58percentinthenextfivedecades.Alongsidethisgrowthareintertwinedchallengesthatcitiesandcommunitiesface-economicrecession,publichealthcrisis,andmostespecially,climatechange.InthePhilippines,54percentofthetotalpopulation,whichtranslatesto51,730,000urbanresidents,wererecordedin2020.TheurbanpopulationofthePhilippinesincreasedatanaverageof2.8percentfrom2015to2020,whichareconcentratedintheNationalCapitalRegionandhighlyurbanizedcitiesinthecountry.TheGlobalClimateRiskIndexhasconsistentlyrankedthePhilippinesasoneofthemostvulnerablecountriesaffectedbyextremeweathereventsandclimatechangeimpacts.Withurbanizationcontinuouslyincreasinginthecountry,citiesmustbepreparedtoaddressclimateriskstonurtureabettersafe,inclusive,andresilientfuturefortheFilipinos.Buildingresiliencemustbeatthecoreofplanninganddesigningourcities.AlignedwiththePhilippineNewUrbanAgendavisionofa"Better,Greener,SmarterCitiesinanInclusivePhilippines,"thisreferencetoolprovidesaplatformtoequipuserswithconceptsandtechnicalinformationonurbanplanninganddesignforclimateresilience.Itaimstodeliverguidancefornationalgovernmentagencies,localgovernmentunits,andotherstakeholdersinpursuingresilientandsustainabledevelopment.Likewise,itpresentstoolsandexamplesthatmaybeusedinanalysisanddecision-makingwhendevelopingactionsforclimatechangeresiliencethroughurbanplanninganddesign.Withyearsofjointexpertisefromvariousorganizations,thistoolhasbeendevelopedthroughcollaborationoftheDepartmentofHumanSettlementsandUrbanDevelopment,ClimateChangeCommission,DepartmentofInteriorandLocalGovernance,NationalEconomicDevelopmentAuthority,andLeagueofCitiesofthePhilippines.ThiswasmadepossiblethroughtheBuildingClimateResiliencethroughUrbanPlansandDesigns(BCRUPD),aprojectimplementedbyUN-HabitatPhilippinesandsupportedbytheInternationalClimateInitiativeoftheGermangovernment.Approachesforurbanplanninganddesignmusturgentlypursueclimateactioninpreparationforadynamicurbanfuture.Theseapproachesmustconsiderthevulnerablepopulations,unpredictableandpotentialcrises,andthecountry'sloomingclimatehazards-allthesearecarefullyconsideredinthisreferencetoolwhilepromotingevidenceanddatadrivenplanningsolutions.Usingtheconceptsandtoolsinthisreferencetool,ouraspirationistoseemorepronouncedlocalactionsofresilienturbanplanninganddesign.WeseethisasaperpetualopportunitytoaddressurbanandclimatechallengeswhilepromotingresilientandsustainablecitiesandcommunitiesinthePhilippines.----~-::-,ar:------~c--~=-c---~i~~::--------=------==-~-~.--•~~!!-~---~~--!;AsourAdministrationlaunchesthePambansangPabahayparasoPilipinoProgram(4PH)thatcommitstomeetingthehousingneedsofFilipinosthroughintegratedhousing,humansettlements,andclimate-resilienturbandevelopment,itisimperativethatwemobilizeourstakeholders,thelocalgovernmentunits,andtheprivatesectortoachievethisvisioninthefaceofthethreatsofclimatechange.ThePhilippineshasbornethebruntoftheadverseeffectsofclimatechangeanddisastersandhasthereforepassedcriticallegislationsandpoliciesthatarenowincorporatedinourgovernment'sthrusts.However,thereisastillaneedtofleshoutdetails,sharespecificexamples,providetoolsandtemplatestoguideourlocalgovernmentunits,theprivatesector,andourstakeholdersonclimateresilienturbanplanninganddevelopmentItismypleasuretopresenttheDHSUD'sUrbanPlanningandDesignforClimateResilienceReferenceTool,whichistheresultofyearsofcollaborationandhardworkpredatingtheDHSUD.IamconfidentthatthiswillbeaninvaluableresourceforourLGUsandotherstakeholderstoincreasetheirawarenessonclimatechangeandclimateresiliencemeasurestoaddresstheemerginglocalclimatechangeconcernsintheirrespectivecitiesandmunicipalities.Thisreferencetoolwasdesignedforlocalgovernmentunitstobetterequiptheminplanning,implementing,andmonitoringclimate-resilienturbanplansanddesignstocreatesustainablecommunities.Itisimperativeforallofustoworktogethersothattheprogressandgainswesodearlyworkedhardwillnotbewipedoutbydisastersandslowcreepingclimateimpacts.IwishtothanktheeffortsandsupportoftheUN-HabitatPhilippinesandtheGermanGovernment,throughUN-HabitatPhilippines'BuildingClimateResiliencythroughUrbanPlansandDesigns(BCRUPD)fundedbytheGermanGovernment'sInternationalClimateInitiative(/Kl),whichmadethispossible.IamalsogratefulforthesupportoftheClimateChangeCommission,theDepartmentoftheInteriorandLocalGovernment,theNationalEconomicandDevelopmentAuthority,andtheLeagueofCitiesofthePhilippines(LCP)forworkingtogetherwithusinadvocatingclimateresiliencethroughlocalplansanddesigns.Withvarioustools,knowledge,andapproachesaccessibleinthisReferenceTool,ItrustthatourLGUsandcommunitieswillbeabletoforcelocalstrategiesthatbringforthabetter,greenerandsmarterhumansettlementsandurbansystemsinthePhilippines.RapidurbanizationindifferentpartsofthePhilippinesposeschallengesintermsofaccesstosocialservices,housing,infrastructureandeconomicopportunities.Ontopofthis,theadverseeffectsoftheclimatecrisisondenselypopulatedurbancommunitiescanmagnifyandexacerbatethesechallenges.Withoutadequateandclimate-smarturbanplanninganddesign,thelivingenvironmentofalargenumberofpeopleisputatrisk.Itisthereforeessentialtoequiplocalgovernmentswiththerighttoolstoadapttoclimatechangethroughpromotingclimate-responsive,sustainableurbandevelopmentplansanddesigns.ThelaunchingofthisreferencetoolthatisfundedbytheGermangovernment,throughitsInternationalClimateInitiative(IKI),isanimportantcontributiontowardsfindingsolutionstoaddresstheclimatecrisisinurbanareasofthePhilippines.GiventhePhilippines'highvulnerabilityandexposuretotheadverseeffectsoftheclimatecrisis,cooperationinthefieldofclimateisapriorityforGermany'scooperationwiththePhilippines.Thelndo-PacificPolicyGuidelines,theGermangovernment'scomprehensivestrategyforacomprehensiveengagementinthisdynamicandincreasinglyrelevantregionoftheworld,includesthecommitmenttoaddressclimatechangerelatedchallengesinthisregion.InthePhilippines-apriorityandapilotcountrywhenitcomestobilateralcooperationinthefieldofclimate-thistranslatesintoprojectswithtotalvolumeof31,9millionEURinthefieldsofclimateadaptation,environmentalprotectionandbiodiversityfundedundertheIKIoftheGermangovernment.TheimplementationofthePhilippines'nationalclimateandbiodiversitypolicieshasbeensupportedbyIKIsince2008.Thisproject,implementedbyUN-HabitatisalsofundedviatheIKI.TheGermangovernmentremainsacommittedpartnertosupportthePhilippinesininitiativesrelatedtoclimateandislookingforwardtodeepenthesestrongties.TheNationalEconomicandDevelopmentAuthority(NEDA)congratulatestheDepartmentofHumanSettlementsandUrbanDevelopment(DHSUD)anditspartneragenciesandinstitutionsforleadingthepreparationoftheReferenceToolonUrbanPlanningandDesignforClimateResilience.Asthecountry'spremiersocioeconomicplanningagency,theNEDAsupportsinitiativesandprojectsthataddresstheimpactsofclimatechangeandenvironment-relateddisruptions.Thereferencetoolwillprovidetechnicalinformationandpolicyguidanceinplanninganddesigntowardsclimatechangeresilience.ThisreferencetoolisalignedwiththePhilippineDevelopmentPlan(PDP)2023-2028,asitprovidesthenecessaryguidepostsformakingourcitiesandmunicipalitiesmorelivableandmorepreparedformultiplerisks,particularlyaswerecoverfromthescarsofthepandemic.Italsocomesatanopportunetimeasourlocalgovernmentunits(LGUs)gearupforgreaterresponsibilities,giventheMandanas-Garciaruling.ThroughtheleadershipofLGUsandstrongercollaborationwithnationalgovernmentagencies,wehopetospurgreaterinterestinwell-craftedlocaldevelopmentandlanduseplans.Suchplanswillsupportournationaldevelopmentagendatowardsfulleconomicrecoveryandtransformationforaprosperous,inclusive,andresilientsociety.CongratulationstotheDHSUD,togetherwithitspartneragenciesandinstitutions.Wehopethatthisinitiativewillleadustomoresoundurbanplansanddesignsforourcommunities.MywarmestgreetingsandgratitudetotheDepartmentofHumanSettlementsandUrbanDevelopment(DHSUD)fordevelopingthe"UrbanPlanningandDesignforClimateResilience:AReferenceToolforLocalGovernmentsandPlanningActorsinthePhilippines"thatpromotesclimate-responsiveandrisk-basedplanningoflocalgovernmentunits(LGUs).Thistoolisarelevantguidefornationalandlocalgovernmentsandotherplanningpractitionersespeciallyinintegratingurbanclimateresilienceprinciplesintheirdecision-making,stakeholderparticipation,spatialanddevelopmentplanning,investmentprogramming,andfinancing.AstheVice-ChairforDisasterPreparednessoftheNationalDisasterRiskReductionandManagementCouncil(NDRRMC),theDILGcontinuouslyenhancesthecapacitiesofLGUsindealingwiththeadverseimpactsofclimatechangeandnaturaldisaster.Withthisreferencetool,theLGUswillbefurtherguidedinassessinganddeterminingtheirrisksandvulnerabilitiesandbeabletoidentifyandimplementappropriateinterventionsindealingwithsuchadversities.Theformulationofclimate-resilienturbanplansanddesignsofLGUsisasteptowardstheattainmentofthePhilippineNewUrbanAgendaVisionofhavinga"Better,Greener,SmarterCitiesinanInclusivePhilippines".WeextendourheartfeltappreciationtotheUnitedNationsHumanSettlementsProgramme(UN-Habitat)andtheGermanGovernment'sInternationalClimateInitiative(IKI)forextendingmuch-neededsupporttothePhilippineGovernmentaswecontinueoureffortsondisasterriskreductionandmanagementandclimatechangeadaptationandmitigation.TheDILGisonewiththeUN-HabitatPhilippinesincreatingclimatechangeresilientlocalitiesreflectedintheDepartment'sU.N.I.T.E.agenda,whichstandsforunleashingmaximumpotentialofgoodlocalgovernance;nourishingthebondsofnationalandlocalgovernments;innovatinggovernanceprocessesandsystemsthroughtechnology;and,enhancingthecapabilitiesoftheDepartmentanditsattachedagencies.IwouldalsoliketocommendtheNationalEconomicandDevelopmentAuthority(NEDA),ClimateChangeCommission(CCC),andtheLeagueofCitiesofthePhilippines(LCP)fortheirunwaveringsupportinthedevelopmentofthisreferencetool.TheDILGencouragestheLGUstoutilizethistoolastheirguideinpreparingtheirurbanplansanddesignastheycarttowardclimate-resilienturbancommunities.MaythistoolleadtofurtherinnovationsatthelocallevelandserveitsultimategoalofespousingclimatechangeresilientlocalitiesandprotectingthelivesofFilipinos,especiallyinhighlyvulnerablecommunities.Letusbefirmlyunitedinouroneaspirationforaclimate-resilientPhilippines!Kaisa'tkatuwangponinyoangDILG,sampungmgamatitino,mahuhusayatmaaasahangkawaninito,tungosopaglalayongmagingligtassobantangclimatechangeangmgapamilyangPilipinosomgapamayanan.ThePhilippinesisconsideredoneofthemostvulnerablecountriesinthefaceofclimatechange.Withmorethanhalfofthenation'spopulationresidingincitiescateringtothousandsofvehicleseveryday,morepronouneedlocalactionisneededtocurbtheeffectsofrisingglobaltemperaturesandprotectthemostvulnerable.Todoassuch,itisnecessarytoradicallyrethinkthewaywedesignurbanspaces.Localurbandevelopmentmustbeguidedbyresilientandsustainableplanning.Thisreferencetool,whichprovideslocalgovernmentswithinformationonkeyconceptsandbestpracticesforresilienturbanplanninganddesign,willbepivotalinimprovingourlocalplanningsystems.Thispublicationonclimate-resilienturbanplanninganddesignisatestamenttothehardworkofvariousstakeholderscommittedtoimprovingthelivesoftheFilipinopeoplegearedtowardslivable,sustainable,andpeople-centeredcities.Iamoptimisticthatthroughthisinitiative,localgovernmentswillbecomebetterequippedwiththenecessaryknowledge,strategies,andresourcestoaddressurbanandclimatechallenges.IthasbeenaprivilegetoworkalongsideourpartnersattheUN-HabitatPhilippines,theDepartmentoftheInteriorandLocalGovernment,theDepartmentofHumanSettlementsandUrbanDevelopment,theNationalEconomicDevelopmentAuthority,andtheClimateChangeCommissioninthepursuitofdefinitiveclimateplansandactions.Iwouldalsoliketotaketheopportunitytolaudandexpressmyappreciationtothefive(5)partnercitiesthathaveparticipatedinthisproject:Angeles,CagayandeOro,Legazpi,Ormoc,andTagum.TheirexperiencesandlearningduringtheBuildingClimateResiliencethroughUrbanPlansandDesigns(BRUPD)Projecthavebeeninstrumentalincraftingandrefiningthisguide.TheLeagueofCitiesofthePhilippines,astheofficialassociationofPhilippinecities,remainscommittedtoprotectingandsafeguardinganinclusive,green,andresilientfutureforallFilipinos.Thefightagainstclimatechangewillbewonandlostincities.Inthepastdecade,wehaveseenthechallengescitiesandcommunitiesfaceinthemidstofgrowth,suchasincreasinginequality,publichealthcrisis,andclimatechange.ThisisevidentinthePhilippines,whichranksasoneofthemostvulnerablecountriesaffectedbyextremeweathereventsandclimatechangeimpacts.Infact,thePhilippinesrankednumberoneoutof193countriesinthe2022WorldRiskIndex(WRI)whichmeasurescountries'disasterriskfromextremenaturaleventsandtheeffectsofclimatechange.TheIPCCAssessmentReport6highlightedthatcitiesandhumansettlementshavecontinuedtogrowatrapidratesandremaincrucialasconcentratedsitesofincreasedexposuretoriskandincreasingvulnerability.The2022WorldCitiesReportstatesitclearly-buildingresiliencemustbeattheheartofthefutureofcities.Climateresiliencewithgreenerinvestmentsandstrongermultilevelcollaborationtoconfrontfutureshocksmustbethebuildingblocksofaresilienturbanfuture.Localgovernmentunitsareatthefrontlinesofclimatechangeimpacts,andtheyneedmoreinformationandtechnicalguidancetobetterinformtheirlocalplansandactionstobuildtheirresilience.UrbanPlanningandDesignforClimateResilience:AReferenceToolforLocalGovernmentsandPlanningActorsinthePhilippinesbridgesthatgap,betweenknowingwhatcanbedoneinbuildingclimateresiliencybyusingurbanplanninganddesign,andhowtodoitontheground.Itprovidestechnicalandpolicyguidance,introducestoolsforanalysisanddecision-makingonactionsforclimateresilience,andguidesmainstreamingclimateresilienturbanplansanddesignsintolocalplanningandbudgetingsystems.Thistoolisinformedbythe5-yearexperienceoftheBuildingClimateresiliencythroughUrbanPlansandDesigns(BCRUPD)ProjectimplementedbyUN-Habitatin2017-2022withfundingfromtheInternationalClimateInitiativeoftheFederalRepublicofGermany.TheleadershipoftheDepartmentofHumanSettlementsandUrbanDevelopment,togetherwiththeClimateChangeCommission,DepartmentoftheInteriorandLocalGovernment,LeagueofCitiesofthePhilippines,andNationalEconomicDevelopmentAuthorityguidedtheprojectandthedevelopmentofthistool.TheexperienceofourpartnerscitiesOrmoc,Tagum,Legazpi,AngelesandCagayandeOroinformedtheground-truthingofthistoolforlocaluseinactualplansanddesigns,someofwhichhavebeenimplementedwhileothershavebeenpackagedintoinvestmentportfoliostoaccessfinanceforeventualimplementation.Planners,urbandesigners,subjectmatterexperts,andtechnicalstaffhavealsocontributedindevelopingthisreferencetool.Withbetterequippedlocalgovernmentunitsandurbanactors,wecanachieveoursharedgoalofbetter,greener,moreclimateresilienturbanfutureforthePhilippines.CONTENTSPART11I.Introduction2A.BackgroundandRationale3B.UsesoftheReferenceTool4C.ScopeandLimitations5D.MainstreamingUrbanPlansandDesigninDevelopmentPlanning5E.RolesofInstitutionsinPromotingResilientUrbanPlansandDesign1011.UrbanPlanningandDesign:ACatalysttoTransitiontoClimate-Resilient14andClimate-SmartLocalDevelopmentA.KeyConcepts15ClimateChangeandProjectedImpactsinthePhilippines15ClimateRisk16ResilienceandClimateResilience17AdaptationtoClimateChange19UrbanPlanningandDesign24UrbanPlansandDesignsforClimateChangeResilience29B.GuidancetoLocalClimatePlanning:GlobalAccords,PlanningPrinciples,30andCriteriaforAdaptationOptionsGlobalGuides31NationalClimatePlanningPolicies34C.GuidancefromExistingNationalUrbanandUrban-relatedPolicies38towardsClimateChangeResilienceD.ReviewofPhilippinePoliciesinRelationtoClimateChange,Urban44Planning,andUrbanDesignConsiderationsE.UPDandClimateActions:ConvergenceStrategyandFramework49Ill.ManagingClimateRisksandOpportunitiesthroughResilientUrbanPlansandDesign50A.UnderstandClimateImpactsandUseofCORAB.DevelopUPDStrategiesatScaleforClimateAdaptationandResilienceC.UseUrbanPlansandDesignOptionsforClimateAdaptationandBuildClimateRiskResilienceDesignSolutionsPART2IV.ResiliencethroughUPD-PathwayApproachandRelatedToolsA.ToolsforDecisionMakingandPrioritizationB.ToolsforImplementingClimateResilientUPDC.ToolsforParticipationandAdvocacytoAdvanceClimateResilientUPDD.ToolsforInvestmentProgramming&FinancingClimateResilientUPDV.MonitoringandEvaluationofClimateAdaptationthroughUPDImplementationA.PolicyFrameworkforNationalClimateActionM&E5158616271727691103106115116B.Monitoring,Evaluation,andLearning(MEL)forLGUClimateActionsthroughUPD117ANNEXES122REFERENCES133ABBREVIATIONSADBAIPAR5AR6BCRUPDCBDCCA-DRRCCACCAMCCCCCETCDPCDRACLUPCO2CRUPDcsoDBMDENRDHSUDDILGDOTrDPWHDRRDRRMDRRMFGCFGDPGHGGHGIGtCO2-eqHHHLRUBICCTFIECIPCCJICALAOLCCAPLCPAsianDevelopmentBankAnnualInvestmentProgramIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeFifthAssessmentReportIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeSixthAssessmentReportBuildingClimateResiliencethroughUrbanPlansandDesignsCentralBusinessDistrictClimatechangeadaptation-disasterriskreductionClimatechangeadaptationClimatechangeadaptation/mitigationClimateChangeCommissionClimateChangeExpenditureTaggingComprehensiveDevelopmentPlanClimateandDisasterRiskAssessmentComprehensiveLand-UsePlanCarbondioxideClimateresilienturbanplansanddesignsCivilsocietyorganizationsDepartmentofBudgetandManagementDepartmentofEnvironmentalandNaturalResourcesDepartmentofHumanSettlementsandUrbanDevelopmentDepartmentofInteriorandLocalGovernmentDepartmentofTransportationDepartmentofPublicWorksandHighwaysDisasterriskreductionDisasterriskreductionandmitigationDRRMFundGreenClimateFundGrossDomesticProductGreenhouseGasesGHGemissionsInventoryGigatonofcarbondioxideequivalentHouseholdHousingandLandUseRegulatoryBoardIndonesianClimateChangeTrustFundInformation,Education,andCommunicationIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeJapanInternationalCooperationAgencyLocalArchitect'sOfficeLocalClimateChangeActionPlanLeagueofCitiesofthePhilippinesLDCFLDIPLDRRMOLEOLGULIDLMPLPDOLPPM&EMAPSOMCMDDAMELMMDAMREMtC02eNCCAPNDCNDRRMPNEDANFSCCNGANHUDSPNUANUDHFNWPOECDPAGASAPCRDPDPPFSPNUAPPARBMESRCPSDGSLRSREXSROCCSUDSLeastDevelopedCountriesFundLocalDevelopmentInvestmentProgramLocalDisasterRiskReductionandManagementOfficeLocalEngineer'sOfficeLocalgovernmentunitLowImpactDevelopmentLeagueofMunicipalitiesofthePhilippinesLocalPlanningandDevelopmentOfficeLeagueofProvincesofthePhilippinesMonitoringandevaluationMaximumallowablepercentageofsiteoccupancyMemorandumCircularMetropolitanDavaoDevelopmentAuthorityMonitoring,evaluation,andlearningMetropolitanManilaDevelopmentAuthorityMonitoring,review,evaluationMetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalentNationalClimateChangeActionPlanNationallyDeterminedContributionNationalDisasterRiskReductionandManagementPlanNationalEconomicandDevelopmentAuthorityNationalFrameworkStrategyonClimateChangeNationalgovernmentagencyNationalHousingandUrbanDevelopmentSectorPlanNewUrbanAgendaNationalUrbanDevelopmentandHousingFrameworkNairobiWorkProgrammeOrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopmentPhilippineAtmospheric,GeophysicalandAstronomicalServicesAdministrationProvincialClimateRiskDiagnosticPhilippineDevelopmentPlanPre-FeasibilityStudyPhilippineNewUrbanAgendaPrograms,projects,andactivitiesResults-BasedMonitoringandEvaluationSystemRepresentativeConcentrationPathwaySustainableDevelopmentGoalsSealevelriseIPCCSpecialReportonManagingtheRisksofExtremeEventsandDisasterstoAdvanceClimateChangeAdaptationSpecialReportontheOceanandCryosphereinaChangingClimateSustainableUrbanDrainageSystemsTWGUCD-OZUDGUHiUNUNDPUNFCCCUDDULAPUPDWGIllWSUDzoTechnicalWorkingGroupUrbanCorridorOverlayZoneUrbanDesignGuidelinesUrbanheatislandUnitedNationsUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgrammeUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeUrbanDesignandDevelopmentUnionofLocalAuthoritiesofthePhilippinesUrbanplansanddesignsWorkingGroupIllWaterSensitiveUrbanDesignZoningordinance•URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEA.BACKGROUNDANDRATIONALEWHYDOWEHAVETHISREFERENCETOOL?ThePhilippinesrankedfourthworldwideamongthemostaffectedcountriestoclimatechangeanditsimpactsfrom2000to2019basedonthe2021GlobalClimateRiskIndex.ThereporthighlightsthatthePhilippinesbelongstothegroupofclimatehotspots,whicharebeingaffectedbyextremeeventsonanongoingbasis.Withclimatechangeandowingtoitsgeographicallocation,thecountryisatriskfrommoredestructiveandfrequenttyphoons,highertemperaturesandintensedrought,andworseflooding.ClimatechangeimpactsinthePhilippinesthreatensitswholearchipelagiclandscape.Developmentsectors,includingtheagricultureandfisheriessectors,landandmarinebiodiversity,trade,energy,socialservicesincludinghealth,andthebuiltenvironment,whichareallcrucialtoachievesustainableurbandevelopmentmustconsidercurrentandfutureclimateimpactdrivers-changingtrendsonprecipitationandtemperatureaswellasextremeevents-toensuretheresiliencyofcommunities,activities,aswellasthespacesandplacesthatsupportspeoples'well-being.Accordingtoareport1producedbytheAsianDevelopmentBankandthePotsdamInstituteforClimateImpactResearch,unabatedclimatechangecouldseverelyaffectfuturegrowth,reversecurrentdevelopmentgains,anddegradequalityoflifeofcountriesinAsiaandthePacific.DevelopmentgainsandgrowthprospectsofthePhilippines,unlessclimate-ready,caneasilybelostandmissedduetoclimatechangeimpactsanddisastersevents.With50percentofthecountry'spopulationnowlivinginurbanareas,thenexusofclimateactionsandsustainableurbandevelopmentisextremelycrucial.Climateresilienceshouldbeacorepartofurbanplansanddesigns(UPD)asitpreparescitiesandtownsindealingwithurbangrowthandclimaterisks;reducesvulnerabilitytoclimatechangebyfacilitatingimprovedaccesstoresources,services,andamenities;andguidespatternsoflanduse,energyuse,andtransportationsystemsthatimproveclimateadaptation.ClimateresilientUPDalsobringsaboutco-benefitsintermsoffacilitatingreductioningreenhousegasemissionsandachievingSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs).Urbanplanningasanestablishedfield,albeitneedingimprovementandinnovation,isacriticalmeanstoinitiateandsustainclimateactions.Meanwhile,urbandesign,asafairlynewdisciplineinthecountry,canbemaximizedforclimatechangeactionwhenintegratedwithurbanandsectorplanning.Climategovernanceandclimatescienceattheinternationalandnationallevelshavedevelopedsubstantiallyovertheyears.ManyreferencesinusingUPDasamechanismtobuildclimatechangeresiliencearenowavailable.ThePhilippinegovernment,throughtheClimateChangeCommission(CCC)andvariousagenciesinvolvedinclimateanddisasterriskreduction(DRR)andmanagement,hasbeenprovidingguidanceandpolicysupporttolocalgovernmentunits(LGUs)inbuildingclimateresilience.ThisreferencetoolwillprovideLGUswithinformationonhowkeyissuancesarerelatedtoandbeusedtointegrateUPDinclimateactions.Thereareexistingclimatechangeadaptation-disasterriskreduction(CCA-DRR)mainstreamingframeworksforbothspatialandsectoraldevelopmentplanning(i.e.,ComprehensiveLandUsePlan[CLUP]supplementalguide,newComprehensiveDevelopmentPlan[CDP]guide)arealreadybeingappliedbutthereisaneedtoenhanceandprovidefurtherdetailstothesemainstreamingefforts,particularlyintheuseofurbandesigntobetterunderstandandaddressclimate-relatedrisks.Capacityneedsassessment,withpilotLGUsandnationalagencies,showedtheneedanddesireformoretechnicalguidanceinurbanplanninganddesignforclimateresilience,risk-sensitivelanduseplanning,riskassessment,andsustainableurbandesign.ThismaterialexpoundsonthereferencesandinformationfromtheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC)andtheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC),whicharepromotedandespousedbyCCCandothernationalgovernmentagencies.ThereferencesfromUNFCCCandIPCCassessmentreportsareexplainedinthisreferencetoolastheymayberelevanttoLGUsinupdatingandimprovingtheirurbanclimateactions.1AsianDevelopmentBank&PotsdamInstituteforClimateImpactResearch.(2017).ARegionatRisk:TheHumanDimensionsofClimateChangeinAsiaandthePacific.AsianDevelopmentBank.entalURBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCE04B.USESOFTHEREFERENCETOOLWHATARETHEOBJECTIVESOFISSUINGTHISMATERIALFORLGUS?WithLGUsidentifiedasfrontlineactorstoaddressclimatechangeimpacts,moreinformationandtechnicalguidanceareessentialtobetterinformlocalplansandactionsespeciallyinbuildingresilienceofmunicipaltowncenters,peri-urban,andurbanareas.Specifically,thisreferencetoolaimsto:►Providetechnicalinformationandpolicyguidanceinplanninganddesigntowardsclimatechangeresilience.►Serveasaresourceandguidanceforthenationalgovernment,subnationalandlocalgovernmentunits,andotherstakeholders,primarilythoseinvolvedinsustainabledevelopmentandincraftingandimplementingurbanplansanddesigns.►Integrateclimateresilienceprinciplesintoexistingplanningprinciplesthatgoverncomprehensivedevelopmentinthecountryandsupportsustainabledevelopmentframeworksandstrategiesadvocatedbythegovernment.►Presenttoolsandexamplesthatmaybeusedinanalysisanddecision-makingwhendevelopingactionsforclimatechangeresiliencethroughurbanplanninganddesign.►Encouragefurtherdiscussion,learning,andinnovationonclimatechangeactionsaslinkedtosustainableurbandevelopment.WHOSHOULDUSETHISREFERENCETOOL?TheUrbanPlanningandDesignforClimateResilienceisareferencetoolforlocalgovernmentunits,planningpractitioners,communities,andinstitutionsworkinginlocalplanninganddevelopment.Itaimstoequiptechnicalstaff,decision-makers,andstakeholderswithinformation,approaches,andtoolstoensurethatclimateresilienceisconsideredasafundamentalprincipleofandbasisforlocalplansanddesigns.Moreover,localauthoritiesanddecisionmakerscouldusethismaterialtolikewisebeinformedandstayabreastwithkeyinformationonbuildingresiliencethroughUPDastheyperformtheirmandatedrolesinplanandactionapprovals,policymaking,investmentprioritization,andguidingimplementation.ClimateactionplanningspecialistswhoarenottoofamiliarwithUPDarealsooneofthetargetusersofthisreferencetool.Thediscussionscontainedinthispublicationonthenexusofclimatechangeandurbanplanningandurbandesignscouldsupportclimateplanningpractitionerstolookintoandexpandfocusofactionsintourbansettingsandconsiderurbanizationtrends.05URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEC.SCOPEANDLIMITATIONSHOWCANTHISTOOLSUPPORTCLIMATERESILIENCEBUILDING?Asurbanplanninganddesignisappliedatdifferentscales,thereferencetoolgenerallyseekstoinfluencethevariouslevelsofurbangovernancethatprovidemechanismsandsetstandardsforplanninganddesign.Theprimarysphereofinfluencehoweverwouldbelocalgovernmentunits,andconsequentlytheplansandprogramsthattheyaremandatedtocraftandexecute.Withreferencetonationalpolicies,thistoolembedsitselfwithintheharmonizedplanningprocessimplementedbyLGUsaspromotedbythePhilippineGovernment.Assuch,thereferencetoolcoversurbanplanninganddesignatthesubnationallevel,particularlyphysicalframeworkanddevelopmentplansanchoredandconsistentwithregionaldevelopmentplans.Atthenationalscale,itaimstobeapointofconvergenceforclimate-resilienturbanplanninganddesignpoliciesprovidedbynationalgovernmentagenciessuchasDepartmentofHumanSettlementsandUrbanDevelopment(DHSUD),DepartmentofInteriorandLocalGovernment(DILG),NationalEconomicandDevelopmentAuthority(NEDA),CCC,DepartmentofEnvironmentalandNaturalResources(DENR),andDepartmentofPublicWorksandHighways(DPWH),amongothers.Asthisreferencetoolservestosupplementexistinggovernmentpolicies,statutoryguides,andnationallegislation,itisboundbytheircurrentlimitationsandstandards.However,wherenolegalornationalregulationsexisttoanchorthelocalinitiative,itencouragesnon-statutorymeanstopromoteUPDforclimatechangeresiliencetoinitiateandadvancetransformativeactions.Alimitationofthistoolisthatsomesectionsusethecurrentavailableclimatescienceandinformation,whichmaybeupdatedandchangeovertime.TheclimatedataandinformationatthescaleneededbyLGUsforplanninganddesignhoweverarenoteasilyavailable.Forthis,thecurrentofficialissuanceonclimateinformationfromgovernmentatthescaleofprovinceand/orPhilippineregionshavebeendevelopedforLGUstouseinplanninganddecisionmaking.Thispublication,therefore,maybeupdatedasnecessary.Uncertaintiesareinherenttoclimateplanningasinotherfields.LimitationsindataandfuturescenariomustnotstopLGUsfromactingonclimatechange.TheuncertaintiesmaybeaddressedbyLGUsthroughadaptivemanagementinUPDwhererobustandflexibleclimatestrategiesaredevelopedtoidentifyandimplementactionsthatcanbemodifiedoncenewinsightsaredevelopedfromresearchandexperiences.Furthermore,theprocessesandinformationinthisreferencetoolareanchoredmostlyon"no-regretsstrategies"inusingUPDtoaddressclimatechangeissues.Thismeans"takingclimate-relateddecisionsoractionthatmakesensetodevelopment,whetherornotaspecificclimatethreatactuallymaterializesinthefuture,whichisachievedbybuildingresiliencetochangingeconomic,social,andenvironmentalconditions2."D.MAINSTREAMINGURBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNINDEVELOPMENTPLANNINGWHENTOUSETHISREFERENCETOOLINVIEWOFCLUPANDCDPFORMULATION?ThisUPDreferencetoolsupplementsthealreadyexistingguidefromnationalgovernmentplanningoversightagenciesonmainstreamingclimatechangeandDRRinlocalplanning.IllustrationsprovidedinthistoolshowuserswhereapproachesandtoolsonclimateresiliencethroughUPDfitintotheplanningstepsofCLUPandCDP.1Siegel,P(N.D)No-Regrets"ApproachtoDecision-MakingInaChangingClimate:TowardAdaptiveSocialProtectionandSpatiallyEnabledGovernance.WorldResourcesReport.TheWorldResourcesInstitute:WashingtonD.C.https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/world-resources-report/no-regrets-approach-decision-making-changing-cIimate-toward#:~:text=The%20%22%CB%9Cno%20regrets'%20aspect,changing%20economic%2C%20socia1%20and%20environmentaIURBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCE06COMPREHENSIVELANDUSEPLANANDZONINGORDINANCETheCLUPandtheZoningOrdinance(ZO)areoperationalizingurbanplanninganddesignasatoolthatplannersmayusetoprovidedetailedguidancetobothpublicandprivatepropertytoaddresschallengesinthearea.InrelationtotheCLUP,anupdatedUrbanDesignandDevelopment(UDD)GuideintheCLUPGuidebook2014Volume2:SectoralAnalysisandToolsforSituationalAnalysislaysoutimprovementtothetechnicalcontentofurbandesignanddevelopmentandmakingitmorereflectiveandapplicabletothecurrentPhilippinesetting.TheUDDGuidecanbeutilizedbytheLGUtodevelopdistinctivecharacteristicsandthoroughdevelopmentstrategiesforspecificareasthatarereflectiveofthedevelopmentobjectivesoftheCLUP.Ontheotherhand,thisReferenceToolreinforcesurbanplanninganddesigninlinewithclimateresiliencefeatures.Itconsidersandanticipatespotentialrisksandopportunitiesbroughtaboutbyclimatechange.ThefollowingstepsshowtheintegrationofclimateresilientUPDintheCLUP's12-stepprocess.Step1:Organize.Acrucialstepthatoutlinesthereasonswhyexpertsinurbanplanningandclimatechangemustbeinvolvedaswellastheknowledgethatisalreadyaccessibleshouldbeprepared.ThiswillinfluencehowtheCLUPproposalisplanned.Step2:IdentifyStakeholders.Climatechangeexpertsandurbandesignprofessionalsshouldbeincludedbecauseoftheirspecializedknowledge,interests,andissueswithurbanplanninganddesignintheCLUPformulation.Step3:SettheVision.ClimateResilientUrbanPlansandDesigns(CRUPD)-relatedvisiondescriptorsshouldrepresentthedesiredqualityofthevisionstatement.ThevisionshallserveasthedrivingforcethatwillmovetheentireLGUtoachieveitsclimateobjectives.Step4:Analyzethesituation.ThistiesintoStep3:AssessthecontextoftheareaorcommunityoftheThematicAreaAssessmentGuideoftheUpdatedCLUP-UrbanDesignandDevelopmentGuide.Climatechange-relateddesignissuesandindicatorsshouldbeanalyzedandintegratedtodifferentsectorsandlanduses.Step5:SettheGoalsandObjectives.Goalsandobjectives,outcomes,andoutputindicatorsshouldberesponsivetotheissues,needs,andpotentialsoftheLGUandthedesign-relatedindicatorsshouldrecommendstrategiesandoptionstoachieveclimategoalsandobjectives.Step6:EstablishDevelopmentThrustandSpatialStrategies.ThedesiredphysicalformoftheLGUshouldbeanchoredonthepreferreddevelopmentandspatialstrategies,andtheAdaptationStrategyPolicyFramework.Step7:PreparetheLandUsePlan.Resilienturbandesignconcernsshouldbeconsideredwhentranslatingandmappingthelanduseneedsandpolicyareascreatedinthestructureorconceptplanintolandusecategories.Step8:DrafttheZoningOrdinance.Therules,criteria,anddevelopmentcontrolsofthevariouszonesdefinedintheZOshouldconsiderresilienturbandesign.Zonesandoverlayzonescanbeusedtospecifyregulationandcontrol.Step9:ConductPublicHearing.ConsultationswiththepublicandotherstakeholdersprovideanavenuetopresenttheplanandensureanobjectiveandparticipatoryreviewofthedraftCLUPandZO.Thisalsoensuresthestakeholders'commonownershipoftheplanandgainsupportforplanimplementation.Step1O:Review,Adopt,andApprovetheCLUPandZO.Designguidesarepowerfultoolstopromoteandachieveclimateresiliencewhentheyareinformedbyclimatedata.Bothstatutoryandnon-statutorydesignguidesassistintranslatingtheprinciples,goals,andvIsIonforhigh-qualityurbandesignusingunderstandablelanguageandillustrations.Step11:ImplementtheCLUPandZO.ImplementingtheCLUPandZOrequiresanInformation,EducationandCommunication(IEC)Plan/AdvocacyaswellasstrongclimatefundingtosupportthePlans,Programs,andActivities(PPAs).Theserequirementsaresupportedbystatutoryandnon-statutorydesignstandards.Step12:MonitorandEvaluatetheCLUPandZO.Takeintoconsiderationtheclimateparametersandclimateimpacts(fromtheClimateDisasterandRiskAssessment[CDRA])aspartofthebaselineandtheUPDclimateactionsandUPDadaptationresultsaspartoftheperformancecriteria.Measurethisagainsttheadaptationprinciples,technicalbenchmarks,andtheresiliencecharacteritintendstoachieve.07URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEFigure1illustrateshowdevelopingandimplementingresilientUPDfitsintotheCLUP's12-StepProcess.Theillustrationprovidesthevitalconsiderationsrelatedtoclimate-resilienturbanplanninganddesignthatmustbeintegratedorcoveredineachofthesteps.STEPlOrganizeSTEP12MonitorandEvaluatetheCLUPandZO,Monitoring,evaluation,,andlearningFigure1:IntegrationofclimateresilientUPDintheCLUP's12-StepprocessIncludeclimate'changeexpertsandurbandesign,professionals,STEP2IdentifyingStakeholdersSTEP11ImplementtheCLUPandZOStatutoryand•non-statutorydesignguide,ClimatefinanceCRUPD-related1visiondescriptorsSTEP3SettheVisionSTEP10Review,Adopt,andApprovetheCLUPandZO,Statutoryandnon-statutory,designguideCRUPD-related1visiondescriptorsSTEP4AnalyzetheSituationSTEP9ConductPublicHearingDesign-related•indicatorsSTEP5SettheGoalsandObjectivesSTEP8DrafttheZoningOrdinanceResilient,urbandesign'regulationsandstandardsAdaptation'StrategyPolicyFramework'STEP6EstablishDevelopmentThrustandSpatialStrategiesSTEP7PreparetheLandUsePlanResilient,urbandesignconsiderations,inlanduseURBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCE08COMPREHENSIVEDEVELOPMENTPLANSustainableandresilientUPDgoesbeyondplanning.LGUsmustlinktheprocessofplanninganddesigningwithfinancingtocompletethecycleofprojectdevelopmentandimplementation.LinkingresilienturbanplansanddesignswiththeCDPprocessisverycrucialinrealizingitsimplementationandexpectedbenefits.TheCDP,asamandatedplanoftheLGUs,providespracticalandstrategicopportunitiesinaccessingresourcestoimplementresilientUPDprojects.ItmakestheUPDambitionsmoreimplementablefromtheonsetbydeliberatelylinkingtheurbanplansanddesignswiththeCDPandlocalbudgetingprocedures.ThefollowingstepsprovidepracticalentrypointsinmainstreamingresilientUPDintheCDPsteps.Step1:Organizeandmobilizetheplanningteam.ExpandorinvolveurbanplannersandclimatechangeprofessionalsinthecompositionoftheCDPplanningteam.TheLGUshouldconsidertheCLUPcoreteamforthispurposetoavoidduplicationandmakethelocalplanningteammoreefficientandeffective.IntheabsenceofanurbanplannerintheLGUpersonnel,theLGUcantaptheacademeandlocalassociationsofenvironmentalplannerstojointheteam.Likewise,theDHSUDandDILGRegionalOfficesmayalsoprovidetechnicalguidancetotheplanningteam.Step2:RevisitexistingplansandreviewLGUvision.TakingofffromtheecologicalprofileandtheCDPvision,theplanningteammustconsidertheidentifiedgapsandprioritiesforresilienturbanplansanddesignsoftheLGU.InthereviewandupdatingoftheCDPvision,theplanningteammustcharacterizethedesiredresilienturbanplanninganddesigndescriptorstobereflectedinthevision.Inthisway,PPAsforurbanplanninganddesignarerationalizedandsynchronizedwiththelong-termdevelopmentgoalsofthecity/municipality.Step3:Prepareeco-profileandstructuredlistofPPAs.UsingtheCDPtemplateforecologicalprofileandPPApreparation,urbanplanninganddesignprojectsmustbeincorporatedinthelistofPPAs.RelatedUPDprojectsmustcomplementtheresultsoftheCDRA,CLUP,CDPvision,andLGU-preferredprojectprioritizationcriteria(efficiency,acceptability,socialandeconomicbenefits,affordability,andothers)inpreparingthePPAs.Thepreparationofurbandesignbriefs(discussedonpage97)canserveasareferenceindevelopingthePPAs.Thiswouldfacilitatematchingthemostimportantclimateresilienceprojectswiththemostappropriatefundsourceofthelocalgovernment.Step4:PreparetheLocalDevelopmentInvestmentProgram(LDIP).ThenextstageistoreflecttheresilientUPDprojectsintheLDIPandLGUannualbudgetallocationalsoknownastheAnnualInvestmentProgram(AIP).IdentifyingUPDprojectsmustbepartofthewholeLGUplanningandbudgetallocationprocesstorealizetheimplementationofUPDprojects.Step5:Prepareneededimplementationinstruments.Oftentimes,resilientUPDprojectswouldrequiresubstantialinvestmentsandinstitutionalsupportfromvariousstakeholders.Hence,localpolicysupport(e.g.,developmentcontrols,designcode,andzoningordinance)andinstitutionalcooperationarrangementmightbenecessarytoimplementtheUPDrelatedPPAs.09URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEFigure2elaborateshowclimateresilientUPDprojectscanbeintegratedintotheCDPstepsandensureallocationofresourcesfortheirimplementationandsustainability.Figure2.IntegrationofclimateresilientUPDintheCDPprocessMAINSTREAMINGRESILIENTUPDINTHECDPPROCESS/STEPSExpand/InvolveurbanplannersandCCprofessionalsandotherresilientUPDIntegrateresilienturbanplanning&designissuesandgapsandformulatedescriptorsIdentifyandprioritizeresilientUPDprojectstobeconsideredinthePPAs.Preparedesignbriefs.Integrateresilienturbanplanning&designresourcerequirementInitiatelegalandinstitutionalactionstosupporttheimplementationofresilientUPDprojects►►►►►CDPPREPARATIONSTEPl:OrganizeandMobilizePlanningTeamSTEP2:RevisitExistingPlansandReviewLGUVisionSTEP3:PrepareEco-ProfileandStructuredListofPPAsSTEP4:PreparetheLocalDevelopmentInvestmentProgramSTEP5:PrepareNeededImplementationInstrumentsURBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEE.ROLESOFPUBLICINSTITUTIONSINPROMOTINGRESILIENTUPD10Nationalandlocalgovernmentagenciesandbodieshaveimportantrolestoplayinplanningandimplementingclimateresilienturbanplansanddesignsinlinewiththeirmandatesandfunctions.Inparticular,nationalandlocalactorsinthepublicsectorareproposedtotakeonspecificrolestopromotetheuseofthisReferenceToolonUrbanPlanningandDesignforClimateResilienceandotherplanningguidelinesandstandardsonresilienturbanplansanddesigns.Moreover,thereisaneedforamorecoherentandintegratedplanningofpublicinfrastructure,utilities,andotherfacilitiesamongnationalgovernmentagencies(NGAs)andbetweenNGAsandLGUs.Thematrixofactorsandtheirproposedrolesinthefollowingtablesisnotexhaustiveandmaybeexpandedtoincludeothergovernmentagenciesandbodies,andtheprivatesector.WhiletheprivatesectormostlyleadsthedevelopmentofthebuiltenvironmentinthePhilippines,thegovernmentmusttakeonamoreproactiveroletodirectandmanagedevelopmentstocreatesustainable,climateresilient,andsociallyinclusivetownsandcities.NATIONALGOVERNMENTAGENCIESANDBODIESAGENCY/OFFICEDepartmentofHumanSettlementsandUrbanDevelopment(DHSUD)DepartmentoftheInteriorandLocalGovernment(DILG)MANDATETheprimarygovernmentagencyresponsibleforthemanagementofhousing,humansettlements,andurbandevelopment.Theexecutivedepartmentresponsibleforpromotingpeaceandorder,ensuringpublicsafety,andstrengtheningthecapabilityoflocalgovernmentunitstoeffectivelydeliverbasicservicestothecitizenry.ROLESINPROMOTINGTHEREFERENCETOOLANDUPDLeadagencyintheconductoftechnicalassistanceforUrbanPlanningandDesignforClimateResilienceProvideothercapacitybuildingactivitiesrelevanttopreparingandupdatingtheCLUPandZO,andotherurbandevelopmentinitiativestomainstreamandincreasecapacitiesofNGAsandLGUsonUPD.ProvidenecessarypolicyguidanceanddirectivestopromoteresilientUPDandtheuseoftheReferenceToolinnationalandlocalplanningprocesses.PrepareandconductcommunicationactivitiesandmaterialstopromotetheReferenceToolandUPD.ProvidenecessarypolicyguidanceanddirectivestopromoteresilientUPDandtheuseoftheReferenceToolinlocalplanning.11AGENCY/OFFICEClimateChangeCommission(CCC)NationalEconomicandDevelopmentAuthority(NEDA)URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEMANDATETheleadpolicy-makingbodyofthegovernmenttaskedtocoordinate,monitor,andevaluategovernmentprogramsandensuremainstreamingofclimatechangeinnational,local,andsectoraldevelopmentplanstowardsaclimate-resilientandclimate-smartPhilippines.Thecountry'spremiersocioeconomicplanningbody,highlyregardedastheauthorityinmacroeconomicforecastingandpolicyanalysisandresearch.Itprovideshigh-leveladvicetopolicymakersinCongressandtheExecutiveBranchROLESINPROMOTINGTHEREFERENCETOOLANDUPDSupporttechnicalassistanceactivitiesforUrbanPlanningandDesignforClimateResilience,particularlyonlocalplanning,investmentprogramming,projectdevelopment,andmonitoringandevaluation(M&E).ProvideothercapacitybuildingactivitiesrelevanttopreparingandupdatingtheCDP,LDIP,andAIPtomainstreamandincreasecapacitiesofLGUsonUPD.ActivelyparticipateandengageLGUsonadvocacyactivitiesonUPDandtheReferenceTool.ProvidenecessarypolicyguidanceanddirectivestopromoteresilientUPDandtheuseoftheReferenceToolinnationalandlocalplanningprocesses.SupporttechnicalassistanceactivitiesforUrbanPlanningandDesignforClimateResilience,particularlyonclimatefinancing,projectdevelopment,andM&E.ProvidefinancingwindowsandresourcestoimplementresilientUPD.Provideothercapacitybuildingactivitiesonmainstreamingclimatechangeinlocalplans,policies,programs,andprojects.ProvidenecessarypolicyguidanceanddirectivestopromoteresilientUPDandtheuseoftheReferenceToolinthenationalandlocalplanningprocesses.SupporttechnicalassistanceactivitiesforUrbanPlanningandDesignforClimateResilience,particularlyoninter-regionalandregionalplanning,investmentprogramming,andprojectdevelopment.URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEAGENCY/OFFICEDepartmentofPublicWorksandHighways(DPWH)DepartmentofTransportation(DOTr}DepartmentofBudgetandManagement(DBM)Nationalleagues(UnionofLocalAuthoritiesofthePhilippines[ULAP],LeagueofProvincesofthePhilippines[LPP],LeagueofCitiesofthePhilippines[LCP].andLeagueofMunicipalitiesofthePhilippines[LMP])andMetropolitandevelopmentagencies(MetropolitanManilaDevelopmentAuthority[MMDA].MetropolitanDavaoDevelopmentAuthority[MDDA])LOCALGOVERNMENTUNITSMANDATETheDepartmentundertakesmajorinfrastructureprojects,whichinvolvetheplanningofinfrastructure,suchasnationalroadsandbridges,floodcontrol,waterresourcesprojectsandotherpublicworks;andthedesign,construction,andmaintenanceofnationalroadsandbridges,andmajorfloodcontrolsystems.Theprimarypolicy,planning,programming,coordinating,implementingandadministrativeentityoftheexecutivebranchofthegovernmentonthepromotion,development,andregulationofadependableandcoordinatednetworkoftransportationandcommunicationssystems,aswellasfast,safe,efficient,andreliabletransportationservices.TheDBMleadspublicexpendituremanagementtoensuretheequitable,prudent,transparent,andaccountableallocationanduseofpublicfundstoimprovethequalityoflifeofeachandeveryFilipino.PlatformforLGUsindiscussinglocalissueswiththenationalgovernment,andbringingnationalpolicies,projectsandprogramsontheground.ROLESINPROMOTINGTHEREFERENCETOOLANDUPDPrepareandupdatedesignandplanningguidelinesforbuildingsandpublicworkstointegrateclimateresilience.SupportcapacitybuildingactivitiesofNGAsandLGUsbyprovidingtechnicaladviceandexpertstoplan,implement,andmonitorpublicinfrastructure.IntegrateresilientUPDinplanning,implementing,andmonitoringtransportationinfrastructureandissuenecessarypoliciestopromoteresilienttransportationsystems.SupportcapacitybuildingactivitiesofNGAsandLGUsbyprovidingtechnicaladviceandexpertstoplan,implement,andmonitortransportationfacilities.ProvidefinancingwindowsandresourcestoimplementresilientUPD.ProvidenecessarypolicydirectivestopromoteresilientUPD.PromoteresilientUPDandtheuseoftheReferenceToolamongLGUs.CoordinateandprovideresourcesforcapacitybuildingofLGUsonresilientUPDandtheReferenceTool.12LocalGovernmentUnitsareattheforefrontofservicedelivery.Giventhistremendousrole,LGUsareinastrategicpositiontomaximizetheuseofurbanplansanddesignsforclimateresilienceandensurethewelfareofitscitizens.ThedifferentdepartmentsineachLGUmirrorthefunctionsofdifferentNGAstoalignplans,programs,andprojectsacrossgovernment.However,mostLGUsneedofadditionalmanpowerandcapacitybuildingtoperformanddelivertheirfunctions,includingthoserelatedtoclimatechangemitigationandadaptation.13AGENCY/OFFICELocalPlanningandDevelopmentOffice(LPDO)LocalDisasterRiskReductionandManagementOffice(LDRRMO)LocalEngineer'sOffice(LEO)LocalArchitect'sOffice(LAO)URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEMANDATEResponsibleforformulatingthelanduseplan,varioussocio-economicdevelopmentplans,andinvestmentprograms;monitoringandevaluationofprograms,projectsandactivities;coordinatingdevelopment;promotingpeopleparticipation;andprovidingpolicyadviceandadministrativeandtechnicalservicestotheLocalDevelopmentCouncilasitsofficialsecretariat.Responsibleforpreparingfor,preventing,andmitigatinganydisaster,inanygivensituation.CoordinatesDRRandmanagementactivitiesconsistentwiththeNationalCouncil'sstandardsandguidelines.PrimarilyresponsibleforadministeringandimplementinginfrastructuredevelopmentandpublicworksprojectsoftheLocalGovernmentUnit.Responsiblereviewingandrecommendingappropriateactiononarchitecturalplansanddesignssubmittedbygovernmentalandnon-governmentalentitiesorindividuals,particularlythoseforundeveloped,underdeveloped,andpoorlydesignedareas.ROLESINPROMOTINGTHEREFERENCETOOLANDUPDFormulateandimplementacomprehensiveandintegratedplansthatreflecttheprinciples,strategies,andspecificinterventionsonclimate-resilienturbanplansanddesigns.Coordinatewithotherrelevantagencies,whethernationalorlocal.intheplanning,implementing,andmonitoringresilientUPDinterventions.Disseminateinformationandraisepublicawarenessonclimateresilienturbanplansanddesigns.Develop,strengthen,andoperationalizemechanismsforpartnershipornetworkingwiththeprivatesector,civilsocietyorganizations(CSOs),andotherstakeholders.II.URBANPLANNINCANDDESICN:ACATALYSTTOTRANSITIONTOCLIMATE-RESILIENTANDCLIMATE-SMARTLOCALDEVELOPMENTAsdiscussedintheprevioussection,thisreferencetooladvancestheuseofurbanplanninganddesignasameansforlocalitiestoachieveclimateresilience.Thefocusisonclimatechangeanditsimpactsoncommunities,andhowurbanplanninganddesigncancreateconditionsthatwillreducerisksandvulnerabilitieswhiletakingadvantageofopportunitiesthatachangingclimatebrings.Usingvariousprocessesandtools,climatechangedatawillinformanalyses,localdevelopmentstrategies,aswellasmoredetailedandclimatechange-drivenplansanddesigns.Thissectionoutlineskeyconceptsthatareimportanttoknowinpromotingclimateresiliencethroughurbanplansanddesigns;andsharesguidingprinciplesasadoptedbyglobalactorsandexistingnationalpoliciesthatserveasreferencesindevelopinglocalclimateactionplans.Furthermore,itfeaturespolicyreviewmatricesassessingthepromotionorinclusionofclimatechangeactionsandurbanplanninganddesigninthesaidpolicies.,,,,,,,0~~~URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEA.KEVCONCEPTSCLIMATECHANCEANDPROJECTEDIMPACTSINTHEPHILIPPINESClimatechangeisdefinedbytheUNFCCCas"achangeofclimatewhichisattributeddirectlyorindirectlytohumanactivitythataltersthecompositionoftheglobalatmosphereandwhichisinadditiontonaturalclimatevariabilityobservedovercomparabletimeperiods."ThePhilippinegovernmentadvocatestheuseofclimateinformationanddatatoensuresustainableurbandevelopmentinthecountry.MainstreamingclimatechangeindevelopmentplanningisbeingsupportedwithdatareleasedbythePhilippineAtmospheric,GeophysicalandAstronomicalServicesAdministration(PAGASA).Theclimatechangeinformation3bythesaidagency,whichisnowusedinplanningforclimatechange,providesitslatestkeyfindings.Thesummaryfromits2018reportispresentedinFigure3.Figure3:ClimateInformationinthePhilippinesfromPAGASA.2018TEMPERATUREObservedtemperatureinthePhilippinesiswarmingatanaveragerateof0.1°C/decade.Climateprojectionssuggestcontinuouswarminginthefuture.Itisprojectedthatthecountry-averagedmeantemperaturecouldincreasebyasmuchas0.9°C-1.9°C(assumingthemoderateemissionscenario,RCP4.5)and1.2°C-2.3°C(consideringthehighemissionscenario,RCPB.5)inthemid-21stcentury(2036-2065).Warmerconditionsarefurtherexpectedbytheendofthe21stcentury(2070-2099),whichcouldrangefrom1.3°C-2.5°C(basedontheRCP4.5)to2.5°C-4.1°C(basedontheRCPB.5)increaseinmeantemperaturerelativetothebaselineclimate.RAINFALLIncreasingtrendsinannualandseasonalrainfallwereobservedinmanypartsofthecountry.Suchtrendswerefoundtobeassociatedwithextremerainfallevents.Multi-modelprojectionssuggestarangeofincreaseanddecreaseinseasonal-meanrainfallexceeding40%ofitshistoricalvalues.Nevertheless,themulti-modelcentralestimateofprojectedchangesinrainfallcouldbewithinthenaturalrainfallvariations,exceptfortheprojectedrainfallreductionovercentralsectionsofMindanaothatarebeyondtheobservedrainfallvariationsinthepast.TROPICALCYCLONEInthepast65years(1951-2015),aslightdecreaseinthenumberoftropicalcyclones(TCs)andaminimalincreaseinthefrequencyofverystrongTCs(exceeding170kph)wereobservedoverthePhilippineareaofresponsibility(PAR).Thesetrendsareprojectedtocontinueinthefuture.Ithastobenoted,however,thatthehighyear-to-yearvariationsinthefrequencyofoccurenceandintensityofTCsremaintobedominantinthefuturePhilippineclimateconditions.SEALEVELRISEThesealevelhasrisenbynearlydoubletheglobalaveragerateofsealevelriseovercertainpartsofthePhilippinesfrom1993to2015.Projectionsrevealthatsealevelinthecountryisexpectedtoincreasebyapproximately20cmbytheendofthe21stcenturyundertheRCPB.5scenario.Suchprojectedincreaseinsealevelmightworsenstormsurgehazardsparticularlyoncoastalcommunities.PAGASA,togetherwiththeManilaObservatory,alsoreleasedClimateExtremesReport2020:ObservedandProjectedClimateExtremesinthePhilippinestoSupportInformedDecisionsonClimateChangeAdaptationandRiskManagement.Climateextremesinthereportreferstobothextremeweathereventsandextremeclimateevents.Asnotedinthereport,"extremeweatherevents"occurswithintimeframesoflessthanadaytoafewweeks,andistypicallyassociatedwithchangingweatherpatterns,while"extremeclimateevent"happensonlongertimescalesandcanbetheaccumulationofseveral(extremeornon-extreme)events.Thereportprovidesclimateextremeindicesformagnitude,frequency,anddurationoftemperatureandrainfallannualextremes.3DOST-PAGASA.(2018).ObservedandProjectedClimateChangeinthePhilippines.PhilippineAtmospheric,GeophysicalandAstronomicalServicesAdministration,QuezonCity,Philippines.36pp.URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCE16CLIMATERISKThePhilippinesDisasterRiskReductionandManagement(DRRM)Actof2010(RepublicAct10121)defines"risks"as"thecombinationoftheprobabilityofaneventanditsnegativeconsequences:'Whilesuchdefinitionisusedtocoverthewidetypologiesofrisks,"climate-risk"wasdefinedinthePhilippinesClimateChangeActof2009(RepublicAct9729)as,"theproductofclimateandrelatedhazardsworkingoverthevulnerabilityofhumanandnaturalecosystems."TheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeFifthAssessmentReport(IPCCAR5)notesthesamedefinitionofclimaterisks.Thisrisk-focusedunderstandingwasillustrated(seeFigure4)inIPCC-AR5on"assessingandmanagingtherisksofclimatechange."CLIMATENaturalVariabilityAnthropogenicClimateChangeFigure4:IPCCAR5Risk-BasedConceptualFrameworkEMISSIONSandLand-useChangeSOCIOECONOMICPROCESSESSocioeconomicPathwaysAdaptationandMitigationActionsGovernance17URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCETheIPCCAssessmentReport6(AR6)releasedin2022appliesamorecomprehensiveriskframeworkbuildingonAR5andotherSpecialReportsthatIPCChasissuedincludingSpecialReportonGlobalWarmingof1.5°C(IPCC2018b),theSpecialReportontheOceanandCryosphereinaChangingClimate(SROCC)(IPCC2019b).TheIPCCAR6defines"risk"asthepotentialforadverseconsequencesforhumanorecologicalsystems,recognizingthediversityofvaluesandobjectivesassociatedwithsuchsystems.AstheAR6focusesonrisksandsolutions(Figure5),theriskframingincludesrisksfromtheresponsestoclimatechange,considersdynamicandcascadingconsequences,describeswithmoregeographicdetailriskstopeopleandecosystems,andassessessuchrisksoverarangeofscenarios.Figure5:IPCCAR6RiskFramingFromclimaterisktoclimateresilientdevelopment:climate,ecosystems(includingbiodiversity)andhumansocietyascoupledsystems(a)MaininteractionsandtrendsHumanSocietyLimitstoadaptationLossesanddamagesClimateChangecausesImpactsandRisks"'%;,.'9~-.:,.~~EcosystemsincludingbiodiversityLimitstoadaptation'-.._;.......,,,.,c_..i,Lossesanddamages~~10ods,Ecosystern<:,el\JTheriskpropellershowsthatriskemergesfromtheoverlapof:•Climatehazard(s)~I•_v~ul~n•_ra_bi_litv___Ex_po_•_"'~•I...ofhumansystems,ecosystemsandtheirbiodiversityFromurgenttotimelyaction►GovernanceFinanceKnowledgeandcapacityCatalysingconditionsTechnologies(b)OptionstoreduceclimaterisksandestablishresilienceFutureClimateChangeLimitingGlobalWarming'-~,,q;fi~-~ClimateResilient°"HumanSystemsTransitionsSocietalIEnergyIndustryIUrban,Rural&InfrastructureDevelopmentHumanhealth&well-beingequity,justiceEcosystemsTransitionsLandIFreshwaterCoastalIOceanRESILIENCEANDCLIMATERESILIENCEIngenericterms,resilienceis(1)theabilityofpeopleorthingstorecoverquicklyaftersomethingunpleasant,suchasshock,injury,andothers,or(2)theabilityofasubstancetoreturntoitsoriginalshapeafterithasbeenbent,stretchedorpressed4.Whileresiliencecouldbeusedinviewofmanyshocks,stresses,anddisturbanceduetootherfactorsunrelatedtoclimatechange,the"resilienceframework"hasalsoemergedstronglyforclimateactions.Resiliencebuildinginvolvesasystems-thinkingapproach,whichimplies"thatsocialandecologicalsystemscannotbeconsideredintheabsenceofoneanotherbutmustbeunderstoodasrelatedcoupledsystems.Inthissense,asocietymaybeabletocopewellwiththechangefromasocialperspective(e.g.,improvingirrigationtechnologyandincreasingagriculturalsubsidies),butnotfromanecologicalperspective(e.g.,theecologicalimpactsofincreasedfarmingandgroundwaterpumping)5•WhilethePhilippinesClimateChangeAct(RA9729)anditsamendmentlawRA10174donotofferadefinitionof"resilience;·theRepublicAct10121ortheDisasterRiskReductionandManagementActof2010definesresilienceas4OxfordUniversityPress.(2022).'Resilience:InOxfordLearner'sDictionary.https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/resilience?q=resilience5Nelson,D.R.,Adger,W.N.,&Brown,K.(2007).Adaptationtoenvironmentalchange:contributionsofaresilienceframework.AnnualreviewofEnvironmentandResources,32(1),395-419.http://eprints.icrisat.ac.in/4245/1/AnnualReviewofEnvResources_32_395-419_2007.pdfURBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCE18theabilityofasystem,communityorsocietyexposedtohazardstoresist,absorb,accommodate,adaptto,transform,andrecoverfromtheeffectsofahazardinatimelyandefficientmanner,includingthroughthepreservationandrestorationofitsessentialbasicstructuresandfunctionsthroughriskmanagement."TheIPCCAR6definesresilienceas"thecapacityofsocial,economic,andenvironmentalsystemstocopewithahazardouseventortrendordisturbance,respondingorreorganizinginwaysthatmaintaintheiressentialfunction,identity,andstructure,whilealsomaintainingthecapacityforadaptation,learning,andtransformation.Resilienceasasystemtraitoverlapswithconceptsofvulnerability,adaptivecapacity,and,thus,risk,andresilienceasastrategyoverlapwithriskmanagement,adaptation,andtransformation."IPCCreportshaveemphasizedtheimportanceofatransformativeapproachtoresilience,resultinginfundamental,systemic,andsustainablechangesinoveralldevelopment.ThisisaptlyillustratedinFigure5,whichiselaboratedas:a.Humansocietycausesclimatechange.Climatechange,throughhazards,exposure,andvulnerabilitygeneratesimpactsandrisksthatcansurpasslimitstoadaptationandresultinlossesanddamages.Humansocietycanadaptto,maladaptandmitigateclimatechange,ecosystemscanadaptandmitigatewithinlimits.Ecosystemsandtheirbiodiversityprovisionlivelihoodsandecosystemservices.Humansocietyimpactsecosystemsandcanrestoreandconservethem.b.Meetingtheobjectivesofclimateresilientdevelopmenttherebysupportinghuman,ecosystemandplanetaryhealth,aswellashumanwell-being,requiressocietyandecosystemstomoveover(transition)toamoreresilientstate.Therecognitionofclimateriskscanstrengthenadaptationandmitigationactionsandtransitionsthatreducerisks.Takingactionisenabledbygovernance,finance,knowledge,andcapacitybuilding,technology,andcatalyzingconditions.Transformationentailssystemtransitionsstrengtheningtheresilienceofecosystemsandsociety(SectionE).In(a),arrowcolorsrepresentprinciplehumansocietyinteractions(blue),ecosystem(includingbiodiversity)interactions(green),andtheimpactsofclimatechangeandhumanactivities,includinglossesanddamages,undercontinuedclimatechange(red).In(b),arrowcolorsrepresenthumansysteminteractions(blue),ecosystem(includingbiodiversity)interactions(green),andreducedimpactsfromclimatechangeandhumanactivities(grey).19URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEADAPTATIONTOCLIMATECHANCEAdaptationisamajorpriorityofthePhilippinegovernmentinrespondingtoclimatechange.InthePhilippinesRepublicAct9729ortheClimateChangeActof2009asamendedbyRA10174,adaptationrefersto"adjustmentsinnaturalandhumansystemsinresponsetoactualorexpectedclimaticstimuliandtheireffects,whichmoderatesharmorexploitsbeneficialopportunities."Thisdefinitionalsounderlinestheimportanceofidentifyingthepotentialopportunitiesthatachangingclimatebrings,andincludingtheopportunitiesintotheprocessofanalyzing,prioritizing,anddecidingonadaptationmeasurestoimplement.TheIPCC'sSpecialReportonManagingtheRisksofExtremeEventsandDisasterstoAdvanceClimateChangeAdaptation(SREX)andAR5clarifiedthedistinctionbetweenadaptationinnaturalandhumansystems,bothofwhichhavethecapacitytocopewithadverseimpactsofclimatechange.AR5stressesthathumansystemscanallowandfacilitatenaturalsystemstoadjusttoachangedorchangingclimatetomaintaintheecosystemservicesitprovidestosupportlife.Thereportalsohighlightstheimportanceofbothincrementalandtransformativeadjustmentsofasystemtofacilitateadaptation."Incrementaladaptationreferstoactionswherethecentralaimistomaintaintheessenceandintegrityoftheexistingtechnological,institutional,governance,andvaluesystems,suchasthroughadjustmentstocroppingsystemsvianewvarieties,changingplantingtimes,orusingmoreefficientirrigation.Incontrast,transformationaladaptationseekstochangethefundamentalattributesofsystemsinresponsetoactualorexpectedclimateanditseffects,oftenatascaleandambitiongreaterthanincrementalactivities.Itincludeschangesinactivities,suchaschanginglivelihoodsfromcroppingtolivestockorbymigratingtotakeupalivelihoodelsewhere,andalsochangesinourperceptionsandparadigmsaboutthenatureofclimatechange,adaptation,andtheirrelationshiptoothernaturalandhumansystems.6Successfuladaptationrequirestheunderstandingofrisksandvulnerabilitiesandtherecognitionthatadaptationishighlycontext-specific.Detailsofactions,therefore,needtoparticularlybedesignedandimplementedaccordingtolocalneedsandrealities,especiallyhowvulnerabilityindicatorsinteractwiththehazardsgiventheirspecificbuiltandnaturalenvironmentandadaptivecapacity.Whilethestrategyforadaptation(e.g.,Ecosystem-basedAdaptation)mightbesimilarinmanyareas,itisexpectedthattherewillbenuancesinthedetailsofactiondesign,objectives,andimplementationapproachesaswellasintheindicatorsforadaptationresultsandimpacts.Adaptationoptionsmaycomeinavarietyofapproachesandcategoriestocoverawidearrayofsectorstodeliverresultsforsocial,economic,naturalenvironment,andphysicalorspatialdevelopment.Optionsandapproachestoadapttoclimatechangeimpactsmaybedevelopedandimplementedinanintegratedmannerandevensimultaneously.TheimageinFigure6isderivedfromIPCCAR5SummaryforPolicyMakersandshouldbeusedasareferencetounderstandanddevelopadaptationactions.6IPCCAR5;WGIIAdaptationNeedsandOptions(p.839)URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCE20Figure6:ExamplesofAdaptationApproaches,Category,andActionsfromIPCCAR5-SummaryforPolicyMakersOverlappingApproachesC:"'0~5:-"'V<11::::iE"C~<11Cl/a::6,<11~~~.,..-0~C."'><EWClCca:.;:::,>,v-~.!:-V,:c-~"'t:..."'<11a-=oil::::ien>.!:CC"'C.~CCl/EC..2Cl/>Cl/"..cCl:::,0.s"'....CQjE...."':::,'5'raiiiC0-.;:::;rac:E00·---"'f1lC-raC.!:;~ca<CJiCQjEQj...VCClC"C:::,vCC:0-"'E...0-.,..C:"'i=CategoryHumandevelopmentPovertyalleviationLivelihoodsecurityDisasterriskmanagementEcosystemmanagementSpatialorland-useplanningStructural/physicalInstitutionalSocialSpheresofchangeExamplesImprovedaccesstoeducation,nutrition,healthfacilities,energy,safehousing&settlementstructures,&socialsupportstructures;Reducedgenderinequality&marginalizationinotherforms.Improvedaccessto&controloflocalresources;Landtenure;Disasterriskreduction;Socialsafetynets&socialprotection;Insuranceschemes.Income,asset,&livelihooddiversification;Improvedinfrastructure;Accesstotechnology&decision-makingfora;Increaseddecision-makingpower;Changedcropping,livestock,&aquaculturepractices;Relianceonsocialnetworks.Earlywarningsystems;Hazard&vulnerabilitymapping;Diversifyingwaterresources;Improveddrainage;Flood&cycloneshelters;Buildingcodes&practices;Storm&wastewatermanagement;Transport&roadinfrastructureimprovements.Maintainingwetlands&urbangreenspaces;Coastalafforestation;Watershed&reservoirmanagement;Reductionofotherstressorsonecosystems&ofhabitatfragmentation;Maintenanceofgeneticdiversity;Manipulationofdisturbanceregimes;Community-basednaturalresourcemanagement.Provisioningofadequatehousing,infrastructure,&services;Managingdevelopmentinfloodprone&otherhighriskareas;Urbanplanning&upgradingprograms;Landzoninglaws;Easements;Protectedareas.Engineered&built-environmentoptions:Seawalls&coastalprotectionstructures;Floodlevees;Waterstorage;Improveddrainage;Flood&cycloneshelters;Buildingcodes&practices;Storm&wastewatermanagement;Transport&roadinfrastructureimprovements;Floatinghouses;Powerplant&electricitygridadjustments.Technologicaloptions:Newcrop&animalvarieties;Indigenous,traditional,&localknowledge,technologies,&methods;Efficientirrigation;Water-savingtechnologies;Desalinization;Conservationagriculture;Foodstorage&preservationfacilities;Hazard&vulnerabilitymapping&monitoring;Earlywarningsystems;Buildinginsulation;Mechanical&passivecooling;Technologydevelopment,transfer,&diffusion.Ecosystem-basedoptions:Ecologicalrestoration;Soilconservation;Afforestation&reforestation;Mangroveconservation&replanting;Greeninfrastructure(e.g.,shadetrees,greenroofs);Controllingoverfishing;Rsheriesco-management;Assistedspeciesmigration&dispersal;Ecologicalcorridors;Seedbanks,genebanks,&otherexsituconservation;Community-basednaturalresourcemanagement.Services:Socialsafetynets&socialprotection;Foodbanks&distributionoffoodsurplus;Municipalservicesincludingwater&sanitation;Vaccinationprograms;Essentialpublichealthservices;Enhancedemergencymedicalservices.Economicoptions:Financialincentives;Insurance;Catastrophebonds;Paymentsforecosystemservices;Pricingwatertoencourageuniversalprovisionandcarefuluse;Microfinance;Disastercontingencyfunds;Cashtransfers;Public-privatepartnerships.Laws&regulations:Landzoninglaws;Buildingstandards&practices;Easements;Waterregulations&agreements;Lawstosupportdisasterriskreduction;Lawstoencourageinsurancepurchasing;Definedpropertyrights&landtenuresecurity;Protectedareas;Fishingquotas;Patentpools&technologytransfer.National&governmentpolicies&programs:National&regionaladaptationplansincludingmainstreaming;Sub-national&localadaptationplans;Economicdiversification;Urbanupgradingprograms;Municipalwatermanagementprograms;Disasterplanning&preparedness;Integratedwaterresourcemanagement;Integratedcoastalzonemanagement;Ecosystem-basedmanagement;Community-basedadaptation.Educationaloptions:Awarenessraising&integratingintoeducation;Genderequityineducation;Extensionservices;Sharingindigenous,traditional,&localknowledge;Participatoryactionresearch&sociallearning;Knowledge-sharing&learningplatforms.Informationaloptions:Hazard&vulnerabilitymapping;Earlywarning&responsesystems;Systematicmonitoring&remotesensing;Climateservices;Useofindigenousclimateobservations;Participatoryscenariodevelopment;Integratedassessments.Behavioraloptions:Householdpreparation&evacuationplanning;Migration;Soil&waterconservation;Stormdrainclearance;Livelihooddiversification;Changedcropping,livestock,&aquaculturepractices;Relianceonsocialnetworks.Practical:Social&technicalinnovations,behavioralshifts,orinstitutional&managerialchangesthatproducesubstantialshiftsinoutcomes.Political:Political,social,cultural,&ecologicaldecisions&actionsconsistentwithreducingvulnerability&risk&supportingadaptation,mitigation,&sustainabledevelopment.Personal:Individual&collectiveassumptions,beliefs,values,&worldviewsinfluencingclimate-changeresponses.21URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEHumansettlements,cities,andurbansystemsarekeythematicareasforadaptationidentifiedbyUNFCCC'sNairobiWorkProgramme(NWP)7.Thepatternsofexposure,socialandphysicalvulnerability,andcapacityforresilienceofurbanareasaredeterminedbyhowsettlementsandkeyinfrastructureareplanned,designed,andmaintained.TheIPCCAR6flags,however,that"maladaptationhasbeenobservedforinstance,becauseofinadequateknowledge,short-term,fragmented,single-sectoraland/ornon-inclusivegovernanceplanningandimplementation.Itincludesinflexibleinfrastructurethatcannotbeadjustedeasilyoraffordably,orstrandedassetsorstrandedvulnerablecommunities,whichcannotaffordtomoveoradapt."Inthisview,thesaidreportfullynotedthatlong-termplanningwillcontributetohelpavoidmaladaptivelock-inswhilealsocreatingopportunitiestobuildcapacitytoactinatimelyandpre-emptivemanner,andtoreduceriskstoecosystemsandpeople.CLIMATECHANCEMITIGATIONClimatechangemitigationinvolveshumaninterventionsthatreducethesourcesorenhancethesinksofgreenhousegases(GHGs).MitigationofGHGemissionsisakeytargetoftheParisAgreement,whichwasratifiedbyUNmemberstates,includingthePhilippines.Article2oftheParisAgreementoutlinesthetargetto"holdtheincreaseintheglobalaveragetemperaturetowellbelow2°Cabovepre-industriallevelsandpursuingeffortstolimitthetemperatureincreaseto1.5°Cabovepre-industriallevels,recognizingthatthiswouldsignificantlyreducetherisksandimpactsofclimatechange."The2022IPCCAR6notedthattheglobalshareofemissionsthatcanbeattributedtourbanareasisincreasing.In2015,urbanemissionswereestimatedtobe25gigatonofcarbondioxideequivalent(GtCO2-eq)(about62percentoftheglobalshare)andin2020,29GtCO2-eq(67-72percentoftheglobalshare).ThedriversofurbanGHGemissionsarecomplexandincludepopulationsize,income,stateofurbanizationandurbanform.AnearlierUN-Habitatreport8revealedthatGrossDomesticProduct(GDP),populationandurbanexpansioncontributetogrowingGHGemissionsincities.Thereport'sanalysisshowsthefollowinggeneraltrends:►LargercitiestendtohaveastrongerrelationshipbetweenGDPandcarbondioxide(CO2)inthetransportandindustrialsectors.Forcitiesofmorethan1millioninhabitants,a1percentincreaseinGDPisassociatedwitha0.5percentincreaseintransportCO2emissions;incitiesoffewerthan100,000inhabitants,theincreaseiscloseto0.3percent.AsimilarpatternisfoundinCO2emissionsfromtheindustrialsector,wherea1percentincreaseinGDPrangesfrom0.22percentincitieswithlessthan100,000inhabitantsto0.3%incitieswithmorethan1millionpeople.Incontrast,anincreaseinGDPisassociatedwithaslightdecreaseinresidentialCO2emissionsincitiesoffewerthan500,000inhabitants:a1percentincreaseinGDPisassociatedwithadecreaseinresidentialemissionsofaround0.03percent.►Populationplaysakeyroleintheincreaseofemissionsintheresidentialsectoramongintermediarycities.Indeed,theestimatedeffectofa1percentincreaseinpopulationisanincreaseinemissionsof0.24percentincitieswithlessthan100,000inhabitantsto0.46percentincitiesof100,000to500,000inhabitants.Incontrast,fortransportemissions,therelationshipbetweenpopulationandemissionsisnegative:a1percentincreaseinpopulationisassociatedwithadecreaseinemissionsof0.21percentto0.29percentacrossallcitysizes.►Built-upexpansionispositivelyassociatedwithhigherCO2emissions,butonlyincitiesoffewerthan500,000inhabitants.Theeffectisparticularlyacuteintheresidentialsector,wherea1percentincreaseinbuilt-uplandisassociatedwithanincreaseof0.33percentto0.34percentinCO2emissionsincitieswithfewerthan500,000inhabitants.Consideringtheabove,mitigationactionsinanurbansettingisextremelyimportantasGHGemissionsfromurbanareasandcitieswillcontinuetoincreaseaseconomiesofdevelopingcountriestransformandcontinuetobuild.7UNFCCCDecision17/CP19;SBSTA44;andSBSTA488OECD/UN-Habitat.(2022).IntermediaryCitiesandClimateChange:AnOpportunityforSustainableDevelopment.OECDPublishing,Paris.https://doi.org/10.1787/23508323-enURBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCE22ThePhilippines'NationallyDeterminedContribution(NDC)submittedtoUNFCCCin2021statesthatcountryemissionsareontheaverageof1.98metrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalentpercapitain2020,orwaybelowtheglobalaverageof4metrictonspercapita.Insuchcontext,thePhilippinescommitstoaprojectedGHGemissionsreductionandavoidanceof75percent,ofwhich2.71percentisunconditionaland72.29percentisconditional,representingthecountry'sambitionforGHGmitigationfortheperiod2020to2030forthesectorsofagriculture,wastes,industry,transport,andenergy.Thiscommitmentisreferencedagainstaprojectedbusiness-as-usualcumulativeeconomy-wideemissionof3,340.3metrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO2e)forthesameperiod.AsthecountrypursuesitsmitigationactionasinitsNDC,itwillbecrucialtotakestockoftherecentIPCCAR6WorkingGroupIll(WGIII)findings(veryhighconfidence)that"UrbanareascancreateopportunitiestoincreaseresourceefficiencyandsignificantlyreduceGHGemissionsthroughthesystemictransitionofinfrastructureandurbanformthroughlow-emissiondevelopmentpathwaystowardsnet-zeroemissions."Theopportunitieshavebeenelaboratedinthereportaccordingtothetypologyofurbanareas/citiescharacterizedas1)establishedcities,2)rapidlygrowingcities,and3)newandemergingcitiesasthereportsurmisedthatthepotentialandsequencingofmitigationstrategiestoreduceGHGemissionswillvarydependingonacity'slanduse,spatialform,developmentlevel,andstateofurbanization.Figure7:MitigationStrategiesfromIPCCAR6MITIGATIONSTRATEGIESFORDIFFERENTURBANIZATIONTYPOLOCilESAFOLUEmergingDExisting[]GrowthAFOLUAFOLURapidlyGrowingEstablished23URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEClimatechangemitigationactionscandeliveradaptationbenefitsandsupportresiliencebuilding.ItcanalsolinkandsupportwidergoalssuchastheSDGsgivenitsintersectionacrossmanysectors.Figure8:FeasibleClimateResponsesandAdaptationOptionswithMitigationSynergiesDiversefeasibleclimateresponsesandadaptationoptionsexisttorespondtoRepresentativeKeyRisksofclimatechange,withvaryingsynergieswithmitigationMultidimensionalfeasibilityandsynergieswithmitigationofclimateresponsesandadaptationoptionsrelevantinthenear-term,atglobalscaleandupto1.5°(ofglobalwarmingDimensionsofpotentialfeasibility✓~i,1)□...Mt~~SynergiesImSystemRepresentativeClimateresponses1PotentialwithTechno-lnsti-Environ-Geo-FeasibilitylevelandtransitionskeyrisksandadaptationoptionsfeasibilitymitigationEconomiclogicaltutionalSocialmentalphysicalsynergieswithmitigationCoastalsocio-Coastaldefenceandhardening•notassessed••••.•0HighecologicalsystemsIntegratedcoastalzonemanagement•••••0Medium••••••••0lowForest-basedadaptation2landandTerrestrialandSustainableaquacultureandfisheries••••I•InsufficientevidenceoceanoceanecosystemAgroforestry•I•I•••ecosystemsservicesBiodiversitymanagementandecosystemconnectivity••••••IDimensionsofpotentialfeasibilityWaterWateruseefficiencyandwaterresourcemanagement••••••••security••IConfidencelevelFoodImprovedcroplandmanagement•••••inpotentialfeasibilityandsecurityEfficientlivestocksystems.••..••insynergieswithmitigationUrbanandIGreeninfrastructureandecosystemservices••••.•I•IHighCriticalIinfrastructureinfrastructure,IMediumsystemsnetworksSustainablelanduseandurbanplanning•••••LowandservicesSustainableurbanwatermanagement•.••.•WatersecurityImprovewateruseefficiency•.•••••EnergyIResilientpowersystemsI••I•I•Footnotes:systemsCriticalinfrastructure,notapplicablenetworksandservicesEnergyreliability•••enotapplicable1ThetermresponseisusedhereinsteadofadaptationHumanhealthHealthandhealthsystemsadaptation••••••becausesomeresponses,suchasretreat,mayormayLivingstandardsandequityLivelihooddiversification••••••notbeconsideredtobeadaptation.Cross-PeaceandPlannedrelocationandresettlement.•......2IncludingsustainableforestsectoralhumanmobilityHumanmigration3•.••••.•management,forestconservationandrestoration,•••••••reforestationandOtherDisasterriskmanagement.afforestationcross-cuttingClimateservices,includingEarlyWarningSystems•••••I•3Migration,whenvoluntary,risksSocialsafetynets•••••••safeandorderly,allowsreductionofriskstoclimaticRiskspreadingandsharing••••••••andnon-climaticstressors.Climateresponsesandadaptationoptionshavebenefitsforecosystems,ethnicgroups,genderequity,low-incomegroupsandtheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsRelationsofsectorsandgroupsatrisk(asobserved)andtheSDGs(relevantinthenear-term.atglobalscaleanduptot.5°(ofglobalwarming)withclimateresponsesandadaptationoptionsObservedrelationwithRelationwithsectorsandgroupsatriskSustainableDevelopmentGoals4•5...:J.$=/=~/;;,i"~,:,"Ii4,~~SystemClimateresponses1EcosystemsEthnicGenderLow-transitionsandadaptationoptionsandtheirgroupsequityincome123<156789101112131<1151617TypesofrelationseivicesgroupsCoastaldefenceandhardeningIIIIaa■a+WithbenefitsIntegratedcoastalzonemanagementaaaaaaaaWithdis-benefitsaaaaa.Notclearormixedforest-basedadaptation2notassessedLandandSustainableaquacultureandfisheriesa+aaaaaaInsufficientevidenceoceanAgroforestrynotassessedaaaaecosystemsBiodiversitymanagementandecosystemconnectivityaaConfidencelevelintypeofrelationwithWateruseefficiencyandwaterresourcemanagementaaaaaaaaaaa■aasectorsandgroupsatriskIHighImprovedcroplandmanagementa+aaaaaaaaaaaa■aaaIMediumEfficientlivestocksystemsnotassessedaaaaaaa■aLowUrbanandIGreeninfrastructureandecosystemservicesaI+aaaIinfrastructureSustainablelanduseandurbanplanningaaaaaaIIRelatedsystemsSustainableDevelopmentGoalsSustainableurbanwatermanagementnotassessedaaaaI1:NoPovertyImprovewateruseefficiencyaaaaaaaaaaIa2:ZeroHunger3:GoodHealthandWell-beingEnergyIResilientpowersystemsnotassessedaI4:QualityEducationsystemsEnergyreliabilitynotassessedaI5:GenderEquality6:CleanWaterandSanitationCross-sectoralHealthandhealthsystemsadaptationaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa■aaaa7:AffordableandCleanEnergyaaaaaaaaa11a■a8:DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthLivelihooddiversification+9:Industry,InnovationandInfrastructurePlannedrelocationandresettlementaaaIa10:ReducingInequalityHumanmigration3aaaaaaaaaaaIa11:SustainableCitiesandCommunities12:ResponsibleConsumptionandProductionDisasterriskmanagementnotassessedaaaaaIa13:ClimateActionClimateservices,includingEarlyWarningSystemsaIaaaaaIaaa14:LifeBelowWaterlS:lifeOnLandSocialsafetynets+aaaaaI16:Peace,Justice,andStrongInstitutionsRiskspreadingandsharingaaaa■a17:PartnershipsfortheGoalsFootnotes:1Thetermresponseisusedhereinsteadofadaptationbecausesomeresponses,suchasretreat,mayormaynotbeconsideredtobeadaptation.2Includingsustainableforestmanagement,forestconservationandrestoration,reforestationandafforestation.3Migration,whenvoluntary,safeandorderly,allowsreductionofriskstoclimaticandnon-climaticstressors.4TheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)areintegratedandindivisible,andeffortstoachieveanygoalinisolationmaytriggersynergiesortrade-offswithotherSDGs.5Relevantinthenear-term,atglobalscaleandupto1.S°Cofglobalwarming.URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCE24URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNUrbanplanning,alsoknowninthePhilippinesasenvironmentalplanning,isthe"multi-disciplinaryartandscienceofanalyzing,specifying,clarifying,harmonizing,managing,andregulatingtheuseanddevelopmentoflandandwaterresources,inrelationtotheirenvirons,forthedevelopmentofsustainablecommunitiesandecosystems"(EnvironmentalPlanningActorRA10587).Itsscopeincludesdevelopment,physicalframework,orcomprehensivelanduseplans;zoningandrelatedordinances,codes,andotherlegalissuancesforthedevelopmentandmanagement,preservation,conservation,rehabilitation,regulation,andcontroloftheenvironment,includingallland,water,air,andnaturalresources;planninganddevelopmentofabarangay,municipality,city,province,region,oranyportionorcombinationthereof;developmentofasiteforaparticularneedorspecialpurpose,suchaseconomicorecologicalzones;tourismdevelopmentzones;andhousingandotherestatedevelopmentprojects,includingthecreationofanyotherspatialarrangementofbuildings,utilities,transport,andcommunications.TheimplementationofurbanplanninginthePhilippinesisprimarilypromotedandsupportedbythenationalgovernmentthroughthegeneralguidelinesandpoliciesissuedbyagenciestolocalgovernments.TheDepartmentofHumanSettlementsandUrbanDevelopmentisresponsibleforissuingtheComprehensiveLandUsePlanningGuidebooksforLGUs,whiletheDepartmentofInteriorandLocalGovernmentissuesaguidebookforComprehensiveDevelopmentPlanningthatfurtherlinksthesectorplantobudgeting.Existingguidelinesandissuancesbythetwoagenciesmaybereferredtoforthedetailedandelaboratediscussionsonurbanplanning.Whilenotexplicitinthedefinition,UrbanDesignisassociatedandlinkedaspartoftheoverallurbanplanningprocess.TheComprehensiveLandUsePlanningFormulationGuidebookreleasedbytheHousingandLandUseRegulatoryBoard(HLURB)(2016)providesamorespecificdefinitionforUrbanDesignthatitis"concernedwiththearrangement,appearance,andfunctionoftheenvironment.Itdeterminesthephysicalscale,space,andambianceofaplaceandestablishesthebuiltandnaturalformswithinwhichindividualstructuresaresituated.Itoperatesatvariousscales,fromtheurbanstructuretothemicro-scaleofstreetfurniture:·Currently,thepracticeofUrbanPlanningandUrbanDesigninthePhilippinesisperformedbythreedistinctprofessions-theEnvironmentalPlannersfortheplanningandtheArchitectsandLandscapeArchitectsforthedesign.Regardlessofwhoperformsthetasks,theconceptisforUrbanPlanningandDesigndecisionstoberelatedandeveninterdependent.Tocreateamoresustainablebuiltenvironmentthatsupportscoherentandtransformedsocietalandenvironmentalconditions,urbandesignshouldanchoronandcontributetotheoveralldevelopmentalvisionnotonlyofaparticularscalebutofthelargerurbanplanningscaleorcity/municipality.Insuchacontext,UPDisespousedtobeamulti-disciplinaryactivitythatengagesmultiplesectorsofthecitythatallhavestakesintheresultingplananddesign.25URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEThelatestCLUPformulationguidebookforLGUsinthecountryhasintegratedspecialareasandthematicconcerns9,includingurbandesign,inthelanduseplanningprocesstoensuretheconservationandsustainablemanagementofcriticalelementsthatmaybepresentandrelevanttothelocalareabeingplanned.Belowarethespecificurbandesignelements10thatplannersareencouragedtoconsiderastheyformulatetheircomprehensivelanduseanddevelopmentplans:UrbanStructureTheoverallframeworkofaregion,town,zones,ordistrict,showingrelationshipsbetweenzonesofbuiltforms,landforms,naturalenvironments,activities,andopenspaces.Itencompassesbroadersystems,includingtransportandinfrastructurenetworks.Figure9showsanexampleofurbanstructureof.Figure9:ExampleofCityUrbanStructureSource:LouwieA.Gan9Apartfromurbandesign,theotherspecialareasandthematicconcernsintegratedinthelastiteration(2014)oftheCLUPguideincludeancestraldomain,biodiversity,heritage,andgreengrowth10HLURBHTAPtrainingmoduleasadoptedfrom"CreatingPlacesforPeople:AnUrbanDesignProtocolforAustralianCities"URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCE26UrbanGrainThebalanceofopenspacetobuiltform,andthenatureandextentofsubdividinganareaintosmallerparcelsorblocks.Itconsidersthehierarchyofstreettypes,physicallinkagesandmovementbetweenlocations,andmodesoftransport.Forexample,a"fineurbangrain"mightconstituteanetworkofsmallordetailedstreetscapes.Figure10showstheurbangrainoftheCityofManila.Figure1O:ManilaCity'sUrbanGrainStructureSource:SCHWARZPLAN.euDensity+MixTheintensityofdevelopmentandtherangeofdifferentuses(suchasresidential,commercial,institutional,orrecreationaluses).Figure11:Density+MixMapof1/oiloCitySource:1/oiloCityZoningPlan2021-2029ZoningPlan(2021-2029)ILOILOCITY•CCf,IMEltCJJ.1.1/~1:,CO•CONMEIIC!l.l.l/~J;,m•~~tl/Ml>:l:0•ll()JST,JII,.!•~,>,i..l1t51DfN'TllJ.I/NDElRCSIDfNTllJ.l/MllUR51DfNTlJ.t.l/Hl>fll•IIESIOfNTIJ.t.-1/Hl>fll•SOCIALIZt:OIOJSJ>GMl><EO•Gfr,tll,>Ll"5TJl1JT10,0,1.■s.Kll,l,lNS"TT11Jl'!Cl<'l■tmun~.~~TIONISfll:VIC,s•81Jff'£1\ZCl'II:flSIKltlDSIS>.LTHDS27URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEHeight+MassingThescaleofbuildingsinrelationtoheightandfloorarea,andhowtheyrelatetotheirsurroundings.Italsoincorporatesbuildingenvelope,sitecoverage,andsolarorientation.Figure12:UrbanLandscapeShowingVariationinHeight+MassingSource:CouncilonTallBuildingsandUrbanHabitatStreetscape+LandscapeThedesignofpublicspacessuchasstreets,openspaces,andpathways,andincludeslandscaping,andplanting.Figure13iscapturedinFilinvestCity,Muntinlupafeaturingwidesidewalksseparatedfromtheroadswithgreenshrubs.Figure13:Streetscape+LandscapeinFi/investCity,Alabang,MuntinlupaSource:WikimediaCommonsURBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCE28Facade+InterfaceTherelationshipofbuildingstothesite,street,andneighboringbuildings(alignment,setbacks,andboundarytreatment)andthearchitecturalexpressionoftheirfacades(projections,openings,patterns,andmaterials).Figure14:DrawingRepresentingFac;:ade+InterfaceofanAreaSource:KeivaniArchitectsDetails+MaterialsTheclose-upappearanceofobjectsandsurfacesandtheselectionofmaterialsintermsofdetail,craftsmanship,texture,color,durability,sustainability,andtreatment.Itincludesstreetfurniture,paving,lighting,andsignage.Itcontributestohumancomfort,safety,andenjoymentofthepublicdomain.Figure15:ExampleofDetails+MaterialsofaShelter~----White•ptiintedllnilhSolarpc.w1elOflsouth-facingroofSource:LouwieA.Gan29Figure16presentsthekeyconsiderationsandaspectsoftheurbandesignelements,whichareshownfromlargesttosmallest.Thespatialstructure,grain,anddensityandmixareelementsthatconfigurethe"urbanform."Thescaleoftheurbanformischaracterizedfurtherbydensity+mixaswellasthedesignedheightandmassingofthebuildingsandspaces.Thesmallestelementsofurbandesignareprincipallyconcernedaboutthepublicrealmandappearance.URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEFigure16:ElementsofUrbanDesignURBANSTRUCTUREURBANGRAINDENSITY+MIXHEIGHT+MASSINGSTREETSCAPE+LANDSCAPEFACADE+INTERFACEDETAILS+MATERIALSSource:AdoptedfromUrbanDesignProtocolforAustralianCities,2011URBANPLANSANDDESIGNSFORCLIMATECHANCERESILIENCEClimateresilientdevelopmentrequireslargeandequitablechangesinhumanandnaturalsystems.AsnotedinIPCCAR6,fivetransitionsinsocioeconomicsystems-energy,landandecosystems,urbanandinfrastructure,industrial,andsocietal-mustoccuratalargescaleandrapidratetoachieveclimateresilientdevelopment.UrbanPlanninghasbeenrecognizedasakeymeanstoaddressclimatechange.Focusingontownsandurbancentersisnowextremelycriticaltoachievingwiderandsystemicadjustments.Urbanplanningforresilienceiscrucialconsideringthedensities,activities,andinstitutionalresilienceimpactsitcanyield.Sinceurbanplanningisaforward-lookingendeavor,itcantakeacomprehensiveapproachtowardsenhancingclimateresiliencenowandintothefuture.Itcanconcernitselfwithintroducingpreparednessandflexibilitytoaccommodateboththesuddenandslow-onsetimpactsofclimatechange,whichfitwithinthemidtolong-termplanningperiodsthatarecharacteristicofeffectiveurbanplans.Urbandesign,meanwhile,canprovidemoredetailstourbanelementsadjustmenttoincreaseresilience.Asaninterdisciplinarypractice,UPDisalsoabletounitebuiltenvironmentprofessionssuchasurbanplanning,architecture,landscapearchitecture,andcivilengineering,aswellassocialdevelopmentpractitionerstogetherinoneprocess.Asamulti-disciplinarypractice,UPDcanproduceaplanthataddressesthecomplexnatureofclimateresilienceandsustainability.Asurbanplansanddesignsoperateatmultiplescales,therisksandvulnerabilitiesinalltheplanningscales(asmayberelatedtothebuiltenvironment,naturalenvironment,andcommunities)couldbeassessedandplannedforinthecontextofsystemsresiliencebuilding.ThismakesUPDacriticalmeanstoassureclimate-resilienceandsustainabilityofallareasfornewdevelopmentandredevelopment.Box1:TheRoleofUrbanDesigninLocalAdaptationSinceAR5,therehasbeenagrowingliteratureabouttheroleofurbandesign,creatingnewopportunitiesforbothincrementalandtransformativeadaptiveresponsestoclimatechange(mediumevidence,highagreement).Forexample,someofthesecreativedesignapproachescomplimentandextendregulatoryandlanduseplanningapproachessuchasform-basedcodesandestablishedcertificationssuchasLeadershipinEnergyandEnvironmentalDesign-NeighbourhoodDesign(LEED-ND)(Garde,2018;GardeandHoff,2017)andtheUSA'sSustainableSitesInitiative(SITES)(Valente,2014).Emphasisonsufficiencyhasalsoinfluencedurbandesign,forexample,withthemobilisationof'doughnut'economicsthatemphasisebothasocialfoundationandanenvironmentalceiling,forexampleAmsterdam(Raworth,2017).However,suchcasesarerare,substantialpublicinvestmentisoftenrequired(highconfidence,highagreement)(seealsoSection6.4.7onfinanceandinsurance).Otherapproachesunderscoreinnovationandcreativity,attheessenceofwhicharecontext-specificinterventionsthatdrawonacompendiumofurbandesignprinciplessuchasindeterminacy(toaccommodateclimateuncertainty),polyvalencyanddiversity,andharmonywithnature(DharandKhirfan,2017).Creativeinterventionsincludethedaylightingofburiedstreamstocreateclimateadaptivepublicrealms(Khirfanetal.,2020;Khirfan,MohtatandPeck,2020).Forexample,thedemolitionofamajorexpresswayandtherestorationoftheCheonggyecheonStreamreorganiseddowntownSeoul,SouthKorea,andsignificantlycontributedtoclimatechangeadaptationthroughstormwatermanagementandreducingtheurbanheatislandeffect(KimandJung,2019).Biomimicryandecologicalinfrastructurearedesignfeaturesthatgovernancebodiescanusetoreshapespaceandcontributetoplacemaking(SantosNouriandCosta,2017;Prioretal.,2018).Forexample,urbanmetabolismandlocalecologicalknowledgehasconstitutedtheessenceofurbandesigninterventionsontheIslandofTobagoinwaysthatcapitaliseonthecontiguousrelationshipbetweenecosystems(e.g.,themangroveforest)andhumanactions(rainwaterharvestingandgreywatermanagement)(KhirfanandZhang,2016).Whilelackoffundingordesigncapacity,restrictiveplanningregulations,inequalityandcompetingurbanagendascancreatebarriersfortheimplementationofcreativedesignsolutions.Transitionarchitecturemovementsarealsodrivinglocalurbanadaptationexperimentsandexploringwayslocallearningcanbescaledup(Tubridy,2020;Irwin,2019).Source:IPCC,2022:ClimateChange2022:Impacts,AdaptationandVulnerabilityContributionofWorkingGroupIItotheSixthAssessmentReportoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeURBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEB.GUIDANCETOLOCALCLIMATEPLANNING:GLOBALACCORDS,PLANNINGPRINCIPLES,ANDCRITERIAFORADAPTATIONOPTIONS30ItiscrucialtoconsiderlocallevelintegratedclimatechangeactionplanningasLGUsproceedwiththedevelopmentofclimate-resilienturbanplansanddesigns.Thisimportanceisrecognizedbyglobalframeworks,andinternationalagreementsonclimateplanningsuchas:(1)GuidingprinciplesforLocalClimateActionPlanning;(2)UNFCCC-NairobiWorkProgramme;(3)SendaiFrameworkforDisasterRiskReduction2015-2030;(4)ParisAgreementonClimateChange;(5)UNAgenda2030forSustainableDevelopmentGoals;and(6)NewUrbanAgenda.ThePhilippinespassedthefollowinglawsandimplementedthefollowingpoliciestolocalizetheseglobalframeworksandagreements:(1)ClimateChangeActof2009;(2)NationalDisasterRiskReductionandManagementAct;(3)SupplementalGuidelinesonMainstreamingClimateChangeandDisasterRisksintheComprehensiveLandUsePlan;(4)GuidelinesonMainstreamingClimateChangeActionandDisasterRiskReductioninLocalDevelopmentPlanning;(5)NationalDisasterRiskReductionandManagementFramework;(6)NationalDisasterRiskReductionandManagementPlan;andthe(7)NationalClimateChangeActionPlan.31GLOBALGUIDESGUIDINGPRINCIPLESFORLOCALCLIMATEACTIONPLANNINGInanefforttoguidecitiesaddressingclimatechange,severalagenciesandinstitutionsworkingattheinternationallevelwithleadershipfromUN-Habitatagreedonasetofguidingprinciplesforclimateactionplanning.ThegloballyreleaseddocumentispresentedinthistoolasareferencetoenableactorsinthePhilippinestoundertakerational,values-drivenstepstowardsclimateresilience.TheGuidingPrinciplesforLocalClimateActionPlanning(GuidingPrinciples)reviewstypicalstepsinthecity-levelclimateactionplanningprocessconsideringaproposedsetofgloballyapplicableprinciplestohelpcitiesbuildlocalclimateresilience.TheysupportplanningthataimstoreduceGHGemissionsandadoptlowemissiondevelopmenttrajectories(mitigation),aswellasadapttotheimpactsofclimatechange(adaptation).TheGuidingURBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEPrinciplesofferaframeworkthatencompassesplanning,implementation,monitoring,reporting,evaluation,andimprovement.Theycanbeappliedflexiblyandacrossthevariouscomponentsofclimateactionandcanbeevidentbothintheplanningprocessandtheoutput,enablingLGUstodevelopplans,strategies,andactionsalignedwiththeirurbandevelopmentvisionandatthesametimetackletheclimatechallengeinacomprehensiveway.TheGuidingPrinciplesareillustratedinFigure17,andfurtherreadingmaybeaccessedfromhttps://unhabitat.org/guiding-principies-for-climate-city-pIanning-action.Figure17:GuidingPrinciplesonCityActionPlanningGuidingPrinciplesforCityClimateActionPlanningCityclimateactionplanningshouldbe:AmbitiousSettinggoalsandimplementingactionsthatevolveiterativelytowardsanambitiousvisionInclusiveInvolvingmultiplecitygovernmentdepartments,stakeholdersandcommunities(withparticularattentiontomarginalizedgroups),inallphasesofplanningandimplementationIIFairSeekingsolutionsthatequitablyaddresstherisksofclimatechangeandsharethecostsandbenefitsofactionacrossthecityComprehensiveandintegratedCoherentlyundertakingadaptationandmitigationactionsacrossarangeofsectorswithinthecity,aswellassupportingbroaderregionalinitiativesandtherealizationofprioritiesofhigherlevelsofgovernmentwhenpossibleandappropriate--.----------------------------------------------------------------...----.---------------------------.--...-----------------------------------...I]mElIiiRelevantActionableEvidence-basedTransparentandverifiableDeliveringlocalbenefitsandProposingcost-effectiveactionsReflectingscientificknowledgeandFollowinganopensupportinglocaldevelopmentthatcanrealisticallybelocalunderstanding,andusingdecision-makingprocess,andprioritiesimplementedbytheactorsassessmentsofvulnerabilityandsettinggoalsthatcanbeinvolved,givenlocalmandates,emissionsandotherempiricalmeasured,reported,independentlyfinances,andcapacitiesinputstoinformdecision-makingverified,andevaluatedSource:UN-HabitatURBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCE32UNFCCC-NAIROBIWORKPROGRAMMEAsetofCriteriaforAdaptationActionstoAchieveResiliencecanbereferencedfromtheUNFCCCknowledge-to-actionhubforadaptationandresilience.TheNairobiWorkProgramme,amechanismoftheUNFCCC,disseminatesknowledgetoinformandsupportadaptationpoliciesandpracticesonclimatechangeimpacts,vulnerability,andadaptationtoclimatechangetomembercountriessuchasthePhilippines.TheNWPreleasedreferencematerialonAssessingtheCostandBenefitsofAdaptationOptions:OverviewofApproaches.Thedocumentoffersanintroductiontoarangeofdifferentassessmentapproachesandmethodologiesandsharesbestpracticesandlessonslearned.Aguidewasprovidedtoadaptationplannerstoensurethattheyidentifyandagreeonasetofcriteriatobeusedinassessingdefinedadaptationoptions(seeFigure18).Thesetofcriteriacouldcoverallactions,includingurbandesign-related,andcanbeappliedtovariousdevelopmentandthematicactionplans.Thesecriteriaforadaptationactionsareuseful,especiallyinthestrategiesandactionsphaseoftheplanningprocess-whenactionsaredefined,decidedon,andimplemented.Guidedthroughouttheprocessbytheoverarchingprinciplesmentionedabove,localactorscannowexplore,analyze,andvalidateinterventionsagainsttheseadaptationcriteria,toensurethatprogramsandprojectshelpachieveclimateresilience.Itislikewiseimportanttorefertotwokeyinternationalagreementsinadvancingurbanplanninganddesigntodevelopadaptationactionsandbuildclimateresilience-theSendaiFrameworkforDisasterRiskReduction2015-2030,andthelegallybindingParisAgreementonClimateChange,whichcameintoeffectin2016.ThePhilippinesisasignatorytobothglobalactionsandhascommittedcountry-levelinitiativestocontributetothefulfillmentofobjectivesoutlinedintheDRRactionroadmapandclimatechangeaccord.TheParisAgreementdirectsallPartiestotheagreementtoreportnationalGHGinventory(Article13.7-a)andprogressinimplementingandachievingtheirrespectiveNDC(Article13.7-b).Italsoasksallparties,asappropriate,toreporttheirclimatechangeimpactsandadaptation(Article13.8).ThisisinlinewithArticle7.9doftheAgreement,whichstatesthat"EachPartyshall,asappropriate,engageinadaptationplanningprocessesandtheimplementationofactions,includingthedevelopmentorenhancementofrelevantplans,policiesand/orcontributions,whichmayinclude:(d)Monitoringandevaluatingandlearningfromadaptationplans,policies,programs,andactions."TheseprovisionsrelatedtomonitoringandevaluationaresignificanttothePhilippinesasasignatorytotheParisAgreementwithanNDC,whichhasbothmitigationandadaptationcomponentsforitsclimateactions.Figure18:ExamplesofCriteriainAssessingAdaptationOptionsADAPTATIONACTIONCRITERIAAretheoutputsachievedoptimalrelativetotheresourcesallocated?Willtheoptionmeettheobjectives?Willtheoptionbenefitvulnerablegroupsandcommunities?Howsoondoestheoptionneedtobeimplemented?Istheoptionflexible,andwillitallowforadjustmentsandincrementalimplementationandreiterationdependingonthelevelanddegreeofclimatechange?Istheoptionrobustunderarangeoffutureclimateprojections?Cantheoptionbeimplementedonrelevanttimescales?Cantheoptionbepolitically,culturally,andsociallyaccepted?Doestheoptionofferco-benefits?Source:UNFCCCNairobiWorkProgramme,201la.33URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEFigure19:SustainableDevelopmentGoals(~)SUSTAINABLEGt"~ALS9DEVELOPMENT~,,,~I-\1NOPOVERTYMi+i7AFFORDABLEANDCLEANENERGY\I/.:"A":~'-I,/I\2030AGENDAFORSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTANDTHENEWURBANAGENDAInSeptember2015,theUnitedNationsMemberStateshasadoptedthe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopmenttoguideinternational,regional,andnationaldevelopmenteffortsforthenext15years.Theagenda,ascontainedintheoutcomedocument,'TransformingourWorld:the2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment;·has17SDGsand169targetsthatcovertheeconomic,socialandenvironmentaldimensionsofdevelopment.Followingthebi-decennialcycle,theUnitedNationsConferenceonHousingandSustainableUrbanDevelopment(HabitatIll)wasconvenedin2016inQuito,Ecuadortogalvanizeglobaleffortstowardssustainableurbanization.BuildingontheHabitatAgendaofIstanbulin1996,thethemeofHabitatIllwastherenewalofglobalcommitmentstosustainableurbanizationthroughtheimplementationoftheNewUrbanAgenda(NUA).TheNewUrbanAgendaunderscoresthelinkbetweengoodurbanizationanddevelopment.Theagendarecognizesthatsustainableurbanizationgeneratesjobsandlivelihoodandimprovesthequalityoflife.Thus,theNewUrbanAgendaisintrinsicallyconnected4QUALITYEDUCATIONMi10REDUCEDINEQUALITIES.....◄=►....16PEACE,JUSTICEANDSTRONGINSTITUTIONS.~:Source:UN.orgtothe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment,particularlySDG11-Makecitiesandhumansettlementsinclusive,safe,resilient,andsustainable.ThelinkbetweentheNewUrbanAgendaandSDG11isamplifiedintheparadigmshiftpresentedbyNUA.Theframeworkenablescitiesandhumansettlementstobeplanned,designed,financed,developed,governedandmanagedinordertoattaindevelopment.URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCE34NATIONALCLIMATEPLANNINGPOLICIESCLIMATECHANCEACTOF2009{R.A.9729)Alignedwiththepolicytoaffordfullprotectionandtheadvancementoftherightofthepeopletoahealthfulecologyinaccordwiththerhythmandharmonyofnature,thegovernmenthasadoptedtheprincipleof"protectingtheclimatesystemforthebenefitofhumankind,onthebasisofclimatejusticeorcommonbutdifferentiatedresponsibilitiesandthePrecautionaryPrincipletoguidedecision-makinginclimateriskmanagement."TheClimateChangeActmandatesthenationalgovernmenttoformulatetheNationalClimateChangeActionPlan,whichincludesthefollowingcomponents:►Assessmentofthenationalimpactofclimatechange;►Identificationofthemostvulnerablecommunities/areas,includingecosystemstotheimpactsofclimatechange,variability,andextremes;►Identificationofdifferentialimpactsofclimatechangeonmen,women,andchildren;►Assessmentandmanagementofriskandvulnerability;►IdentificationofGHGmitigationpotentials;►Identificationofoptionsandprioritizationofappropriateadaptationmeasuresforjointprojectsofnationalandlocalgovernments.Furthermore,thelawrecognizesLGUsasthefrontlineagenciesintheformulation,planning,andimplementationoflocalclimatechangeactionplans(LCCAPs)intheirrespectiveareas,consistentwiththeprovisionsoftheLocalGovernmentCode,theNFSCC,andtheNationalClimateChangeActionPlan.LGUsshallregularlyupdatetheiractionplanstoreflectchangingsocial,economic,andenvironmentalconditionsandemergingissues.TheClimateChangeActof2009canbeaccessedfrom:https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2009/10/23/republic-act-no-9729/.35DISASTERRISKREDUCTIONANDMANAGEMENTACTOF2010{R.A.10121)RepublicAct10121isanotherlandmarklawofthePhilippineGovernment,asintheClimateChangeAct,topromoteandensuredisasterresilienceinthecountry.Thislawpavedthewayforamoreproactiveapproachtomanagingrisksfacedbythecountry,beingamongthetopnationsintheworldintermsofvulnerabilitytonaturaldisasters.SalientfeaturesoftheDRRMActof2010includeadvancingcoherencewithinternationalframeworks(i.e.,HyogoFrameworkforAction)andadherencetouniversalnorms,principles,andstandardsofhumanitarianassistance.Italsoestablishesgoodgovernanceandtransparency,promotesstrengtheninginstitutionalmechanismsonDRRM,establishestheintegratedandmulti-sectoralapproachtoriskreduction,andfurtherreiteratestheempowermentofLocalGovernmentUnitsasfrontlineactorsnotonlyinrespondingtodisastersbutalsoinproactivelyURBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEaddressingrisksandvulnerabilities.AvitalfeatureofthelawistheestablishmentoftheDRRMFund(DRRMF)atthenationalandlocallevels.Section2(g)ofRA10121declaredthatitisthepolicyoftheStateto"mainstreamdisasterriskreductionandclimatechangeindevelopmentprocessessuchaspolicyformulation,socio-economicdevelopmentplanning,budgeting,andgovernance,particularlyintheareasofenvironment,agriculture,water,energy,health,education,povertyreduction,land-useandurbanplanning,andpublicinfrastructureandhousing,amongothers."Figure20presentsthewholeofgovernmentapproachinimplementingDRRMinthecountry.TheDRRMActof2010canbeaccessedfromhttps://www.officia!gazette.gov.ph/2010/05/27/republic-act-no-10121/Figure20:PhilippinesDRRMWhole-of-GovernmentApproachLocalDevelopmentCouncilsDRR-SensitiveLocalComprehensiveLandUsePlanNationalDRRMDRR-SensitiveocalDevelopmentPlans,ProgramsandBudgetsDRR-SensitiveLocalComprehensiveDevelopmentPlanSource:DRRNetPrimeronR.A.10121NationalDRRMFrameworkURBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCE36SUPPLEMENTALGUIDELINESONMAINSTREAMINGCLIMATEANDDISASTERRISKSINTHECOMPREHENSIVELANDUSEPLAN(2015)TheSupplementalGuidelineonMainstreamingClimateandDisasterRiskintheComprehensiveLandUsePlanwasdevelopedincomplianceandconsistentwiththeClimateChangeActof2009andtheDisasterRiskReductionandManagementActof2010.TheSupplementalGuidelinesistheHLURB'sresponsetoaddressandsupportLGUstomainstreamClimateChangeAdaptation(CCA)andDRRintotheComprehensiveLandUsePlansandZoningOrdinances.TheCLUPisanintegralinstrumentforLGUstoaddressexistingriskseffectively,andavoidthecreationofnewriskstopeople,assets,andeconomicactivitiesbyrationalizingdistributionanddevelopmentofsettlements,andtheutilizationandmanagementofnaturalresources.InthecontextofDRRM,landuseplanningisaproactiveapproach,whichemphasizespre-disasterpreventionandmitigation.Throughanticipatoryinterventions,itisexpectedthatthepopulationwouldbesafer,theeconomymoreresilient,andessentialservicesandinfrastructurerobust.WiththisappreciationoftheCLUP,theSupplementalGuideline,acomplementarytooltotheCLUPFormulationGuidebooks,alsodevelopedbyHLURB,wasreleasedtomainlyassistcityandmunicipalplannersintheassessmentofrisksandvulnerabilityintheirrespectivecitiesandmunicipalities.TheSupplementalGuidelinesintroducedasix-stepCDRAprocesstoanalyzerisksandvulnerabilitiesofexposedelements,namely:people,urbanareas,agriculture,forestryandfisheryproductionareas,criticalpointfacilities,lifelines,andotherinfrastructurethatareexposedtonaturalhazardsandclimatechange.ItillustrateshowLGUscantranslateland-usepoliciesondisasterriskreductionandclimatechangeadaptationintozoningparameterstoadequatelyaddressrisksbymanagingexposureandencouragingresilientstructurestoensurethesafetyofthepopulationandlimitstructuraldamagescausedbyhazards.TheframeworkproposedintheSupplementalGuidelinedoesnotalterthecomprehensiveland-useplanningprocess.Instead,itillustrateshowriskinformationfromananalysisofthehazardsandthevulnerabilityofelementsexposedtothesehazardsarederivedthroughaclimateanddisasterriskassessmentprocess.WithCDRAresults,citiesandmunicipalitiesareexpectedtoformulaterisk-sensitivecomprehensivelanduseplansthatshallcreatesaferandresilienthumansettlementsandeffectivelyreducedandmanagedclimateanddisasterrisks.ThefullversionoftheSupplementalGuidecanbeaccessedfromhttps://dhsud.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/Publication/Guidebooks/HLURB_Supplemental_Guidelines.pdf37URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEGUIDELINESONMAINSTREAMINCCLIMATECHANCEADAPTATION{CCA)ANDDISASTERRISKREDUCTION{DRR)INLOCALDEVELOPMENTPLANNINGTheDILGissuedMemorandumCircular(MC)2015-17asa"GuidelineonMainstreamingClimateChangeAdaptation(CCA)andDisasterRiskReduction(DRR)inLocalDevelopmentPlanning."ConsideringtheRationalizedPlanningSystemusedbythegovernment,theMCacknowledgesthatmainstreamingCCAandDRRintheLGU'sComprehensiveDevelopmentPlanwouldrequireconsistencywiththeHousingandLandUseRegulatoryBoard'sGuidelines.TheHLURBsupplementalguideincludestheClimateandDisasterRiskAssessmentprocessandtools.LGUsneedtonotethattheDILGMC2015-17indicatedthat"LocalClimateActionPlansshouldnotbetreatedasastand-aloneplanbutaplanthatcaneitherbeintegratedorderivedfromtheCDP."Moreover,itespousestheRidge-to-ReeforintegratedwatershedecosystemsmanagementframeworktobeadoptedbyLGUswhilealsoaskingLGUstoincludespeci3iconcernssuchasgreengrowthandurbandesignindevelopingthecityandmunicipalEcologicalProfile.AcityandmunicipalEcologicalProfileispartofthebasicrequirementsbeforeproceedingtospatialandsectoralplanning.FundamentaltoclimateactionsinthecountryasnotedintheissuancesfromHLURBandDILGistheverticalandhorizontalalignmentsofplans,especiallysincedisastersandclimatechangeimpactsgobeyondpoliticalboundaries.DILGMC2015-17stipulatesthatprinciplesandconsiderationoflocalplans,particularlywhencitiesandmunicipalitiesinaprovincesharerisks,mustbeconsistent,andactionsthusmustbecomplementary.TheDILGMCfurtherstatesthattoensurethatidentifiedprogramsandprojectstoaddressdisastersandclimaterisksareimplemented,theseshouldbeincludedintheLGUsLocalDevelopmentInvestmentProgrammeandAnnualInvestmentProgramme.Likewise,MC2015-17advisedLGUstooptimizeresourcesbyincorporatingCCAandDRRconsiderationsinthedesignofsectoraldevelopmentprojectssuchasthoseinagriculture,infrastructure,water,housing,andhealth.TheDILGMC2015-17canbeaccessedfromhttps://www.dilg.gov.ph/PDF_File/issuances/memo_circulars/dilg-memocircular-2015722_e9147d39be.pdfTheNationalDisasterRiskReductionManagementPlan(NDRRMF),withitsvisionof"safer,adaptiveanddisaster-resilientFilipinocommunitiestowardsustainabledevelopment"alsosignalsashifttowardshumansettlementscenteredoncommunities'increasedawarenessofdisasterriskreductionandmanagement(DRRM)andapushtowardsresilience.Itsconsequentplan,theNationalDisasterRiskReductionandManagementPlan(NDRRMP)2011-2028,setsdowntheexpectedoutcomes,outputs,keyactivities,andindicatorstoachievethisvision.TheNDRRMPidentifiestwooutcomesinwhichDHSUDisthelead.Theseoutcomesdescribethenatureofdisaster-resilienthumansettlements(Outcome8)andtheaccesstoeitheraffordabledisaster-resilienthousingorfinancialassistancetorebuildhousesforaffectedfamiliesorindividuals(Outcome21).Meanwhile,theNationalClimateChangeActionPlan(NCCAP)providespolicyguidancewithitsvision"tobuildtheadaptivecapacitiesofwomenandmenintheircommunities,increasetheresilienceofvulnerablesectorsandnaturalecosystemstoclimatechange,andoptimizemitigationopportunitiestowardsagender-responsiveandrights-basedsustainabledevelopment."Itfurtheridentifiesanddetailsthematicareaswherehumansettlementscanbecomeaplatformtobuildresilience,includingwatersufficiency,humansecurity,sustainableenergy,andclimate-friendlyindustriesandservices,amongothers.URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEC.CiUIDANCEFROMEXISTINCiNATIONALURBANANDURBAN-RELATEDPOLICIESTOWARDSCLIMATECHANCERESILIENCE38Climate-resilienturbandevelopmentiscoretothePhilippines'developmentagenda.Thereareseveralurbanandurban-relatedpoliciesandpiecesoflegislationthathavebeeninstitutedbythePhilippinegovernmenttoguidethecountry'sactions,especiallythatofLGUs,toensuresustainableandresilienturbandevelopmentacrossthecountry.Threepoliciesarespecificallyissuedtoguideurbanactions,theNationalUrbanDevelopmentandHousingFramework(NUDHF),theNationalHousingandUrbanDevelopmentSectorPlan(NHUDSP),andthePhilippineNewUrbanAgenda(PNUA).ThesepoliciesaspiretoachievethevisionofBetter,Greener,SmarterUrbanSystemsinaMoreInclusivePhilippines.ThePNUA,NUDHF,andNHUDSPareconsistentandalignedwithAmBisyonNatin2040andthePhilippineDevelopmentPlan(PDP)2017-2022.AmBisyonNatin2040representsthecollectivelong-termvisionandaspirationsoftheFilipinopeopleforthemselvesandthecountryinthenext25years.AlthoughAmBisyonNatin2040hasnodirectreferencetoclimateresilienceandurbanplanninganddesign,it,however,identifiesHousingandUrbanDevelopmentasaprioritysector.Assuch,itmaybededucedthatinvestmentsinurbandevelopmentoughttopromoteFilipinolivesthatarestronglyrooted,comfortableandsecure-outcomesthatcannotbeachievedwithoutclimateresilience.39URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEBox2:AmbisyonNatin2040"MATATAG,MAGINHAWA,ATPANATAGNABUHAY"By2040,Filipinosenjoyastronglyrooted,comfortable,comfortable,andsecurelife.Filipinosarestronglyrooted:matatag.Filipinosarecomfortable:maginhawa.Filipinosaresecure:panatag.Filipinofamilieslivetogether,·thereiswork-lifebalancesothatthereistimetospendwithfamilyevenformemberswhowork.Onweekends,familiesandfriendsenjoytimetogetherinparksandrecreationalcenters.Itisahigh-trustsocietywithastrongsenseofcommunity.Therearevolunteeropportunities,andFilipinosspendtimetoservethecommunity,helpotherswhoareinneed,andcontributetovariouscauses.Nooneispoor,nooneiseverhungry.Filipinofamiliesliveincomfortablehomeswiththedesiredamenitiesandsecuretenure.Familiesandfriendsarewithinreachbecausetransportisconvenientandaffordable,andtheycantakeavacationtogetherwithinthecountryandabroad.Childrenreceivequalityeducationsothattheyrealizetheirfullpotentialsandbecomeproductivemembersofsociety.Decentjobsthatbringsustainableincomeareavailable,includingopportunitiesforentrepreneurship.Filipinosfeelsecureovertheirentirelifetime.Theyexpecttolivelongandenjoyacomfortablelifeuponretirement.Thereareresourcestocoverunexpectedexpenses,andtherearesavings.Theyfeelsafeinallplacesinthecountry.Filipinostrusttheirgovernmentbecauseitisfreeofcorruptionandprovidesservicetoallitscitizensequally.PHILIPPINEDEVELOPMENTPLAN2017-2022PDP2017-2022takesofffromtheAdministration'sTenPointSocioeconomicAgendaandisthefirstmedium-termplananchoredonAmBisyonNatin2040followingExecutiveOrder5,series2016.ThecurrentPDPaimstolayastrongerfoundationforinclusivegrowth,ahigh-trustsociety,andagloballycompetitiveeconomytowardrealizingthevisionby2040.Thedocumentisorganizedintosevenparts.PartIprovidestheoverallcontextforthePlan.PartIIisaboutenhancingthesocialfabrictobuildthefoundationsforahigh-trustsociety.PartIllstressestheimportanceofreducinginequalitiesineconomicdevelopmentopportunities.PartIVfocusesonincreasingpotentialgrowth.PartVcallsforasupportiveeconomicenvironmentthatwillenabletheeconomytosustaingrowth,andPartVIisaboutfoundationsforinclusiveandsustainabledevelopment.Finally,PartVIIdescribestheinstitutionalarrangementsforimplementationandmonitoring-makingsurethatwhatisplannedisimplementedandthattimelyadjustmentsaremade.AsthePDP2017-2022isthefirstconcretesteptowardsrealizingAmBisyonNatin2040,thegovernmentneedstomakesurethatitcontributestoachievingthecollectiveaspirationsofitscitizens.PHILIPPINENEWURBANAGENDAThePNUAlaysdowndevelopmentdirectionatthenationallevel,withthegoalofachievingthevisionofBetter,Greener,SmarterUrbanSystemsinaMoreInclusivePhilippines.Itdoessobyprovidingagendapointsinseveralactionareas(Figure21).Thesecondandthirdactionareasprovideanaturalanchorforthisreferencetool.Nonetheless,activitiesunderthesethemeswillalsoaffectotheractionareas,owingtotheencompassingnatureofclimatechange.ThePhilippinesiscommittedtosubmitareportontheprogressofthePNUAimplementationeveryfouryearssince2018asagreedduringthe72ndUNGeneralAssembly.ThefullcopyofthePhilippineNewUrbanAgendamaybeaccessedfromhttps://hudcc.gov.ph/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/document/Habitat%20III%20-%20Philippine%20National%20Report.pdf.Figure21:FocusAreasofthePhilippineNewUrbanAgendaPHILIPPINENEWURBANAGENDA:ACTIONAREAS•Iml~,,.,,~-:.--ill~~IIIem1-s~123,.56URBANLANDANDURBANURBANURBANURBANHOUSINGANDDEMOGRAPHYPLANNINGENVIRONMENTGOVERNANCEECONOMYBASICSERVICECapturingtheyouthdividend,EffectiveregionalplanningChangeanddisasterSectorleadership,effectiveLocalandhousingfinance,Scalinguplowincomeandamorespatiallybalancedanddevelopment,planningresiliency,urbanmultilevelgovernance,sustainablelocaleconomicpro-poorhousing,affordable,andinterconnectedforclimatechangeenvironmentalinfrastructureimprovedlocalurbandevelopment,andreliableandresilientbasicdevelopment,andadaptationanddisasterriskimprovements,governancecapacity,andurbaneconomyservices,andshiftingtoansafeguardsforthereduction,andimprovinganddevelopingparticipatoryandmainstreamingininclusive,lowcarbonurbanvulnerableandaccesstourbanlegendgreencitiestransparencymechanismdevelopmentplanningtransportsystemdisadvantagedSource:HousingandUrbanDevelopmentCoordinatingCouncil,2016a.URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEPHILIPPINEGREENBUILDINGCODEThePhilippineGreenBuildingCode,areferralcodetotheNationalBuildingCodeofthePhilippines,isasetofregulationsthatsetminimumstandardsforcompliancetoreduceGHGemissionsandlessentheimpactsofbuildingstohealthandenvironmentthroughresourcemanagementefficiency.NATIONALURBANDEVELOPMENTANDHOUSINGFRAMEWORKFollowingthedirectivessetundertheUrbanDevelopmentandHousingAct(RA7279),theNUDHFprovidesanoverarchingframework(Figure22)forurbandevelopmentandhousing,consistingofavision,policystatementsandstrategies,andencompassingcoredevelopmentsectorsandspatialelements.AdoptingthevisionofthePNUA,itintendstoguidetheeffortsofthePhilippinegovernment,privatesector,andotherstakeholdersinimprovingtheperformanceandefficiencyofthecountry'surbansystems.ThelatestNUDHFwascraftedconsideringnewandemergingissuesandchallenges,particularlyclimatechange,andcanprovideanchorpolicydirectionsandreferences.Itsstrategiesintheurbanplanninganddesignfocusarea(Table1)canbeausefulreferenceforusersofthisguide.ThefullcopyoftheNUDHFmaybeaccessedfromhttps://dhsud.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/Publication/Guidebooks/NUDHF_Full_Version_FINAL.pdf.Figure22:NUDHFMainDiagramofKeyPrinciplesContext►UrbanizationTrends►DriversAmBisyonNatin2040-PDPNewUrbanAgenda(NUA)&NUDHFVision..A..•••,.,~~A))UrbanUrbanHousingDemographicsPlanningandDesign..~..r.ii~'1if'_,UrbanUrbanUrbanInfrastructureEconomyGovernanceandServicesandFinanceOperationalization►Mainstreamingtonationalandlocalplans►CapacityDevelopment(cap-Dev)Support4041URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCETable1:NUDHFStrategiesforUrbanPlanningandDesigninViewofClimateChangeandDisasterRiskReductionNUDHFURBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNSTRATEGIES►Strengthenthemainstreamingofdisasterriskreductionandmanagementplanningandclimatechangeadaptation/mitigationplanningwithspatialandsectoraldevelopmentplanning.ThisincludesmainstreamingofDRRMandCCAMintheCLUPandCDP,andstreamliningandharmonizingprocessesonCCAM-DRRandcapacitybuildingforplanningoffices,professionalization,andethicalaccountabilityintheplanningprocessanddocumentation.►Considerthewatercycleinurbanplanninganddesign.Plansmustsupportwatershedimprovement.Theymustinclude,wherepossible,thedevelopmentofalternativewatersourcesotherthangroundwater.Inlinewiththis,thecollectionofrainwaterandtherecyclingofdomesticwaterfordomesticusemustbeconsidered.►Promoteadequatenetworksofpublicopenspaces.Prioritizetheidentificationandprotectionofopenspacesasafirststepindesigningurbanareas,withbuilt-upspacesplannedaroundandinconsiderationofthisnetwork.Designpublicspacestosupportdisasterriskreductionandclimatechangeaction.►Designbarangaysandneighborhoodsintermsofhumanscaleandwalkability,withthenecessaryinfrastructureandserviceswithinwalkingdistanceofresidents.ThismaybeincorporatedinthelocaldevelopmentplanningprocessfollowingtheCLUPGuidebook,specificallyundertheSpecialStudiesonUrbanDesignandDevelopment.►Promotecompactdevelopment.Compactdevelopmententailsthepromotionofefficientdensitiesatallscalesofurbanplanning,whichmaintainsthebalancebetweenurbandemandandavailableresources.►Promotemixeduse.Mixinglandusesallowsfortheintegrationofcomplementingactivities,andalsosupportscompactdevelopment.►Fullyoperationalizeridge-to-reefand/orintegratedecosystemsplanningframeworkwhichutilizessystems-basedtoolssuchastheecologicaltransectandothertools.►Enforcedelineationandprotectionofspecialareassuchasprotectedareas,primeagricultureareas,keybiodiversityareas,criticalhabitats,heritageareas,ancestraldomains.Consistentwiththestrategyonurbanplanninganddesign,governmentmustclearlydelineate,map,andprotectspecialareassuchascriticalhabitatsandprimeagriculturalandheritageareas.Enforcingprotectionhelpsgovernmentandstakeholdersmanageurbangrowthwithintheboundsoftheecosystem.Itwillalsobenefittheurbansystembyhelpingachievefoodsecurity,increasebiodiversity,andcontributetoclimatechangeactionanddisasterriskreduction.►Integratemobilityandtransportplanninginlanduseplanning.shiftfromcar-orientedtopeople-orientedmobility.Anewhierarchyoftransportationandmobilityisintroduced,prioritizingpedestriansfirst,thennon-motorizedvehiclessuchasbicycles,followedbypublictransport,commercialvehicles,taxis,andsingle-occupancyvehicles.►Promoteenergyefficiency.LGUscanadoptmeasuresthatpromotemoreefficientenergyconsumption.Energyefficiencyshouldbeconsideredinsettlementsplanning,buildingdesignandconstruction,andtransportation.►Promoteresilienthousing.Developmentofclimateresilient,affordablehousing.Canbeachievedthroughtheadoptionofappropriatehousingstandardsorbuildingcodes,technologies,andinnovations,incorporatingconditionsforresilienceandresourceefficiency►Promoteandsupportgreenindustries.Prioritizegreenindustriesinlanduseallocationandurbandesign,byincorporatingappropriateperformancestandardsforbusinessenterprisesintheCLUPandZoningOrdinance.Thesecanincluderequirementsandguidelinesonenergyandwateruse,andsustainablebuildingdesignandconstruction.URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCE42NATIONALHOUSINGANDURBANDEVELOPMENTSECTORPLANTheSectorPlanisthe20-yearroadmapthataimstoharmonizeandsustainhousingandurbandevelopmentinitiativesbyconsolidatingtheexistingandproposedprograms,activities,andprojectsofDHSUD,itskeyshelteragencies,andstakeholders.ItoperationalizestheNUDHFandcutsacrossthesix-yearadministrativetermstoensurecontinuityofthePPAslaidoutintheplan(Figure23).NUDHF►►ContextUrbanizationTrendsDriversRecommendationsfromhumansettlementsandurbanpolicydocumentsExistingPAPsthatmatchpolicydocumentsPotentialstategiesandPAPsValidationofplanstructureandcontentsAssessmentofgapsandsolutionsTechnicalinputsFigure23:InteractionoftheNHUDSPinOperationalizingtheNUDHFAmBisyonNatin2040-PDPNewUrbanAgenda(NUA)&NUDHFVision,.,,.,~I+A))UrbanUrbanHousingDemographicsPlanningandDesign..~..ru1~......='UrbanUrbanUrbanInfrastructureEconomyGovernanceandServicesandFinanceNHUDSP+■■.···■·■·•III•"I·.DHSUDMission,Vision,MandatesOperationalization►Mainstreamingtonationalandlocalplans►CapacityDevelopment(Cap-Dev)Support►FinancingPotentialinnovationsonhousingandurbandevelopmentCasestudiesonsuccessfulnationalplansformulationandimplementationPAPsofotherNGAsProposedmechanismforcoordination43URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEFigure24:ResilientandGreenHumanSettlementsFrameworkRESILIENTANDGREENHUMANSETTLEMENTSFRAMEWORK{RCHSF)TheRGHSFprovidesguidanceonusinggreendevelopmentandadoptsaresilience-drivenperspectivetoassess,develop,manage,andevaluatesettlementsandtheircomponentparts.Itshallbeusedasareferenceforallstateactorsinvolvedinhumansettlementsdevelopment,andserveasabasisformechanismsonpost-disasterhousingandresiliencyplanning,researchanddevelopmentandextension,andthemonitoringandevaluationofprograms,projects,andactivitiestoprotectvulnerablepersonsandcommunitiesinhazard-proneareasfromtheadverseeffectsofclimatechangeanddisasters.TheRGHSFhassixKeyResultAreas(KRAs)ordesiredoutcomesforeachdevelopmentsector,namelyDemography/Population,LandandUrbanPlanning,Environment,Governance,Economy,andHousingandBasicServices;andcontainsenablingactionswhichidentifyspecificstrategiestobecarriedoutbyinstitutionsprimaryresponsibleforimplementingtheseactions(Figure24).URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCED.REVIEWOFPHILIPPINEPOLICIESINRELATIONTOCLIMATECHANCE,URBANPLANNING,ANDURBANDESICNCONSIDERATIONS44Tables2to5presenttheresultsofthereviewofthepoliciesmentionedaboveandothervitallegislationsandgovernmentofficialissuancesintermsofhowfartheypromote/mention(a)climatechangeactions,(b)urbanplanninganddesign,and(c)urbandesignelements.Similarly,lawsandofficialdocumentsofthePhilippinegovernmentonclimatechangewerereviewedonthesameparameters.Inthematricespresented,eachpolicy/lawismarkedwithcoloredcircles,thatdescribewhetheritcontainsprovisionsonaspectssuchasresilience,adaptation,GHGmitigation,andurbanplanninganddesignelementstopromoteclimateresiliency.Greencirclesmeanthatthepolicy/lawexplicitlycontainsprovisionsonthekeyaspectsmarked.Yellowcirclesindicatethatthepolicy/lawonlyimpliescoverageofthekeyaspectsmarked.Lastly,redcirclesmeanthatthepolicy/lawdoesnotcontainprovisionsonthekeyaspectsmarked.AlthoughbothadaptationandGHGmitigationhavebeenrecognizedaskeyactionstopromoteclimateresilienceinthePhilippines,thecountryhasitssightssetontheformermuchmorethanonthelatter.ThisisexpectedasthecountryhasbeenconsideredasoneofthemoreclimatechangevulnerablecountrieswhilepostingrelativelylowGHGemissions.45POLICYREVIEWEDAMBISVONNATIN2040PHILIPPINEDEVELOPMENTPLAN(PDP)2017-2022PHILIPPINENEWURBANAGENDANATIONALFRAMEWORKSTRATEGYONCLIMATECHANGE(NFSCC)2010-2022NATIONALDISASTERRISKREDUCTION&MANAGEMENTPLAN2011-28(NDRRMP)NATIONALURBANDEVELOPMENTANDHOUSINGFRAMEWORK(NUDHF)NATIONALHOUSINGANDURBANDEVELOPMENTSECTORPLAN(NHUDSP)RESILIENTANDGREENHUMANSETTLEMENTSFRAMEWORK(RGHSF)URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCETable2:ReviewofNationalPoliciesandFrameworksRelatedtoClimateChangeandUPD•ExplicitDESCRIPTIONLong-termvisionandaspirationsoftheFilipinopeopleinthenext25yearsTheadministration'smedium-termplanwhichaimstolaythefoundationforinclusivegrowth,ahigh-trustsociety,andagloballycompetitiveeconomyReflectstheaspirationsofFilipinosforthefutureoftheircitiesGuidesthenationalandsub-nationaldevelopmentprocesses,includingtheformulationofCLUPsandCDPsRequiredunderRANo.10121,establishingpolicies,plans,andprogramstodealwithdisasterThedevelopmentframeworkforurbanandurbanizingareas,whichguidesthecollectiveeffortsofstakeholderstoimprovetheperformanceandefficiencyofthecounty'surbansystemsA20-yearroadmapthataimstoharmonizeandsustainthehousingandurbandevelopmentinrtiativesbyconsolidatingtheexistingandproposedPAPsofthedepartment,itskeyshelteragenciesandstakeholdersProvidesalensthroughwhichthecomplexityofcommunitiesandthedriversthatcontributetoitsresiliencecanbeunderstood•ImplicitCLIMATECHANGEACTIONBEINGPROMOTEDAND/ORMENTIONEDC:0GI~C:-~0u-..,en"eGIGIi..,=~ig)c:,..,,c:,a:~<(:I:c:,••••••••••••••••••••••••UP&DCOVERAGE•••••••••NotCovered-I!!C:fl'i!!2CliiiiiiC:.0,e:5:::,••••••••URBANDESIGNELEMENTS(CHECKLIST)GIGIenGI0."C:0...~~~.!!-·en..".s::(I)"(I)'iii:!:(I),,COGIenco-C:~£C:,,·.;:::;~jGIC::I:,,LL,:,CcoC:_,,C:..Vlc:....••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••(I)"iacn"C~;.;::!:C,:,C:..••••••••URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEConcerningurbanplanninganddesignasactionstowardsclimateresilience,thenationalpoliciesidentifiedarequiterobust.Allofthepolicies,withtheexceptionoftheAmBisyon2040,containexplicitreferencestourbanplanninganddesignasdriversofclimateresilience.ThePhilippineDevelopmentPlan,thePhilippineNewUrbanAgenda,theNationalUrbanDevelopmentandHousingFramework,theNationalHousingandUrbanDevelopmentSectorPlan,andtheResilientandGreenHumanSettlementsFrameworkcontainvariousprovisionsonurbandesignelementstopromoteclimateresilience.Incontrast,theNationalDisasterRiskReductionandManagementPlan(NDRRMP)contains46expressprovisionsrelatingtourbanstructures.Thus,itcanbededucedthat,atthenationallevel,urbanplansanddesignarealreadyrecognizedtoolsforpromotingclimateresilience.ThePhilippineNewUrbanAgenda,theNationalUrbanDevelopmentandHousingFramework,theNationalHousingandUrbanDevelopmentSectorPlan,andtheResilientandGreenHumanSettlementsFrameworkmustcontinuetoinformsubsequentiterationsofthePhilippineDevelopmentPlantokeepputtingUPDasprimarydriversofclimateresilience.Table3:ReviewofClimateChangeandUrbanDesignConsiderationsinPhilippinePlanningandDesignLaws•ExplicitPOLICYDESCRIPTIONREVIEWEDLOCALGovernsthecreation,GOVERNMENTpowers,functions,andCODElimitationsofprovinces,crties,municipalrtiesandbarangaysACTCREATINGCreatingafulf-fledgedDHSUDTHEDHSUDmandatedtoprovideaccesstoadequate,safe,secure,habrtable,sustainab~.resilientandaffordablehomesURBANProvidesforaomprehensiveDEVELOPMENTandcontinuingurbanANDHOUSINGACTdevelopmentandhousingOF1992programSPECIALECONOMICProvidestheframeworkZONEACTOF1995,forthecreation,operation,ASAMENDEDBYadministrationandRANO.8748coordinationofspecialeconomiczonesinthePhilippinesPHILIPPINEPromotingthecreationofGREENJOBSACTgreenjobsOF2016PHILIPPINEGREENPrescribesmeasures/BUILDINGCODEstandardstominimizetheeffectsofbuildingsonhumanhealthandenvironmentPD1216,DEFININGPrescribesopenspaceOPENSPACEINrequirementsforRESIDENTIALhousingdevelopmentSUBDIVISIONS•ImplicitCLIMATECHANGEACTIONBEINGPROMOTEDAND/ORMENTIONEDC:0..~C:..,0"'u-C:I!!·ien....~=&1gJC)"',,C)a:~<(:I:C)•••••••••••••••••••••UP&DCOVERAGE••••••••NotCovered-!!!C:.a·-"I!!2C)tii~c:..C-e:5::,•••••••URBANDESIGNELEMENTS(CHECKLIST)....en..0."C:0."'~~~.!!-·en"'"~(I)"(I)"iii::ii:(I),,"'..encu-C:~£C:,,"iii::ii:~j..C::I:,,LJ..,,CcuC:_,,C:"'Vlc:"'"'••••••••••••••••••••••••••••(I)"iiien·.:~;.;::ii:C,:,C:"'•••••••47Moreover,theyellowcirclesfoundinboththeNDRRMPandNationalFrameworkStrategyonClimateChange(NFSCC)mustbeseenasopportunitiestoeitherrevisitthepolicyorensureUPDisrecognizedandinfusedintothelocalactionplans,asrequiredtobepreparedbythesepolicies.ThesummarymatrixofLawsonClimateChangeandDisastersinTable4,again,showsthecountry'sproclivitytowardsadaptationratherthanGHGmitigation,consideringitsclimatechangevulnerabilitiesanditsrelativelylowGHGemissions.AllthreelawsidentifiedexplicitlycontainprovisionsthatpromoteresilienceandadaptationwhilehavingonlytwooutofthreelawsexplicitlydiscussingGHGmitigationasaclimatechangeaction.Muchislefttobedesiredonurbanplanninganddesignasactionstowardsclimateresilience.OnlythePhilippineDisasterRiskReductionandManagementActof2010directlyreferstourbanplanningasamodeofintervention.Urbandesignelementsmayonlybeconsideredasimplicitlycovered,withthelawrequiringmainstreamingofDRRMelementsintothecountry'sdevelopment,landuse,andurbanplanningprocesses.URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCETheforegoinglawsmaystillbeconsideredasbasestomakeUPDmorerelevantdriversofclimateresilience.Acloserlookatthesaidlawsrevealsthattheirterminologiesarecouchedinlanguagethatcouldembraceurbanplanninganddesigninterventions.Moreover,localplans,requiredbytheselaws,canverywellaccommodateUPDapproachestoclimateresilience.ExcludingtheEnvironmentalImpactStatementSystemandtheCleanAirAct,thesummarymatrixofEnvironmentalLaws(Table5)showhowalltheotheridentifiedlawscontainexplicitprovisionsonurbanplanning/design.ThismeansthatsaidlawsmaybeexploredtoserveasbasesofUPDinterventions.Thisisespeciallyrelevantinlightofthefactthattheurbandesignelementsarefilledwithyellowcircles.Hence,saidlawscontainprovisionsthatmaybefurtherdefinedtosupporttheuseofUPDforclimateresilience.Also,theselaws,aswellasthepurposesforwhichtheywereenacted,maybelegislatedlocallybyLGUsthroughordinances.Thecoverageoftheselaws,namelyenvironment,wastemanagement,air,waterandsanitation,maybeconsideredascriticalareasofconcerntobeaddressedbyUPDforclimateresilienceTable4:ReviewofUPDConsiderationsintheClimateChangeandDisasterRiskReductionLaws•ExplicitPOLICYDESCRIPTIONREVIEWEDCLIMATEPromotestatepolicyCHANGEACTtointegratetheconceptOF2009ofclimatechangeinvariousphasesofpolicyformulation,developmentplans,povertyreductionstrategiesandotherdevelopmentaltoolsofgovernmentPHILIPPINEProvidesfortheDISASTERRISKdevelopmentofREDUCTIONANDpoliciesandplansandMANAGEMENTACTtheimplementationOF2010ofactionsandmeasurespertainingtoallaspectsofdisasterriskreductionandmanagementPEOPLE'SCreationofafundSURVIVALFUNDandadisbursementmechanismtosupportadaptationactivitiesoflocalgovernmentsandcommunities•ImplicitCLIMATECHANGEACTIONBEINGPROMOTEDAND/ORMENTIONEDC:0C:-~GI~0u-·ienC:I!!GIGI..,=~ig)c:,..,,c:,a:~<(:I:c:,•••••••••UP&DCOVERAGE••••NotCovered-I!!C:,3·-"I!!2CliiiiiiC:.0-e:5:::,•••URBANDESIGNELEMENTS(CHECKLIST)GIGIenGI0."C:0...~~~-!!-·en..".s::(I)"(I)·w::!:(I),,COGIenco-C:"1:C:,,·.;:::;~j.._GIC::I:,,LL,:,CcoC:_,,C:..Vlc:....••••••••••••(I)iacn"C~;.;::!:C,:,C:..•••URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCETable5:ReviewofUPDConsiderationsinKeyEnvironmentalLaws•ExplicitPOLICYDESCRIPTIONREVIEWEDPHILIPPINEEstablishingENVIRONMENTALspecificenvironmentCODEmanagementpoliciesandprescribingenvironmentqualitystandardsENVIRONMENTALEstablishesanIMPACTSTATEMENTenvironmentalimpactSYSTEM(PD1586systemtoreconcileANDPP2146)socio-economicundertakingswiththerequirementsofenvironmentalprotectionandconservationECOLOGICALAdoptingasystematic,SOLIDWASTEcomprehensive,andMANAGEMENTecologicalsolidwasteACTOF2000managementprogramPHILIPPINEEstablishesaholisticCLEANAIRACTnationalprogramofairOF1999pollutionmanagementpremisedonbalancingdevelopmentandenvironmentalprotectionPHILIPPINEPremisedontheCLEANWATERframeworkofACTOF2004sustainabledevelopment,topursueeconomicgrowthinamannerconsistentwiththepreservationofwaterresourcesWATERManagementofCODEwaterresourcestoadequatelymeetfurtherdevelopmentsCODEONPrescribesrequirementsSANITATIONforoperationofestablishments,withtheintentofpromotinghealththroughsanitation•ImplicitCLIMATECHANGEACTIONBEINGPROMOTEDAND/ORMENTIONEDC:0..~C:-~0u-..,en"e....i..,=&1~gJC)"',,C)a:~<(:I:C)•••••••••••••••••••••UP&DCOVERAGE••••••••NotCovered-!!!C:fl'i!!2C)tii~c:..C,e:5::,•••••••URBANDESIGNELEMENTS(CHECKLIST)....en..0."C:0."'~~~.!!-·en"'"~(I)"(I)'iii::ii:(I),,"'..encu-C:~£C:,,'iii::ii:~j..C::I:,,LJ..,,CcuC:_,,C:"'Vlc:"'"'••••••••••••••••••••••••••••48(I)"iiien·.:~;.;::ii:C,:,C:"'•••••••49URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEE.UPDANDCLIMATEACTIONS:CONVERCENCESTRATECVANDFRAMEWORKConsideringexistingnationalpolicies,climatechangeaction/climateadaptation,andurbanplanninganddesign,mustconverge(seeFigure25)andbeconsideredasanintegratedprocess.ThisFrameworkofconvergenceandinterdisciplinaryapproachindevelopingandmanagingtheurbansystemensuresthe:►Creationofafeedbacksystembetweenclimateadaptationandurbanplanninganddesignprinciples.►Useoftheresultsoffeedbacksystemtoinformplanninganddesignpolicies,transformingthemintoclimate-resilientUPD.►Applicationofclimate-resilientUPDatdifferentlevelsofurbangovernance,fromnationaltositelevel.►Implementationofclimate-resilienturbanpoliciesinfluencesadaptationresultsacrossscalesofaction,fromnational,sub-national,community,andevensitescales.Figure25:ConvergenceofUPDandClimateAdaptationPrinciplesforPoliciesinDifferentLevelsURBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNPRINCIPLESCLIMATEADAPTATIONPRINCIPLESIll.MANACINCCLIMATERISKSANDOPPORTUNITIESTHROUCHRESILIENTURBANPLANSANDDESICNURBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEA.UNDERSTANDCLIMATEIMPACTSANDUSEOFCDRAClimateriskmanagementinvolvesasystematicapproachtotheuseclimateinformationandthepracticeofconsideringclimate-relatedtrendsandeventsindevelopmentdecision-makingtocopewithclimatechangeandminimizepotentialharm(UNISDR2008).Whenplanningforandmanagingrisk,itisessentialtohaveaclearunderstandingof"whoisatrisk;'"where(thespatialcontext)istherisk;'aswellas"whyandwhataredrivingtheforcesfortherisk."Beyondthose,however,itisalsocrucialtoknowwhatopportunitiesmayarisefromachangingclimate.Forinstance,increasingaveragerainfallmaynotautomaticallyequatetofloodriskbecauseitmayalsobringpositiveopportunities,say,forexample,tocommunitiesthathistoricallyfacewatershortages.Theimpactswilldependontheconditionsorstateofthenaturalandbuiltenvironmenttoaccommodatethechangedrainfallaverage.Itisthuscrucialtoinvestigatetheclimatestimuli,insuchcasetherainfallvolume,tolearnaboutwhere,when,andwhyitwilllikelycausenegativeorpositiveimpacts.Whennegativeimpactsareforeseenbasedondatafrompreviousdisastereventsandfutureclimateprojections,probinghowthenegativeconsequences-orwhatwecallrisk-couldbemanagedisacriticalstep.Ontheotherhand,whenclimatechangeimpactsareseentobringaboutopportunities,adeeperunderstandingofhowitcouldbeadequatelyharnessedandmaximizedtoservethemostvulnerableandadvancelocalsustainabledevelopmentisascrucial.Localclimateactorsshouldkeepinmindthatclimateadaptationentailsadjustmentsnotonlytoreducethenegativeimpactsofclimatechangebutalsoexploitthebeneficialopportunities(IPCC;UNFCCC).Amorenuancedperspectiveofclimatechangeimpactsallowsforabroaderrangeofpossiblesolutionsandactionstobedeveloped.Forthis,amorecomprehensiveanalysisnotonlyofclimatechangeinformationbutalsothedatafromvariousdevelopmentsectorscouldhelp.Itmayassistindeterminingmorespecificdetailsofthevulnerability,risks,andopportunitiestohelptheexposedcommunitiestoplananddesigntheirspacesandactivitiesthatbestsuittheirparticularclimateanddevelopmentrealities.Asnotedintheprevioussectionofthistool,theprocessforacomprehensiveClimateandDisasterRiskAssessmentisalreadyoutlinedinaSupplementalGuidetoLGUsbytheHLURB,nowDHSUD.ThisUPDReferenceToolcomplementstheCDRAguidanceandsuggestselaborationontheanalysisportion(steps4and5)todeterminethepotentialcontributionsofurbanplansanddesigntoenhancetheclimateadaptationandresiliencecapabilityofLGUsovertheimmediateandlong-termperiod.Itmeansthatbeforeidentifyingspecificclimateactions,thelocalplanningteamorcommitteeshouldextendtheCDRAprocessorstepstoinvolvethefollowingactivities:►Crossanalysisofclimateprojectionsandimpactswiththecurrentandplannedgrowthnodesordevelopmentzones►Analysisofthecapacityofthecurrenturbandesignelementstoadapttoclimaterisksandimpactsasitalsointeractswithstateofurbanizationandeconomicgrowth(e.g.,populationgrowth,industrydevelopment,mobilitydemands,andwater);and►Identifyingclimatechange-drivendesignparametersacrossallstagesoftheplanningprocess(fromVisioningtoM&E)Theabovecitedadditionalactivitiesandanalysisareillustratedthroughactualcityexamplesinthenextsection.URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCE52CROSSANALVSISOFCLIMATEPROJECTIONSANDIMPACTSWITHTHECURRENTANDPLANNEDGROWTHNODES/DEVELOPMENTZONESTheCaseofAngelesCityTheNorth-SouthCorridorcoverstheurbancenterofAngelesCitycomposedoftheBalibagoGrowthCenter,NorthCentralBusinessDistrictandEastSectionofthePampangGrowthCenter,HeritageDistrict,andSantoDomingoGrowthAreaandSouthernPortionofthePampangGrowthCenter.Theseareasareexpectedtoundergorapidurbanexpansioncomparedtootherareasofthecity.Climateprojectionssuggestincreasingseasonaltemperaturesby2099byasmuchas3.9°C(RepresentativeConcentrationPathway[RCP]8.5)triggeringurbanheatstressandincreasedGHGemissions.Also,changesinseasonalprecipitationpatternssuggesttwopossiblescenarioswhererainfallwillbesignificantlylessthanobserved(RCP8.5lowbound),whichmaytriggerwaterscarcity,orslightlyhigherthanobserved(RCP8.5highbound),whichisbeneficialtorechargegroundandsurfacewaterresources.Giventhesescenarios,thecityisgearingtowardsadjustinghowtheseurbangrowthnodesaredesignedtoaccommodatetheseclimatetriggersbymaintainingnaturalcoolingsystems,promotingresourceefficientbuildings,reducingtheheatabsorptionoftheurbanlandscape,harvestingrainwater,andincreasinggroundpermeabilitytohastengroundwaterrecharge.TheEast-WestCorridorcoverstheSapangbatowatershedreserve,Abacanriverdevelopmentcorridor,andagriculturalproductionareas.Identifiedclimateimpactsincludeprojectedincreasingtemperaturesaffectingtemperaturesensitivecropsandprojectedreductioninrainfallaffectingagricultureproductionyieldanditsimplicationsonlocalfoodsecurity,reducedhouseholdincomesaffectingagriculturedependenthouseholds,andreductionindomesticpotablewatersupply.Thecityadaptationpolicyandstrategyframeworkmentioninterventionstorehabilitateandconserveitswatershed,climateresilientagriculturalproduction,andestablishmentofwaterretentionanddetentionpondsandparks.Figure26:UrbanAdaptationStrategyforAngelesCityConsideringTwoUrbanGrowthNodes53URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEFigure27:MapofTagumCityShowingIntensityofHeatStressANALYSISOFTHECAPACITYOFTHECURRENTURBANDESIGNELEMENTSTOADAPTTOCLIMATERISKSANDIMPACTSASITALSOINTERACTSWITHSTATEOFURBANIZATIONANDECONOMICGROWTH(E.G.,POPULATIONGROWTH,INDUSTRYDEVELOPMENT,MOBILITYDEMANDS,ANDWATER)CURRENTURBANDESICNANDTHESTATEOFURBANIZATIONINACHANCINCCLIMATETheCaseofTagumCityTheCityofTagumisa1stclasscityandcapitaloftheDavaodelNorteProvinceandisdesignatedasasub-regionalcenterandwillserveasasecondaryurbangrowthandtradecenteroftheDavaoRegion(DavaoRegionalDevelopmentPlan2017-2022).TheCentralBusinessDistrictcoversfiveofthemostdenselypopulatedurbanbarangaysofthecity.Thecity'sannualpopulationgrowthrateof3.98percentwasalsohighercomparedtoprovincial,regional,andnationalrates.TheMagugpodistrictisalsobeingplannedasthemajorcommercialandmediumdensityresidentialzone.HighurbanheatstressareaswereobservedintheCentralBusinessDistrict(CBD)mainlyduetothehighlyconcretecharacter,lackoftreecover,andlackofavailableopenspacesinthearea.Basedonclimatechangeprojections,TagumCitytemperaturesareprojectedtoincreasebyasmuchas2.3to4.2°Cbythemidandlatecenturyrespectively.ConventionalurbandesignpracticesmaytriggerafurtherwarmingoftheCBDtriggeringunintentionalimpactstohumanhealth,increaseddependenceonmotorizedmodeoftransportationformobility,andincreasedelectricityconsumption,whichmayfurthertriggerincreasedGHGemissions.Recognizingthepotentialimpacts,thecityispursingurbandesignpolicyandstrategyinterventionstoaccommodateincreasingtemperaturesandeffectivelycooltheCBDandadjacentgrowthcenters.Theseincludeincreasingtreecover,strategiclocationofgreenspaces,incorporatingsun-pathandprevailingwindsconsiderationsinsiteanddistrictdesign,andpromotingandincentivizingresourceefficientbuildings.URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCE54UNDERSTANDINGOPPORTUNITIESFROMGREEN-GREVNEXUSTheCaseofLegazpiCityTypicalinterventionstoaddressclimateanddisasterrisksusethetraditionalgreyinfrastructureapproachrequiringsignificantinvestments.Fundinginfrastructure-basedinterventions,onascaleneededtoaddressthevariousclimateimpacts,hasbeenextremelychallengingtolocalgovernments.Nature-basedsolutionssuchasforests,mangroves,andwetlandsarerecognizedasviablesolutionsforeffectiveclimatechangeadaptationandmitigation.Integratinggreenandgreyinfrastructureiscapableofaddressingvariousclimateimpacts,providesmultiplebenefitstobiodiversity,mitigatesGHGs,andisconsideredmorecost-effectivecomparedtopurelygreyinfrastructureinterventions.LegazpiCitycurrentlyhasnumerousgreyinfrastructureprojectstomanagefloods,stormsurges,andlahar.Theseincludeitsfloodpumpingstation,riverbankembankments,andcoastalroadsea-walls.Thesebiginfrastructureprojectswererealizedwithexternalfundingassistanceandhavesignificantlycontributedtoeffectivemanagementofcurrentclimaterisks.However,itisstilluncertainwhetherthesecanaccommodateandwithstandthepotentialimpactsofachangingclimate.Ratherthanfurtherinvestinginretrofittingthesestructuresatthespecificationstoaccommodatethesechanges,thecityislookingatcomplimentingthesewithadditionalgreen-greyinfrastructure.Theseincludefloodimpoundmentwetlandparks,flooddetentionhybridparks,renaturingofhighlysusceptiblelaharareas,constructingcoastalparks,andrestoringmangroveforestscapableofreducingstormsurgeintensities.Furthermore,toreducethesurfaceflowvolumesexitingtheMacabaloRiverduringextremerainfalleventsaffectingriversidecommunities,insteadofincreasingtheheightofitsriverbankembankments,thecityisexploringwaysofincreasingthetreecoverandestablishingagriculture,swales,andearthdamsintheuplandareasoftheMacabaloRiverBasin.Figure28:CitywideClimateAdaptationStrategyofLegazpiCitythroughUPD55URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEFigure29:PlannedClimateResilientUPDStrategyforCagayandeOroCityEXPANDINGTHESCALEOFSTRATEGYFROMSITETOCITY/ECOSYSTEMANDDEFINECOHERENTOPTIONSFORRESILIENTURBANDESIGNELEMENTSTheCaseofCagayandeOroCityTheCitymayexperiencetwoplausiblescenariosasaresultofpotentialchangesinseasonalandannualrainfallpatterns.Reductioninannualrainfallmayaffectlocalpotablewatersupplies,wateravailabilityinagriculturalareas,andthechallengesofbalancingwaterrequirementsofvarioususers.Annualrainfallpatternsmayalsopotentiallyincreasecomparedtothecurrentbaseline,whichprovidesdevelopmentbenefitstothelocalwatersupplyandwateravailabilityforagriculturalproduction.Also,theurbancenter,beinglocatedadjacenttotheCagayandeOroandlponanRivers,ishighlysusceptibletofloodingtriggeredbycontinuousandextremerainfallevents.Giventhesechallenges,theCityGovernmentrecognizedtheneedimplementadaptationstrategiesbyredesigningthecityusingclimateresilienturbandesignprinciplesandapproachesatdifferentscales.Atthebuildingtodistrictscales,strategiesincluderedesigningdrainagesystemsandconstructingparksandopenspacescapableofdetainingrainwater,increasingpublicopenspacesespeciallyalongriverstopreventfutureexposure,rainwaterharvestingtoaugmentlocalwatersuppliesandreducesurfacewaterflow,andmaximizingandincreasingthepermeabilityofurbanspacestorechargegroundwatersupplies.Apartfromurbandesignadjustmentsattheurbancenter,adaptationstrategieswereexpandedtocoverinterventionswithintheuplandareasoftheCagayandeOroandlponanriverbasins.Theseincludeestablishingwaterimpoundmentfacilities,restoringriparianforests,andincreasingtreecoverintheuplandproductionandprotectionforests.Theseinterventionswillhelpprovidewaterforagriculturalpurposesaswellashelpaddressfloodinginlow-lyingareasbyreducingriversurfaceflowvolumesordelayingtheonsetoffloodsduringextremerainfallevents.However,tosignificantlyreducefloodinginareasneartheexitpointsofrivers,furtherexpansionofthesestrategiescanbeadoptedbyothermunicipalitiesandcitieswithintheCagayandeOroandlponanriverbasins.URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCE56IDENTIFYINGCLIMATECHANCEDRIVENDESIGNPARAMETERSACROSSALLSTAGESOFTHEPLANNINGPROCESSTheCaseofOrmocCityThepathtocityresiliencewasfacilitatedbytheformulationoftheOrmocCitylocalclimatechangeactionplan.TheclimateanddisasterriskassessmentandGHGemissioninventory(GHGI)providedevidence-basedinformationtoguidedecisionmakingtowardssystematicclimatechangeurbanadaptationandresilience.Withquantifiableinformation,thecitywasabletoidentifyitsurbanadaptionobjectivesrelativetothelocaldevelopmentcontext,climatetriggers,thescaleofpotentialimpactstothevariousdevelopmentsectors,aquantitativemeasureonthelevelofexposure,sensitivities,andadaptivecapacitiesatelementsatrisk,andpotentialopportunitiesbroughtaboutbyclimatechange.Thisledtothedeterminationofitsurbanadaptationpathways,itsurbanadaptationstrategyframeworkforthenext10yearsrelativetocurrentcapacitiesofthelocalgovernment,whichwerethentranslatedintourbanadaptationobjectives.Withbetterobjectivestatementsandtargets,thisallowedtheidentificationofthetype,scale,andgeneraldetailsofclimateurbanadaptationprograms,projects,andactivitiesthatareconsistentandcontributetotheachievementofthevariousurbanadaptationobjectivesandtargetsoftheCity.TheOrmocUrbanRiversideProjectwasconceptualizedtoaddressthevariousurbandevelopmentissuesinBarangayCan-adiengcoastalandriverdecisionareaasaresultoftheCDRA.TheprojectsupportsnumerousurbanadaptationobjectivesoftheLCCAPandisconsistentwiththeplanvisionandurbanadaptationstrategyframeworkofthecity.Toensureconsistencywiththeoverallcityadaptationobjectives,M&Eindicatorswereidentifiedandserveasthemeanstoassessthecontributionoftheprojectrelativetotheoverallurbanadaptationobjectivesandtargetsofthecityandallowsucceedingfine-tuningandorupscalingoftheprojecttocoverothersimilarareas.Figure30:OverviewofOrmocCityUrbanRiverscapeProjectfromTechnicalFindingstoM&EORMOCURBANRIVERSCAPEPROJECTBrgy.Can-adieng,OrmocCity57TECHNICALFINDINGSVISIONINGOBJECTIVESETTINGMONITORINGANDEVALUATION(INDICATORS)URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCE►Submergenceofhousestofloodcausingstructuralstressestowalls,ceilings,andfloorsanddamagestootherdomesticpropertiesin29high-riskbarangays.►Floodeventthataffect153,351peopleequivalenttoatripledreplacementcostofPhP64.96billionby2030.►Increasingrainfallwillleadtoincreaseofavailablewaterforcapture,storage,anduse.►Decreaseinincomeduetodisruptionofeconomicactivitiestoanestimate8,000participantsoftheinformaleconomy,relatedtodisruptedtouristflowduetosuspendedseaandairtransportation.►Increasingseasonaltemperaturestriggeringincreasingelectricityconsumptionof11,460residentialand423commercialestablishmentsforcoolingunits,primarilyto42urbanbarangayswhereheatwillbemoreintenseduetocompactnessofconcretebuildingsthatdonotemploypassivecoolingarchitecture.►OrmocCityastheagro-commercialandindustrialgatewayinEasternVisayasandtheRenewableEnergyCapitalofthePhilippines;withagrowth-inclusiveeconomy,inadisaster-resilientenvironment,administeredbyanaccountablelocalgovernment.►Decreasedrisksofpopulationduetofloodingbytenpercenteverythreeyearsby2028.►Increasedhouseholdincomebyfivepercentin2020,tenpercentin2025,andtwentyfivepercentin2030.►Improveddesignofhousingunitsandcommercialestablishments.►Improveddesigndevelopmentandre-developmentofparksandopenspaces,ecotourismspotsandculturalheritagesites.►Improveddesignofinstitutionalbuildings.►Improveddesignofroads,sidewalks,anddrainagesystems.►Decreasedcasesofdengueby2030.►Decreasedcasesofwater-borneandvector-bornediseasesby2030.►Increasedpublicinvestmentonhealthbyfivepercenteveryyear.►►►►►►►►►Numberofclimatehazardresilientresidentialunitsconstructedorretrofitted.Numberofclimateresilienthousingbeneficiaries.Percentageofatriskfamiliesbelowthepovertythreshold.Percentageofatriskfamilieswithsecurityoftenure.Percentageofinstitutionalbuildingswithclimateresilientstructuraldesign.Volumeofwatercollected,stored,andused.Linearkilometersofimproved/upgradedroadsandsidewalks.Linearkilometersofimproved/upgradeddrainage.ElectricityconsumptionandGHGemissionsofcommercialandresidentialusers.URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEB.DEVELOPUPDSTRATEGIESATSCALEFORCLIMATEADAPTATIONANDRESILIENCE58TheresultsoftheCDRAprocessshouldleadLGUstohaveamulti-scaleandintegratedapproachtoclimateadaptationandresiliencebuilding.OncetheLGUisabletoanalyzetheirclimateissuesontheappropriatescale,thedetailsofhowclimateimpactsinteractwithandmanifestinthebroaderurbansystemwillbemoreevident.SuchclaritywillthenhelpLGUsdefinethesuitableurbanplananddesigninterventionsneededtoaddresstheirclimate-relatedissues.Sinceclimatechangeanddisasterimpactscutacrossscalesandadministrativeboundaries,developingtheLGU'sadaptationstrategies,therefore,musttakethisrealityintoaccount.TheLGU'sCDRAresultsshouldleadtowardsacoherentapproachacrossspacesorspatiallevelsandgroupingswhereinfluencecanbemadebytheLGU,eitherthroughpoliciesordirectaction.ToensurecoherentresilienceactionsthroughUPDaswellasinconsiderationofPhilippinelocalplanningcontext,thescaleofadaptationstrategiesfortheurbandesignelementscouldbe(a)ecosystem-wide,(b)LGUoradministrativeboundary-wide,(c)atthelevelsofdistricts/neighborhoodorbarangay,and(d)site-specificorbuildinglevel.Figure31:UPDStrategiesatEcosystem,City,andNeighborhoodScale(IllustrationsbyJethroPhilipMamonong)ECOSYSTEM/INTER-LCiULEVELCITY/MUNICIPALITYLEVELLGUALGUB59URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEDISTRICT/NEIGHBORHOODORBARANGAVLEVELANDSITE/BUILDINGLEVEL//7/DISTRICT/NEIGHBORH006LEVEL////,-//////////////_.J___////////////////r-1Ir-'-,'III.LIIIIILIII---------------SITE/BUILDINGLEVELURBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCE60DefiningtheLGUadaptationstrategiestobuildclimateresiliencemaytakeofffromthePhilippinenationalgovernment'sdefinitionofresilience,whichidentifiessixabilitiesofaresilientsystem,community,orsocietytomanagerisksinatimelyandeffectivemanner.Table6explainsthecharacteristicsorindicatorsofresiliencerelatedtoclimatechangeactions.HavingabroaderapproachtoaddressclimaterisksthroughintegratedplansanddesignscoulddelivermoreeffectiveresilienceresultsandhelpLGUsavoidmaladaptation.Moreover,acomprehensiveresilienceapproachwillnotonlyhelpthemidentifyavarietyofadaptationoptionstotakebutalsofacilitateidentificationoftherolesofactorsorresponsibleagentsfortheclimateactionconsideringthegovernancerequiredforthescaleofclimateaction/s.Table6:RiskResilienceIndicatorsinRelationtoClimateActionsRISKRESILIENCECONTEXTRELATEDTOSTRATEGY/INDICATORSCLIMATEACTIONSABSORBACCOMMODATE►Climateactionsthatenablethesystemormakeexposedelementswithstandknownnegativeeffectsofclimate-relatedhazardsandchange.►Hazardsarepresentbutthesystem/elementswillnotcollapse,bedamaged,orbepenetrated.►Climateactionsthatincreasetheabilityofthesystemorexposedelementstotakeinorletimpactsoccur(whetherpositiveornegative)andthenjustmanagetheeffectstominimizeorlimitthelosses(e.g.,risktransfer).►Climateactionsthatmakeroomfor,direct,orcontroltheexpectedimpactsastheconditionofthesystemcanacceptthechange,"residualrisks,"andmanagethe"uncertainty"associatedwithclimatechange.►Climateactionsthatrelatetoadjustmentsthatmoderatenegativeimpactsof.:::--climatechangeaswellascaptureandmaximizeopportunities.-----ADAPTTOTRANSFORMc±JRECOVER►Couldberelatedto"incrementaladaptation,"inwhichexistingpracticesareadjustedtomakethembettersuitedtoneworprojectedconditions.►Climateactionsthatrelateto"transformationalortransformativeadaptation."►Asopposedtoadaptation,whichcanbeincrementalandsmallinscope,transformativeadaptationreferstomorepurposivechangesandnotjustlimitedadjustmentsorsmallimprovements.Transformativeclimatechangeactionsarecharacterizedby"systemicchange."►Climateactionstypicallyrelatedtoactivitiesdoneaftertheoccurrenceofclimate-relateddisasterevents.Actionsintendtoaddressandregainfromthenegativeeffectsandlossesbybuildingbackbetterthroughresilience-buildingstrategies.61URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEC.USEURBANPLANSANDDESICNOPTIONSFORCLIMATEADAPTATIONANDBUILDCLIMATERISKRESILIENCEAdaptationactionsoroptionsusingUPDshouldrespondtotherisksandopportunitiesidentifiedintheCDRAprocess.Theoptions,whileflexible,shouldfirmlyanchoronachievingtheresilienceindicators,whichlikewisemayframetheguidingadaptationstrategiesforactions.Beinginavulnerablecountryalreadyfeelingtheimpactsofclimateextremes,mostLGUsoftenconcentrateondevelopinganddefiningactionsforacutehazardsrelatedtoclimatechange(e.g.,typhoons,floods,anddrought).ItiscrucialforLGUstoadapttothesehazards,whichareprojectedtobegettingmoresevereandintenseduetoclimatechange,inasystemsapproachtoavertthecycleoflossesfromthedisasterimpacts.AdjustingandtransformingtheLGUplansanddesignswillfacilitateasystemicchange.PlansanddesignslocksintheLGUtoaparticularphysicalstate,which,ifnotclimateflexibleandrobust,couldleadtoseverenegativeimpactsandlosses.Adaptationoptionsthusmustincludeadjustmentsinurbandesignelementstoreduceandmitigaterisksfromacutehazards.Adaptationoptionsmustalsobeplanned,designed,andimplementedtoaddressclimatechange-relatedchronichazardssuchasincreasingtemperature,increasingand/ordecreasingprecipitation,andrisingsealevels.LGUsshouldensurethatthesetypesofhazardsarepartoftheirCDRAassessment,soappropriateactionscouldalsobeidentifiedandapplied.Chronichazardsmaybeassessedbyunderstandingthebaselinesituationandprojectedtrendsovertime.Keytounderstandingimpactsandriskswouldbeanalyzinghowboththenaturalandbuiltsystemsareinteractingwiththecurrentchangeandinparticularanddifferenttimescales.WhenLGUsusetheRepresentativeConcentrationPathway(RCP)ProjectionsfromPAGASA,itmustbeunderstoodthattheprojectionsprovidedpresenta"rangeofpossiblescenarios"consideringclimateuncertainties.Allthescenariosshouldbeconsideredindevelopingstrategiesanddecidingtheoptionstotake,especiallythoserelatingtourbanplansanddesign.TheimpactchainanalysisintroducedintheCDRAisthebasictoolusedinthecurrentclimateplanningprocessesofLGUs.Theplanningteammayalsoconductmoredetailedstudies(impactmodelingandothers)ifresourcesareavailable.Detailedstudiesmayprovidemorebasisforidentifyingclimateactionsandoptionsandindevelopingprojectdesignsasaresponsetochronichazardsortheslow-onsetclimateimpacts.URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCE62DESIGNSOLUTIONSAssuggestedthroughoutthisreferencetool,urbanplansanddesigncanbeusedtoimplementclimate-responsiveactionstoincreaseacommunity'sresiliency.Assuch,thereisaneedtobefamiliarwithdifferenturbandesignelements,whichrangefromtheoverallurbanstructuredowntothemorespecificdetailsandmaterialsindeterminingthepossiblerangeofUPDactionsforaspecifichazard.Table7belowdefineseachurbandesignelementwhilemoredetailsandexamplescanbefoundintheUpdatedCLUPVolume2:SpecialAreaStudyonUrbanDesignandDevelopmentGuide.Table7:DescriptionofUrbanDesignElementsURBANDESIGNDESCRIPTIONELEMENTURBANSTRUCTUREURBANGRAINDENSITYANDMIXHEIGHTANDMASSINGSTREETSCAPEANDLANDSCAPEFACADEANDINTERFACEDETAILSANDMATERIALTheoverallframeworkofaregion,town,zonesordistrict,showingrelationshipsbetweenzonesofbuiltforms,landforms,naturalenvironments,activities,andopenspaces.Thebalanceofopenspacetobuiltform,andthenatureandextentofsubdividinganareaintosmallerparcelsorblocks.Theintensityofdevelopmentandtherangeofdifferentuses(i.e.,residential,commercial,institutional,andrecreational).Thescaleofbuildingsinrelationtoheightandfloorarea,andhowtheyrelatetoitssurroundings.Thedesignofpublicspacessuchasstreets,openspaces,andpathways,includinglandscapingandplanting.Therelationshipofbuildingstothesite,street,andneighboringbuildingsandthearchitecturalexpressionsoftheirfacades.Theclose-upappearanceofobjectsandsurfacesandtheselectionofmaterials.63URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCETables8to12showexamplesofclimate-resilienturbanplansanddesignforLGUstoconsider.ThetablesarepresentedforeachclimatehazardwiththepotentialUPDactions/optionsthatmightbetakenaccordingtospatialscale.Thetablesalsoprovideinformationonthepossibleresiliencecharacter/indicatoritcontributesto.Figure32presentsasampleforLGUsinmanagingincreasingtemperaturethroughurbandesignelementsacrossthedifferentlevelsinanurbanecosystem.Intheseexamples,itisvitalforLGUstoknowthatwhilevariousactionscanbedone,transformativeadaptationismorelikelytohappenwhentheurbanstructureandtheurbangrainfacilitatesit.ItisinthiscontextthatclimatestrategiesandactionsshouldbemainstreamedintheLGUs'CLUPandCDP.Figure32:ExampleofManagingIncreasingTemperaturethroughUrbanDesignElements(IllustrationbyJethroPhilipMamonong)•CCOSYSTEMANDLGULEVEL•DISTRICT/NEIGHBORHOODLEVEL•SITE/BUILDINGLEVEL'////''/•J'Clt'''I//--t'///'///1URBANSTRUCTUREITrl:c'eSintheenlirelamJs:.:aµe1especiallyopenspacesMobilityplanreducingheatfromIvehicles.l,,'-''-''-'-''''1STREETSCAEANOLANDSCAPEIGreenspacesandcorridorsinurbanareasIWnterieaturesinpublic:spocesICoolpavementsIEstablishmentofriparianbuffersI--I1FAc;ADE+INTERFACEItJ5epassivec:oolingter.hniquesUseofCoolRoofsIWiderroofeavesIVen:icalsunshadingdevicesIVegetatedfai;;adeIIIURBANGRAINIStreets,blocksizcz,;J.ndorientationIconsideringwindcorridorIncreasedve-getationcoveraspartoftheIstreetsandblockdesignII1DENSITY+MIXITreesintheLandscapeIIncreasedvegelationcoverI/>I1HEIGHT+MASSINGIBuildtallbuildingsclosertoslree!sI(minimallrontsetbacks!I:DETAILS+MATERIALSUseofthermalinsulationinbuildingsICoolpaintcolorsINobedroomsontopfloorINobedroomsonweslernsideofbuildingsURBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCE64Table8:ClimateResilientUPDOptionsforIncreasingTemperatureINCREASINGTEMPERATURESCALEURBANEXAMPLEUPDADAPTATIONPOTENTIALRESILIENCEOFACTIONDESICiNOPTIONS/ACTIONSCONTRIBUTION►Treesintheentirelandscape~o--18--n-.---~-·----.especiallyopenspaces::?-Urban•RESISTABSORBACCOMMODATEStructure:::::~---o►Mobilityplanreducingheatfroml:vehicles-----~wADAPTTOTRANSFORMIii>II)0~o--18--nu►Increasedvegetationcoveraspartofw---·~-·----.Urbanthestreetsandblockdesign•RESISTABSORBACCOMMODATEGrain:::::~---o►Streets,blocksizes,andorientationconsideringwindcorridor-----~ADAPTTOTRANSFORMDensity►Treesinthelandscape-----~--n-----~+-----~----.Mix►IncreasedvegetationcoverADAPTTOACCOMMODATECHeight►Buildtallbuildingsclosertostreets-----~178+:::::~Massing(minimalfrontsetbacks)::cADAPTTOACCOMMODATEa:0al::c0►Greenspacesandcorridorsinurbaniiizareas--1817---~-·Streetscape►WaterfeaturesinpublicspacesABSORBACCOMMODATE+Landscape►Coolpavements:::::~-----~ADAPTTO►Establishmentofriparianbuffers►UseofCoolRoofs►Usepassivecoolingtechniques~o--18--J.::Facade~-'•RESISTABSORB+►WiderroofeavesInterface:::::~--n►Verticalsunshadingdevices-----~----.ADAPTTOACCOMMODATE0►Vegetatedfai;:adezc..I5al►Useofthermalinsulationinbuildings~o--18►Coolpaintcolors~--J.::Details-'•RESISTABSORB+Materials►Nobedroomsontopfloor:::::~--n-----~----.►NobedroomsonwesternsideofADAPTTOACCOMMODATEbuildings65URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCETable9:ClimateResilientUPDOptionsforIncreasingPrecipitationINCREASINGPRECIPITATIONSCALEURBANEXAMPLEUPDADAPTATIONPOTENTIALRESILIENCEOFACTIONDESIGNOPTIONS/ACTIONSCONTRIBUTION►Adaptivelandusepoliciesandregulations~o---1817~---..;--•Urban►Maintaininguplandforestsandwetlands•RESISTABSORBACCOMMODATEStructure:::~---o►Riversystem/networkmanagementl:(i.e.,increaseriverchannelvolumeby...,,_wADAPTTOTRANSFORMI-widening/deepeningriverchannels)II)>II)0u►Identifyandavoidlandslideproneareas~o---lE]17w►Avoidingconstructiononsteepslopes¢--·;-•Urban•RESISTABSORBACCOMMODATEGrainandlandslideproneareas---o==:::~►Drainagenetworkandsystem------~improvementtoaccommodatechangeADAPTTOTRANSFORMDensity►Makingspaceforwater-retreatfrom------~17+high-riskareas==:::~Mix►Restrictionsonhazard-zoneactivitiesADAPTTOACCOMMODATE►Engineeredslopeprotection►Biotechnicalstabilization(slope~~oHeightstabilizationusingvegetation):?•RESISTC+►Flatteningorreducingslopeangles8Massing==:::~---o::c►Benchingslopes------~a:ADAPTTOTRANSFORM010►Retainingwallsandgabions::c0iiiz►Increasedstorm-draincapacity►Minimizingsurfaceirrigation~~o---18--]~:►Streamchannellining:?--.Streetscape•RESISTABSORB+Landscape►Directingsurfacewaterawayfrom==:::~---npotentiallandslideareas------~---.ADAPTTOACCOMMODATE►Directinggroundwaterawayfrompotentiallandslideareas►UsingpilefoundationsforbuildingsinslopedareasFacade~o---18+►Coveringslopeswithimpermeable:?--J..:--.Interfacemembrane•RESISTABSORB0►Rainwaterharvestingzc..I5►Debrisflowbasins10---p~---n►Deflectionwallsanddebrisfences--·f:-...._DetailsABSORBACCOMMODATE+►DirectingflowsawayfromstructuresMaterials------~usingsandbags------~------~►PermeablepavementsADAPTTOURBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCE66Table1O:ClimateResilientUPDOptionsforDecreasingPrecipitationDECREASINGPRECIPITATIONSCALEURBANEXAMPLEUPDADAPTATIONPOTENTIALRESILIENCEOFACTIONDESIGNOPTIONS/ACTIONSCONTRIBUTION►Establishing/restoringuplandforestsUrban(reforestation/afforestation)==:::~--oStructure►Waterrestrictionsandconsumption--~ADAPTTOTRANSFORMcutsl:wI-►AdaptivegroundwatermanagementII)>II)0►ImprovedwaterretentioninessentialuwUrbanandviableareas----~--oGrain►Water-sensitiveurbandesign(WSUD)==:::~ADAPTTOTRANSFORM►SustainableUrbanDrainageSystems(SUDS)Density+MixC8Height::c+a:Massing0al::c0►WSUDiiizStreetscape----~--o+►SUDS==:::~Landscape►UrbanfarmingandgardeninginopenADAPTTOTRANSFORMspacesFacade==:::~+►Rainwaterharvesting----~InterfaceADAPTTO0zc►Waterrecycling..I5Details==:::~--oal►Rainwaterharvesting+----~Materials►Useofwater-efficientplumbingADAPTTOTRANSFORMfixturesandfittings67URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCETable11:ClimateResilientUPDOptionsforSeaLevelRiseSEALEVELRISESCALEURBANEXAMPLEUPDADAPTATIONPOTENTIALRESILIENCEOFACTIONDESIGNOPTIONS/ACTIONSCONTRIBUTION►Retreatfromhigh-riskareas►Groins,breakwaters,andartificialreefs2:'::c□--n►Restorationandmanagementof~----.coastalwetlands(mangroveforests)•RESISTACCOMMODATEUrbanl:Structurew►SeawallsandJetties-~----oI-II)::::::~>►Buildingnew/improveexistingdikesII)ADAPTTOTRANSFORM0anddamsuw►RehabilitatewetlandsandrestorefloodplainsUrban►Roaddikes~oGrain~•RESISTDensity+CMix00::cHeight::::::~a:0+►Buildingonpartiallyelevatedareas-~alMassing...,,,::cADAPTTO0iiizStreetscape►Duneconstructionandstrengthening::::::~+-~Landscape►FloatingorelevatedroadsADAPTTOFacade►Floatingandamphibiousbuildings-~+►Raisegroundfloorelevationabove::::::~0InterfacezfloodlevelADAPTTOc..I5alDetails►Salt-tolerantbuildingmaterial'°'~□~n+:?----Materials►Useregionalmaterials•RESISTACCOMMODATEURBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCE68Table12:ClimateResilientUPDOptionsforExtremeEventsEXTREMEEVENT:STRONGWINDDUETOTYPHOONSSCALEURBANEXAMPLEUPDADAPTATIONPOTENTIALRESILIENCEOFACTIONDESIGNOPTIONS/ACTIONSCONTRIBUTION►Implementationoflateststructuralcoderequirementsforwindloading-tE]-nLandusezoning....----.►----•-.UrbanABSORBACCOMMODATEStructure►Forestprotectionandrestorationl:boundary==:::~wI-►Seturbanboundaryzones----~II)ADAPTTO>►GreeninfrastructureintegrationII)0uw-18►Highertreecanopythanbuildingheight---n-·J.::----.--'Urban►GroupingofbuildingsABSORBACCOMMODATEGrain►Smoothtransitionbetweenbuildings:::~----oandnaturalartifacts...,,_ADAPTTOTRANSFORMDensity►EcotonedBuildingDensity-tE]----o....+----•►Compactdevelopment-.MixABSORBTRANSFORM►Avoidingwindsweptsitesathilltops==:::~---n----.Height►Buildingatshelteredleewardsites----~ADAPTTOACCOMMODATE+►Buildinglengthorientedalongprevailing----oMassingwindC►UniformbuildingheightdistributionTRANSFORM8::ca:►Plantingtrees10metersawayfrom010buildings::cCJ►Preventivepruningoftreesduringiiityphoonseason----oz2:'::c□►Stakingofnewlyplantedtrees~Streetscape►Preventivemaintenanceofbillboards•RESISTTRANSFORM+andsignagespriortotyphoonsLandscape==:::~-tE]--J..:►Streetsorientedalongprevailingwind----~--.ADAPTTOABSORB►Streetscapeelementsdesignedfordisassembly►Strategicdispersementofnaturalartifacts►Avoidingflatroofdesigns►Usinghiproofsat20-40degreesslope----oforhousing'°'~□Facade►Strongcoreshelterforlow-costhousing~•RESISTTRANSFORM+Interface►Solidfai;:adeassembly==:::~---n►Fai;:adeorientatedalongprevailingwind----~----.CJdirectionADAPTTOACCOMMODATEziS►Free-flowstructure..I510►Limitroofeavesto60cmoverhang►Avoidingcomplicatedroofshapes==:::~:-flDetailsAvoildingcomplicatedbuildingshapes----~►ADAPTTOACCOMMODATE+Materials►Detailconnectionsdesignedfor----odisassemblyforself-renewal►SmoothfinishbuildingmaterialTRANSFORM69URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEEXTREMEEVENT:FLUVIALFLOODINGDUETOHEAVYRAINFALLSCALEURBANEXAMPLEUPDADAPTATIONPOTENTIALRESILIENCEOFACTIONDESICiNOPTIONS/ACTIONSCONTRIBUTION►Riversystem/networkmanagement(i.e.,increaseriverchannelvolumebywidening/deepeningriverchannels)►Retreatfromhigh-riskareas►Buildingsea/riverwallsandjetties--tE]--n....----.----•-.Urban►Builldingnew/improvingexistingdikesABSORBACCOMMODATEl:Structure==:::~----ow►RehabilitatingwetlandsandrestoringI-II)floodplains----~>ADAPTTOTRANSFORMII)0►Greeninfrastructureintegrationuw►BufferZoning►Seturbanboundaryzones►Usewaterdetentionbasinswhere----~Urbanapplicable----~--nGrain----~----.►StrategicclusteringofbuildingfootprintADAPTTOACCOMMODATEDensity+►BalancedbuildingdensityandnaturalMix►BuildingonpartiallyelevatedareasCHeight==:::~----o8+►Buildingheight(habitablefloors)above::cMassingfloodlevel----~a:ADAPTTOTRANSFORM0►Higharea-to-volume-ratiomassingal::c0iii►DuneconstructionandstrengtheningzwhereapplicableStreetscape►Elevatedlifelineroads==:::~~o+Landscape----~~►NaturalartifactdispersefloodvelocityADAPTTO•RESIST►Smoothnon-linear(curvilinear)streets►Floatingandamphibiousbuildings►Increasedifferencebetweenstreetlevelandgroundfloorlevels----~----~--n►Wet-and/ordryfloodproofingbuildings----Facade----~ADAPTTOACCOMMODATE+►RaisinggroundfloorelevationaboveInterfacefloodlevel~o0::?-z►Parallelorangledtofluvialflow•RESISTcdirection..I5►Free-flowatgroundal►GroundfloormaterialsdesignedfordisassemblyDetails==:::~--n+►Designategroundfloorassupportarea----.Materials----~ACCOMMODATE►DesignateupperfloorsashabitableADAPTTOareaURBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCE70EXTREMEEVENT:PLUVIALFLOODINCiDUETOHEAVYRAINFALL(URBANFLOODINCi)SCALEURBANEXAMPLEUPDADAPTATIONPOTENTIALRESILIENCEOFACTIONDESICiNOPTIONS/ACTIONSCONTRIBUTION►Interconnectingwaterwaynetworks----~---nUrban►Protectandrestoreecologicalsites----~----Structure----~ADAPTTOACCOMMODATEl:►SeturbanboundarylimitationwI-II)>►WaterdetentionbasinsandpumpingII)0stationsuw----~Urban►Preservenaturaltopography----~Grain----~ADAPTTO►CascadingwaterretentionandfiltrationsystemDensity----~--18----~---n►LowImpactDevelopment(LID)-.+----~--~-·----.MixADAPTTOABSORBACCOMMODATE►Buildingonpartiallyelevatedareas----~---n----~----CHeight►Increasewaterretentiononvertical----~ACCOMMODATEADAPTTO8+surfacesMassing--18::c--J.::a:►Greenwalls-'0ABSORBal::c0►Reducingpavedsurfacesiiiz:::~►SUDS---n----.Streetscape...,,_ACCOMMODATE►BioswaleADAPTTO+Landscape--18-·r:►Constructedwetlands--.ABSORB►Stormwaterretentionponds►Floatingandamphibiousbuildings►Increasedifferencebetweenstreetlevelandgroundfloorlevels--18---nJ~:----.Facade►Wet-and/ordryfloodproofingbuildings--'ABSORBACCOMMODATE+Interface►Raisinggroundfloorelevationabove=====~~°'"D0floodlevelz----~iSADAPTTO•RESIST..I►Greenwall5al►Waterharvestingfacade►Greenroofs----~---n----~----Details----~ACCOMMODATE+►UnpavedsurfaceareaADAPTTOMaterials--18►Pervioussurfacematerials--J.::-'ABSORBURBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEApathwayisacourseortrackthatleadstoacertaindestination.Itisusedasametaphortoillustrateandvisualizetheprocessofrobustactionconsideringclimateuncertaintiesandtemporalcomplexities.Developmentandclimatechangeactionshavebeentakingthe"pathwayapproach"towardsthegoalofasustainablefutureforall.AccordingtotheIPCCAR5,"climate-resilientpathwayfordevelopmentisacontinuingprocessformanagingchangesintheclimateandotherdrivingforcesaffectingdevelopment,combiningflexibility,innovativeness,andparticipativeproblemsolvingwitheffectivenessinmitigatingandadaptingtoclimatechange.Ifeffectsofclimatechangearerelativelysevere,thisprocessislikelytorequireconsiderationsoftransformationalchangesinthreatenedsystemsifdevelopmentistobesustainedwithoutmajordisruptions."Further,IPCCAR5notesthatclimate-resilientpathwaysinvolvetwomaincategoriesofactions:1.Actionstoreducehuman-inducedclimatechangeanditsimpacts,includingbothmitigationandadaptationtowardachievingsustainabledevelopment,and2.Actionstoensurethateffectiveinstitutions,strategies,andchoicesforriskmanagementwillbeidentified,implemented,andsustainedasanintegratedpartofachievingsustainabledevelopment.Consideringtheaboveconceptsputforwardbyleadingclimatescienceexpertsattheinternationalfront,usingUPDtowardsaclimate-resilientpathwayshouldbefullyexploredandensuredacrosstheclimategovernancestructureofadevelopingcountrysuchasthePhilippines.Inlinewiththefirstcategory,UPDsolutionstobeappliedbyLGUsinthecontextofthisGuidewhilesupportingadaptationshouldlikewiseleadtoGHGmitigationco-benefits.Category2alsorelatesthatLGUsandotherinstitutionsshouldhavethecapacityand"politicalwill"tomakedecisions,implement,andsustaintheUPDoptionstheyneedtobuildclimateresilience.URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCE74Furthermore,thepathwayapproachconcerningadaptation,withoutunderminingthemorecomprehensiveclimate-resilientpathway,hasbeensuccessfullyappliedandusedbymanycountriesforvarioussectorsand/orurbansystem.Forexample,Australia'sCoastAdaptprovidesadiscussiononadaptationpathwaysspecificallyon(a)howitcanbeusedforadaptationplanning,(b)whyitisuseful,(c)howtoundertakeapathwaysapproach,and(d)thetheoreticalbackgroundandpracticalcasesandmaterials.Usersofthisreferencetoolmayaccessthefulldiscussionsfromhttps://coastadapt.com.au/pathways-approach.Table13presentsthegeneralconsiderationsfromtheCoastAdapttoolon"howtoapplyadaptationpathwaysapproach"alongwithhowitmaybeusedbyLGUsinviewofthecurrentpracticeandnationaltoolsonlocalclimateactionplanning.Figure33presentsanillustrationofthecurrent"classic"conceptofadaptationpathways,whichisaseriesofadaptivelearningdecisioncyclesovertime.ContinuingresearchonadaptionresultsfromitsapplicationflagsthatLGUsmustknowthatthe"framing"oftheirpathwayiscritical.Forthat,LGUsshouldnotethefollowingconsiderations11:►Thelandscapeoftheadaptivespacemaychangeovertime;►TheLGUsmaynotevenbeintheadaptivespacenow;hencethecurrentdennedaction/smaybeleadingtomaladaptation.Drastictransformation(i.e.,governanceandpolicies,technologyoption,andothers)couldbeneededtogetintothetrackoftheadaptivespace;►Historyandhistoricalcontextmustinformthepathwayandeverydecisionpoint;►Thedecisioncyclecontextmaychangeasculturalvaluesandpracticemayevolve;►Avoidsingletrackandrigidpathdependency;flexibilityandrobustnessarecrucialprinciplestobeapplied;and►Thepathwaysperspectiveimpliesaniterativeandongoingapproach,informedbyastrategicv1s1onthatenablesexperimentationandlearningsothatchoicesalongpathwayscanbealteredinresponsetopredefinedtriggers.Table13:UndertakingtheAdaptationPathwaysApproachinRelationtoPhilippineClimateActionContextHOWTOUNDERTAKETHEADAPTATIONPATHWAYSAPPROACHCOVERAGELINKSTOPHILIPPINELGUCLIMATEACTIONPLANNING(BASEDONAUSTRALIACOASTADAPT)PROCESSANDRELEVANCETORESILIENTUPD1.Definingandscopingtheareasofdecision-makingincludingdeterminingtheobjectivesoravisionofwhatsuccessmightlooklike.Theresultsofthisscopingexercisecanbeusedtoidentifystakeholdersandelicittheirvalues.2.Determiningthresholdsandtriggerpoints.Achievingthisstepislikelytoinvolvestakeholderconsultationand/orinterrogationoffutureclimatechangescenariosandprojections►LinkstoStep1&2oftheLCCAP(GettingStartedandStakeholderanalysis)►LinkstoStep4ofthe(GoalsandObjectivesformulationaslinkedtotheLGUdevelopmentVision)►LinkstotheguidanceforResilientUPDtocomplementtheoveralldevelopmentvisionofthecitygiventhecurrentandfuturerisksitisfacingasfoundedbyresultsoftheCDRAprocess►Relatedtotheguidancethatclimateplanningshouldinvolveclimatechangeexpertsandurbandesignexperts►LinkstoStep3oftheLCCAP(vulnerabilityandriskassessment)►LinkstoStep5-6oftheLCCAP(OptionsIdentificationandOptionsAssessment)►Mustbeconsideredindeterminingandchoosingtheadjustmentsneededurbandesignoptionsmayaddress.AdjustmentsinurbanelementsmustaddressthethresholdandtriggerpointsfornegativeimpactsandbasedontheCDRAclimatehazardscharacterizationandreviewofpreviousandprojectedevents.11Wise,R.M.,Fazey,I.,Smith,M.S.,Park,S.E.,Eakin,H.C.,VanGarderen,E.A.,&Campbell,B.(2014).Reconceptualisingadaptationtoclimatechangeaspartofpathwaysofchangeandresponse.Globalenvironmentalchange,28,325-336.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.12.00275URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEHOWTOUNDERTAKETHEADAPTATIONPATHWAYSAPPROACHCOVERAGELINKSTOPHILIPPINELGUCLIMATEACTIONPLANNING(BASEDONAUSTRALIACOASTADAPT)PROCESSANDRELEVANCETORESILIENTUPD3.Determiningtherangeofadaptationoptionsandtheirlead-timesandthenmakinganevaluationofeachoptionintermsofasetofcriteriainvolvingcost,communityacceptability,timetoimplement,technicalcomplexityetc.4.Developingdecisionpathwaysanddecisionpointsandbeginningthejourneyalongthechosenpathway.►►►Sameasabove(#2)(SeeToolsforDecisionMakingandPrioritization)LinkstoStep7-9(Implementation,M&E,andPlanModificationandAdjustment)►Relevanttothewholeprocessofunderstanding,developing,usingUPDoptionsforresilience,asexplainedinPart1ofthisreferencetool.►(SeeToolsforDecisionMakingandPrioritization)Figure33:AdaptationPathwaysinaSeriesofLearningDecisionCyclesTheDecisionCycle(Re)assess~d=~:ied..~°'overallgoals..TheDecision-CycleContext,--------DedslonUfetlme-------,,'f1>ercePtlo,,,~~,$',?<\A(.,~"'-6.,iSelectpreferredDecisjonPotentlalopllon,ImplementImpactswithinResearchConsultationsRevisions~foeclslo;\iConsequencelnmeThisisthecurrent'classic'conceptualisationofadaptationpathways-asaseriesofadaptivelearningdecisioncyclesovertime(topleft,cf.WillowsandConnell,2003;Haasnootetal.,2013)withtheirdecisionlifetimes(topright-thesumofleadandconsequencetimes,cf.StaffordSmithetal.,2011),wheresomechainsofdecisionsleadtomaladaptiveoutcomesovertime,buttheremaybeotheralternativesthatareadaptive(bottom,cf.ReederandRanger,2011;Haasnootetal.,2013).Fromtheperspectiveofthecurrentdecisionpointattheleft,acurrentlysatisfactorypathwaycanbeplottedthroughthefuture(strongestcolour),butthismustbere-visitedateachdecisionpoint(FiguredevelopedbyAndyReisinger,pers.comm.).andmonltorCycledectslonl~etlme~Adapmlon'lo..~~optionsandrisk1111(:minimizationJI>'"JI...,,,"IterativeDecisionCyclesM.ll.ld,lplfVQSp.,ctJI...'"JI...'"AdaptMISp.,a,,Mol.ldaplfWSp.,co...'~Cycle'~JI"''"'"JI...'";.,,...JI"''",,,0,"Source:Wise,R.M.,etal.,Reconceptualizingadaptationtoclimatechangeaspartofpathwaysofchangeandresponse.GlobalEnviron.Change(2014),http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.12.002URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEA.TOOLSFORDECISIONMAKINOANDPRIORITIZATIONThefollowingtoolsareusedforDecision-MakingandPrioritization:1.LocalAdaptationStrategyandPolicyFramework;2.LGU/CityDesignGuide(city-leveltool);3.DesignCode(neighborhoodandsite-level);and4.Project-levelDecision-MakingTools(PrioritizationandScreening)7677LOCALADAPTATIONSTRATEGYANDPOLICYFRAMEWORKTheLocalAdaptationStrategyandPolicyFrameworkisdevelopedfromtheresultsofthetechnicalfindingsoftheCDRA.Itidentifiesthestrategiestoachieveadaptationobjectivesthatwilldeliverclimate-resiliencecharacter/indicatorsthattheLGUtargetstodeliver(refertoTable6).Itconsolidatesandrationalizestheexistingpolicyframeworkforclimateactionwithintheplanningcontextanddirectsactionsinscaleandbysector.ThestrategyandpolicyframeworkspecifictoresilientUPDactionsarederivedfromthis.BENEFITS►CanprovideoverallguidanceanddirectiontoLGUinidentifyinganddetailingUPDactions.►Providesareferenceforinternalandexternalactors.►Providesareferencefortheurbandesignerorteam.►HelpstoshowthelinkagesofUPDactionsacrossscalesandsectors.►Supportsandlinkstotheimplementationofadaptationpathways.DRAWBACKS►Ifnotregularlyreviewedandupdated,mightgetoutdatedandleadtoinsufficientactionorevenmaladaptation.►IfnotdevelopedbasedontheCDRA,businessasusualornon-climateresponsiveactionsmaycontinueandnotleadtotransformativeadaptation.HOWIT'SDONEKeyquestionswhenformulatingthelocaladaptationstrategy:►Whatdoyouwanttodowiththerisksandvulnerabilities?►Whoandwhatwillthestrategiesfocuson?Whereandwhenwillithappen?►Howaretheyconnectedwithinthelargersystem(city,province)?URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCE►Arethereconflictsandtrade-offsbetweenclimatechangeactions?Climatechangeandotherdevelopmentactions?Whatarethepossibletechnicaland/orpolicyadjustmentsrequiredinsuchcases?►Whatgeneralpolicies(existingorplanned)arenecessarytosupportimplementation?HowwillitaffecttheCLUP?CDP?ZoningOrdinance?ThestrategyandpolicyframeworkaredevelopedwithintheCDRAprocessandcanbefinalizedwithspecificdesign-relatedstrategiesandpolicyimplications.SpecificadaptationstrategyandpolicyframeworkonresilientUPDisidentifiedanddetailedwithurbanplannersanddesignexpertsaswellasprofessionalsandstakeholdersfromotherdisciplines.Box3WHAT'SYOUROBJECTIVE?1.Minimize/reduce/retreatfrom/transfer/share/absorb/avoidalloronlypartoftheexpectedorobservedimpacts;2.Returnlevelsofhumanwell-beingtopre-climatechangelevels;3.Maintaincurrentlevelsofriskorasaminimumreducethemcost-effectivelywithinagreedbudgetsorpre-definedacceptablelevels.(SamplequestionfromUNFCCCNWPassessingcostsandbenefitsofadaptationoptions,2011)URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCE78EXAMPLESOFLOCALADAPTATIONSTRATECVANDPOLICYFRAMEWORKTACUMCITYURBANADAPTATIONSTRATEGYFRAMEWORKTagumCitywillexperiencehottertemperaturesrangingfrom1.4°Cto2.3°Cby2036-2065comparedtotheobservedbaseline.Increasingtemperaturesmaytriggerthefurtherheatingofitsbuilt-upareas,whichmaycausehealthproblemstoresidents,increasedpowerconsumptionforindoorcooling,andinfluencecommutingpreferencesthatmayresultinincreasedGHGemissionlevelsespeciallyintheplannedurbangrowthcenter.Giventheseclimatetriggersandpotentialimpacts,thecityformulateditsclimateadaptationstrategyframeworktoguideitslocalclimateaction,addresscurrentchallenges,andanticipatepotentialrisks.Urbandesignstrategiesincludeincreasingthetreecoveralongstreetscapestoreducetheheatexposureofroads,expandingpublicopenspacesforpassivecooling,andinstitutionalizingbuildingdesignstandardsincorporatinggreenandresourceefficientdesignprinciples.TagumCityalsoemphasizesincreasingtheresilienceofhighlyvulnerablegroupsbyprovidinggreenandinclusivesocializedhousing,furtherstrengtheningmechanismstoallowtheirparticipationinthelocalgreeneconomy,andencouragingmulti-stakeholderandpublicparticipationinresiliencesiteplanninganddesignespeciallywithinhazard-proneareas.Furthermore,toreduceitsGHGemissions,thecityisexploringstrategiessuchasmasstransportsystems,promotinggreentransportation,andexpandingitspedestriannetworksandbikelanes.Theseidentifiedstrategiesserveasaguideandprovidetheoveralldirectionoflocalurbanadaptationactions,visualization,andlocationofvariousurbanplanninganddesignactionsatthebuildingtodistrictscales.Theycanalsoserveasaquickreferencetoexternalandinternalactorsonrelevantprograms,projects,andactivitiestopursueandfacilitatethedetailingofprojectsrelatedtourbandesignandotherlocaldevelopmentprojects.79URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEFigure34:MapRepresentationofTagumCity'sUrbanAdaptationStrategyFramework•REDESIGNINGOUR•EXPANDINGPUBLICOPEN•CLEANENERGYANDRESOURCESTREETSCAPESGREENSPACESEFFICIENTBUILDINGS►Actasbreezewaysandairpathsto►Serveasbreezewaysandairpathsto►Greenengineeringandbuildingdesignreducemicro-climatetemperaturesimprovemicro-climateprinciplesinstitutionalisedandimplemented►Properorientationofroadsto►Transformingriverandcreekareasasmaximiseprevailingwindsforurbanpublicaccesscorridors►Retrofittingofpublicbuildingscoolingincorporatingresourceefficient►Increasecarbonsequestrationdesignprinciples►Improvewalkabilityndpedestrianexperience►Encourageoffgridsolarpanel•PROMOTINGGREENANDINCLUSIVE►Encouragenon-motorisedmobilitytoHOUSINGreduceGHGemissions•STRENGTHENINGALOCAL►ProvideclimateandhazardresilienthousingGREENECONOMYconstructionmaterialstomoderately•HEATADAPTIVEBUILTvulnerablefamilies►IncreasetheadaptivecapacitiesofENVIRONMENThighlyvulnerablegroupsthrough►Providetechnicalassistanceonretrofittingsocialandeconomicparticipationin►Designingbuildings,streets,communitygreeneconomyneighborhoods,anddistrictsto►Ordinanceoninclusionofclimatevariabilityaccommodatefutureincreaseininthehousingstandards►lncentiviseresource-efficientmeantemperaturescommercialestablishments►Acquirelandsuitableforresettlementand►FormulateregulationstoreduceurbaninclusionintheLocalShelterPlan►Subsidiseresource-efficientandtemperaturessuchassolarclimateresilientSMEsreflectance,buildingorientation►Provideclimateresilientmedium-risehousingrelativetoprevailingwindsandsun►Promotegreenjobspath,buildingdensitiesandtypologies►Developincentivesformedium-riselowcostandnaturalshadinginterventionshousingcarteringtodevelopersURBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEORMOCCITYURBANADAPTATIONSTRATEGYFRAMEWORKTheCitymayexperiencetwoplausiblescenariosasaresultofpotentialchangesinseasonalandannualrainfallpatterns.Reductioninannualrainfallmayprolongwaterrechargeratesandaffectlocalpotablewatersuppliesderivedfromsurfaceandgroundwatersourcesandcreateproblemsinbalancingwatersupplyanddemandtocopewithitsrapidurbanization.Annualrainfallpatternsmayalsoincreasecomparedtothecurrentbaseline,whichprovidesbenefitstothedomesticpotablewatersupplywhenproperlyharnessed.PAGASAalsoprojectsaslightreductioninthefrequencyoftropicalcyclonesbutslightincreaseinintensity,whichmaytriggerextremehazardssuchasfloodsandstormsurgesaffectingcoastalareasintheurbancenter.Theseclimateextremesmaysignificantlyimpactthewelfareandwell-beingofpeopleespeciallythehighlyvulnerableandmarginalizedcoastalandriversidecommunities.Toanticipatethesepotentialimpacts,thecityformulateditsurbanadaptationstrategyframeworkfortheurbancenter.Strategiesincludedevelopinga80nature-baseddrainagesystemtomanageurbanflooding,increasingthewaterpermeabilityofurbansurfacestoimproverechargeratesofgroundwater,restoringriparianforestsandestablishingwaterimpoundmentinstallationsalongriverstomanagesurfaceflow,andmanagingwastewatertopreventcontaminationofgroundwaterresourcesandwaterqualityalongtheriversandcoast.Thecityalsoidentifiedtheneedtoincreasethestructuralresilienceofbuildingstowithstandstormsurgesandfloods,andpromoterainwaterharvestingtoaugmentdomesticwatersupply.Furthermore,toincreasetheresilienceofhighlyvulnerableandmarginalizedgroups,theCityintendstoprovideresilientsocializedhousing,whichwillalsoincorporateresilient,green,andresourceefficientdesignstandardsthroughinclusivesitedevelopmentandplanningwithpotentiallyat-riskfamilies.ThevariousstrategiesidentifiedintheurbanadaptationandstrategyframeworkservedasaguideinthepreparationoftheOrmocUrbanRiversideProjectwherevariousclimateresilienturbandesignprincipleswereappliedinthedetailingoftheproject.URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEFigure35:MapRepresentationofOrmocCity'sUrbanAdaptationStrategyFramework•CLIMATEPROOFINGOFBUILDINGSTRUCTURES►Developregulationsandincentivemechanismstoincreasestructuralhazardresilienceofbuildingstowithstandstormsurgesandfloods►Promoterisktransfermechanisms►Rainwaterharvestingtoreducesurfacerun-off•MANAGINGSURFACERUN-OFF►Establishmentofwaterimpoundmentinstallationsalongriversandcreekstotemporarydetainwaterduringextremerainfallevents►AdditionalgreenspacesforGHGsequestration•INCREASINGPERMEABLESURFACESANDNATUREBASEDDRAINAGESYSTEM►Increasingpermeablesurfacesthroughbioswalesandabsorptionbedstorechargegroundwater►Constructionofbioswalesalongurban,coastal,andnationalroadstomanageurbanandcoastalfloodingENCOURAGINGNON-MOTORISEDMOBILITY►Improvingnaturalshadingofsidewalksalongnational,urban,andcoastalroadstoenhancepedestrianexperience►Treelinesidewalkswithgroundcropstominimizeheat►Transformingriverandcreekareasaswalkablepublicaccesscorridors►Encouragenon-motorisedmobilitythroughbikelanestoreduceGHGemissions••MANAGINGWASTEWATER►Individualseptictanksasprimarytreatmentofhouseholdwastewaterandsecondarytreatmentthroughcommunitybio-filtrationsystem►WastetrapsystemoncreektopreventsolidwastfromenteringtheseawaterINCLUSIVECLIMATEACTIONPLANNING►Increasingtheresilienceofvulnerablegroupsthroughinclusivesiteplanninganddesign►Multi-stakeholderandpublicparticipationinresilienceplanning►PutthepeopleatthecenterofurbandesignURBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCELCU/CITYDESIGNCUIDE(CITY-LEVELTOOL)DesignguidesaredevelopedbyLGUstobeusedasabasisandreferenceofurbanplannersanddesignersindevelopingthedetailsofrelatedplansandprojects.Theyhelptranslatetheprinciples,goals,andvisionforqualityurbandesignusingaccessiblelanguageandillustrations,beingapowerfulmeanstopromoteandachieveclimateresiliencewheninformedbyclimateinformation.Theygenerallycomeintwoforms:statutoryandnon-statutory(NewZealandMinistryfortheEnvironment,2007).►Statutorydesignguides(legalinstruments)I>havelegalstatusandprovideexplicitcriteriaforassessingthequalityofdesignoutcomesI>containexplanationsandillustrationstodemonstratethecontextandrationalefordesignprinciplesI>includedesignobjectivestoclarifytheintentoftheguidelinesandallowforflexibilityinthedesignapproach.►Non-statutorydesignguides(promotion/advocacy)I>usedforeducationandadvocacyand,whencombinedwithpromotion,canbeaneffectivemeansofdistributinginformationonqualitydesignI>nocompulsionforadeveloperordesignertoconsideranon-statutorydesignguide,itwillbemosteffectivewhenthemajorityofusersarepersuadedthatitisintheirintereststofollowtheguideBENEFITS►Canprovidedirectionsandconsistencyacrossdesigns,butstillallowforcreativityandflexibility.►Allowsforrobustassessmentanddecision-makingprocess.►Canbeusedacrossdifferentscalesfromspecificareas(e.g.,citycenters)todevelopmenttypes82(e.g.,multi-unithousing)anddesignissues(e.g.,streetscapequality/safety).►IncorporatedintoCLUPandZOoradoptedasastandaloneprovision(tosupplementtheZO).►Canincludespecificinstructionsorspecificationsandrecommendationssuchasbuildingspecifications(height,dimensions,andothersforurbanheatisland[UHi]effectandenergyefficiency);openspacesasresilience-buildingspaces;sizeandmaterialsforstreetsforthermalandprecipitationissues.DRAWBACKS►Notasfixedorlegally-bindinginthecaseofnon-statutorydesignguides.►Setoutthegeneralprinciplesfordevelopmentbutwithoutthespecificrequirementsforthephysicaldevelopmentofasite.HOWIT'SDONEBelowarequestionstousewhenformulatingthedesignguide,whichcanbeansweredusingthetemplatetableforeaseofsummary.►Whicharetheareasofconcern?►Whatisthespecificclimatechange-relateddesignissue?Mustlinkdirectlytoclimatechangerisksandopportunities(checkLCCAP).►Whatstrategiescouldbeusedtoaddresstheclimatechange-relateddesignissues?►Whatdesignideasandelementsshouldbeavoidedtoensurethattheclimatechange-relateddesignissueswillnotbeaggravatedandceasetobeanissue?►Whatspecificactions(projects,sub-projects,activities,andothers)canbeusedtoachievethestrategy'sintendedresults?AREASPECIFICCLIMATECHANGE-RELATEDDESIGNWHATWHATSPECIFICNAMEDESIGNISSUE(MULTIDIMENSIONAL)STRATEGYTOAVOIDTOPROMOTEACTIONS---Usethetableaboveastemplateforplottingthedetailsofyourcitydesignguide83URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEEXAMPLESOFLCU/CITYDESICNCUIDE►UrbanDesignGuidelinesforHongKongIncludedasachapterintheHongKongPlanningStandardsandGuidelines.TheguidelineswereformulatedbasedonthefindingsandrecommendationsfromtwoStudies,the"UrbanDesignGuidelinesforHongKong"(theUDGStudy)in2003andthe"FeasibilityStudyforEstablishmentofAirVentilationAssessmentSystem"(theAVAStudy)in2005.HongKong'surbandesignguidelinescoverboththemajorgeneralurbandesignissuesandairventilationtoshapeabetterphysicalenvironmentinaestheticandfunctionaltermsandatmacroandmicrolevels.►NewYorkCityClimateResiliencyDesignGuidelines(v4,September2020)Apioneeringguidelineissuedbythecitytoaddressclimatechangeimpacts.Providesstep-by-stepinstructionsonhowtosupplementhistoricclimatedatawithspecific,regional,forward-lookingclimatechangedatainthedesignofCityfacilities.TheGuidelinesapplytoallCitycapitalprojectsexceptcoastalprotectionprojects(e.g.,seawalls,bulkheads,andlevees),forwhichtheCityisdevelopingseparateguidance.►BostonClimate-ResilientDesignStandardsandGuidelinesforProtectionofPublicRights-Of-WayProvidesspecificcity-levelguidanceonthedesignofpublicrightsofwayincludingpathsandpublicspacesforprotectionagainstfloodingduetosealevelriseandstormsurges.►WesternAustralianPlanningCommissionLiveableNeighbourhoodsGuidesthestructureplanningandsubdivisionforgreenfieldandlargebrownfieldsiteswithkeydesignprinciples.LEGAZPICITYURBANDESIGNGUIDETheCityGovernmentofLegazpiconductedanurbandesignguideworkshoptoformulatenon-statutorypolicyoptionsandrecommendationstopromoteandenhanceitsclimateresiliencyapplyingurbandesignprinciplesandapproaches.Variousalternativedesignoptionsandrecommendationscoveringelementsofurbandesignsuchasurbanstructure,urbangrain,density,mix,height,massing,streetscape,landscape,facade,interface,details,andmaterialswerediscussedandappliedatdifferentplanningscales(e.g.,city,district,neighborhood,streets,andbuildings).Takingofffromtheresultsoftheclimateanddisasterriskassessment,thegoalsandobjectivesofthelocalclimatechangeactionplan,anditslocalsettinganddevelopmentcontext,thecityidentifiedvariousareasrequiringclimateresilienturbandesigninterventions.Anexcerptoftheurbandesignworkshopcoversitsriversideareasthatarehighlysusceptibletofloodingthatcanpotentiallyaffecthighlyat-riskcommunities(Table14).URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCE84Table14:SummaryofUrbanDesignRecommendationsforFloodSusceptibleAreas,LegazpiCitySPECIFICCLIMATEDESIGNWHATWHATSPECIFICAREADESIGNISSUESTRATEGYTOAVOIDTOPROMOTEACTIONSResidential►Rainfallvolumeduring►Flood►Roadnetwork►Roadnetwork►FloodmodellingareaswithinDecembertoFebruaryresilientlayoutthatisperpendicularstudiestoestablishthePorttohaveanadditionalbuildingpredominantlytoriversidestofloodwaterpatternsDistrict,CBD,increaseof297.9mmstructures.paralleltofacilitatepedestrian(flooddepthandVictoryand585.2mmin2036-rivers.andvehicularvelocity)fromaVillagenorth2065and2070-2099,►Expandmovementaway25,50and100yearandsouth,respectively.Theseriverside►BuildingfromriversidesextremerainfallDinagaan,couldbe40%to79%easementsdensitiesduringextremerecurrenceasbasisImperialincreasefromtheandandlackfloodingevents.forthelocalbuildingCourt,PNRcurrentobservedsetbacksofprovisioncodeonfloodPenarandarainfallvolume.andofbuilding►Minimumlotsizeresilienceandalongthetransformsetbacksof192sq.meterszoningregulationsMacabalo,►Floodintensitiesmaythemasthatrestrict(Residential-2coveringzonalTibuandrangefrom0.5m-1.5pedestrianparallelbasic)andadjustdensities,buildingSagumayonmetersandinsomenetworks.movementofthemaximumheights,andRiversideareasmorethan1.5peoplerelativeallowable(MAPSO)andCorridorsmeters,whichmay►Roadtotheriverspercentageofpermeablesurfacesubmergeexistingnetworkandcreeks.siteoccupancyrequirements/buildings.layout(MAPSO)tostandards.designed►Encroachmentpromoteincreased►72%ofresidentialtofacilitateofbuiltbuildingsetbacks►ExpansionofstructuresaremadeemergencyareasalongtofaciIitateriversideeasementsoflighttosalvageableevacuationriversidesperpendicularandsetbacksalongmaterialssusceptibleanddisasterareasandpedestrianmajorriversoftosignificantstructuralresponse.closingpublicmovementrelativetheCityanddamage,anddamageaccesstotoriversfortheincorporationinthetobuildingcontents.►EstablishriversidepurposesofZoningOrdinance.riversideeasements.evacuationand►Highproportionofresidentialemergency►Sitedevelopmentresidentialbuildingscommercial►Maximumresponseplancoveringthewithnohazardcorridorsbuildingoperations.Macabalo,Tibumitigationdesign.toprovideheightwhereandSagumayonincomemorethan►IncreasebuildingRiversideCorridors►Verynarrowstreetsopportuni-66%oftheheightsandensurewithemphasisandlackofsetbackstiestogrossfloor66to100%oftheonprovidinginresidentialareasbenefittheareaofgrossfloorareaisopportunitiestoandencroachmentofpotentiallybuildingsisaboveflooddepthsincreaseadaptivedevelopmentalongat-riskbelowtheemanatingfromacapacitiesofriversidesetbacks,population.expected100yearextremepotentiallyat-riskwhichmayrestrictflooddepth.rainfallevent.population.easeofaccessduring►Manageemergencyresponsesurface►Lotsizes►Useofbuilding►Rainwaterandevacuation.waterflowthataretoomaterialstoHarvestingduringsmalltowithstandOrdinancereview►Minimumlotsizesextremeaccommodateprolongedfloodprescribingaretoosmalltorainfallimpositionwatersubmersiontherainwateraccommodateeventsusingofnecessaryandexpectedstoragecapacitynecessaryfloodresilientspongecitysetbacksandvelocities.requirementsandsiteandbuildingdesignapproachesopenaccessareacoverage.regulationsandandriverareas.►Interfacingparameters.basinofbuildingsto►Riverbasinspatialperspective.►Buildingfacilitateemergencyframeworkplanning►3.278potentialatriskorientationevacuation.coveringTibu,populationwhere93%thattreatsSagumayon,andareinformalsettlersriversides►TreatingriversideMacabalorivers.andaround48%ofandcreekssetbacksashouseholds(HHs)areaspartofthepropertyfrontages.►Pre-feasibilitystudybelowthepovertybackyard.ontheImeldaRocesthreshold.►TransformriverandBennyImperial►BuildingseasementsandAvenueretention►Floodingareasarethetypologiessetbacksaspartpondparks.plannedresidentialandthatarenotofthepedestriancommercialexpansionadaptivetonetwork.zonesoftheCity.prolongedfloodwater►Renaturingofsubmersionriversideareasandexpectedtoreducefloodflooddepthsvelocitiesandandvelocities.minimizeriverbankerosion.►Incorporateresidential,commercialusestoprovideincomeopportunitiestoat-riskpopulation.85URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEDESIGNCODE(NEIGHBORHOODANDSITE-LEVEL)ThistoolismostlyusedintheUnitedKingdom.Generally,designcodesaredifferentfromdesignguidelinesastheyaremorespecificandprecisetothesubjectareaofdesign.Itconsistsofasetoftemplatesandrulesfortheplacementanddesigndetailofalot,building,oropenspacedesignwithinadevelopmentarea,alsoestablishinghowtheyshouldrelatetoeachotherandtothelargervisionofthecity.Thisusuallycomprisesamasterplanandwritteninformationprovidingathree-dimensionalviewofthedevelopmentareaandintendedarrangementofspaces,buildings,anddesigndetails,alongwithanexplanation.DesignCodesfacilitatesustainableplace-makingandresiliencebuilding.BENEFITS►Ensuresclarityaroundtherulesofwhatconstitutesacceptabledesignintheareaincludingtheclimatechangeresponsivenessofallitsdesignelementsneedednowandinthefuture.►Ensurestheconsistencyandqualityofdevelopmentbeingdoneintheneighborhoodorsiteevenifitisbeingexecutedbydifferentactorsordevelopersandwhenprojectsaredoneinstagesorinphases.►EnsuresthattheoveralldevelopmentandallitselementscaneffectivelymeetthevisionoftheLGUespeciallytheresilienceindicatorsthathavetobemetandachieved.►HelpstheLGUimplementnationallevelbuildinganddesigncodetoahigherstandardthantheminimumrequiredgivenwhatisneededonthegroundconsideringthearea-specificrisksandvulnerabilitiesfromclimatechangeimpactsandotherhazards.DRAWBACKS►Mustbecarefulnottolockinrisksbynotthoroughlyevaluatingthemfromtheoutsetwithclimateandhydrologymodels.►Needtoallowforfuturechangesinuseandenvironmentalrisks.►Willtendtobealimitingfactorifstakeholderswerenotengagedanddidnotparticipateinitscrafting.URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCE86HOWIT'SDONEThefollowingstagesindicatestepsinpreparingdesigncodes(DepartmentforCommunitiesandLocalGovernmentn.d.).Figure36alsosummarizesthestagesmentionedhere:►Stage1:InitiatingthedesigncodeThinkingthroughanddefininganagreedprocessforpreparingandoperatingthecode,andestablishingleadershiparrangements.►Stage2:CoordinatinginputsintothedesigncodingprocessBringingtogethertheskills,financialresources,andtherolesandrelationshipsthatwillcreateandimplementthedesigncode.►Stage3:AppraisingthelocalcontextfordesigncodingAssessingtheexistingpolicyandguidanceframeworkandanyconsentsalreadycoveringthesiteorarea,itscharacter,andanyexistingphysicalvisionsuchasamasterplan.►Stage4:DesigningandtestingthedesigncodeDevising,structuring,writing,anddesigningthecontentandexpressionofthedesigncode,andthentestingitsrobustness,includingitsmarketviability,likelycapacitytodeliverquality,anditseaseofusetoallusers.►Stage5:FormalizingthedesigncodeGivingthedesigncodestatusbyadoptingitforplanning,highways,orotherpurposes,orbyformalizingitthroughothermeanssuchasthroughdevelopmentcontrolpowersorcontroloverfreeholdrights.►Stage6:ImplementingthedesigncodeUsingthedesigncodetoselectdesignanddevelopmentteamsforindividuallandparcels,toinformtheparceldesignprocessitself,andfortheassessmentandregulationoftheproposalscomingforward.►Stage7:ManagingdesigncodecomplianceMonitoringandenforcingdesigncodeimplementation,evaluatingthesuccessofthedesigncodetorefineit,andusingthedesigncodeforprojectaftercare.Figure36:AnOptimumDesignCodeProcessforLGUsANOPTIMUMDESIGNCODEPROCESSSource:UKDepartmentforCommunitiesandLocalGovernment87URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEEXAMPLESOFDESICNCODES►HobartCityCouncilWaterSensitiveStreetscapeDevelopmentProvidessitestrategiesforhowtoincreasethewatersensitivenessofstreetscapetointegrateroadlayoutandvehicularandpedestrianrequirementswithwatermanagementneeds.Itusesdesignmeasuressuchasmaximizingpermeableareas,localstormwaterdetentioninroadreserves,managedlandscaping,andothers.►ModelCodeforNeighbourhoodDesign,ACodeforReconfiguringaLot;Queensland,AustraliaProvidesinformationontheperformanceoutcomesforneighborhooddesigns.Specificallynotesthatthe"layoutofstreets,lotsandinfrastructure:(a)avoidsorminimizesalterationtonaturalfeaturessuchasdrainagelinesandwaterways;(b)minimizestheneedforvegetationclearing;(c)retainsorprovidesviableecologicalcorridorsforwildlifemovement;(d)minimizesalterationtothenaturaltopographyandtheamountofexcavationandfilling;and(e)avoidsincreasingtherisksassociatedwithnaturalhazards."►PreparingDesignCodes:APracticeManualReleasedbytheformertheDepartmentforCommunitiesandLocalGovernment,nowMinistryofHousing,CommunitiesandLocalGovernmentsoftheUnitedKingdom.Sharesthepracticeofdevelopingcommunitydesigncodesasguidefordevelopers,localauthorities,designers,andthecommunitiesthemselvestouseDesignCodingasanoptiontoachievehigh-quality,well-designedplaces.►DesignCodeforAylesburyEstateRegenerationProvidesdesignguidanceforthedeliveryoftheAylesburyEstatemasterplanoverthenext20years.EstablishesthecharacteristicsofthedevelopmentandprovidesMandatoryGuidancetoidentifyhowthenewdevelopmentwilllookandfeel.Scale,massing,streets,landscaping,use,parking,architecturallanguage,andmaterialityarepresentedinahierarchyofmandatory,discretionary,andillustrativeelements.Figure37:KeyPrinciplestoIntegrateandAssessSustainableDesignintheMasterplanningofNewSettlementsthroughBREEAMCommunitiesEvenlydistributedprOYisionofopenspacemorediver.;eincharacier.todeiverarangeofameni1ies,.ithinbeautifulp;u1<sandenableaviewofgreeneryfromeachhome.Toestablishavarietyofcomecledneighbourhoodscentredaroundane<wo<1<ofopenspacesandcomrrunityfacilities,eachwithdistinc:1qualitiesandch3rocterAmixofunittype,sizeand1enuretoestablishafarrily-orienlaleddiverseCOIMUlityIOsupportpeople'sneedsandaspira,ionsthroughoultheirlifetimes.Source:BREGroupviahttps://bregroup.com/Creatinggreaihomesth3Iare11\t<.bighlandspacious.They,.;11bee""f10keepconf.a1able,warmondfreeofproblemsikecondensotion,dampandhighenergybils.URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEPROJECT-LEVELDECISION-MAKINGTOOLS(PRIORITIZATIONANDSCREENING)88Awell-definedapproachtodecision-makingattheprojectlevelensurestheattainmentofprogramandpolicyresiliencyobjectives.Italsoleadstoimprovedtransparency,engagement,andcommunicationwithpartners,stakeholders,andinternalandexternalfundingsources.GuidedbytheLGU'sLocalAdaptationStrategyandPolicyFrameworktoadaptationandresilience,decision-makingtoolsshouldconsidercurrentandfutureclimateriskandimpactswhilemaximizingtheco-benefitsnotonlytoGHGmitigationbutalsotosustainabledevelopment.BENEFITS►EnsuresthattheidentifiedprojectswilladdresstheclimatechangeimpactsandissuesconsistentwiththeLGU'spathwaystoclimateadaptation.►Helpsensurethedesignisappropriateintermsofscale,timing,andcost.►Enablesplanners,designers,andstakeholderstodecidetogetherandunderstandthe"trade-offs"ofactionsorprojects.►Helpsindefiningtheprojectcomponentsanddetailsbasedonsetcriteriaagreedamongstakeholders,especiallythecommunity.DRAWBACKS►PrioritizationandScreeningcriteriashouldbeclearandacceptedamongactors.Ifnot,itcouldleadtomisunderstandingandtakealongerperiodtodevelopadecision.►MaycreateatendencyforLGUstojustfocusonthe"urgent"and"easilyexecutable"projectsratherthanthosemostlikelytocreatelastingbenefitsforboththecommunityandclimate.HOWIT'SDONEDecision-makingprocessstepsandschemesdependonthestageofthedecisionmakingaswellasthetoolbeingused.Generally,projectprioritizationandscreeningfordecisionmakingwouldinvolve:►Organizingtheoptionsaccordingtoparameters(e.g.,relevancetorisksstrategyandadaptationobjectives)►Screeningandrankingtheoptions►Afterthescreeningandranking,evaluatingeachrankedoptionlookinginto:I>abilitytodeliverdesiredresults(managingclimaterisksandapplyingadaptationprinciples).I>trade-offsanalysis(mitigationandsustainabledevelopment).I>project-specificcostimplications(bothmonetaryandnon-monetary)usingMulti-CriteriaAnalysis,Cost-EffectivenessAnalysis,andCost-BenefitAnalysis,whicheverisappropriate.SAMPLECRITERIATOSCREENANDRANKPROJECTSOROPTIONSStakeholderAcceptabilityTechnicalFeasibilityUrgencyofImplementationEaseofImplementationRelativeEffectivenessRelativeCostContemplationtoLocalDevelopmentGoal/Multi-sectorRelevanceRelevancetotheNationalClimateChangeActionPlan(NCCAP)89URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEEXAMPLESOFPROJECT-LEVELDECISION-MAKINCTOOLSTable15presentsavarietyoftoolsthatcanbeusedinprioritizingandscreeningprojects.Notethatthisisnotadefinitivelistandmorethanonetoolmaybechosenorcombinedwithanother,whenappropriate.Inaddition,notallarespecifictourbandesignprojectsbuttheycanbeusedpurposivelytoassessdesignprojects'considerationofclimatechangeprojections,interventionimplications,andcontributiontocurrentandfutureriskavoidance,retreat,reduction,transferorsharing,elimination,orabsorption.Thefirsttwotoolsinthetablehavealreadybeendetailedinthegovernment'sGuideforLCCAPformulationandSupplementalGuideonCDRA.AdditionalinformationisprovidedthroughcasesamplesMulti-CriteriaAnalysis,Cost-EffectivenessAnalysis,andCost-BenefitAnalysisspecifictoclimatechangeactions(SeeAnnexA).TOOLScreeningandPrioritization(LCCAP)a.b.C.d.e.f.Table15:ToolsinPrioritizingandScreeningGRUPOProjectsPROJECT-LEVELDECISION-MAKINGTOOLSWHATISIT?UrgencyTestPrioritizationofoptionsTechnicalscreeningandrankingofoptionsScreeningforCompementarity-Compatibility-ConflictMatrixGoalAchievementMatrixDirectRankingofOptions►WHENTOUSEIT?Whentakingamoreholisticapproachtoassessoptionswithintheirwiderinstitutionalcontextandtheirrelationshiptootheroptionsandexistingprojects►HOWISITUSED?Recommendedtouseatleast2toolsthataremostrelevanttosituation,providingasummaryorjustificationfortheranking.a.Prioritizeorassessprograms,activities,andprojectsasurgent,essential,desirable,acceptable,ordeferable.b.IdentifiestimelinesandprioritizesoptionsthatcovermitigationasfunctionofadaptationC.Parameterssuchas:stakeholderacceptability,technicalfeasibility,cost,mainstreamingpotential,etc.d.Listsexistingprojectstoseeifexpectedbenefitsnullifyeachotherorarecompatiblewitheachother.e.Scoringandprioritizingaccordingtosectoraldevelopmentgoalsandobjectives.f.ReviewinghighrankedoptionsfromusingtoolsA-Dtoselectwhichbesttoimplement.►►WHATISITUSEFULFOR?Consideringcapacities,availableresources,anddevelopmentgoals.Enablesparameterstobechosenthataremostrelevanttothesituationandcontext.URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCERiskEvaluationMatrixMulti-CriteriaAnalysis(MCA)Cost-BenefitAnalysis(CBA)Cost-EffectivenessAnalysis(CEA)PROJECT-LEVELDECISION-MAKINCiTOOLS►Comparesthe►Whentryingtoprogrammes,maximisetheriskinfrastructure,ormitigationandpopulationsmostatadaptationcomponentsrisk.ofaproject.►Assessdifferent►Whenbenefitscannotadaptationoptionsbemeasuredagainstseveralcriteria.quantitativelyorwhenmultiplediversebenefitscannotbeaggregated.►Assessescost-►Whenallthecostsandefficiencyofdifferentbenefitscanbeadaptationoptions.measuredinmonetaryterms.►Assessescost-►Whenadaptationefficiencyofdifferentbenefitsaredifficulttoadaptationoptions.expressinmonetarytermsbutmustbeexpressedinthesameunit(e.g.betterhumanhealthandprotectedhabitat.►►►►HOWISITUSED?Combiningthelikelihoodandconsequenceofclimateandnon-climate-relatedimpacts.Eachcriterionisgivenaweighting,andbasedonthisanoverallscoreisobtained.Calculatingandcomparingallthemonetarycostswiththemonetarybenefitstosocietyincludingsocialandenvironmental,directandindirecttofindthecost-benefitratio(CBR).Calculatingallthemonetarycostsandnon-monetarybenefitstosociety,includingsocialandenvironmental,directandindirecttofindtheCBR.Source:PhilippineLCCAPGuideandCORAGuide90►Long-termplanning,riskmitigation,andadaptation►Whenonlypartialdataavailable,culturalandecologigcalconsiderationsaredifficulttoquantifyandmonetarybenefitandeffectivenessonlypartofdesiredoutcome.►Whendecisionmakerswanttoknowthelikelyefficiencyofanadaptationinvestmenti.e.thelowestcostperunitofbenefit.►Whendecisionmakerswanttoknowthelikelyefficiencyofanadaptationinvestmenti.e.thelowestcostperunitofbenefit.91URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEB.TOOLSFORIMPLEMENTINCiCLIMATERESILIENTUPDAfterthedesignideasoroptionshavebeenprioritizedandtheLGUhasdecidedonwhattopromoteandwhattoavoidinlinewiththeiradaptationstrategy,thereareseveraltoolsthatcanbeusedtofurtherstructureandimplementtheseactions.Theseare:1.ZoningOrdinance(DevelopmentControlandManagement);2.Climate-resilientzoning;3.DesignBrief;and4.DesignAssessment.URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEZONINGORDINANCE(DEVELOPMENTCONTROLANDMANAGEMENT)Zoningistheprocessofregulatingandmanagingthedevelopmentanduseofpublicandprivateland,includingconstruction,expansion,orchangesofuseofsitesandbuildings.Itincludesagreements,conventions,standards,laws,executiveandadministrativeorders,guidelines,standards,proceduralmanuals,andtheirimplementingmechanisms(e.g.,executiveorders,administrativeorders,andmemorandumcirculars).InthePhilippines,eachcityormunicipalityisdividedintozonesorsub-zones(e.g.,commercial,residential,industrial,agricultural,andothers)accordingtopresentandpotentialusesoflandtomaximize,regulate,anddirecttheiruseanddevelopmentinaccordancewiththeCLUP.Locallyenactedordinancesprovide,amongothers,regulationsaffectingusesallowedordisallowedineachzoneorsub-zone,theconditionsforallowingthem,andtheproceduresonevaluatingdeviations.Someexamplesofordinancesincludethoseontheregulationofbuildingheights,bulk,openspace,anddensityprovisionsineacharea.HOWCANWEENHANCEREGULATIONANDCONTROLOFDEVELOPMENTFORCLIMATERESILIENCE?Regulationandcontrolcanmanagephysicaldevelopmenttohelpreduceoraddresstheimpactofclimatechangeby:►Ensuringthatthebuiltenvironmentcanwithstandimpactsforthecommunity►Encouragingdevelopmentthatutilizesandexploitschangesinclimate►Preserving,protecting,andharnessingthenaturalenvironment►Educatingstakeholdersanddecision-makers►Transformingdesignpolicyintoimplementationinstruments►Pushingthepositive,arrestingthenegative9293URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCECLIMATE-RESILIENTZONINGTable16presentsasummaryofdifferentzoningtypesandtheirbenefitsanddrawbacksforuseinbuildingclimateresilience.Broadlytheycanbesplitintotwodifferenttypes:1.Climate-resilientzoning-considersanticipatedimpactsandmakesrecommendationsorrequirementsforwhereitisbesttodeveloporcanbedevelopedatthebroadercitylevelthroughprojections,models,maps,butmaynotalwaysspecifydesignstomitigateoradapt.ExamplesincludeFlux-basedZoning,ClimaticZoning,SeaLevelRise(SLR)Zoning,CompactDevelopmentZoning.2.Conventionalorstandards-basedzoning-workslargelywithinexistingzoningordinancestoencourageormakemandatoryactionsthatpromoteclimateresilienceatthesiteordevelopmentlevel.ExamplesincludeFlexibleZoning,UHiZoning,Low-carbonZoning,ZoningIncentives,andPerformanceStandards.Numerousclimatedesignissuesrelativetothepotentialimpactsoffloodwereoutlinedincludingtheprofilesofpeopleatrisk.Thisledtotheidentificationofpossibledesignstrategiestoincreasetheresilienceofurbanelementsaswellasincreasetheadaptivecapacitiesofcommunitiesatrisk.Spongecityconcepts,floodresilientbuildingandsitedesign,andimprovedareaaccessandmobility,withemphasisoninclusivedevelopment,wereidentifiedamongthemajordesignstrategiesforfurtherdetailing.Inthiscase,recommendeddesignspecificationsofthevariousurbandesignelementswereenumeratedcoveringminimumlotsize,allowablelanduses,orientationofroadsandbuildingsrelativetotheriver,expandedeasements,andsetbackrecommendations.Recommendeddesignspecificationswerethentranslatedintoschematicdiagramstoillustratethedesignelementsthatshouldbepromotedanddiscouraged.Althoughtheinitialintentionoftheworkshopwastogeneratenon-statutoryurbandesignoptions,somerecommendationsbecamestatutoryprovisionsintheZoningOrdinance.URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCE94Figure38:ExampleofPlanwithRiverasPropertyFrontage□Ro,datwO<I:l/,1nd,:o,yEaltmantPadt'Mlnind'ffhiDJlum01;1tMtMeersr5o--,I041020ALTERNATIVE2:RIVERSANDCREEKSASPROPERTYFRONTAGE(R-2BASIC)►Frontagesetbackscanbeimposedontopofthe3-metermandatoryeasement,similartopropertiesalongroads.►Frontageswillbeconsideredpublicopenaccessspaces.►Lotsizesarelargeenough(192sq.m.).fortheimpositionoffront,side,andrearsetbacks.►Perpendicularroadsandrearsetbackscanbeusedaspossibleevacuationoremergencyaccessroutes.►Expandedeasementof10metersalongriverscanberenaturedforerosioncontrolandstabilizationusingappropriatelandscaping.►Areasadjacenttoriverscanbedesignatedasfrontageareaswhereanadditional3-metersetbackcanbeapplied.ALTERNATIVE1:RIVERSANDCREEKSASPROPERTYFRONTAGE(R-3BASIC)►►►Lotsizesaresmall(80sq.m.),thetendencyistomaximizethebuildingfootprint(50sq.m.)makingitdifficulttoimposeadditionalsetbackrequirements.Perpendicularroadsforevacuationoremergencyaccessroutes.Expandedeasementof10metersalongriverscanberenaturedforerosioncontrolandstabilizationusingappropriatelandscaping.►Areasadjacenttoriverscanbedesignatedasfrontageareaswhereanadditional3-metersetbackcanbeapplied.BUSINESSASUSUAL(R-3BASIC)►Treatingriverscreeksandsetbacksaspartoftherearendofproperties.►3-metermandatoryeasementsturnedintoengineeredstructuresforriverbankprotectionoftendeprivingaccessamongnonresidents.►Lotsizesaresmall,thetendencyistomaximizethebuildingfootprint(50sq.m.).►Limitedevacuation/emergencyaccessroutes.95TYPEFlux-basedZoningFlexibleZoningClimaticZoningURBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCETable16:ElaborationofVariousTypesofClimateResilientZoningWHATISIT?Zoningthatfollowsadynamicmodelrelatedtofluctuatinggroundwatertablelevels(tides,stormevents,runoff)tothephysicalconditionsonthesurface(permeability,buildingfootprint,foundations,use).DynamicZoning:Automaticallychangesapplicableregulationsasconditionsongroundchange.FloatingZone:Notyettiedtoaspecificareabutdescribesresiliencecharacteristicsthatmustbemetbeforezoningapprovedforparcelofland.UrbanClimaticPlanningZones(UCPZs)derivedfromaclimaticanalysismapprovidingrecommendationstoensureearlyconsiderationofclimaticissuesintheplanningprocess.CLIMATE-RESILIENTZONINCiHOWISITUSED?Mappingprojectedfloodrisk,groundwater,permeability,infrastructure,topography,geologyandotherfactorsalongsidezoning.Treatszonesassections,consideringthesurfaceelevationandtheverticaldepthfromsurfacetogroundwater.Triggersinthecodechangerequirementswhenconditionshitacertainthreshold.Writtenasanamendmentinthezoningordinanceandonlyaddedtozoningmaponceadevelopmentapplicationisapproved.Developersrequesttohavezoneappliedtotheirparcels,perhapsinexchangeforfinancialorproceduralincentives.NeedtoproduceanUrbanClimaticMap(UCMap),requiringseveralinputlayersincludingclimaticandmeteorologicalelements,geographicterraindata,greeneryinformation,andplanningparameterstorepresentthespatialdistributionofurbanclimatetypes.WHATISITUSEFULFOR?(BENEFITS)CoastalcitiesandthosethreatenedwithSLR,erosion,andfloodingtoincentivizewater-sensitiveurbandevelopmentanddesign.Reflectingandrespondingtoawiderangeofchangesincommunityneedsandprioritiesincludingdemographicandclimaticchanges.Advancingsustainableneighborhoodprojectsandincorporatinggreendevelopmentcriteriaintomoregeneraldevelopmentstandards.Canalsoenablecommunitiestoachievespecificgoalsinacomprehensiveplansuchasaffordablehousing,renewableenergy,etc.Makingclimate-sensitiverecommendationsofwhereandhowtodeveloplandbasedonthewindorventilation,thermal,andairpollutionenvironments.WHATISITNOTUSEFULFOR?(DRAWBACKS)Consideringotherenvironmentalandclimaticconditionssuchastemperatureriseandencouragingdesignactionsthatmitigateagainstclimatechange.Proactivelyrespondingtochanges.Maybetoolatetochangeifthresholdissettoohighandsoneedstobeupdatedregularly.Ensuringallcharacteristicsorconditionsaremetsincetradeoffsmustbemadebetweendeveloperandcommunityneedsandgoalsthroughincentives.Includingtheeffectoffutureclimaticchangeswithoutregularupdatesandenoughdata.Onlyprovidesrecommendations,notregulationsororders.EXAMPLECASES/REFERENCES►BrowardCounty,Flordida►USGBCNeighborhoodDevelopmentFloatingZone►CityofKeeneSustainableEnergyEfficientDevelopment►OverlayUrbanClimaticMapStudies:AReview►HongKongUrbanClimaticAnalysisMapURBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCECLIMATE-RESILIENTZONINCiTYPEWHATISIT?HOWISITUSED?SeaZoningthatidentifiesBasedonthebestavailablescientificLevelRisesealevelrise(SLR)understandingofSLRforanarea,aZoningprotection/high-resolutiondigitalmapisconservation/producedprovidinganoverlayforaccommodationexistingzoningconditionszones.prescribingbuildingregulations(e.g.setback,elevation),constructionrequirements,densities,etc.Conservationzonescanbeusedtofacilitateretreatandallowforgradualrelocationofdevelopmentinhighlyvulnerableareas.Accommodationzonescanallowforcontinueddevelopmentwhilerequiringstructurestobesitedandmademoreresilienttoimpacts.Protectionzonescanbeusedforareaswithcriticalinfrastructureanddensedevelopmentthathavefewoptionsforadaptation.UrbanZoningthatidentifiesMappinghighurbantemperatureHeatIslandUHihotspotsareas,usuallythosewithhigher(UHi}promotingmitigationdensitybuildingsandpavedsurfacesZoningstrategies.providingarangeofmitigationstrategiesorrequirementsthatdevelopersmustfollow,potentiallyinreturnfordevelopmentbonuses.Forexample:►Whenreplacinganexistingrooforconstructinganewbuilding,theownermustinstalleitheragreenrooforhighlyreflectiveroof.►Whenconstructinganewbuilding,atleast20%ofthebuildingsitemustremainopengroundandbelandscapedwithplants,brushes,andtrees.Low-Zonesformixeduse,Fornewandfuturedevelopmentareas,Carboneconomicallyviable,applyingenergy-relatedperformanceZoningsociallyinclusive,targetsandtechnicalrequirementsatenvironmentallysiteandstreetblockleveltoensurefriendly,andthatsustainabilitytargetsfortheentireresourceefficientareacanbemet.Thesecanincludeneighborhoodsandenergyreductionlevels,stormwatercommunities.infiltrationlevels,waterreuseandsavingfacilities,greenopenspace,androofgardenarearequirements.CompactZoningthatAdoptingaform-basedcodethatDevelop-promotescompactpromotesdenser,morepedestrian-mentdevelopmentinfriendlyneighborhoodswithawideZoningurbanareasandvarietyoffunctionsincludingencourageshousing,offices,retail,etc.inareaslower-intensitylandlesssusceptibletoclimateimpacts.usesinareasmoreCanbeachievedthroughinfillorsusceptibletobrownfielddevelopment,clusterclimateimpactsdevelopment(min.numberofhousingunitsperlandparcel,densitygrowthalongmasstransitcorridors.WHATISITUSEFULFOR?(BENEFITS)CitiesandcommunitiesthreatenedbySLR,educatingdevelopersandcommunityontheimpactsofclimatechange.DoesnotrestrictdevelopmentoutrightbutimposesstricterbuildingrequirementsinareasmostatriskfromSLR.ReducingUHieffect,associatedhealthbenefitsfromreducedheatstrokeandotherillnesses,mitigationandadaptationagainstotherclimateimpactsbyincreasingenergyefficiencyandreducingstormwaterrunoff.Comprehensiveapproachtoreducingcarbonemissions,takingmitigativeactionsagainstclimatechangethroughenergyreduction,renewableenergyuse,higherbuildingstandards.Supportingcommunitygoals,reducingresourceuseanddependencyonfossilfuels,preservinggreenareasandnaturalbuffersagainstclimatechange.WHATISITNOTUSEFULFOR?(DRAWBACKS)Consideringotherenvironmentalandclimaticconditionssuchastemperatureriseandencouragingdesignactionsthatmitigateagainstclimatechange.DirectlyreducingtheimpactsfromotherenvironmentalandclimaticconditionssuchasSLRandanticipatoryfutureprojectedchanges.Consideringexistingclimaticconditionsandunderlyingvulnerabilitiestoclimatechangewhichmaymakecertainareasmoreorlessappropriatetodevelop.Specifyingadaptiveactionsorrequirementstobuildclimateresilienceincludingperformancetargetsandtechnicalrequirementsatthesitelevel.96EXAMPLECASES/REFERENCES►MarylandModelSLROrdinance►Norfolk,VirginiaCoastalResilienceOverlay(CRO)►ReducingUrbanHeatIslands:CompendiumofStrategies►PhiladelphiaGreenRoofDensityBonus►Glenview,IllinoisParkingLotLandscapingOrdinance&DesignGuidelines►MeasurestoReducetheHeatIslandEffectinRosemont-LaPetite-Patrie►LowCarbonCityZoningCodesforBeijing►CompactDevelopmentFactSheet►SanDiegoUrbanVillageOverlayZone97TYPEWHATISIT?ZoningZoningmechanismIncentivesthatincreasespermitteddevelopmentrightsforasiteinexchangefordevelopmentprovidingenvironmentalorcommunitybenefits.Perfor-ThemeasurementofmanceclimatechangeStandardsadaptationand(similarmitigationactionsthroughperformancetoLow-metricswithineachCarbonzone.Zoning)URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCECLIMATE-RESILIENTZONINGHOWISITUSED?Providingincreaseddevelopmentrights,usuallyincreasedplotorfloorarearatioorbuildingheightincreases,inexchangeforabenefitsuchasusingCCA/DRRMtechnologyorinnovations,i.e.useofsolarpanels,rainwaterharvesting,smarturbandrainagesystems,greenarchitecture/buildingsystems.Specifyingasetofperformancemeasuresforsiteandbuildingdesignsuchasenergyandwaterefficiency,airandwaterquality,ecologicalservicesandsolidwastemanagemente.g.useoflightcolouredmaterials,open-gridpavement,rainwaterreuse,etc.WHATISITUSEFULFOR?(BENEFITS)Inhigher-valuedevelopmentareaswheregreaterclimateadaptationormitigationisneededbutcannotbeachievedwithoutcompensationtolandownersanddevelopers.Canachieveadditionalcommunitybenefitssuchasgreateropenspaceorprotectionofaheritagebuilding.Comprehensiveapproachtominimisingenvironmentalimpact,largelywherethenatureandprobabilityofclimatehazardknown.WHATISITNOTUSEFULFOR?(DRAWBACKS)Ensuringdeveloperscomplywithconditionsandthebenefitsworkasintendedsinceincentivegrantedbeforeadevelopmentbuilt,whilepreciseandaccountablecriteriarequiredtoensurerealbenefits.Ensuringstandardsmetifvoluntarywithadditionalcostsandexpertiserequiredtoevaluateandmonitormeasures.Genericstandardsmaynotebeappropriateforallsites.EXAMPLECASES/REFERENCES►ArlingtonCounty,VirginiaGreenBuildingDensityBonusProgram►TorontoGreenStandardURBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCE98EXAMPLESOFCLIMATE-RESILIENTZONINCMANAGINGURBANHEATSTRESSTHROUGHTHEZONINGORDINANCELegazpiCity,PhilippinesRecognizingtheprojectedseasonaltemperaturesmayincreasebyasmuchas40°Ccomparedtotheobservedbaseline(27.8to31.78°C)by2075-2099duringthemonthsJunetoAugusttriggeringhottermicroclimatetemperaturesinhighlybuiltareas,theCityGovernmentpreparedanurbanheatstressmap(seeFigure39)toindicatepriorityareas,whichmayrequireurbandesigninterventions.Thecityalsorealizedthatfurtherplannedexpansionofitsurbanareasusingthebusiness-as-usualurbandesignapproacheswillfurthercontributetothefuturewarmingoftheurbancenterandtriggerincreasedGHGemissionsovertime.Takingofffromtheurbandesignguideworkshop,severaldesignrecommendationswereenumeratedtoaddresscurrentareaswithhighlysusceptibletourbanheatstressandanticipatethegradualwarmingofareasdesignatedasfutureurbanexpansionareas.Realizingthethreatsofurbanheatstress,someurbandesignrecommendationswereincorporatedintheZoningOrdinanceusingtheUrbanCorridorOverlayZone(UCD-OZ),asseeninFigure39.Thisprescribedrelevantregulationssuchassetbackrequirements,installationofverticalgardenscoveringatleast50percentofthetotalareaofconcretesurfaces,andtreeshadingrequirementsforoutdoorparkingspacestominimizeheatabsorptionofconcretespacesexposedtosunlightandreducestreetleveltemperatures.Performancestandardsincludeurbanheatstressreductionprovisionssuchassolarreflectanceindexofroofsandpavementsandtreelandscapingforopenareas.Also,pedestrianizationoftheCentralBusinessDistrictwasgivenemphasisthroughurbanshadingandproperobservanceofsetbackstopromotenon-motorizedmobilitytomanageGHGemissionsemanatingfromthetransportationsector.NumerousparksandopenspacezoneswerealsoincorporatedintheZoningOrdinancetoactasbreezewaysandairpathstopromotepassivecooling.Furthermore,zoningincentivessuchasbuildingdensitybonusesandallowingbuildingheightvarianceforproponentsimplementingCCA/DRRMtechnologyorinnovations(i.e.,useofsolarpanels,rainwaterharvesting,smarturbandrainagesystems,andgreenarchitectureandbuildingsystems)wereincludedtoencourageandfacilitateprivatesectorledlocalclimateadaptationaction.Figure39:UrbanHeatStressandZoneClassificationMapofLegazpiCityUrbanHei,tSt,e~Susceptibility.V,~H;gh-H;ghfAodera1tLowVerylo·11ZoneClassifimionUrbanCo1ridorOverlayZoneParks1ndOpenSp1ceZonePublkGrunO~nSpamZoneBufferandEa~emen1Zone~99DESIGNBRIEFAdesignbriefisacoherentdescriptionbytheclient(includingLGUsanddevelopers)tothedesignteamthatsetsoutthephysicaldesigncriteriaandoutcomesforanurbandesignprojectinlinewiththerelevantdesignguide,designcode,andpolicyframework.HOWIT'SDONEAbriefdefinesthesiteandcontext,andoutlinestheexpectationsforsitedevelopment,includingimportantoutcomesandconditions,andisoftendevelopedinconjunctionwithamasterplan.Itreferstorelevantcodesandstandardstobeapplied,whichshallleadtothehigher-levelspatialorsectoraldevelopmentstrategysuchastheurbandesignstrategy.1.TheTask:specifieswhataprojectmustachieve,bywhatmeans,andinwhattimeframesothedesignteamworkstowardstherightdirection(e.g.,environmentaltargets,program,anddemandsform2).2.TheData:documentationofthesite,withallconstraintssothedesignteamdoesnotignoreimportantfactors(e.g.,otherongoingprojects,ownership,andstakeholders).3.TheDeliverables:outliningthedeliverablesandscope,includingoutputs(documentationandplans)andtiming.URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEEXAMPLES►HowtodevelopadesignbriefGovernmentArchitectNewSouthWalesadvisorynotetoprojectteams,contractors,andconsultantsondevelopingagooddesignbrief.►KingstonCouncilEdenQuarterdevelopmentbriefSPDExampleofacomprehensivedevelopmentbriefforaspecificareaofatownincludingdevelopmentprinciples,urbandesignframework,siteguidanceanddelivery.URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEBox4BUILDINCCLIMATERESILIENCETHROUCHURBANPLANSANDDESICNSCASESTUDYDesignBrief(CagayandeOroCityandAngelesCities)ABSTRACT100Theprojectteamfirstneedstoconsiderthecityasawholeecosystemandcarefullyidentifyandlocatetheclimateriskthatneedstobeaddressedtodevelopadesignbriefforaclimateadaptationurbandesignproject.Theirprimaryroleistoformulateobjectivestoensurethattheprojectisprimarilydesignedforclimateadaptation,alongwithotherpossibleco-benefits.Defaultingtobusiness-as-usualurbandevelopmentthinking,whichputsapremiumonurbandesign(asopposedtoclimateadaptation)considerations,mustbeavoided.THESITUATIONCagayandeOro►TheTechnicalWorkingGroup(TWG)wastaskedtodevelopadesignbrieffortheBCRUPDpilotproject.Rightatthestarttheyidentifiedtwosites,IsladeOroandDivisoria,toberedevelopedandturnedintorecreationalparksandopenspaceareasforthegeneralpublic.►IsladeOrowasthesiteofasettlementonasandbaronCagayandeOroRiverthatwaswashedawaybythefloodwatersofTyphoonSendong(Washi)onthenightof16December2011.Manypeoplewerekilledinthetragedy,andhundredsmorewentmissing.Asaresultofthatincident,the'island'wasre-zonedasrecreationalandresettlementwasprohibited.TheDepartmentofPublicWorksandHighways,withforeignfundingassistance,alsoconstructedafloodwallonthebanksoftherivertoprotectfromfuturefloodingevents,cuttingofftheareafromtherestofthecity.►DivisoriaisalargeopenspaceareainthedowntownofCagayandeOroCityandislocatedperpendiculartoIsladeOro.Itusedtobeafirebreachduringtheearlydaysofthecitybuthasgraduallytransformedintoaseriesofparkssurroundedbycommercialestablishmentsonthreesides.Whileitservesasanimportantamenitytothecity,itsdevelopmentasawholehasbeenadhocanduncoordinated.►TheTWGsawthepotentialofdevelopingbothareasasoneintegratedcentralparkthatwillservetheneedsofbothbusinessesandthepublic.Theyenvisionedthedevelopmentasashady,tree-filledrecreationalandopenspaceareawithparks,bikewaysandpaths,fountainsandgardens,anamphitheater,andotheramenities.Rainwaterharvestingandsustainabledrainagetechnologieswillbeusedwhereappropriate.AngelesCity►SimilartoCagayandeOroCity,AngelesCitystartedtheprojectwithaspecificdevelopmentprojectinmind.►TheSalenCuliatHeritagedistrictisanhistoricalareainthedowntownofAngelesCitythatincludes1Ohistoricstructures,thepubliclibrary,thecitymuseum,andthepublicmarket.Overtheyearscommercialdevelopmenthastakenplacewithintheareabutitshistoriccharacterhasbeenmaintained.Thecityhasidentifiedactionsthatwouldfurtherstrengthenthisidentityandtheprojectisanexcellentopportunitytoachievethatobjectivewhileaddressingincreasingclimatechangerisksaswell.RECOGNITIONOFTHESITUATIONWritingtheinitialdesignbriefsstartedquicklyanddraftswerecompletedinearly2019.Duringtheprocessofreviewingthebriefshowever,itbecameapparentthattheinitialfocusofbothTWGswasprimarilytodevelopacultural,parksandrecreationalurbandesignproject,whichwasexpectedtoeventuallybringaboutanimprovementoftheareas'climateadaptability.Intheinitialdesignbriefs,climateadaptationthereforebecameameresideeffectofadevelopmentthatismorefocusedonaddressingtheculturalandrecreationalrequirementsofthepublic,ratherthananimportantissuetobeaddressedinitself.Itwasobviousatthistimethatthegroupsweredefaultingtobusiness-as-usualthinking,andthattheclimateadaptationobjectiveoftheprojectwaslostsomewhereintheprocess.101URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEBUILDINCCLIMATERESILIENCETHROUCHURBANPLANSANDDESICNSCASESTUDYDesignBrief(CagayandeOroCityandAngelesCities)CLARITYOFPROJECTCOALSIntheearlystagesofthedesignbriefwritingprocess,itwasnotedthattheTWGsfollowedthecommonbusiness-as-usuallogicofprojectdevelopmentillustratedbelow:STEPlVision:UrbanDesign►Justifiedby►STEP2Problem:PerceivedEnvironmentalIssuesTocorrecttheissue,itwasclarifiedtobothgroupsthatthegoaloftheprojectswasprimarilyclimateadaptation,withotherurbandesigngainsasco-benefits.AseriesofworksessionswithbothcitieswereundertakentorevisittheirrecentlycompletedLocalClimateChangeActionPlansandtheearlier-completedClimateDisasterRiskAssessmentstobringthefocusbacktotheircity'sclimateadaptationneeds.Theprocessnowfollowedthefollowinglogic:STEPlProblem:IdentifiedIssuesinCDRA/LCCAP►Leadsto►STEP2Solution:UrbanDesignThetwogroupswerealsomadetostepbackseveraltimesduringtheprocesstolookattheircity-wideadaptation.Thislaststepisimportanttoensurethatanyadaptationmeasurestheydoimplementinoneareawillnotintroducema/adaptationelsewhere.Oncetheaboveweredonethewritingofthedesignbriefstoguidethepilotprojectdesignswerecompletedwithnomoremajorissues.OUTCOMESBothcitiesstartedwritingtheirdesignbriefswiththeendproductclearintheirminds,drivenbyabusiness-as-usualprojectmindset.Clarifyingtheproject'sobjectiveslaterforcedthemtoseetheissuethroughaclimatelens,andthentoweightheirproposalsagainsttheiradaptationneedsaccordingly.Doingsoensuredthatthedesignobjectivestheysetoutintheirdesignbriefsactuallymeetstheirneeds,andthedesignerscantailortheirdeliverablestosuittheirrequirements.CagayandeOro►TheCagayandeOroTWGstartedwiththeobjectiveofdevelopingIsladeOroandDivisoriaintoalargecontiguousparkthatwillprovidethepublicrestandrecreationopportunities,andopenspaceareas,withtheaddedbenefitofstrengtheningthecity'sadaptationtoclimatechange.►UponrevisitingtheirCDRA,however,itbecameclearthatIsladeOroandDivisoriadoesneedtobedevelopedforentirelydifferentreasons.►IsladeOroandDivisoriaopenspaceswerecrucialtoresistingtheeffectsofincreasingurbanheatinthecitycenterbyprovidingshadeandintroducingwindcorridorsintobuiltupareas.►TheircitywideurbanadaptationstrategyalsoindicatedthatthelandsideofIsladeOroandDivisoriawerecrucialtoadaptingtopluvialfloodingintheareaduetoincreasingamountsofrainfall.►Itwasthereforeahappyaccidentthattheinitialprojectsiteproposalwasalsoakeyadaptationsiteidentifiedthatneedstobedeveloped,accordingtotheexistingdata.URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCE102BUILDINCCLIMATERESILIENCETHROUCHURBANPLANSANDDESICNSCASESTUDYDesignBrief(CagayandeOroCityandAngelesCities)AngelesCity►SimilartoCagayandeOro,theAngelesCityTWGstartedwiththevisionofdevelopingBalenCuliatintoaprojectthatshowcasestheCity'sculturalheritageandaddressesurbandesignurbanrequirements,aswellaspromotesclimateadaptation.►UponrevisitingtheirCDRAandLCCAP,however,theyrealizedthatclimateadaptationgoesbeyondtheirindividualsiteselections,andthattotrulyadapttheyneededtodevelopacity-wideadaptationstrategythataddressesbothincreasingurbanheatanddecreasingprecipitation.►AftermuchconsiderationtheTWGdecidedtorecalibratetheirapproachandaddresstheircity'sadaptationtodecreasingrainfall,amoreurgentissuethatputstheirdrinkingwatersupplyatrisk.Aninterestingaspectofaddressingthisissueisthatviableadaptationdesignoptionsneededtobelocatedinasiteawayfromupstreamwheretheproblemwasimminent.►Thecity'sfinalprojectbriefthereforeendedupbeingdifferentfromwhattheyoriginallyenvisioned,butintheendwasmuchmoreresponsivetotheirclimateadaptionneeds.DESICNASSESSMENTThisispreparedbythedesignerontherationalebehindadesignproposalforaprojectandexplainshowitmeetsthedesignbrief,designguides,orothercriteria.HOWIT'SDONEIthelpstoensurethatnewdevelopmentshaveexaminedtheopportunitiesandconstraintsofasiteandprovidedesignsolutionsthatarecontext-sensitiveandrespondtothepolicycontext,especiallytheclimateconsiderationsofthedesignsolution.Itshouldcontainthefollowingelements:1.Definitionofthesiteandcontext2.Responsetopolicycontext3.Urbandesigngoalsandobjectivesforthesite4.Developmentconcept(sitedesign,transitions,publicviews,parking,accessibility,materials,lighting,architecturaltreatment)5.Integrationwithpublicrealm6.SustainableurbandesignEXAMPLES►CityofGuelphUrbanDesignBriefTennsofReferenceProvidesguidanceonthestructureandformatofadesignassessment.►KingstonCouncilEdenQuarterdevelopmentbriefSPDExampleofacompleteddesignassessmentbyacommunityplanningfirm.103URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEC.TOOLSFORPARTICIPATIONANDADVOCACYTOADVANCECLIMATE-RESILIENTUPDCommunityparticipationisessentialfordevelopingappropriateandeffectiveurbandesignsolutionsasthecommunitiesthemselvesaretheultimateclientsandbeneficiaries.Itenablespeopletoinfluenceandbepartofthedecision-makingprocess,strengtheningownershipoftheplace,andensuringasmootherdesignprocess.ThetoolstoencouragecommunityparticipationandadvocacyforclimateresilientUPDarepublichearings(informationandconsultation),designcharrettes(actingtogetherandownership),anddesignmodelling(decidingtogether).Communityparticipationmaybedrawnthrough:1.Information-tellingpeoplewhatisplanned.2.Consultation-offeringdifferentoptionsandlisteningtofeedback.3.Decidingtogether-encouragingotherstoprovideadditionalideasandoptionsandjoinindecidingthebestwayforward.4.Actingtogether-decidingtogetherwhatisbestthenformingapartnershiptocarryitout.5.Ownership-helpingotherstodowhattheywantwithadviceandsupportprovidedbytheresourceholder.PUBLICHEARINGS(INFORMATIONANDCONSULTATION)Apublichearingisachairedmeetingheldinacommunityspacethatpresentsarangeofdesignproposalstothecommunity.Thisisusefulfordistributinginformationandundertakingconsultationbutdoesnotenablepeopletoparticipateordecidetogetheractively.IntheLGUplanningprocess,thesamepublichearingsdoneforCLUPandCDPformulationcanbeusedtosharethedesignproposals.DESIGNCHARRETTES(ACTINGTOGETHERANDOWNERSHIP)Thisisanactivityorganizedwithamulti-disciplinaryteam(includingplanners,citizens,cityofficials,architects,andotherstakeholders)tocreatethedesignandimplementationplanofaspecificproject.Itisstructuredtobedoneinashorttimeperiod,compressingtheplanningprocessintoafewdays.Designcharrettesproducequickresults,boostcreativity,andallowpeopletoseetheprojectfromanintegratedpointofview.Ifnotfacilitatedproperlyandnofurtheractivityisdoneafterthedesignexercise,theycanraiseunrealisticexpectationsaboutwhatwillhappen,soobjectivesshouldbemadeclearfromtheoutset.Expertsshouldnotdominatethisactivitybut,infact,makeitameanstolearnfromotherparticipantsandtoincorporatetheirideas.EXAMPLES►CharretteUseinthePlanningProcessOverviewofdesigncharrettesandtheirphases.►MsimbaziCharretteInitiativeTheTanzaniaUrbanResilienceProgramappliedateamoflocalandinternationalexperts,whoworkedwithengineers,planners,communityleaders,andhigh-levelgovernmentofficialsinadedicatedworkshoptorestorethehighlyvulnerablefloodplain.URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEBox5IDENTIFYINGAPPROPRIATEANDEFFECTIVEANDURBANDESIGNSOLUTIONSTHROUGHMULTI-SECTORALINVOLVEMENTAngelesCity,Philippines104TheCityofAngelesconductedseveralparticipatoryandmulti-sectoraldesigncharrettestoprepareitscitywideanddistrictlevelurbanadaptationstrategyframework,identifyurbandesignprojects,anddetailvariouscomponentsofitspilotadaptationproject.Thesedesignconsultationsessionsinvolvedgovernmentpartneragencies,localdecisionmakers,theMapuaInstituteofTechnology,homeowner'sassociation,women'sgroup,KuliatFoundation,Inc.,andexternallocalandinternationalurbandesignexpertsandgroups.Theinvolvementofvariousinternalandexternalactorsintheplanninganddecision-makingprocessallowedthecitytoexplorebestpracticesandotherinnovativeurbandesignsolutions,taplocalexpertise,determineitssocialacceptabilityamongintendedbeneficiaries,andensurethatsolutionsareapplicabletoitslocalsettingandconsistentwithitsdevelopmentcontext.105DESICNMODELLINC(DECIDINCTOCETHER)Thisisanactivityinvolvingmodelbuildingusingsimpleblocksorpapercutoutsofdifferentsizesandshapes.Theserepresenttypicalurbanbuildingelementsandcanbeusedtoconstructdifferentconfigurationsofurbanformtotestoutdifferentoptionsforasite.Thescenariosthatemergeshouldberecordedastheyariseandcanalsobeachievedthroughcomputersimulation.Box6URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEEXAMPLES►BoxCity:WhatOurKidsAreLearning-AndCanTeachUsYouthengagementinacollaborativeclassproject.►BlockbyBlockUsingMinecraftasacommunityparticipationtoolforpublicspacedesign.MODELBUILDINCUSINCSIMPLEBLOCKS,PAPERCUTOUTS,ANDOTHERMINIATUREOBJECTSCoaches'TrainingonClimateResilientUrbanPlansandDesignAspartofthecapacitybuildingcomponentoftheBuildingClimateResiliencythroughUrbanPlansandDesignsProjectofUN-Habitat,projectpartnersfromnationalandregionalgovernmentagencieswereaskedtoapplyclimateresilienturbanplanninganddesignanddevelopalternativeurbandesignoptionfortheTagumCityCentralBusinessDistrictbasedonthedevelopmentcontext,climateissues,riskinformationderivedfromtheclimateanddisasterriskassessment,andtherelevantLCCAPobjectives.TheCBDissusceptibletofloodsduetoitstopographicalsetting,andpotentiallysusceptibletourbanheatstressduetoprojectedincreasingseasonaltemperaturesandhighthermalmasscharacteristicoftheurbanlandscapeandwaterscarcityduetotheprojectedreductioninannualrainfall.Tomanageurbanheatstress,thegroupswereabletohighlightnotableclimateresilienturbandesignprinciplesandstrategiessuchastheinterplayofsunpathpatternsandbuildingheightstocastshadows,lookingatbuildingdensitiestomaximizewindpathsandpromotepassivecooling,recommendingtheuseofhighsolarreflectanceindexforbuildingfacadesandroofs,andemphasisonnaturalshadingusingtreesandurbanlandscaping.Tomanagefloods,groupssuggestedconstructingwaterimpoundmentparks,harvestingrainwateratthebuildinglevel,redevelopingtheeasementandsetbackareasofcreekstominimizefutureexposure,andapplyingresilientbuildingdesignstandardscapableofwithstandingexpectedfloodlevels.©UN-Habital:f'hilippinesUN-HabitatPhilippinesURBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCED.TOOLSFORINVESTMENTPROGRAMMING&FINANCINGCLIMATE-RESILIENTUPD106ToensurethatimplementationofclimateresilientUPDprojectswillbeprioritized,therearevariousmechanismsandtoolsthatlocalgovernmentunitsandplanningactorscanuse.Thissectionelaboratesonkeyinvestmentprogrammingandfinancingtoolsthatcanhelpcitiesandlocalitiesensurethatresourcesareallocatedforimplementingtheirprojects.CDPPROJECTBRIEF(FORAIPANDLDIP)1.PRE-FEASIBILITYSTUDIESFORCLIMATEACTIONSApre-feasibilitystudy(PFS),similartoafeasibilitystudy,isintendedtodemonstratehowaproposedprojectistechnically,economically,socially,andenvironmentallyacceptablebuttheleveloftheanalysesislessdetailedthanatthefeasibilitystudylevel.AscitedintheGreenClimateFund(GCF)GuidelinesforPFS,theroleofthepre-feasibilitystudyshouldbetopresentanassessmentoftheproposedprojectorprogram'sinterventionsintermsofthesoundnessoftheirtechnicaldesign,costsandbenefits,socialandenvironmentalimpacts,legalandregulatoryenvironmentsinwhichtheproposedinterventionsandactivitiesareexpectedtobeimplemented,institutionalandfinancialaspects,andanyotheranalysistoassessfeasibilityoftheinvestment.ThePFSshouldbeabletoprovideaclearconclusionwithrecommendationsthatwillexplaintheunderlyinglogicoftheprojectstructureandactivities.12Whilebothhavethesamepurpose,eachhasdifferentcontents.Table17showsthedifferencesbetweenaPFSandafeasibilitystudy.Table17:DifferencesBetweenPre-feasibilityandFeasibilityStudies(GCF2019)PRE-FEASIBILITYSTUDY►Canrelyonsecondarydatasourcescomplementedbyprimarysources(asneeded)►Usesexistingevaluationreportsforpreviouslyimplementedorongoingprojects►Usesproventechnologiesandsolutionswithtrackrecordtodemonstratethefeasibilityofproposedtechnologicalsolution►Assessesfeasibleoptionsusingexistingandavailabledata,studies,andresources2.STRUCTURE►►FEASIBILITYSTUDYUsesprimaryandsecondarydatasourcesIncorporatesin-depthtechnicalstudiesfortheproposedtechnologicalsolutions►Mayinvolvedetailedengineeringstudiesoranalysiswithtestingworkandon-siteappraisals►IncludesdeeperanalysisandtestingofeachfeasibleoptionItisimportanttoknowthestructureandwhatcommonelementsshouldbeincludedinthedocument.Therearethreemainsectionsthatshouldbeconsidered:ProjectRationale,ProjectDesignElements,andImplementationArrangements.Table18givesanoverviewofastructureofaprojectproposaldocument.12GreenClimateFund(2019).GuidanceonPreparingaPre-feasibilityStudyundertheSimplifiedApprovalProcess.https://www.greenclimate.fund/sites/default/files/document/guidance-preparing-pre-feasibility-study-under-simplified-approval-process.pdf107►►►►►►URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCETable18:CommonElementsofaProjectProposalWHATSHOULDBEREFLECTEDINTHEPROJECTPROPOSALDOCUMENTPROJECTRATIONALEBackgroundClimatechangeinformationContext/impacts/identificationoftheproblemsDescriptionof"idealstate"RelationshiptonationaldevelopmentstrategiesRelationshiptonationaladaptation/localsectoralstrategies►►►►►►PROJECTDESIGNELEMENTSProjectdesignformatTechnicalfeasibilityEconomicandfinancialaspectsEnvironmentalandsocialsafeguardsBudgetandtimelineCo-financing►►►►►IMPLEMENTATIONARRANGEMENTSInstitutionalArrangementsFinancialandProjectRiskManagementFinancialManagementandProcurementMonitoring,Evaluation,andReportingProjectSustainabilitySource:GuidetoClimateChangeAdaptationProjectPreparation,USAIDAdaptAsia-Pacific.(Theguideisanextensivecollectionofexcerptsfromapprovedadaptationprojects,includingexamplesfromtheGCF,AdaptationFund(AF),AsianDevelopmentBank[ADB},LeastDevelopedCountriesFund[LDCF},IndonesianClimateChangeTrustFund[ICCTF},andothers).2.1.PROJECTRATIONALEAprojectproposaldocumentneedsasectiontodiscusstherationaleandalsoserveasthebaselineoftheproject.Thissectionhasnoexactformatasitisnormallybasedontheidentifiedfundingagency'ssuggestedpresentationstructure,butcommoninformationinthispartincludes:1.Background2.ClimateChangeInformation3.Context/Impacts/IdentificationoftheProblem4.Descriptionof"IdealState"5.RelationshiptoNationalDevelopmentStrategies6.RelationshiptoNationalAdaptation/LocalSectoralStrategies2.1.1.BackgroundThebackgroundconsistsofinformationaroundtheproblemthatwillbeaddressedinthestudy.Thisconsistsofbasicdatasuchastheprojectarea'sgeographicinformation,politicalandadministrativecharacteristics,economicindicators,landusepatternsandlandusechange,livelihoodactivities,andeconomicallyimportantsectors.Table18showsthedatathatwillbeneededtodiscusstherelatedtopics.URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCE108Table19:DataNeededbySectionSECTIONDATANEEDEDGeographicInformationThisdescribesthephysicalenvironmentofthestudyareaandmayconsistofthefollowing:►Latitude►Demographics►Pedology►Longitude►Typography►Area►ClimatePolitical/AdministrativeCharacteristicsDescribethepolitical-administrativehierarchyofthestudyareaandtheareassurroundingit.EconomicIndicatorsDiscusstheeconomicgrowthofthestudyareasuchasGDP,incomelevel,andothers.LandUsePatternsLandusechange.LivelihoodActivitiesOthereconomicallyimportantsectors.Statisticaldataandmapsfromthenationalandlocallevelcanbeusedtodescribethetargetareaandsupporttheextentoftheproblemthatwillbeaddressed.Itisimportanttouseonlyrelevantinformationthatdescribethestudyareaandproblem.2.1.2.ClimateChangeInformationAnin-depthdescriptionofthephysicalprocessesassociatedwithclimatechangemustbackupthedatapresented,andmaycomefromvarioussourcessuchasgovernmentreports,researchconductedbyscientificinstitutions,academes,fundingagencies,internationalresearchinstitutions,andmultiorbilateraldevelopmentbanks.Informationpresentedshouldalsobereviewedregularlysinceclimateinformationisbeingproducedcontinuously.Itisimportanttocitethereferenceswhiledevelopingthedescriptionofphysicalprocesses.Oneofthecommonwaystodescribethephysicalprocessesassociatedwithclimatechangeistostartwithglobal-scaleprocessesandprogressivelyadddetailsdowntothelocallevelthatarerelatedtotheproposedproject.Agoodsourceforthistypeofinformationisthevulnerabilityassessmentreport.2.1.3.Context,Impacts,andIdentificationoftheProblemThissectionemphasizeshowtheclimatechangeprocessesaretiedtoimpactsonsocial,economic,andculturalaspectsoftheprojectareathateventuallyresultinproblems.Anexampleofthisissealevelrise.Sealevelriseisanirreversibleprocessandthereforenoimmediateprojectcanbedonetostopit,butitsimpactresultsinthedisplacementofmarginalizedgroupsandlossesintheirlivelihoodopportunities.Thefocusshouldthenbeonadaptationoptionsdesignedtoreducetheimpactsofsealevelrise.Guidequestiontoaskwhendescribingtheclimateinformation►Howwillyoudescribeexposure,sensitivity,andadaptivecapacitytoclimatechange?Someguidequestionsthatmaybeusefulindescribingthecontextandidentifyingtheproblemanditsimpacts►Whatisthegeneralproblemthatyourprojectseekstoaddress?►Whatstatisticalinformationwillbeusedtodescribetheimportanceoftheproblem?►Whatanecdotalevidencewillbeusedtodescribetheimportanceoftheproblem?►Whatstudies,reports,andotherresearchhavebeenconductedintheprojectarea?►Aretheremarginalizedgroupsinthetargetarea?Doallmembersofsocietyhaveequalaccesstoinfrastructure?►Aretheregroupsexpectedtobemoreaffectedbytheimpactsofclimatechangethanothergroups?►Whattechniqueswillbeusedtounderstandtheperspectiveofmarginalizedgroups?Howcanyouensurethattheseproceduresareinclusive?►Howwillyoudemonstratetheroleofclimatechangeintheproblem?109URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCE2.1.4.Descriptionof"IdealState"Afterdescribingtheproblemthatwouldbeaddressedintheproject,itisalsoimportanttodefinetheconditionthatwillberealizedwhentheprojectiscompletedorthe"idealstate."Thisdefinesthelong-termsolutiontotheidentifiedproblemanddescribesthebarriersinachievingthesolution.Essentially,"idealstate"willeventuallybetheprojectobjective,whereastheanalysisofbarrierswillbecometheoutcomes,whichcontributetotherealizationoftheprojectobjective.AProblem-ObjectiveTreeAnalysiscanbeusefulforframingandthenaddressingtheproblem.2.1.5.RelationshiptoNationalDevelopmentStrategiesItisvitaltoexplaintothefundingagenciesthatthegoalsoftheprojecttobefundedarealignedandwillcontributetotheexistingdevelopmentgoalsofthenationalgovernment.Identifyingtheprioritiesofthenationalgovernmentisanessentialsteptobuilduponontheprojectdocument.Mostfundingagenciesalsorequiretheprojecttoexplaintherelationshipbetweenitsprojectgoalsandthenationaldevelopmentgoals.Thefollowingarekeyinformationsourcesthatareusefulindevelopingthissection:►National/regionalsustainabledevelopmentstrategy►Nationalstrategicdevelopmentplanorframework►Nationalsocio-economicdevelopmentplan►NationalpovertyreductionstrategyorpolicySomefundingagenciesprefertofundprojectsthatcreatesynergy.Therefore,itisimportanttoreviewexistingclimatechangeadaptationprojectsandseewheretheproposedprojectcancomplement.Iftheproposalcandemonstrateandprovethatitcanenhancetheimpactsandoutcomesoftheexistingprojects,itwillincreaseitschanceofbankability.2.1.6.RelationshiptoNationalAdaptationStrategiesThissectiondescribeshowtheprojectfitswithinthebroaderinstitutionalandpolicycontextrelatedtonationalclimatechangeadaptation.Thefollowinghavetobedescribed:►Agenciesrelatedclimatechange,aswellasthesectorsrelatedtotheprojectbeingproposed►Nationalandrelevantsubnationaladaptationplans►Relevantsectoralroadmaps/strategies►HowtheprojectfitsinwithothernationaldevelopmentandclimatechangeprojectsGuidequestionsthatcanbeusedtostrengthenthedescriptionofthe"idealstate"►Iftheprojectissuccessful,howaretheconditionschangedintheprojectarea?Developanarrativeofthe"idealstate."►Basedonthisnarrative,inonesentence,describetheobjectiveoftheproject.►Whoaretheexpectedbeneficiariesoftheproject?Howwilltheybenefit?URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCE2.2.PROJECTDESIGNELEMENTS2.2.1ProjectDesignFormatTheprojectdesignisastep-by-stepdescriptionoftheactivitiesandoutputsthatwillberequiredtoachievethe"idealstate."Projectsfollowageneralstructurecalledlogicalframework.Thelogicalframeworkbeginswiththeobjectivesoftheproject.Theobjectivesareachievedthroughoutcomes,whicharetheresultsoftheproject.Generally,theoutcomedescribesacertaincomponentintheproject.Thenextstepinthelogicalframeworkisidentificationoftheoutputs.Outputsareproducedbyactivities,whicharethespecificactionsdone.Lastly,thelogicalframeworkincludesinputs.Inputsareelementsthattheprojectneedsfortheactivitiestohappen.Theseincludepersonnel,money,andequipment.i.TechnicalFeasibilityTechnicalviabilityincludestheabilitytoprocuretheinputsrequiredfortheprojectaswellastheactivities,methodologies,andtechnologiesthathavebeenchosentomeettheproject'sobjectives.Theprojectdocumentshouldbeabletodescribewhytheseactivities,methodologies,andtechnologiesarethemostappropriateandwhytheywerechosenoveralternatives.Anotherkeyconsiderationintechnicalfeasibilityissocialacceptability.Insomecases,relocationofexposedpopulationmayseemtobethemostlogicalsolution,butitisimportanttoconsiderthatthisexposedpopulationmayresisttheideaofrelocation.Inthesecases,stakeholderconsultationswillplayanimportantroleindeterminingthesocialacceptabilityoftheproposedproject.Additionally,thecapabilityoftheimplementingentitytocarryouttheprojectisalsoavitalaspectintechnicalfeasibility.Whendesigningtheproject'sactivities,itisimportanttoconsiderthetrackrecordandcapabilityoftheimplementingentitytoconducttheproject'sactivities.Moreover,theabilityofthelabormarketinthetargetareatosupplyworkerstoimplementtheproject'sactivitiesaswellasthesupplyofrequiredprojectinputsarealsokeyconsiderationsfortechnicalfeasibility.ii.EconomicandFinancialAspectsEconomicAnalysislooksattherelationshipoftheprojecttosociety,includingcostsandbenefitsoftheprojectfromthesociety'sperspective.Ontheotherhand,financialanalysislooksattheprofitabilityoftheproject,fromtheperspectiveoftheinvestors.Althoughfinancialanalysisisseldomaskedinprojectscomparedtoeconomicanalysis,itisimportanttoincludeitintheprojectdocumentasitestimatescapitalcosts,operatingexpenses,andrealisticrevenuestreams.Thedemandanalysisalsohelpstoverifywhetherthecostsofprovidingtheservicewillbereasonableandaffordabletotheusers.Guidequestionsindesigningaproject►Whatistheprojectobjective?►Whataretheprojectoutcomes?►Whatoutputswillsupporttheseoutcomes?I>Whatactivitieswillleadtotheseoutputs?I>Whatinputsareneededtoconducttheseactivities?110lllURBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEiii.EnvironmentalandSocialSafeguardsProjectsfollowcertainprocedurestominimizetheimpactstotheenvironmentaswellastosociety.Thereisarecognizedneedtopayspecificattentiontogendersensitivitiesandshowhowclimatechangeimpactsmenandwomendifferently.Itisalsoimportanttodesignprojectsthatwillinvolvethemarginalizedandindigenousgroupsofthesociety.iv.BudgetandTimelineThissectionshowsmilestonesandprojectcalendar,includingbudgetrequiredinachievingthemilestones.Insmallprojects,thetimelineandbudgetaremadepartoftheprojectdescriptionwhereasinbiggerprojects,timeandbudgetareattachedasanappendix.v.Co-financingThisdescribesthesourcesofbothinternalandexternalsourcesoffinancingorfundingthatwillsupporttheproject.Thismayalsoincludein-kindcontributions.Informationinco-financingandfundingispresentedintableformatwithindicationsastowhethertheco-financedsumisconfirmedornot.2.3.IMPLEMENTATIONARRANGEMENTS2.3.1.InstitutionalArrangementsProjectsaregenerallysponsoredbyagenciesandorganizations.Theseagenciesandorganizationsareoftenreferredtoastheexecutingagency,executingentity,orimplementingentity.Theprojectdocumentmustincludethebackgroundinformationoftheexecutingagencyincludingitsresponsibilitiesandcompetencies.Examplesofthesecompetenciesareaidcoordination,inter-agencycoordination,budgetplanning,procurement,accounting,andfinancialmanagement.Asidefromtheexecutingagency,thissectionalsoneedstodescribethestakeholders,organizations,andotheragenciesthatwillbeinvolvedintheprojectaswellastheirrolesandresponsibilitiesbetweenandamongthedifferentstakeholders.Asteeringcommitteeorprojectboardisusuallyformedtoprovidegeneralandstrategicguidancefortheproject.2.3.2.FinancialandProjectRiskManagementItisvitaltoincluderiskassessmentintheprojectdocumentandexplainhowtheserisksmightinterferewiththeachievementoftheprojectobjectives.Thissectionisgenerallyinnarrativeformandintableformat.Itwouldbebesttodescribeeachoftherisksinthetableformat.Theimportanceandprobabilityoftheseriskscanthenberanked,andmitigationmeasurescanbeexplainedinthedocument.InseverallargeprojectsoftheGCF,importancecanbedescribedaspercentageofprojectvalue:GuideQuestionsonInstitutionalArrangements►Willtheprojectbesubmittedthrougharegionalormultilateralaccreditedentity?Ifso,identifyproceduresthatguidetherelationshipbetweentheaccreditedentityandtheimplementingorexecutingagency.►Whichin-countryagencywillsponsortheproject?►Whichadditionalagencieswillbeinvolvedintheproject?Howwilltheybeconnectedduringimplementation?►Whataretheresponsibilitiesoftheseentities?►Willtheprojectincludeasteeringcommittee?Ifso,whatagenciesandorganizationswillbeinvolved?GuidequestionstobeaskedonFinancialandProjectRiskManagement►Whatkindofrisksmightinterferewithprojectimplementation?►Howwilltheserisksbemitigated?Whatrisksmighttheprojectbesusceptibleto7URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCE►Low=<5percentofprojectvalue►Medium=<20percentofprojectvalue►High=>20percentofprojectvalueSomecategoriesofriskinclude:►Political-politicalunrest,lackoftransparency,andpoliticalinterferenceintheallocationofresources.►Institutional-lackofcoordinationbetweenimplementingagencies,lackofcapacitytomanagetheprojectimplementation,staffturnover,andlackofparticipationfromrelevantstakeholders.►Financial-sustainabilityoffinancingforprojectoutputsandoutcomes,andcostoverruns.►Technical-failuretoobtaindataandinformationrelevanttotheproject.2.3.3.FinancialManagementandProcurementItiscriticaltoshowaclearpictureofhowtheprojectpaymentswillbehandled,inputsfortheprojectwillbeobtained,anditsauditingprocedures.Allthesehelpensureaccountabilityandtransparencyinprojectexecution.Havinganefficientfinancialmanagementandprocurementsystemcanalsominimizethechancesofcorruption.Differentfundingagencies(e.g.,WorldBank,ADB,andtheJapanInternationalCooperationAgency[JICA])havedifferentestablishedprocurementguidelinesthatmustbefollowedbytheimplementingagenciesandpartnersofprojects,butthestructureoftheguidelinesanddefinitionsaresimilar.Theseguidelinesincludethefollowing:►Contractingandsubcontractingguidelines►Advertisingandhandlingofbids►Rulesofnationalityandoriginandgroundsforexclusion►Conflictofinterestguidelines►Evaluationandselectionofbids►Grievanceprocedures2.3.4.Monitoring,Evaluation,andReportingMonitoringandEvaluationisamanagementtoolthatmeasurestheproject'sprogressinachievingitsexpectedresults.AlthoughM&Eareoftenviewedasrelated,theyhavedistinctfunctionsinprojectimplementation.Itisgoodtorecognizethedifferencebetweenthesetwotoolstomaximizeitsneedandusefulness.Monitoringisagoodmanagementtoolthatwillcontinuouslytracktheproject'sagreedimplementationschedule.Itaimstodeterminewhether112GuidequestionsforM&E►Whataretobemonitoredandevaluated?►Whatactivitiesareneededtomonitorandevaluateandwhenshouldthesebeconducted?►Whoisresponsibleformonitoringandevaluationactivities?►Howaremonitoringandevaluationcarriedout7►Whatresourcesarerequiredandwherearetheycommitted?113URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEtheobjectivesoftheprojecthavebeenmetornot.Monitoringcontributestoprojectevaluation,butevaluationgoesbeyondmonitoring.Evaluationistheprocessthatdeterminestheviabilityoftheprojectforfurtherresourcecommitmentandcontributestodecisionmaking.M&Earethetwomostimportantaspectsofdeterminingthesuccessofprojects.Belowareadvantagesofawell-executedandeffectiveM&E:►Helpkeeptheprojectfocusedonitsoutcomesandimpacts,andtostayconsistentwiththeproject'stimelineandbudget.►Assistwithmakingadjustmentsandimprovementstotheprojectwhileinprocess.Theyhelpidentifywhatisandisnotworkingintheproject.►Reveallessonsforfutureprojectsandpolicies.►Improvetransparencyandaccountability.2.3.5.ProjectSustainabilityFundingandfinancingagenciesprefertoinvestinprojectsthathavealastingimpactevenafterthelifeofthegrantorloan.Fromaneconomicperspective,thismeansthattheprojectsfinancedcanbeself-sustainingafterthelifeoftheproject.Sustainabilityalsodemandsthattechnicalcapabilityisensuredevenafterend-of-projecttransition,whichisoftencalledtheexitstrategy.Asustainabilityplanshouldbeincludedintheprojectdocument.Thefollowingaresomeelementstoconsiderinthesustainabilityplan:►Ensureownershipbybeneficiarygovernments,NGOs,CSOs,andbeneficiaries.Howwillconsultativeprocesseshelpfosterasenseofownershipontheprojectbeneficiaries?Howwilllessonsduringtheimplementationperiodbeincorporatedintoexistingpoliciesandpractices?►Determinesourcesoffunding,staffingandadministration.Willtheprojectbefoldedintoexistinggovernmentprograms?►Developoperationandmaintenanceplanwithdetailsofestimatedcostsandresponsibilities,sometimesincludedasanannex.Incaseswheregoodsandservicesareproduced,privatesectorinvolvementarrangementssuchasbuild-transfer-operatemaybeappropriate.►Createacostrecoveryplan.►Determinehowtoensurethatentitiescontinuetofunctiononcetheprojectiscomplete.►Ifnecessary,buildmanagement,maintenance,andmonitoringcapacitywithinthebeneficiarygovernmentandtargetcommunities.Howwilltheprojectdeveloptheseskillsamongthebeneficiaries?►Ensurereplicabilityandscalability.Whatprospectsexistforexpandingtheactivitiesfinancedundertheprojecttoensurelarge-scaleimpactsinfuture,includinginformationflows?►Securedataandinformation.Howwilldataandinformationproducedbytheprojectbemaintainedanddisseminated?Whatinformationtechnology,dataformats,andmaintenancewillberequired?Severalpre-feasibilityguidancedocumentsarealsoavailabletoaccessfromtheGreenClimateFund,CitiesDevelopmentforAsia,andUSAIDAdaptAsia-Pacific.AllarecitedaccordinglyintheReferencessectionofthistool.Toconcludethetoolssection,Figure40belowprovidesusersanillustrationonhowandwheresomeoftheUPDtoolsdiscussedintheprevioussectionlinkswiththeLGUplanningdocumentsandprocess.URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCE◄►◄►◄►Figure40:UPDToolsandMethodsandHowTheyRelatetoLGUPlanningProcessesURBANPLANSANDDESIGNTOOLS/METHODSWITHINTHERATIONALIZEDPLANINGPROCESSINTHEPHILIPPINESPPDFRP,CLUP-ZO,CDPCLUP-ZO,CDP,BDP,THEMATICPLANSSITEDEVELOPMENTPLAN,PROJECTDOCUMENTUrbanDesignStrategyStructurePlanDesignBriefsCity/MunicipalityDesignPolicyFrameworkBarangay/NeighborhoodDesignCodes(RedevelopmentCode,StreetscapeStrategy,etc.)SiteDesignCodes(Site,Building)DesignGuidelinesFlux-basedZoning,ClimaticZoningMCA,CBA,CEA114V.MONITORINCANDEVALUATIONOFCLIMATEADAPTATIONTHROUCHUPDIMPLEMENTATIONMonitoringandEvaluationareessentialstepsintheplanningcycle.LocalGovernmentUnitsinthePhilippinesareawareofthisprocessanditsimportanceinlocalgovernance.Still,itiscommonforLGUstomissoutnotonlyoninvestingappropriatetimeandresourcestoperformtheactualM&EtasksbutalsoinusingthelearningsgatheredfromM&Eresults.ProvidinginputsandsupporttoLGUsontheuseandpracticeofM&Eiscrucial,especiallywiththeneedtocontinuouslylearnfromtheiradaptationactionsinthefaceofthechangingclimateanditsuncertainties.116A.POLICYFRAMEWORKFORNATIONALCLIMATEACTIONM&EThemonitoringandevaluationofclimatechangeactionsareintegraltotheclimategovernanceregimeinthecountry.ThePhilippineClimateChangeActof2009mandatestheformulationofaNationalFrameworkStrategyonClimateChange,whichshallhaveM&Easoneofitscomponents.TheNFSCCdoesnotelaboratedetailsonthemonitoringandevaluationprotocols,butconsistentwiththeLawnotesthat"theClimateChangeCommission,incoordinationwithotherconcernedagenciesandstakeholdergroups,shallinstallamonitoringandevaluationsystemtotracktheimplementationprogressoftheprovisionsintheNFSCCandtheNationalClimateChangeActionPlanandLocalClimateActionPlans."Giventheabove,theClimateChangeCommission,initsResolutionNo.3ontheRevisedImplementingRulesandRegulationsoftheRA9729asamendedbyRA10174,gavetheClimateChangeOffice,amongothers,theroleandfunctionof"establishingandmaintainingamonitoringandevaluationsystemfortheNCCAPandLCCAPs13."TheMonitoringandEvaluationSectionoftheNCCAPemphasizedthatmonitoringandevaluationareessentialaspectsofthePlan.ItstatesthattheNCCAP"M&Eisprincipallyaimedatlearningfromtheactions-whatweredoneandhowtheyweredone-byfocusingonefficiency,effectiveness,andimpact."Themonitoringsystemisexpectedtolookatkeyperformanceindicatorswhicharetobedefinedbothatthenational,thoughtheNCCAP,andlocallevels.Forthelatter,itaptlynotesthatresultsindicatorsmustbedevelopedtogetherwithLGUs.TheNCCAPmonitoringandevaluationissettobedoneannuallyandeverythreeyears,respectively.Giventheaboveandtoensurethatclimateactionsindeedsupportandalignwiththenationaldevelopmentplan,theCommissiondevelopedaResults-BasedMonitoringandEvaluationSystem(RBMES)tomonitorthecountry-levelprogressoftheNCCAPimplementation(Figure41).ThesaidM&Esystemidentifiedresults-chainandindicatorsforeachofthestrategicprioritiesofthenationalactionplanfrom2011-2028.Figure41:NCCAPResultsBasedMonitoringandEvaluationFrameworkNCCAPULTIMATEOUTCOMES_________________t________________EcologyandEnvironmentalStabilityEnhancedresilienceandstabilityofnaturalsystems&communitiesHumanSecurityReducedrisksofpopulationfromclimatechange&disasters13R-IRRofRA9729asamendedbyRA10174RuleVSec1.a(iii)WaterSufficiencyWaterresourcessustainablymanaged&equitableaccessensuredSustainableEnergySustainablerenewableenergy&ecologicallyefficienttechnologiesadoptedasmajorcomponentsofsustainabledevelopmentFoodSecurityAvailability,stability,accessibility,affordability,safe&healthyfoodensuredamidstclimatechangeClimateFriendlyIndustries&ServicesClimate-resilient,eco-efficient&environmentally-friendlyindustries&servicesdeveloped,promoted,&sustained117URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEB.MONITORING,EVALUATION,ANDLEARNING(MEL)FORLOUCLIMATEACTIONSTHROUGHUPDMonitoringandEvaluationareincludedasthefinalstepsoftheCDRAprocess,asoutlinedintheguidereleasedbyDHSUD.ThesaidGuidenotesthatM&Eiscrucialfortworeasons:(1)toensurethequalityofCDRAsynthesisasaplanningdocument,and(2)totracktheprogressandachievementofmainstreamingDRR-CCAinCLUPandCDPbyputtinginplacenecessaryindicatorsandmechanismforassessmentpurposes.TherearetwotemplatesprovidedfortheM&E:theReviewToolforCDRAandaTemplateforMonitoringandEvaluationIndicators.Giventheabove,thissectionwillintroduceandelaborateonMELforclimateadaptation.ItwillalsoprovideusersofthisreferencetooladditionalconsiderationsonMELforclimateactionsthroughUPDandhowitmaybeintegratedintotheexistingM&Eactivities,assharedinthecurrentguidebookforCLUPformulation.LOCAL-LEVELMELSYSTEMFORCLIMATEADAPTATIONWithanRBMESandindicatorswellestablishedfornationallevelclimateactions,localgovernmentsneedtobeabletoaligntheiractionsupward.However,asclimateactionsaredonebasedonlocalleveldecisionsandwithadaptationbeingcontext-specific-meaningitrespondstolocaluniquevulnerabilitiesandriskstoarea-basedhazards-LGUsneedtomonitor,evaluate,andlearnfromtheirlocalclimateactions.EvenwhenLGUsapplysimilaradaptationinitiativesandprojects,theoutcomesandexperiencesineachlocalitymightturnoutdifferently.ThedissimilaritiesresultfromtheuniqueLGUgeographicsettings,differingneeds,andprioritiesvis-a-vislocalsocio-economicconditionsandgovernancestyles,andadaptivecapacities.Assuch,LGUsaretaskedtoplanandimplementM&EactivitiestotracktheprogressoftheirownidentifiedclimateactionsintheLCCAPorasmainstreamedintheirmandatedspatialandsectoralplansusingasetofindicators.SuchtaskwasevensupportedandexpandedbytheClimateChangeExpenditureTagging(CCET)directivefromCCCandtheDepartmentofBudgetandManagementascontainedintheJointMemorandumCircular2014-10and2015-01.CCETencouragesLGUstotracktheirclimateexpendituresintheirAnnualInvestmentProgramsandsubmittedtoCCC.CurrentconditionsdictatetheneedtofurtherimprovetheunderstandingandimplementationofM&EforclimateactionsamongLGUsinthePhilippines.CurrentguidancetoLGUsnotesthatM&Eareessentialtotracktheirprogressusingindicators.Additionally,LGUsmustknowthattheiridentifiedM&Eindicatorsshouldhelpthemunderstand"whatworks,where,andwhysotheycanlearnandgotoscaleandsustainresultsovertime,andifneeded,furtheradjustoreventransform:'Thosepiecesofinformationarecriticalgiventhatwhenimplementingclimateadaptation,most,ifnotall,theactionsarethreadinganunchartedpathasthechangeinclimatecontinuoustohappenwithuncertaintiesofthefuture,whichcanbemuchgreaterthantheinitiallyidentifiedindicatorsofsuccess.Leaminghasbecomeavitalelementforadaptationactions.ItsomustbepurposelyincludedintheM&Esystemandimplementation-expandingthecurrentprocesstoMEL.ThisinformationlinksbacktotheinputsontheadaptationpathwaysapproachdiscussedinSectionIVofthisreferencetool.Thelearningsfromadaptationoptionsoractivitiesineverydecisioncycleshouldbecapturedtoassurethatclimateactionscontinuetobewithintheadaptivespaceoftheadaptationpathtoavoidleadingtomaladaptation(Figure33).ThisreferencetooladvisesLGUstohaveaclearcontextandpurposefortheMELsystemfortheirlocalclimateaction.ThepurposeoftheMELgenerallyistotrackandmeasurethreegeneralareas,(1)processes(orinputs)used,(2)results(outputsandoutcomes)sofarachieved,and(3)learningsontherelevanceoftheactionsandfurtherrequirementsneeded.WhenitcomestotheMELcontext,itreferstotheboundariesandobjectivesoftrackingtobedone,whethertheyaredoinganoverall(LGU-wide)orjustaprogramorproject-specificMELanalysis.Withaclearpurposeandscope,theLGUcanconductMELexercisesfortheiradaptationactions.NotethatadaptationmonitoringandevaluationaretwodistinctactivitiesandthatthelearningcomponentintheMELsystemispartofadaptivemanagement,especiallythatthesituationisexpectedtoevolvecontinuously.LGUsmayalsouseinputsinBox7fromtheOrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)14fornational-levelmonitoringandevaluatingadaptationinconductingtheirlocal-levelMEL.14Vallejo,OECD/IEA,2017URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEMoreover,LGUsandusersofthisreferencetoolmustensurethatlocal-levelMELsystemstrackandmonitorfourkeyaspects:►Climatechangetrendsandhazards►Climatechangeimpacts►Adaptationactions►ResultsdeliveredbytheadaptationactionSampleindicatorsforthesearepresentedinAnnexB.Inusingindicators,LGUsmustknowthat"noonesetofadaptationindicatorsorasingletypeofM&Esystemwillworkforalladaptationinterventions.Indicatorsmustbechosenbasedontherelationshipbetweenplannedadaptationactivitiesandthesocioeconomic,environmental,andclimaticcontextinwhichtheywillbeimplemented15."MELsystemindicatorsmustbeownedandunderstoodbyallactors-thesourceofinformation,theMELimplementer,theusersandlearnersofthereportsandanalysis.TheenhancedCDRAandtheProvincialClimateRiskDiagnostic(PCRD)toolprovidecomprehensivesetsofbaselinedatathatcanbeusedbyLGUsinformulatingMELindicators.Bothassessmenttoolsprovidelocalinformationonclimateexposure,sensitivity,adaptationcapacity,andvulnerability.Ultimately,MELshouldinformandimprovelocaldecision-makingandpolicyinstallationtosustainorfurtheradjustactionstowardsachievingresilienceovertheshort,mid,andlong-termperiods.15SpearmanandMcGray,2011Box7:OECDM&EforClimateAdaptationThemonitoringofadaptationcanexamine,onanongoingbasis,oneorseveralofthefollowingaspects:1.progressmadeinimplementingplannedinitiativesthatdirectlyorindirectlyaffectthelevelofclimateresilienceorthecapacitiestodevelopandimplementadaptationpolicies,plansandstrategies,knownasadaptivecapacity.2.changesintheenablingenvironmentinplaceforadaptationactionsandadaptivecapacity.3.trendsinexposureandvulnerabilitytoclimate-relatedhazardsorrealizedimpactsofclimateevents.4.trackingfinancialornon-financialresourcesspentonadaptationinitiatives.Theevaluationofadaptationisaperiodicassessmenttoansweroneorseveralofthefollowingquestions:1.Areadaptationactionsontracktomeetpre-definedobjectiveandwhyorwhynot?2.Areresourcesspentefficientlyallocated?3.Aretheseactionseffectivelyreducingclimaterisksandhowaretheydoingso?118119URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCECAPTURINGTHECO-BENEFITSOFUPDACTIONSANDPROJECTSMonitoringandevaluatingtheco-benefitsofUPDactionsinclimatechangearecrucialinmeasuringactionsandresultsvis-a-visresilientdevelopment.Inmanyaccounts,urbanplananddesignprogramsorprojectscanalsoprovideco-benefitsasidefromtheintendedclimatechangeadaptationandmitigationobjectives.Itshouldbeemphasized,however,thatclimatedrivenprogramsandprojectsshouldhaveaclearandrobustbaselinetomakeM&Eeffective.ClimatechangeUPDprojectsmustaccountco-benefitsandshouldbelinkedwiththelargeranddesireddevelopmenttrackoftheprojectareaorlocality.Astreetscapeprojectforinstancethatadoptsanature-basedurbandesignapproachmustfirstbeclearonitsclimateactionobjectives(whetheradaptationormitigationorboth)andrelatingitspotentialsocio-economicbenefitsthatarenotdirectlyclimaterelated.Theseco-benefitsareimportantandshouldbepartoftheM&Eindicatorsandsystem.Table20providesexamplesofco-benefitsofUPDprojectsinclimateresiliencebuilding.Table20:MonitoringandEvaluatingCo-BenefitsPROJECTTYPECLIMATECHANGETARGETSCO-BENEFITSStreetscapeClimate►Reducingpluvialfloodimpacts►ImprovedpublichealthResilientProject►Improvingrainwaterresourceuse►Enhancedeconomicperformanceofbusinessesalongthestreets►Increasinggreencanopy►Improvedcirculationandmobility►Improvingmicro-climateinthearea►Bettersocialinclusion►ReducingGHGemissionasaresultofincreasedactivetransport►LandvalueappreciationofpropertiesutilizationsittingalongthestreetsCompact►Increasinguseofrenewableand►BettercirculationandmobilityandClimatecleanenergySensitiveUrban►ImprovedpublichealthRedevelopment►ReducingGHGemissionProgram►Improvedlocaleconomicactivitiesandjobs►Controllingfluvialandpluvialflooding►BetterLGUrevenuegeneration►Improvingrainwaterresourceuse►Increasedlandvalue►Improvingmicro-climateinthearea►Bettersocialintegrationandinclusion►Increasinggreenery►Improvedsolidwastemanagement►Sustainingurbanecosystemservices►Enhancedsocialservices►Developinggreenjobs►ImprovingurbanbiodiversityClimateResilient►Increasinggreenery►IncreasedsocialintegrationandPublicOpenSpacesinclusionProgram►Controllingpluvialflooding►Betterpublichealth►Improvingmicro-climate►Improvedairquality►IncreasedlandvalueURBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCELOCAL-LEVELMELONUPDMAINSTREAMEDINTHECLUPPROCESS120M&EforUPDclimateactionsmustbeintegratedwiththeM&EforCLUPandCDP,giventheexistingGuidancefromDHSUDandDILG.Asitgetsintegrated,however,itiscrucialfortheUPDadaptationactionstobeparticularlymonitored,reported,andevaluatedforitscontributiontoclimateresiliencebuildinganddisasterriskreductionandnotonlyasdevelopmentactivity.LGUsandlocalplanningactorsmustrecognizethatnotalldevelopmentisclimateadaptationandthatnotalladaptationleadstodevelopmentforthereispotentialfordevelopmentactivitiestoexacerbatetheeffectsofclimatechangeunintentionallyleadingtoincreasedrisksandworsenedvulnerability76•Theprocessesused,resultsdelivered(ornot),andthelearnings(thewhyandhowcome)fromUPDprojectsforclimatechangeadaptationshouldbetrackedandassessedtoinformdecision-makersonthenecessaryadjustmentstodevelopmentactivities.TheMELfortheUPDadaptationwillneedtolookatadaptiveurbandesignelementsimplementedacrossthescaleoftheurbansystembecausethereisoftenaninterdependenceofactionsamongclimateresilientUPDprojects.Thisinterdependencecouldimpacttheresultsthatoneprojectmayyield.Forinstance,attheneighborhoodscale,astreetscapeprojectwasimprovedwithbioswalesandreducedpavedsurfacestoaddressurbanflooding,andyetnoadjustmentsontheoveralldrainagesystem(naturalandbuilt)wereimplementedattheurbanstructureandgrainlevelsofdesign.Theimpactofthebioswalesandpaverscouldbecomelimitedandovertimecouldevenloserelevanceaschangebecomesgreater.ThatexamplepointsoutanothercrucialelementofMEL,whichistimeliness.Theregularconductofmonitoringandevaluationofadaptationactionsisimportanttokeeptherelevanceofinterventionsandtoensurethatemergingneeds,includingtheneedforsystemicchangeandtransformationtobeabletoadapttoclimatechange,aretimelyidentifiedandaddressed.ThetimelinessofMELcouldsignificantlyreducelossesandhelpavertthenegativeimpactsofbothacuteandchronicclimate-relatedhazards.Figure40illustrateshowinputsofthissectiononMELforClimateAdaptationespeciallyfortheadaptationactionsthroughUPDcouldbeincorporatedbyLGUsintotheM&EsectionoftheCLUPGuideStep12.16SpearmanandMcGray,2011121URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEFigure42:IntegrationofMELforClimateAdaptationintheStep12ofComprehensiveLandUsePlanMONITORANDEVALUATEASSESSHOWFULLYANDEFFECTIVELYTHEPLANISBEINGCARRIEDOUTANDIMPLEMENTEDSTEPS1Organizeamonitoring,review,andevaluation(MRE)body►►►►►OUTPUTSMonitoringsystemsandproceduresincludingbenchmarksandindicatorsProposedactionsfortherevision/updatingoftheCLUPand20►►►►MONITORING,EVALUATIONANDLEARNINGADDITIONALCONSIDERATIONSANDSUGGESTIONSFortheClimateChange/DRRthematicArea,addinthesuggestedadditionalmembers:►DHSUDregionalrepresentative►Representativefromlocalorganizationsofengineersandarchitects►CivilSocietyOrganizationrepresentativesworkingonclimateactions►Considerintheindicatorsdevelopmenttheclimateparametersandclimateimpacts(fromCDRA)aspartofthebaselineandtheUPDclimateactionsandUPDadaptationresultsaspartofperformancecriteria-measurethisagainsttheadaptationprinciples,technicalbenchmarksaswellastheresiliencecharacteritintendstoachieve►Inmonitoringandreporting,notonlytheprogressoftheclimate-resilientUPDprojectbutalsothecontinuedrelevanceoftheactiontotheadaptationpathway/resiliencebuildinggiventheupdatesonclimateparametersandimpacts(exposure,vulnerability,risks).►Intheevaluation,ensurecapturingqualitativemeasuresofresiliencebuiltthroughtheUPDadapationproject►Bothmonitoringandevaluationshouldbeabletoanswer"whatworks,where,andwhysotheycanlearnandgotoscaleandsustainresultsovertime,andifneeded,furtheradjustoreventransform."IntheguidelinesonEvaluationofCLUP/ZOforUpdatingcouldadd:►(ForVI:ReviewQuestionnaire)IstheCLUP/ZOstillappropriategivenclimatechangetrendsandprojections?►(ForVII:Re-Plan):CLUP/ZOhasbeenoutdatedbytheLGU'semergingfunctionalrole,goalsandobjectives,andrequirementsbroughtaboutbycurrentdevelopmentsandClimateChangeandOtherHazards►(ForVIII:Re-Zone):ClimateimpactsrequiresZoningtoincludeclimaticzones;Developmentneedscontroltoprmoteresiliencetrhoughflux-basedzoningforsea-levelrise,etc;DevelopmentrequiresnewlocalizedstandardsandbenchmarkgivenHazardcharacterizationfindingsfromtheCDRA123URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEANNEXA:SAMPLESOFMULTl-CRITERIAANALVSIS,COST-EFFECTIVENESSANALVSIS,ANDCOST-BENEFITANALVSISSPECIFICTOCLIMATECHANGEACTIONSMULTl-CRITERIAANALYSISMulti-criteriaanalysis(MCA)allowsassessmentofdifferentadaptationoptionsagainstanumberofcriteria.Eachcriterionisgivenaweighting.Usingthisweighting,anove@llscoreforeachadaptationoptionisobtained.Theadaptationoptionwiththehighestscoreisselected.MCAoffersanalternativefortheassessmentofadaptationoptionswhenonlypartialdataisavailable,whencultu@landecologicalconside@tionsaredifficulttoquantifyandwhenthemonetarybenefitoreffectivenessareonlytwoofmanycriteria.MCAessentiallyinvolvesdefiningaf@meworktointegratedifferentdecisioncriteriainaquantitativeanalysiswithoutassigningmonetaryvaluestoallfactors.MCAwasthemethodofchoiceforleastdevelopedcountries(LDCs)inpreparingtheirnationaladaptationprogrammesofaction(NAPAs).Source:AssessingtheCostsandBenefitsofAdaptationOptions,UnitedNationsFrameworkonConventiononClimateChange(2011)Thetablebelowshowsanexampleofascoringchartdepictingvariouscriteriawhereinurbanadaptationoptionscanbeassessedupon.Thetablealsoshowsadescriptionofeachscorepercriterion.ALIGN-BENEFITSsTOECO-BENEFITSMENTTOCSYSTEMTOTHESTAKE-TECH-URGENCYEASELCCAPAND0PROTEC-POORANDHOLDERNICALOFOFRELATIVERELATIVENATIONALMULTI-RTIONANDVULNE-ACCEPTA-FEASI-IMPLEMEN-IMPLEMEN-EFFECTIVE-COSTANDLOCALSECTORALCONSERVA-RABLEBILITYBILITYTATIONTATIONNESSURBANRELEVANCEETIONGROUPDEVELOP-MENTPRIORmES3=High3=Benefits3=High3=High3=Highly3=High3=High3=High3=High3=High(yes,fully)forthepoor(morethan(Designurgent,(citycan(neededin(citycould(yes,fully)(yes,otherandvulnerable70%ofthealreadyprojectimplementordertoafford)sectors3groupsareresidentsinavailabletobenefitsneedthiswithoutdeliverdependonit)directandtheareathecity)totakeeffectexternalobjectivesclearlydefinedinoneyearsupport)andotheroptions)2=Medium2=Benefits2=Medium2=Medium2=Urgent,2=Medium2=Medium2=Medium2=Medium2=Medium(yes,partly)forthepoor(50-70%)(cityhasproject(Citycan(would(citycould(yes,partly)(wouldandvulnerableresourcesbenefitsneedimplementcontributeaffordcontribute2groupsaretodeveloptotakeeffectthiswithtootherwithsomesomewhatdirectbutisdesign,within2tosomeoptions)help/tootheryettobeimplement3yearssupport)support)sector)determinedandmaintain)1=Low1=Benefits1=Low1=Low1=1=Low1=Low1=Low1=Low1=Low(yes,butforthepoor(<50%)(CityhasModerately(citycan't(would(citycould(yes,but(othersectorrequiresandvulnerablenoavailableUrgent,implementcontributetonotaffordrequiresisnotlinkedadditionalgroupsareresourcesprojectthiswithoutotheroptionswithoutadditionalwithit)studies/indirecttodevelopbenefitsexternalsomewhat)help/activities)actions)design,needtotakesupport)support)implementeffect3toandmaintain)5yearsTheMCAtablesamplesbelowshowvariousurbanclimateadaptationprojectsscoredaccordingtothesamplecriteriaabove.Thelastcolumnreflectstherankingofeachproject,promptingforpossibleprioritizationfordecisionmakers.PROJECT/OPTIONSEcoparkdevelopmentfromdecommissionedcity-controlleddumpsiteResettlementprojectInstallationofsustainablewavebreakersinstrategiccoastalareasAdoptionofsustainabletransportsystem:implementationofsustainablemobilitysolutionsfromatransportstudyIntegrationofgreenpocketpar1<sdesignandopenspacesinavailablespacesinthecityOrdinancefortheconversionofflooddangerzonesintoecopar1<sandretentionpondsConstructionofwaterimpoundingstructure,rainwaterharvestingfacilities(smallfarmreservoirs),andconcreteirrigationcanalsImprovementofthestreetscapeandlandscape,includingawalkableandbikeableneighborhoodDevelopmentofcentralpar1<andopenspaceattowncenterRiversidedevelopmentBENEFITSTOECOSYSTEMPROTECTIONANDCONSERVATION2233333333BENEFITSTOTHEPOORANDVULNERABLECROUP3332333333STAKE-HOLDERACCEPTA-BILITY3221332321TECHNICALFEASIBILITY1132233332URGENCYOFIMPLEMEN-TATION1232232233EASEOFIMPLEMEN-TATION1111231122RELATIVEEFFECTIVE-NESS2223233223IIIIIIIIRELATIVECOST2321231231ALIGNMENTTOLCCAPANDNATIONALANDLOCALURBANDEVELOPMENTPRIORITIES2233333333MULTI-SECTORALRELEVANCE2222233333TOTAL141518151824181921183:C;c,~CJ)>~z"Or-a,)>r-zmzRANK(/)z>C)3:)>10z"C0r-0mm....V,8Iciz"T10I;c,4nC3::~m;c,m8V,CmznIm4432I4I....N-'='PROJECT/OPTIONSComprehensiveParksDevelopmentProgramInstallationofRainwaterHarvesterICollector(newbuildingapplications)ImprovementofWaterNetwor1<System(Utilities)InstallationofSolarPanels(forLGU-ownedbuildings)LotAcquisitionforHousing/ComprehensiveShelterPlanImplementationImprovementofschoolfacilitiesandpublicofficesImprovementofdrainage,seweragesystem,androadsWastetoEnergyProgram(DeploymentofW2ETechnology)E-jeepneyProgram(ProcurementandDeploymentofE-jeepneys)BENEFITSTOECOSYSTEMPROTECTIONANDCONSERVATION222222333BENEFITSTOTHEPOORANDVULNERABLECROUP233233332STAKE-HOLDERACCEPTA-BILITY323233232TECHNICALFEASIBILITY222211222URGENCYOFIMPLEMEN-TATION323232222EASEOFIMPLEMEN-TATION222111132RELATIVEEFFECTIVE-NESS222232333IIIIIIIIIIRELATIVECOST121111121ALIGNMENTTOLCCAPANDNATIONALANDLOCALURBANDEVELOPMENTPRIORITIES323322333MULTI-SECTORALRELEVANCE223232222TOTAL1816191517141620173:....N~01RANK~a,r-m(/)>I3:3"Cr-mNI628IC;o4Cll►z"C,-►Izz9zC)►z0I0m6V,ciz"TI0;oI(),-13:~m;oImV,4!::mz()mURBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCECOST-BENEFITANALYSISCost-benefitanalysis(CBA)isoftenusedtoassessadaptationoptionswhenefficiencyistheonlydecisionmakingcriteria.ACBAinvolvescalculatingandcomparingallofthecostsandbenefits,whichareexpressedinmonetaryterms.Thecomparisonofexpectedcostsandbenefitscanhelptoinformdecisionmakersaboutthelikelyefficiencyofanadaptationinvestment.CBAprovidesabasisforprioritisingpossibleadaptationmeasures.Thebenefitofthisapproachisthatitcomparesdiverseimpactsusingasinglemetric.However,itisimportanttobeexplicitabouthowthecostsandbenefitsaredistributed,inadditiontotheiraggregatevalues.Inaddition,itcanbechallengingtoincludereliableestimatesofthingsthatarevaluablebutnotvaluedinmarkets:forexample,thecostsandbenefitsoftenassociatedwithissuessuchasenvironmentalgoodsandservicesandsocialorculturalvalues.Thiscanmeanthatnon-marketcostsandbenefitsareexcluded,andconsequentlytheresultsoftheanalysisaremisleading.Source:AssessingtheCostsandBenefitsofAdaptationOptions,UnitedNationsFrameworkonConventiononClimateChange(2011)SAMPLETABLEOFCOST-BENEFITANALYSISPROJECTS/OPTIONSDistrict2IntegratedDrainageSystemProjectMangroveConservationProgramPublicFacilitiesGreeningProject,Phase1PublicOpenSpacesClimateAdaptationProjectCityCenterBikeLaneProjectPoblacionClimateSmartStreetDesignProjectRainwaterHarvestingFacilitiesforCityHousingProjectsZoneVISolarStreetLightProjectRiverbankNature-BasedDesignRedevelopmentProjectI.SOM12M45M60M24M40M18M15M26MAVOIDEDDAMAGESFROMFLOODINGPERVEAR(INMILLIONS)204801210014■..8240ANNUALENERGYCOSTSAVINGS(INMILLIONS)02222■422223388126155920317410232126127URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCECOST-EFFECTIVENESSANALVSISCost-effectivenessanalysis(CEA)isusedtofindtheleastcostlyadaptationoptionoroptionsformeetingselectedphysicaltargets.GiventhatCEAisperformedwhentheobjectivesoftheadaptationmeasureshavebeenidentifiedandtheremainingtaskistofindthelowest-costoptionformeetingtheseobjectives,itdoesnotevaluatewhetherthemeasureisjustified(e.g.bygeneratingacertainbenefit-costratioorIRR).CEAisappliedinassessingadaptationoptionsinareaswhereadaptationbenefitsaredifficulttoexpressinmonetaryterms,includinghumanhealth,freshwatersystems,extremeweatherevents,andbiodiversityandecosystemservices;butwherecostscanbequantified.Forexample,giventhenecessityforwater,theaimofanassessmentisnottofindalternativeadaptationoptionsthatmightyieldhigheradaptationbenefits,buttofindthoseoptionsthatensuresustainablewaterqualityandquantityforvulnerablecommunities(seesamplebelow).Source:AssessingtheCostsandBenefitsofAdaptationOptions,UnitedNationsFrameworkonConventiononClimateChange(2011)CASESTUDY:PACIFICISLANDS-ASSESSINGADAPTATIONOPTIONSFORFRESHWATERRESOURCESUSINGCOST-EFFECTIVENESSANALYSIS17OverviewClimatechangeisalreadyhavingmajorimpactsonmanysmallislandsinthePacific.AspartoftheCapacityBuildingtoEnabletheDevelopmentofAdaptationMeasuresinPacificIslandCountriesproject(CBDAMPIC),adaptationmeasureswereimplementedatninepilotsitesonfourislandsinthePacific(CookIslands,Fiji,SamoaandVanuatu)followingintensivecommunityconsultationsandCEAs.Communitiesinthepilotsitesidentifiedwaterresourcesastheirgreatestconcern.Vulnerabilitieswerenotednotonlyintermsofimmediatequalityandquantity,butalsointermsofthesustainabilityofsupply.Freshwaterresourcesarethreatenedbyincreasingsalinityofmainswaterduetoup-wellingandsaltwater-intrusionandthelengthofdryperiods.Communitiesaresufferingbecauseinhabitants,inparticularwomenandchildren,havetospendaconsiderableamountoftheirdayfetchingwater.Healthproblemsarealsoincreasingandagriculturalyieldisdecreasing.AdaptationOptionsConsideredGiventhenecessityofwaterresources,theaimoftheprojectwasnottofindadaptationoptionsthatmightyieldhigheradaptationbenefits,buttofindoptionsthatwillensuresustainablewaterqualityandquantityforvulnerablecommunities.Thefollowingoptionswereidentifiedbythreecommunities:►Installationofdesalinisationsystems;►Upgradingofexistingmainssystems;►Rainwaterharvesting;►Usingbrackishorseawaterforappropriatesystems;►Watershedprotectionmeasures,includingcontourfarming,plantingtreesonhillsides,plantingfruittreeswithincropplotstoprovideshadefortheplantsorreinforcingsalttolerantvegetationbuffers;►Improvingsanitarycondition,forexamplebyinstallingcompostorflushtoilets(however,thelatterwouldincreasewaterconsumption);►Awareness-raisingonwaterissuesandinstallationofradioandinternetcommunications.CostandEffectivenessConsideredOptionsAllthreecommunitiesselectedrainwaterharvestingastheirpreferredadaptationoption.Itwasdeemedtobethemostcost-effectiveoption(i.e.yieldingthedesiredquantityandqualityofwaterattheleastcost).Inaddition,rainwaterharvestingwasdeterminedtobethemostpractical,easilyimplemented,andsustainablemeasure.Othermeasureswereeithertooexpensive,suchasdesalinationsystems,ordidnotpromisethedesiredqualityandquantityofwater,suchaswatershedprotectionmeasures.Thesizeoftanksforstoringharvestedrainwaterindifferentcommunitieswasdeterminedbyannualrainfall,wateruseperperson,availablefundsandthenumberofhouseholds(expected)tobeserved.17AssessingtheCostsandBenefitsofAdaptationOptions,UnitedNationsFrameworkonConventiononClimateChange(2011)URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCESUMMARYOFTHECOST-EFFECTIVENESSANALYSISCOMMUNITYAitutaki,CookIslandsTilivalevu,FijiLuli,VanuatuRAINWATERHARVESTINGEQUIPMENT246householdtanksof2,000litresand12mofguttersforeachhouseholdTwocommunaltanks,anewpipingsystem,andupgradeddams24householdtanksof2,400litres,eachcombinedwithacatchmentareaofca.20m2TOTALPROJECTCOSTUSD233,155USD63,431USD100,480COST-EFFECTIVENESS(COSTPERPERSON/WATERHARVESTINGPOTENTIALINLITRESPERPERSON)USD259/547litresNAUSD334/192litres128129URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEANNEXB:MELSAMPLEINDICATORSFORCLIMATECHANCETRENDSANDHAZARDS,CLIMATECHANCEADAPTATIONACTIONS,ANDIMPACTSDELIVEREDBYTHEADAPTATIONACTIONThefollowingindicatorexamplesweretakenadaptedfromMeasuringProgressinUrbanClimateChangeAdaptation(2019)bytheTheC40CitiesClimateLeadershipGroupandRambollFoundation.STORMSURGEANDSEA-LEVELRISEACTION--·--·-....I•e•I•e•IMPACTINDICATORInstallingFloodgatesNumberofReducedstorm%ofstormsReducedPeople:Displaced,injured,ordeathsfloodgatesinstalledfloodgatessurgefloodingleadingtoexposuretoinstalledfloodsfloodingAssets:Numberofassetsaffected/damaged,Costofrepairs,Costtoservices,CosttoeconomicproductivityRelocationofAssetsatriskNumberofProtectionof%ofassetsReducedPeople:Displaced,injuredordeaths,assetsrelocatedassetsassetsfromprotectedinexposuretonumberofA&EadmissionsfrominjuriesrelocatedstormsurgestormsurgefloodingfloodingfloodingPermanentDikesorAreaofReducedstorm%ofstormsReducedPeople:Displaced,injuredordeathscoastlineseawallsbuiltcoastlinesurgefloodingleadingtoexposuretoprotectionprotectionfloodsfloodingAssets:Numberofassetsaffected/created(m'/damaged,Costofrepairs,Costtoservices,km')CosttoeconomicproductivityRAINFALLACTION--·--·-....I•e•I•e•IMPACTINDICATORConvertAdditionalVolumeofReduced%ofheavyReducedPeople:Displaced,injured,ordeathsrecreationalwaterretentionwaterretentionfloodingfromrainfallleadingexposuretoandopenspacesareascapacityheavyrainfalltofloodingfloodingAssets:Numberofassetsaffected/towatersquarescreated(m3)damaged,Costofrepairs,CosttoandparkseconomicproductivityImplementingAdditionalVolumeofReduced%ofheavyReducedPeople:Displaced,injured,ordeathspermeablesurfacespermeablewaterretentionfloodingfromrainfallleadingexposureto(bioswales/surfaceareacapacityheavyrainfalltofloodingfloodingAssets:Numberofassetsaffected/rainbeds/perviouscreated(m3)damaged,Costofrepairs,Costtopavement)economicproductivityStabilizeslopesandSlopesAreaofslopesReduced%ofheavyReducedPeople:Displaced,injured,ordeathssedimentonhilledstabilizedstabilised(m'/landslides/rainfallleadingvulnerabilitytoareas(vegetation:km')erosionfromtolandslides/erosion/massAssets:Numberofassetsaffected/seeded,transplantedheavyrainfallerosionmovementqdamaged,Costofrepairs,Costtoandmatted/non-economicproductivityvegetation:reinforcedwithconcrete)URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCE130EXTREMEHEATACTION--·--·-....I•e•I•e•IMPACTINDICATORGreeninfrastructureVegetationAreaofImprovedocOFReducedPeople:numberofA&Eadmissionsfrom(Plantbeds,greenplantedvegetatedareatemperaturesTemperatureexposuretoheatstroke;numberofambulancedispatchroofs,greenwalls,created(m2)fromvegetationdifferenceextremeheat/callsinextremeheat/heatstroke;numberstreettrees,canopyduringextremebetweenheatwavesofheatmortalitycasescoveretc.)heat/heatwavevegetatedandnon-vegetatedAssets:Numberofassetsaffected/areasdamaged,Costofrepairs,CosttoeconomicproductivityImplementcoolingCoolingNumberofIncreased%ofpopulationReducedPeople:numberofA&Eadmissionsfromcentresacrosscitycentres,coolingcenters/accesstowithin(15min)exposuretoheatstroke;numberofambulancedispatch(coolingcentres,sheltersshelterscreatedareaswithreachofaextremeheat/callsinextremeheat/heatstroke;numbershelters,coolandroutespercapitamoderatedcoolingcentreheatwavesofheatmortalitycasesroutes)implementedtemperaturesacrossthecityLengthof%ofpopulationReducedAssets:Numberofassetsaffected/coolingroutesIncreasedusingcoolingvulnerabilitytodamaged,Costofrepairs,Costtoaccesstocentresextremeheat/economicproductivityrouteswithheatwavesmoderatedtemperaturesIncreaseshadeShadingAreaofcanopyImprovedocOFReducedPeople:numberofA&EadmissionsfrominpublicspacesstructurescovercreatedtemperaturesTemperatureexposuretoheatstroke;numberofambulancedispatch(vegetation,implemented(m')fromshadingdifferenceextremeheat/callsinextremeheat/heatstroke;numberretractableroofs,structuresbetweenheatwavesofheatmortalitycasestensilestructures,Areaofshadedduringextremeshadedandetc.)covercreatedheat/non-shadedAssets:Numberofassetsaffected/(m')heatwaveareasdamaged,Costofrepairs,CosttoeconomicproductivityMULTlHAZARDACTIONSACTION--·--·-....I•e•I•e•IMPACTINDICATORImplementbuildingCodesNumberBuildingcode(DependentonReducedPeople:Displaced,injured,ordeathscodes(Codestoimplementedinbuildingsappropriatelyhazard)exposuretoprotectandpreventbuildingwithcodeaddressesthehazardsAssets:Numberofassetsaffected/multi-hazardimplementedclimatehazardNumberofdamaged,Costofrepairs,Costtoeffects,e.g.heatcodedbuildingseconomicproductivityinsulation,flood%ofbuildingsprotectedfromresistentmaterialswithcodesfloodetc.)implementedTemperaturedifferencebetweencoded/non-codedbuildingsImplementEmergency%citycoveredPeoplesafely%emergencyIncreasedPeople:Displaced,injured,ordeathsemergencymanagementundertheplanevacuatedsituationswhereadaptivemanagementandand/orpeoplefromemergencycapacityAssets:Numberofassetsaffected/evacuationplansevacuationriskareasservicestoresponddamaged,Costofrepairs,Costto(Flashfloods,plansprepared/respondedtohazardseconomicproductivitystorms,andmappedoutsafelyandwildfires)timelyLand-useplanningBuildingfreeze%highriskDecreaseof%decreaseofReducedPeople:Displaced,injured,ordeathspolicy(FreezeordinanceareasundernewdwellingsnewdwellingsvulnerabilityorrestrictcityadoptedforbuildingfreezeinareasathighinareasathightohazardsAssets:Numberofassetsaffected/developmentinareasathighordinanceriskriskdamaged,Costofrepairs,Costtoriskproneareas)riskeconomicproductivity131URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEANNEXC:DHSUDMEMORANDUMCIRCULARADOPTINCTHEREFERENCETOOLONURBANPLANNINCANDDESICNFORCLIMATERESILIENCET.,REPUBLICOFTHEPHILIPPINESDepartmentofHumanSettlementsandUrbanDevelopmentl<agoworanngPononohonangPontaoatPogpopounladngKolunsuronMEMORANDUMCIRCULARN0.1_023-001Seriesof2023ADOPTIONOFTHEURBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCE:AREFERENCETOOLFORLOCALGOVERNMENTSANDPLANNINGACTORSINTHEPHILIPPINESWHEREAS,Section7oftheImplementingRulesandRegulations(IRR)ofRepublicActNo.11201directsDHSUDtoformulatenationalhousingandurbandevelopmentpolicies,strategies,andstandardsthatareconsistentwiththePhilippineDevelopmentPlantopromotesocialandeconomicwelfare,incoordinationandinconsultationwithnationalandlocalstakeholders,localgovernmentunits(LGUs),andothergovernmentagencies;WHEREAS,Section19.5.ofRA11201'sIRRmandatesDHSUDtoprepareandprescribelanduseplanningandzoningstandardsandregulationstoguideLGUsintheformulationoftheirrespectiveProvincialPhysicalFrameworkPlans(PPFPs),ComprehensiveLandUsePlans(CLUPs),andZoningOrdinances(ZOs),whichshallemployeffectiveandintegratedlanduseplanningandmanagementstrategiesincludingridgetoreefplanning,mainstreamingdisasterriskmanagementandclimatechangeadaptation,andintegratingnewurbandevelopmentstrategies,whenevernecessary;WHEREAS,thePhilippinesrankedfourthworldwideamongthemostaffectedcountriestoclimatechangeanditsimpactsfrom2000to2019basedonthe2021GlobalClimateRiskIndex.ThereporthighlightsthatthePhilippinesbelongstothegroupofclimatehotspots,whicharebeingaffectedbyextremeeventsonanongoingbasis.Withclimatechange,andowingtoitsgeographicallocation,thecountryisatriskfrommoredestructiveandfrequenttyphoons,highertemperaturesandintensedrought,andworseflooding;WHEREAS,theUrbanPlanningandDesign(UPD)forClimateResilienceisaReferenceToolforLGUs,practitioners,communities,andinstitutionsworkinginlocalplanninganddevelopment.Itaimstoequiptechnicalstaff,decision-makers,andstakeholderswithinformation,approaches,andtoolstoensurethatclimateresilienceisconsideredasafundamentalprincipleofandbasisforlocalplansanddesigns;WHEREAS,theReferenceToolsupplementstheUrbanDesignandDevelopmentSpecialAreaStudiesoftheCLUPGuidebookVolume2.Itcoversurbanplanninganddesignatthesub-nationallevel,particularlyphysicalframeworkanddevelopmentplansanchoredandconsistentwithregionaldevelopmentplans.Itadvancestheuseofurbanplanninganddesignasameansforlocalitiestoachieveclimateresilience;NOW,THEREFORE,thisMemorandumCircularisherebyissuedadoptingtheuseoftheUrbanPlanningandDesignforClimateResilience:AReferenceToolforLocalGovernmentsandPlanningActorsinthePhilippines.Page1of2URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCEAllrelevantofficesofDHSUDandItsRegionalOfficesaredirectedtouseandpromotetheReferenceToolinassistingLGUsinthefonnulalionorupdatingoftheirPPFP/PDPFP,CLUPandZoningOrdinance.ThisMemorandumCircularshalltakeeffectimmediately.Page2of2132URBANPLANNINGANDDESIGNFORCLIMATERESILIENCE134Agsaoay-Safio,E.(n.d.)RepublicAct10121:PrimerontheDisasterRiskReductionandManagement(DRRM)Actof2010.DisasterRiskReductionNetworkPhilippines.http://downloads.caraga.dilg.gov.ph/Disaster%20Preparedness/DRRM%20Act%20Primer.pdfAsianDevelopmentBank&PotsdamInstituteforClimateImpactResearch.(2017).ARegionatRisk:TheHumanDimensionsofClimateChangeinAsiaandthePacific.AsianDevelopmentBank.CitiesDevelopmentInitiativeforAsia(2016).Pre-feasibilityStudyGuidelines.https://cdia.asia/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Revised-PFS-Guidelines-April-2016.pdfCityofGuelph.(2019).UrbanDesignBriefTermsofReference.UrbanDesignBrieftermsofReference(guelph.ca)CommunityPlanningandZoning(2019).CharretteUseinthePlanningProcess.https://community-planning.extension.org/charrette-use-in-the-planning-process/DepartmentforCommunitiesandLocalGovernment.(n.d.).PreparingDesignCodes:APracticeManual.London.https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20120919132719/http:/www.communities.gov.uk/documents/citiesandregions/pdf/152675.pdfDOST-PAGASA.(2018).ObservedandProjectedClimateChangeinthePhilippines.PhilippineAtmospheric,GeophysicalandAstronomicalServicesAdministration,QuezonCity,Philippines.36pp.GovernmentArchitectNewSouthWales.(n.d.).Howtodevelopadesignbrief.DepartmentofPlanningandEnvironment,Sydney,NewSouthWales.https://www.governmentarchitect.nsw.gov.au/resources/ga/media/files/ga/other/advisory-notes/advisory-note-how-to-develop-a-design-brief-2018-09-12.pdfGreenClimateFund(2019).GuidanceonPreparingaPre-feasibilityStudyundertheSimplifiedApprovalProcess.https://www.greenclimate.fund/sites/default/files/document/guidance-preparing-pre-feasibility-study-under-simplified-approval-process.pdfIPCC.(2022).SummaryforPolicymakers[H.-O.Portner,D.C.Roberts,E.S.Poloczanska,K.Mintenbeck,M.Tignor,A.Alegria,M.Craig,S.Langsdorf,S.Loschke,V.Moller,A.Okem(eds.)].In:ClimateChange2022:Impacts,AdaptationandVulnerability.ContributionofWorkingGroupIItotheSixthAssessmentReportoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange[H.-O.Portner,D.C.Roberts,M.Tignor,E.S.Poloczanska,K.Mintenbeck,A.Alegria,M.Craig,S.Langsdorf,S.Loschke,V.Moller,A.Okem,B.Rama(eds.)].CambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge,UKandNewYork,NY,USA,pp.3-33,doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001Nelson,D.R.,Adger,W.N.,&Brown,K.(2007).Adaptationtoenvironmentalchange:contributionsofaresilienceframework.AnnualreviewofEnvironmentandResources,32(1),395-419.http://eprints.icrisat.ac.in/4245/1/AnnualReviewofEnvResources_32_395-419_2007.pdfNewZealandMinistryfortheEnvironment.(2007).UrbanDesignToolkit:ThirdEdition(ME922).MinistryfortheEnvironment.https://environment.govt.nz/publications/urban-design-toolkit-third-edition/OECD/UN-Habitat.(2022).IntermediaryCitiesandClimateChange:AnOpportunityforSustainableDevelopment.OECDPublishing,Paris.https://doi.org/10.1787/23508323-enOxfordUniversityPress.(2022).'Resilience.'InOxfordLearner'sDictionary.https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/engIish/resiIience?q=resiIienceSiegel,P.(N.D)No-Regrets"ApproachtoDecision-MakingInaChangingClimate:TowardAdaptiveSocialProtectionandSpatiallyEnabledGovernance.WorldResourcesReport.TheWorldResourcesInstitute:WashingtonD.C.USAIDAdaptAsia-Pacific.(2017).GuidetoClimateChangeAdaptationPreparation.https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/2017_USAID%20Adapt%20Asia-Pacific_Guide%20for%20Preparation%20of%20CIimate%20Change%20Adaptation%20Projects.pdfWise,R.M.,Fazey,I.,Smith,M.S.,Park,S.E.,Eakin,H.C.,VanGarderen,E.A.,&Campbell,B.(2014).Reconceptualisingadaptationtoclimatechangeaspartofpathwaysofchangeandresponse.Globalenvironmentalchange,28,325-336.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.12.002WorldBank(2018).EnvisioningUrbanResilienceforTanzania.WorldBankGroup.https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2018/10/15/envisioning-urban-resilience-for-tanzaniaDHSUDProjectTeamProjectLead:Environmental,LandUse,andUrbanPlanningandDevelopmentBureauHenryL.YapUndersecretaryMyleneA.RiveraDirectorJeanetteE.CruzAssistantDirectorUrbanDevelopmentDivision(UDD)-LeadTheresaJaneC.MedenillaRolandDaneZ.CarreonJemimaM.RagudoMariaReyne[C.Mapagu-lroritaJamesEarlP.AsasEnvironmentalandLandUsePoliciesDivision(UDD)TechnicalAssistanceDivision(TAD)MonitoringandEvaluationDivision(MED)MicIvanV.SumilangJackieLynN.PapaHousingandRealEstateDevelopmentRegulationBureau(HREDRB)PlanningService(PS)JuliaAngelaMaeE.ColladoRobertsP.MarinasSupportGroups:HomeownersAssociationsandCommunityDevelopmentBureau(HOACDB)LegalService(LS)KnowledgeManagementandInformationSystemsService(KMISS)AdministrativeService(AS)ProjectTechnicalSupport:UN-HabitatPhilippineslbaniC.PadaoLaarniM.MagayanesPublicHousingandSettlementsService(PHSS)PublicAssistanceService(PAS)CLIMATERESILIENCEFORCITIESANDSETTLEMENTSGlobally,urbanizationhasbeenconsistentlygrowingthroughouttheyearsanditisprojectedtoincreaseto58%inthenextfivedecades.Alongsidethisgrowthareintertwinedchallengesthatcitiesandcommunitiesface-economicrecession,publichealthcrisis,andmostespecially,climatechange.Withurbanizationcontinuouslyincreasinginthecountry,citiesmustbepreparedtoaddressclimateriskstonurtureabettersafe,inclusive,andresilientfuturefortheFilipinos.Buildingresiliencemustbeatthecoreofplanninganddesigningourcities.AlignedwiththePhilippineNewUrbanAgendavision"Better,Greener,SmarterCitiesinanInclusivePhilippines",thisguideprovidesaplatformtoequipuserswithconceptsandtechnicalinformationonurbanplanninganddesign(UPD)forclimateresilience.WHOCANUSETHISREFERENCETOOL?Thisreferencetoolcanserveasguideforlocalgovernmentunits,practitioners,communities,andinstitutionsworkinginlocalplanninganddevelopment.Itaimstoequiptechnicalstaff,decision-makers,andstakeholderswithinformation,approaches,andtoolstoensurethatclimateresilienceisconsideredasafundamentalprincipleofandbasisforlocalplansanddesigns.I.:e~Buildingi'in~~:~~~cythroughUrban~::::::::::::::::::::--PlansandDesignsAWORKOFCOLLABORATIONTheDepartmentofHumanSettlementsandUrbanDevelopment(DHSUD)spearheadedthecreationofthisreferencetoolonUrbanPlanningandDesignforClimateResilience.ThisismadepossibleviathetechnicalsupportoftheBuildingClimateResiliencythroughUrbanPlansandDesigns(BCRUPD),aprojectimplementedbyUN-HabitatPhilippinesandfundedbytheGermangovernment'sInternationalClimateInitiative.ThisinitiativeisalsosupportedbymembersofBCRUPD'sProjectSteeringCommitteeincludingtheClimateChangeCommission(CCC),DepartmentofInteriorandLocalGovernment(DILG),NationalEconomicandDevelopmentAuthority(NEDA),andtheLeagueofCitiesofthePhilippines(LCP).t<GE0"<-:..111!!"..:,.,,..,...,~"J::::,0v·,,·-~t,1llPy\,'Supportedby:basedonadecisionoftheGermanBundestag

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