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The urban content of the NDCs: global review 2022

URBAN CLIMATE ACTION

The urban content of the NDCs:

Global review 2022

Urban Climate Action

ii The urban content of the NDCs: global review 2022

URBAN CLIMATE ACTION

2022 by United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat)

United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat)

P.O. Box 30030, Nairobi, Kenya

Website: www.unhabitat.org

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Human Settlements Programme or its Executive Board. The Report is produced with ocial data provided by governments

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Cover photo: Kigali, Rwanda © Shutterstock

The urban content of the NDCs:

Global review 2022

Urban Climate Action

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iTheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONTheurbancontentoftheNDCs:Globalreview2022UrbanClimateActioniiTheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTION2022byUnitedNationsHumanSettlementsProgramme(UN-Habitat)AllrightsreservedUnitedNationsHumanSettlementsProgramme(UN-Habitat)P.O.Box30030,Nairobi,KenyaWebsite:www.unhabitat.orgDisclaimerThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofthematerialinthisReportdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheSecretariatoftheUnitedNationsconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,cityorarea,orofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries,orregardingitseconomicsystemordegreeofdevelopment.TheviewsexpressedinthispublicationdonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheUnitedNationsHumanSettlementsProgrammeoritsExecutiveBoard.TheReportisproducedwithofficialdataprovidedbygovernmentsandadditionalinformationgatheredbytheUN-Habitatresearchers.Citiesandcountriesareinvitedtoupdatedatarelevanttothem.Itisimportanttoacknowledgethatdatavariesaccordingtodefinitionandsources.WhileUN-Habitatchecksdataprovidedtothefullestextentpossible,theresponsibilityfortheaccuracyoftheinformationlieswiththeoriginalprovidersofthedata.InformationcontainedinthisReportisprovidedwithoutwarrantyofanykind,eitherexpressorimplied,including,withoutlimitation,warrantiesofmerchantability,fitnessforaparticularpurposeandnon-infringement.UN-Habitatspecificallydoesnotmakeanywarrantiesorrepresentationsastotheaccuracyorcompletenessofanysuchdata.UndernocircumstancesshallUN-Habitatbeliableforanyloss,damage,liabilityorexpenseincurredorsufferedthatisclaimedtohaveresultedfromtheuseofthisReport,including,withoutlimitation,anyfault,error,oromissionwithrespectthereto.TheuseofthisReportisattheUser’ssolerisk.Undernocircumstances,includingbutnotlimitedtonegligence,shallUN-Habitatoritsaffiliatesbeliableforanydirect,indirect,incidental,specialorconsequentialdamages,evenifUN-Habitathasbeenadvisedofthepossibilityofsuchdamages.TheauthorsareresponsibleforthechoiceandpresentationofviewscontainedinthisReportandforopinionsexpressedtherein,whicharenotnecessarilythoseofUNESCOanddonotcommittheOrganizationCoverphoto:Kigali,Rwanda©ShutterstockTheurbancontentoftheNDCs:Globalreview2022UrbanClimateActionivTheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONACKNOWLEDGEMENTSCoordinator:BernhardBarth1Authors:NicolaTollin2,JamesVener1,12,MariaPizzorni2,AinhoaSauríGázquez2,PatriziaGragnani2,3,MariaManez4,GraziaBrunetta5,OmbrettaCaldarice5,JordiMorato6,SteliosGrafakos7,DavidSimon8,TadashiMatsumoto9.Contributors:LinoCaceres1,RobertKehew1,VivienneCaballero1,GabriellaRobba1,CerinKizhakkethottam1,AmirhoseinHeidari2,YuLiu2,10,MartinValingerSluga2,11,MateoLedesma9.1UnitedNationsHumanSettlementsProgramme(UN-Habitat),2UniversityofSouthernDenmark(SDU.Resilience),3Sant’AnnaSchoolofAdvancedStudies,4Helmholtz-ZentrumHereon(GERICS),5TechnicalUniversityofTurin,6TechnicalUniversityofCatalonia,7GlobalGreenGrowthInstitute,8UniversityofLondon,9OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD),10UniversityofCopenhagen,11UniversityofLjubljana,12UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP).TheUN-HabitatandSDU.Resilienceteamwouldliketoexpresstheirgratitudetoalltheexpertsfromacademia,bilateral&multilateralorganisationsandUnitedNationsthattookpartatthe2022reviewoftheNDCs’urbancontent.TheirgenerouscontributiontoreviewingthecontentandthestructureofthedataandthereporthasbeenessentialtotracktheglobalprogressofurbancontentintheNDCsandisdeeplyappreciated:MarykevanStadenandYunusArikanfromLocalGovernmentsforSustainability-ICLEI;AnneAminandRemySietchipingfromUnitedNationsHumanSettlementProgramme-UN-Habitat;BenjaminJanceandAndyDeaconfromGlobalCovenantofMayors-GCoM;MicheleStuafromSant’AnnaSchoolofAdvancedStudiesinPisa;AnthonyPearcefromWorldWideFundforNature-WWF;ViktoriaPuesandEva-MariaGraffromDeutscheGesellschaftfürInternationaleZusammenarbeitGmbH-GIZ;MarcusMayrfromAfricanDevelopmentBankGroup–AfDB;SharonGilfromUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme–UNEP;AlessandraAntoninifromEuropeanCommitteeoftheRegions;JoannaMcleanMasicfromWorldBankGroup;MichaelDoustfromWorldResearchInstitute–WRI;SaleemulHuqfromInternationalCentreforClimateChangeandDevelopment–ICCCAD;andAdrianaCarolinaCortezfromDevelopmentBankofLatinAmerica-CAF.UN-HabitatandSDU.ResilienceacknowledgethepartnershipwiththeGlobalCovenantofMayorsforClimateandEnergywhichmadethisreportpossible.vTheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONTABLEOFCONTENTSLISTOFTABLES,FIGURESandMAPS.............................................................................................................................................viACRONYMSANDABBREVIATIONS.................................................................................................................................................viiEXECUTIVESUMMARY......................................................................................................................................................................1FOREWORD.........................................................................................................................................................................................5INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................................................................601APPROACHANDMETHODOLOGY...................................................................................................................................81.1Databasearchitectureandindicators................................................................................................................................91.2Datacollection...................................................................................................................................................................111.3Dataanalysis......................................................................................................................................................................111.4Reportwriting.....................................................................................................................................................................141.5Methodologyimprovementandlimitations.....................................................................................................................1402URBANCONTENTOFNDCsATTHEGLOBALLEVEL......................................................................................................162.1.UrbanContentofNDCs:The2016-17Analysis...............................................................................................................172.2.UrbanContentofNDCs:The2021Analysis.....................................................................................................................182.3UrbanContentofNDCs:The2022GlobalAnalysis.........................................................................................................18Urbanmitigationandadaptationcontent........................................................................................................................24Urbanclimatechallengesandresponses.......................................................................................................................25Urbanmitigationchallengesandresponses...................................................................................................................26Urbanadaptationchallengesandresponses...................................................................................................................27Urbanclimatehazards.......................................................................................................................................................29Genderandurbanadaptationchallengesandresponses...............................................................................................30Mitigationchallenges(nationalvsurban)........................................................................................................................30Mitigationresponses(nationalvsurban)........................................................................................................................31Mitigationchallengesandresponses(nationalvsurban)..............................................................................................33Adaptationchallenges(nationalvsurban).....................................................................................................................33Adaptationresponses(nationalvsurban).......................................................................................................................35Adaptationchallengesandresponses(nationalvsurban).............................................................................................36Adaptationhazards(nationalvsurban)...........................................................................................................................37Finance,technology,andcapacitybuildingrequest(nationalvsurban)........................................................................38Cross-cuttingissues(nationalvsurban).........................................................................................................................39NDCconditional/unconditionalcontribution...................................................................................................................402.4UrbanContentofNDCs:TrendsBasedonthe2016-17and2022Analyses.................................................................4103KEYFINDINGS,CONCLUSIONSANDRECOMMENDATIONS...........................................................................................423.1KeyFindings.......................................................................................................................................................................433.2.ConclusionsandRecommendations................................................................................................................................45REFERENCES......................................................................................................................................................................48ANNEXES...........................................................................................................................................................................49A.1.LISTOFINDICATORSUSEDFORTHENDCs’URBANCONTENTANALYSIS2022...........................................................50A.2.LISTOFCOUNTRIESWHOSENDCs’URBANCONTENTWASANALYSED.......................................................................57viTheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONLISTOFTABLES,FIGURESANDMAPSTablesTable1.ListofCountrieswithassociatedCO2eEmissionsandUrbanPopulations..................................................................19Table2.UrbanisationandpollutioncomparedwithNDCs’urbanclusters..................................................................................24FiguresFigure1.Listofindicators’groupsusedtoanalysetheNDCs’urbancontent...........................................................................9Figure2.SynthesisofthedataanalysesmadeforanalysingtheurbancontentofNDCs......................................................12Figure3.SchemeofthesectorsusedtoanalyseNDCsadaptationandmitigationchallengesandresponses,bothatthenationalandurbanlevel.............................................................................................................................13Figure4.GlobalanalysisoftheNDCs’urbancontent(2016),excludingNDCsofthe27Europeancountries.ClusterA(26);ClusterB(87);ClusterC(51)...............................................................................................................17Figure5.GlobalanalysisoftheNDCs’urbancontent(2016),includingNDCsofthe27Europeancountries.......................17Figure6.NDCsurbancontent:themajorityoftheNDCs(123outof193)haveurbancontent,strongormoderate............24Figure7.NDCsurbancontent:Urbanclusters(A,B,andC)......................................................................................................24Figure8.NDCsurbancontent:Urbanmitigationandadaptationcontent................................................................................25Figure9.NDCsurbancontent:Urbancontentinmitigationandadaptationchallengesandresponses(ClustersA+B)......25Figure10.NDCsurbancontent:Urbanmitigationchallengesandresponses...........................................................................26Figure11.NDCsurbancontent:Urbanadaptationchallengesandresponses..........................................................................28Figure12.NDCsurbancontent:Urbanadaptationhazards.......................................................................................................29Figure13.NDCsurbancontent:Mitigationchallenges(nationalvsurban)...............................................................................30Figure14.NDCsurbancontent:Mitigationresponses(nationalvsurban)...............................................................................32Figure15.NDCsurbancontent:Mitigationchallengesandresponses(nationalvsurban)......................................................33Figure16.NDCsurbancontent:Adaptationchallenges(nationalvsurban).............................................................................34Figure17.NDCsurbancontent:Adaptationresponses(nationalvsurban)...............................................................................35Figure18.NDCsurbancontent:Adaptationchallengesandresponses(nationalvsurban)....................................................36Figure19.NDCsurbancontent:Adaptationhazards(nationalvsurban)...................................................................................37Figure20.NDCsurbancontentanalysis2022:Finance,technology,andcapacitybuildingrequests(nationalvsurban).....38Figure21.NDCsurbancontent:Cross-cuttingindicators(nationalvsurban)...........................................................................39Figure22.NDCs’conditionalandunconditionalcontributions...................................................................................................40Figure23.NDCsurbancontentanalysis:comparing2016and2022results.............................................................................41Figure24.NDCsurbancontentanalysis:adaptationandmitigationcontent,inchallengesandresponses,lookingaturbanandnationallevel..............................................................................................................................43MapsMap1:MapofUrbanContent,ClusterA,BandC.........................................................................................................................44Map2:MapofUrbanContent,AdaptationandMitigation,AdaptationOnly,MitigationOnly....................................................45viiTheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONACRONYMSANDABBREVIATIONSNDCNationallyDeterminedContributionNAPNationalAdaptationPlanCO2CarbonDioxideCO2eCarbondioxideequivalentCOPConferenceofthePartiesEGMExpertGroupMeetingGCFGreenClimateFundGDPGrossDomesticProductGHGGreenhousegasHDIHumanDevelopmentIndexINDCsIntendedNationallyDeterminedContributionsIPCCIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeLULUCFLanduse,land-usechangeandforestryMERMonitoring,Evaluation,andReportingMRVMonitoring,Reporting,andVerificationOECDOrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopmentRECNETRecyclingCitiesNetworkSDGsSustainableDevelopmentGoalsSDU.ResilienceUNESCOChaironUrbanResilienceattheUniversityofSouthernDenmarkUN-HabitatUnitedNationsHumanSettlementProgrammeUNFCCCUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeWRIWorldResourceInstituteviiiTheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTION©Shutterstock1TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONThisreportwaspreparedbyUnitedNationsHumanSettlementProgramme(UN-Habitat)andtheUNESCOChaironUrbanResilienceattheUniversityofSouthernDenmark(SDU.Resilience).Itoffersaglobalanalysisoftheurbancontentof193NationallyDeterminedContributions(NDCs)submittedtotheSecretariatoftheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC)beforethe19thofJune2022.Forthisreport,morethan200indicatorswereusedtoanalyseexternaldata(e.g.,HumanDevelopmentIndexandincomecategorisation)anddatawithintheNDCs,includingclimatemitigationandadaptationchallengesandresponses,aswellasspecificsectors.Thepresentreviewhastwomainobjectives:1.TounderstandtheurbancontentofNDCsbyconductingthefollowing:classifyingNDCsintothreeclusters(A:strongurbancontent,B:moderateurbancontent,C:lowornourbancontent);identifyingurbanmitigationchallengesandresponsesandurbanadaptationchallengesandresponsesbysector;andhighlightingspecificurbanneedsonfinance,capacitybuildingandtechnology.2.Tohighlight(mis)alignmentbetween:Generalmitigation/adaptationchallengesvsUrbanmitigation/adaptationchallenges;Urbanmitigationchallengesvsurbanmitigationresponses;Urbanadaptationchallengesvsurbanadaptationresponses;Urbanmitigation/adaptationchallenges/responsesvsrequestforfinance;Urbanmitigation/adaptationchallenges/responsesvsrequestfortechnology;andUrbanmitigation/adaptationchallenges/responsesvsrequestforcapacitybuilding.ThisanalysisisinstrumentaltosupportingParties’effortsinfurtherintegratingnationalclimatepoliciesandurbanclimateactions,whichisconsideredfundamentaltoraisingambitionanddevelopingadequateandtimelyactionsasrequiredbythecurrentclimateemergency.Thisreviewcanbeinstrumentalforadvocacyanddirectsupporttocountriesbypartnerorganisations.Theworkwassupportedbyagroupofexpertsfrombilateralandmultilateralorganisationsandacademia.Threeexpertgroupmeetingswereconvened,andapeerreviewwasorganisedforthefinalreport.KEYFINDINGS1.47of193NDCshaveastrongurbancontent(ClusterA),76NDCshaveamoderateurbancontent(ClusterB)and70NDCshavelowornourbancontent(ClusterC).2.64%oftheNDCsanalysedhaveastrongormoderateurbancontent(ClusterA+B).3.ThepercentageofNDCswithurbancontent(ClusterA+B)hasincreasedincomparisonwith2016-17,from60%in2016-17to64%in2022.4.TheNDCswithstrongurbancontent(ClusterA)havesignificantlyincreasedinnumberincomparisonwiththe2016analysis,passingfrom14%in2016-17to24%in2022.5.TheNDCswithurbancontent(ClusterA+B)originatefromPartiesthataccountfor70%oftheworld’surbanpopulationand72%ofCO2eemissionsofthetotalsubmittedNDCs.6.83NDCs,or43%oftheNDCsanalysed,focusbothonurbanadaptationandmitigation,whereas12%oftheNDCsfocusononlyurbanadaptation.9%oftheNDCsfocusononlyurbanmitigation.7.NDCswithurbancontent(ClusterA+B)identifymoreurbanresponsesthanchallenges.74%ofNDCswithurbancontentidentifyurbanmitigationresponsesand47%identifyurbanmitigationchallenges.67%identifyurbanadaptationresponsesand47%urbanadaptationchallenges.ResultsareshowninFigure24.8.Energy,transportandmobilityandwastearethemostmentionedsectorsinurbanmitigationchallengesandresponses.9.Infrastructureandwaterarethetwomostmentionedsectorsinurbanadaptationchallengesandresponses.10.48NDCs,or39%oftheNDCswithurbancontent,identifyurbanclimatehazards.Floodingisthemostprominentlyidentifiedurbanclimatehazard,althoughitisonlyincludedin35NDCs.Allotherclimatehazardsareeachincludedwitharelativelylowmaximum8%ofthetotalNDCsanalysed.EXECUTIVESUMMARY2TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTION11.Genderisalmostnotconsideredatallwithinurbanmitigationandadaptationchallenges,anditisminimallyconsideredinurbanclimatemitigationandadaptationresponses.12.Mitigationresponsesbysectoraremorefrequentlymentionedatthenationallevelthanattheurbanlevel.Thesectorswiththehighernumberofmitigationchallengesandresponsesidentifiedbothatthenationalandurbanlevelsareenergy,transportandmobilityandwaste.13.Adaptationresponsesbysectoraremorefrequentlymentionedatthenationallevelthanattheurbanlevel;however,urbanadaptationresponsesareingeneralmentionedinmoreNDCsthanurbanadaptationchallenges.14.Adaptationhazardsaremorefrequentlymentionedatthenationallevelthantheurbanlevel:116NDCs,or87%ofthetotalNDCsanalysed,identifynationaladaptationhazards;and48NDCs,ofthe25%ofthetotalNDCsanalysedand39%oftheNDCswithurbancontent,identifyurbanadaptationhazards.Droughts,floodingsandtemperaturerisearetheadaptationhazardsincludedinmostNDCsatnationallevel,followedbyalowerinclusionofothernationaladaptationhazards,notablysealevelrise,stormevents,heat/coldwaves,vector-bornediseasesandlanddegradation.FloodingistheadaptationhazardincludedinmostNDCsaturbanlevel,followedbylimitedinclusionofseveralotherhazards.15.ThevastmajorityofNDCsidentifyrequests:162NDCsincluderequestsfortechnology,153NDCsrequestcapacitybuildingand144NDCsrequestfinance.OnlyanextremelylimitednumberofNDCsincludespecificrequestsaturbanlevelforfinance(22NDCs),capacitybuilding(8NDCs)andtechnology(7NDCs).16.NDCsshowmostofthenationalcross-cuttingissuesforthetopics:participation,genderandlossanddamage.Informalsettlementsandpublicspacesaretheleastmentionedamongthecross-cuttingissueswithintheNDCs.Intheurbancontext,NDCsshowmostcross-cuttingissuesrelatedtonature-basedsolutions,ecosystemservices,informalsettlementsandyouth;whereasdataanalysis,multilevelgovernance,innovation,indigenous,socialinclusionandcirculareconomyaretheleastmentionedcross-cuttingissueswithintheNDCsinanurbancontext.ConclusionsThenumberofNDCswithurbancontentincreasedinaverylimitedmanneramongthemostrecentsubmissionscomparedto20116-17,buttherehasbeenasubstantialincreaseofthenumberofNDCswithstrongurbancontent.ItisverypositivetoacknowledgethatalmosttwooutofthreeNDCshaveanurbanfocus.ItisalsoimportanttonotethatthelackofurbancontentinanNDCdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthereisalackclimateurbanpoliciesandactions.Likewise,theNDCswithurbancontent,includingthosewithstrongurbancontent(ClusterA),maystillrequirefurtherstrengtheningandintegrationofurbanclimatepoliciesandactions.ThestrengtheningofurbancontentoftheNDCsisinstrumentaltoraisetheoverallambitionoftheNDCsandtostrengthentheeffectiveoperationalizationofclimateadaptationandmitigationpolicies.TwothirdsoftheNDCswithurbancontentarefocusingonbothmitigationandadaptationTheintegrationofurbanmitigationandadaptationisespeciallyimportantascitiesareresponsibleforasubstantialshareofGHGemissionsandarealsoincreasinglyexposedandvulnerabletothenegativeeffectsofclimatechange.Theintegrationofclimatemitigationandadaptationisfundamentaltoincreasetheeffectivenessofpoliciesandactions,avoidingsiloapproachesandminimizingreboundeffects,andalsotomaximizetheeffectivenessofresourceutilisation.NDCsidentifymoremitigationandadaptationresponsesthanchallenges.ThismaybethecaseasoftenNDCsdonotincludefulldetailsonmitigationandadaptationchallengesandadaptationhazardbutciteorrefertoexternaldocuments.Moreover,theidentificationofurbancarbonfootprintsand/orurbanclimateriskarecomplexandresource-intensiveundertakings,andonlyalimitednumberofcitiesandcountriesworldwidehavebeenabletodevelopandsystematicallyreportontheseintheNDCs.OnlyaboutonefourthofthesubmittedNDCsmentionurbanmitigationresponsesonenergy,transportandmobilityandwastesectors,andevenfewerNDCsmentionurbanmitigationresponsesinothersectors,includingkeysectorslikebuiltenvironment.OnlyonefourthofthesubmittedNDCsmentionurbanadaptationresponsesoninfrastructureandonwater.Moreover,urbanadaptationresponsesforallothersectorsarereferencedinonly13%ofthesubmittedNDCs.Thisshowsthatthereisamplemarginforfurther3TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONidentificationofchallengesandplanningofadequateresponsesforurbanclimatemitigationandadaptation,lookingalsoatsectorintegration.Inrelationtourbanclimatehazards,floodingisthemostprominent,althoughitisfoundinonly35NDCs,andallotherclimatehazardsareeachincludedinamaximumof16NDCseach.Basedonthisdata,greaterfocusisneededonurbanclimatehazards,inparticular,throughamulti-riskperspective(e.g.,water-relatedrisks,includingflooding,droughtandsealevelrise).Genderisalmostnotconsideredatallwithinurbanmitigationandadaptationchallenges,anditisminimallyconsideredinurbanclimatemitigationandadaptationresponses,despitebeingmentionedbyover25%oftheNDCsanalysedatnationallevelinrelationtobothmitigationandadaptation.Thelackofinclusionofgenderconsiderationsaturbanlevel,bothinrelationtomitigationandadaptation,isamajorgapintheNDCs.Themitigationchallengesandresponsesbysector,andtheadaptationchallengesandresponsesbysectorarementionedatnationallevelmuchmorethanaturbanlevel.Thisdemonstratesamajorgapandopportunitytoincludegreaterurbancontentandtoalignittoalreadyidentifiedmitigationandadaptationchallengesandresponsesatnationallevel.ThevastmajorityofNDCsincluderequestsfortechnology,capacitybuildingandfinance,whereasonlyanextremelylimitednumberofNDCsincludethesespecificrequestsaturbanlevel.Thisshowsthatthereisamplespaceforimprovingtheinclusionofspecificurbanrequestsforfinance,technologyandcapacitybuildinginNDCsinanurbancontext.Thereisamajorgapbetweennationalandurbancross-cuttingissuesmentionedwithintheNDCs,e.g.,participationismentionedin74%ofNDCsatnationalleveland3%ofNDCsaturbanlevel.Themostfrequentlymentionednationalcross-cuttingissuesareparticipation,genderandlossanddamage,whereastheleastmentionedareinformalsettlementsandpublicspaces.Themostfrequentlymentionedurbancross-cuttingissuesarenature-basedsolutions,ecosystemservices,informalsettlementsandyouth,whereastheleastmentionedaredataavailability,multilevelgovernance,innovation,indigenous,socialinclusionandcirculareconomy.Thisshowsanextraordinarilystrongneedforstrengtheningurbanlevelconsiderationsoncross-cuttingissues,alsoincountrieswithurbancontent.RecommendationsBasedonthedatacollectedandanalysed,recommendationsarepresentedbelow:1.ScaleupadvocacyandsupporttothePartiesforincludingurbancontentintheirNDCs.2.UpdatetheguidelinesforsupportingtheinclusionofurbancontentintheNDCsanddevelopmoresystematicandtailoredsupportforthePartiesinimplementingtheguidelinesforstrengtheningtheirNDCs.3.ExpandtheanalysisofurbancontenttootherkeynationalurbanpoliciesinadditiontoNDCs,suchasNationalAdaptationPlans(NAPs)andLong-TermLowEmissionsDevelopmentStrategies(LT-LEDS).4.Increasethenumberofcountry-levelanalysestohaveamoresystemicviewoftheurbancontentofallurbanrelatednationalclimatepolicies,alsoinrelationtocurrenturbanactionsandprojectsaturbanlevel.5.Supporttheintegrationofmitigationandadaptationforurbanclimateaction.6.Increasetheexplicitidentificationofurbanclimatechallengestobetterguidethedefinitionofurbanclimateresponsesandtracktheireffectivenessandprogress.7.Climatemitigationresponsesaturbanlevelshouldbestrengthenedbysupportingamoreconcreteidentificationofurbanmitigationresponsesinkeysectorslikeenergy,transportandmobility,wasteandbuiltenvironment,includingNDCsthatalreadyhaveurbancontent.8.Climatemitigationresponsesaturbanlevelshouldbestrengthenedbysupportingamoreconcreteidentificationofurbanadaptationresponsesacrossalladaptationsectors,includinginNDCsthatalreadyhaveurbancontent.9.Climateadaptationhazardsaturbanlevelshallbebetteridentified,bothindividuallyandunderamulti-risk4TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONperspective,toguidetheidentificationandmonitoringofappropriateurbanadaptationresponses.10.Genderconsiderationaturbanlevel,relatedtobothmitigationandadaptationchallengesandopportunities,shouldbestrengthened.11.Urbanlevelmitigationandadaptationchallengesandresponsesbysectorshouldbeexpandedinalignmentwiththenationallevel.12.Requestsfortechnology,financeandcapacitybuildingshouldhavegreaterdefinitionaturbanlevel.13.Cross-cuttingissuesshouldbebetterincludedandstrengthenedaturbanlevel.14.Morein-depthanalysisandresearchshouldbeundertakeninrelationtourbancontentandcross-cuttingissues.64%123NDCswithurbancontent24%47NDCswithstrongurbancontent-ClusterA36%70NDCswithlowornourbancontent-ClusterC39%76NDCswithmoderateurbancontent-ClusterB9%17NDCswithMitigationcontent12%23NDCswithAdaptationcontent43%83NDCswithbothadaptationandmitigationcontent36%70NDCswithlowornourbancontentn=193countriesn=193countriesn=193countries36%70NDCswithlowornourbancontentAlmosttwo-thirds-123outof193-ofthesubmittedNDCshaveurbancontent.47NDCshavestrongurbancontent,76NDCshavemoderateurbancontent,and70NDCshavelowornourbancontent.Outof123NDCswithurbancontent,83NDCsfocusonbothmitigationandadaptation,23NDCsfocusonlyonadaptation,and17NDCsfocusonlyonmitigation.TheNDCsfocusmoreonurbanchallengesandresponsesforenergy,transportandmobility,andwasteamongmitigationsectors.TheNDCsfocusmoreonurbanchallengesandresponsesonwaterandinfrastructureamongadaptationsectors.TheNDCsidentifymoreurbanresponsesthanchallengesformitigationandadaptation.KEYFINDINGSTheNDCsfocusmoreonfloodingasanurbanadaptationhazard.HIGHLIGHTS5TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONFOREWORDOurplanethasalreadywarmedbyaround1.2degrees.Thebattletoreachnetzerobymid-centurytoavoidthemostcatastrophicimpactsofclimatechangewillbewonorlostthisdecade.In2022,wehavealreadyseendevastatingeffectsofclimatechange,rangingfromoppressiveheatwavesacrossEuropeandAmericatofloodsinSouthAfricaandPakistan,andseveredroughtinBrazilandChina.Themostrecent2022UNFCCCreportsynthesizingcurrentnationalgovernmentcommitments,orNationallyDeterminedContributions,estimatesthat,basedoncurrentcommitments,peaktemperaturesby2100willreach2.1-2.9degreesCelsiusabovepreindustriallevels.Ascountriesrollouttheirclimatestrategiestotackletheclimatecrisis,ourambitionmustbestrengthenedusingallavailableresourcestolimitgreenhousegasemissionandtoenhanceclimateresilienceandadaptivecapacity.CitiesarekeytoachievetheParisAgreementtargets.Urbanareasaremajorcontributorstoclimatechange,accountingforabout78percentoftheworld’senergyconsumptionandemittingmorethan70percentofglobalgreenhousegasemissions.However,theyarealsoenginesofclimateinnovationandaction.Theneedforsustainableurbanizationisevenmoreurgentwhenconsideringtherapidriseinurbanpopulation,estimatedtoreach68percentby2050.UN-HabitatisresponsibleforsustainableurbanizationandhumansettlementswithintheUNsystem.Wesupportcountriestobuildsustainable,inclusive,safe,andresilientcitiesandcommunities.Ourvisionforabetterurbanfutureincludesthebuiltandnaturalenvironment.Weneedtoimproveoururbanenvironmentandtakemoredecisiveclimateaction.ThisreportpushesthisvisionforwardbyexploringthelinkagebetweentheNationallyDeterminedContributionsandurbanissues.Wehighlightthemanychallengesandopportunitiestorespondtoclimatechangeinthecontextoftheurbansettingandillustratecountryapproachesforeffectivemulti-levelgovernance.UN-Habitatthanksitspartnersinthiscriticaleffort,notablytheUniversityofSouthernDenmarkfortheNDCsanalysisandleadingthedraftingofthisreport,andthepartnershipwithGlobalCovenantofMayorsforClimateandEnergywhichmadethisreportpossible.WehopethisresearchandanalysiswilladdtothetoolboxofresourcesinsupportofcountryeffortstoscaleupandalignurbanissuesinNationallyDeterminedContributionsandotherimportantclimatepolicies.Togetherweprovidedatatosupportevidence-basedpolicymakingandidentifygapsintheurbanclimateresponseforbetterclimatesolutions.MaimunahMohdSharifUnder-Secretary-GeneralandExecutiveDirectorUnitedNationsHumanSettlementsProgramme(UN-Habitat)6TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONThisreportwaspreparedbyUnitedNationsHumanSettlementProgramme(UN-Habitat)andtheUNESCOChaironUrbanResilienceattheUniversityofSouthernDenmark(SDU.Resilience).ItoffersaglobalanalysisoftheurbancontentofNationallyDeterminedContributions(NDCs)submittedtotheSecretariatoftheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC)beforethe19thofJune2022.TheNDCsrepresenttheheartoftheParisAgreement1.Partiesshallprepare,communicateandmaintainsuccessiveNDCswithincreasingambition.TheNDCscombinethefocusonmitigation(Article4.2),bydefiningcleargoalsandmeanstoreducegreenhousegas(GHG)emissions,andadaptation(Article7.10-11),bycommunicatingneeds,plansandactionsrelatedtoadaptationtoclimatechange.TheParisAgreement,initspreamble,recognisestheimportanceoftheengagementofalllevelsofgovernmentandvariousactorsinaddressingclimatechange;thisincludesthelocalgovernments.Furthermore,theParisAgreementaffirmsthatsupportshallbeprovidedtodevelopingcountryPartiesinimplementingtheirNDCs(Article4.5).Inrelationtoclimateadaptation,theParisAgreementrecognisestheimportanceofsupportforinternationalcooperation(Article7.6).ItnotesparticularlythatUnitedNationsspecialisedorganisationsandagenciesareencouragedtosupporttheeffortsofPartiestoimplementtheactionsreferredtointheadaptationprovisionsoftheParisAgreement(Article7.8).Moreover,theConferenceoftheParties(COP)inKatowicearticulatedtheneedtofacilitateclarity,transparencyandunderstandingoftheNDCs2,specificallyincludinghumansettlementsandurbanplanningaskeysectorsforreportingspecificadaptationprojects,measuresandactivitiesthatcontributetomitigationco-benefits.TheurbansectorrepresentsnotonlythemainfocusofUN-Habitat’sworkbutalsoanimportantareaofengagementforseveralotherdevelopmentpartners.Theurbansectoriscentralforraisingambitionsandoperationalizingclimateaction,giventhaturbanised1TheParisAgreementisa“legallybindinginternationaltreatyonclimatechangeadoptedby196PartiesatCOP-21inParison12December2015”andwhichen-teredintoforceon4November2016.‘COP-21’wasthe21stConferenceofPartiestotheUNFCCC.Seehttps://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agree-ment/the-paris-agreement.2ReportoftheConferenceofthePartiesservingasthemeetingofthePartiestotheParisAgreementonthethirdpartofitsfirstsession,heldinKatowicefrom2to15December2018.AddendumParttwo:ActiontakenbytheConferenceofthePartiesservingasthemeetingofthePartiestotheParisAgreement.FCCC/PA/CMA/2018/3/Add.1areasaccountfor70%ofGHGemissions,use78%oftheworld’senergyandaccountforjust2%ofthelandfootprint.Moreover,citiesarealsohomestoconcentrationsofpeopleandassetsthatmaybeexposedandvulnerabletotheimpactsofclimatechange.Thereisaclearneedforenhancingtheverticalintegrationofmulti-levelgovernance,forstrengtheningtheimplementationofnationalclimatepoliciesandforempoweringlocalclimateaction.Bothclimatechangemitigationandadaptationrequiretechnicalknow-how,largefinancialresourcesandcapacitiesbuilding.“ItisanticipatedthatagrowingnumberofSouthAfricancitiesandtownswillbeexposedtotheimpactsofweather-inducedhazardssuchasflooding,heatwaves,droughts,wildfires,andstorms.Thisispartlyduetotheprojectedincreaseinthefrequencyandintensityofweather-relatedhazardsbutalsoduetothehighsocioeconomicvulnerabilityinherentwithincommunities,poorland-usepractices,growinginformality,andafailuretorapidlydeployresilientinfrastructureassociatedwithaccommodatingagrowingurbanisingpopulation.Itisundeniablythepoorandvulnerablecommunitiesthatwillexperiencethemostseveresetbacksfromtheimpactsofclimatechange,erodingtheirlivelihoods,andthusthreateningtheirresilience”.(SouthAfricaNDC,p.8)“Theeffectsofclimatechangearemorepronouncedincitieswherethemovementofurbanizationisacceleratedbytheextensionsofurbanperimeters.Thisurbanextensionisduetoamarkedperiurbanisation,inadditiontotheformalmodesoflandandrealestateproduction,bytheproliferationofnon-regulatoryneighbourhoodsandinformaloccupationsonfloodingplainsandondrainagelines.Addedtothisisalsothelackofinfrastructure”.(TunisiaNDC,p.30)TheParisAgreementspecifiesthatPartiestotheUNFCCCshouldcommunicateanNDC“everyfiveyears”(Article4.9).Thepartiessubmittedtheirfirst‘IntendedNationallyDeterminedContributions’(INDCs)followingtheapprovaloftheParisAgreement.UN-Habitat,RecyclingCityNetwork(RECNET),theUniversityofSouthernDenmark(SDU.Resilience),theUNESCOChaironSustainabilityattheTechnicalUniversityofCatalunyaandCologneUniversityofAppliedSciences,analysedtheurbancontentoftheinitialbatchof164NDCssubmittedin2016,andpublishingtheresultsin20173.3TollinN.,HamhaberJ.,GrafakosS.,LwasaS.,andMoratoJ.2017,SustainableUrbanizationintheParisAgreementComparativereviewforurbancontentintheNationallyDeterminedContributions(NDCs).UnitedNationsHumanSettle-mentsProgramme(UN-Habitat),https://unhabitat.org/sustainable-urbaniza-tion-in-the-paris-agreement.INTRODUCTION7TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONOnelessonlearnedfromthe2016-17analysisoftheurbancontentoftheNDCsisthatagivencountrymaynotarticulateorevensummariseitsentireclimatechangediagnosticoractionplanwithinanNDC.AgivenNDCmay,forexample,merelyreferenceorincorporatebyreferenceasmallnumberofotherclimatelawsorpolicies4.Therefore,ananalysisfocusedexclusivelyonNDCsmaymisssomeimportantaspectsofagivencountry’surbanclimatelegal/policyframework.Foramorethoroughunderstandingofagivencountry’splansforclimateactioninurbanareas,amorein-depthanalysisisrequired,notonlyofitsNDCbutalsoofothernationalclimatepolicies.Forthisreason,a2021reviewwasconductedbyUN-HabitatandSDU.Resilience,anditwascomprisedoftwoparts,correspondingtotworelatedobjectives:yApreliminaryglobalreviewofallneworupdatedNDCssubmittedfromMarch2017throughtheendofSeptember2021,tounderstandtrendsintheurbancontentofNDCssincePartiessubmittedthefirstbatchofNDCsaroundthetimeoftheParisAgreement.yAtrialofanin-depthcountryreviewofthemostrelevantclimatelawsandpolicies,includingbutnotlimitedtoNDCsforselectedcountries(theRepublicofColombia,theRepublicofthePhilippines,andtheRepublicofRwanda)tofurtherunderstandtheperceivedchallengesaswellasprogrammaticapproachesplannedfortakingclimateactioninurbanareas.Thepresentanalysisthusrepresentsafollow-upandamethodologicaladvancementcomparedtothepreviousanalyses.Forthisreport,morethan200indicatorswereusedtoanalyseexternaldata(e.g.,HumanDevelopmentIndexandincomecategorisation)anddatawithintheNDCs,includingclimatemitigationandadaptationchallengesandresponses,alsoconsideringspecificsectors.Thepresentreviewhastwomainobjectives:yTounderstandtheurbancontentofNDCsbyconductingthefollowing:classifyingNDCsintothreeclusters(A:strongurbancontent,B:moderateurbancontent,C:lowornourbancontent);identifyingurban4Indeed,othertypesofclimatepoliciessuchasNationalAdaptationPlans(NAPs)andNationallyAppropriateMitigationActions(NAMAs)haveemergedfromtheUNFCCCnegotiationprocess.TheNAPisexplicitlyreferencedintheParisAgree-ment;seeArticle7.9(b).mitigationchallengesandresponsesandurbanadaptationchallengesandresponsesbysector;highlightingspecificurbanneedsonfinance,capacitybuildingandtechnology.yTohighlight(mis)alignmentbetween:Generalmitigation/adaptationchallengesvsUrbanmitigation/adaptationchallenges;Urbanmitigationchallengesvsurbanmitigationresponses;Urbanadaptationchallengesvsurbanadaptationresponses;Urbanmitigation/adaptationchallenges/responsesvsrequestforfinance;Urbanmitigation/adaptationchallenges/responsesvsrequestfortechnology;Urbanmitigation/adaptationchallenges/responsesvsrequestforcapacitybuilding.ThisanalysisisinstrumentaltosupportingParties’effortsinfurtherintegratingnationalclimatepoliciesandurbanclimateactions,whichisconsideredfundamentaltoraisingambitionanddevelopingadequateandtimelyactionsasrequiredbythecurrentclimateemergency.Thisreviewcanbeinstrumentalforadvocacyanddirectsupporttocountriesbypartnerorganisations.The2022globalanalysisisdevelopedontheeveofCOP-27inSharmel-Sheikh,Egypt5,anditwillgiveUN-HabitatandSDU.ResiliencetheopportunitytodiscussthemethodologyandthekeyfindingswithParties,partners,andthebroaderclimatecommunitybeforethefinalreleaseofthepublication.AfterCOP27,furtherworkwillberealized,focusingonthecountrylevelandincludingtheanalysisofotherrelevantnationalclimatepoliciesformorethan15countries;moreover,allowingthedevelopmentofmorein-depththematicanalyses,focusingparticularlyonselectedcross-cuttingissues.FollowingthepresentIntroduction,Section(1)proceedswithasummaryofthemethodologyandapproach,andSection(2)offersaglobalreviewofthecurrentNDCs’urbancontent,alsogivinganoverviewofthe2016-17and2021analyses.Section(3)showsthekeyfindingsandrecommendationsonprovidingamoreaccuraterepresentationoftheurbancontentinnationalclimatechangepoliciesandstrategies.Itlaysthefoundationforconclusionsandthewayforward.5The27thConferenceofPartiestotheUNFCCC.8TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTION01APPROACHANDMETHODOLOGYFloodinKhartoum,Sudan©Shutterstock9TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONThisanalysisisbasedontherevisionofallthelatestNDCssubmittedtotheSecretariatoftheUNFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC)before19thJune2022.InaccordancewithArticle4,paragraph12oftheParisAgreement,NDCscommunicatedbyPartiesshallberecordedinapubliconlineregistrymaintainedbytheSecretariat6.Atotalof193NDCswereanalysed,includingthe27NDCssubmittedindividuallybytheEUcountriesbutexcludingtheNDCsubmittedbytheEuropeanUnion.TheNDCssubmittedinFrench,SpanishandEnglishwereanalysedintheiroriginallanguages,andtheNDCssubmittedinotherlanguageswerereviewedusingtheEnglishtranslation.OnlythelatestversionofallupdatedNDCssubmittedbeforethe19thofJune2022wasanalysed,andduetosubmissiontiming,NDCssubmittedafterthatdatewerenotanalysed.TheanalysisaimstoprovideageneraloverviewoftheurbancontentoftheNDCs,consideringbothclimatemitigationandadaptationandanalysingknowledgegapsbetweenchallengesandresponsesatthenationalandurbanlevels.ToanalyseNDCs’urbancontent,themethodologywasstructuredinfourphases:i.Databasearchitectureandindicators.Thisphaseaimedatdefiningthesetofindicators,usingasastartingpointtheindicatorsusedfortheanalysisoftheurbancontentoftheNDCsin2016-2017,andstructuringthedatabase.ii.Datacollection.Thisphaseaimedatpopulatingthedatabasebyanalysingthe193NDCs,andatincludingdatafromexternaldatasets.iii.Dataanalysis.ThisphaseaimedatanalysingthedatacollectedwithintheNDCs,alsousingexternaldataasbenchmarks.iv.Reportwriting.Thisphaseaimedatpreparingthereportandthepresentationmaterialwiththekeyhighlights.Theworkwassupportedbyagroupofexpertsfrombilateralandmultilateralorganisationsandacademia.Threeexpertgroupmeetings(EGMs)wereconvenedattheendsofphasei,iiandiii,respectively,andafinalpeerreviewwasorganisedforthefinalreport.6https://unfccc.int/NDCREG1.1DatabasearchitectureandindicatorsStartingfromthelistofindicatorsusedinthe2016-17review,andafterresearchonsimilaranalysesanddatabases(e.g.,UNdatabases7,ClimateWatch8andtheWorldBank9),asetofindicatorswasdefinedandstructuredintofourteengroups(seeFigure1);theseindicatorswerefirsttestedwithasmallnumberofNDCsbeforebeingfinalisedandusedforthedatacollection.ThedatabasewasdesignedusingMicrosoftAccesstoincludedatacollectedthroughtheanalysisoftheNDCsincombinationwithdatafromexternalsources.Thedatabasewasdesignedtoallowthereplicationofthedataanalysisusingothernationalclimatepolicies(e.g.,NationalAdaptationPlans)andtodevelopmorein-depthand/orthematicanalysesinfuturephasesofthework.Figure1.Listofindicators’groupsusedtoanalysetheNDCs’urbancontent.7https://unstats.un.org/UNSDWebsite/8ClimateDataforActionClimateWatchEmissionsandPolicies(climatewatchda-ta.org)9WorldBankOpenDataData01.Geographicindicators02.Nationalcontextindicators03.Urbancontextindicators04.Emissionsindicators05.Keyhazards06.NDCnationalindicators-General07.NDCnationalindicators-Challenges08.NDCnationalindicators-Responses09.NDCurbanindicators-General10.NDCurbanindicators-Challenges11.NDCurbanindicators-Responses12.Othernationalclimate-relatedpolicies,strategiesandplans13.Cross-cuttingnational-levelindicators14.Cross-cuttingurban-levelindicators10TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONTheindicatorsaregroupedasfollows:01.Geographicindicators5indicators-Externaldata10Includingindicators:CountryISOcode,Countryname,Regionname,Sub-regionname,andCapitalName.02.Nationalcontextindicators10indicators,ExternaldataIncludingindicators:Totalpopulation(2020),Totalpopulation(2011),Populationdensity,GDPcountry(US$),GDPpercapita(US$),GINIindex,HumanDevelopmentIndex,Incomecategorisation,andTypeofparty(AnnexIorNon-AnnexI).03.Urbancontextindicators6indicators,ExternaldataIncludingindicators:Urbanpopulation(2021),Percentageurbanpopulation(2021),Urbanisationrate(percentage),Urbanisationrate(ranked),Percentageofpeoplelivinginurbanareasin2050,andUrbanlandarea.04.Emissionsindicators18indicators,ExternaldataIncludingindicators:CO2eTotalpercountry,CO2ebysector(agriculture,bunkerfuels,building,electricity/heat,fugitiveemissions,industrialprocesses,land-usechangeandforestry,manufacturing/constructions,otherfuelcombustion,totalexcludingLULUCF,totalincludingLULUCF,transportation,waste),CO2epercapita,andCO2eperGDP.05.Keyhazards10indicators,ExternaldataIncludingindicators:Droughts,Earthquakes,Epidemics,Extremetemperatures,Floodings,Insectinfestations,Landslides,Storms,Volcanicactivities,andWildfires.06.NDCnationalindicators–General14indicators,NDCsIncludingindicators:Lastsubmissiondate,Title,Language,Mitigationcontributiontype,GHGtargettype,GHGtargetyear,GHGtarget–sectorcovered,Targetquantity,Baseyear,NDCconditional/unconditional,ShareofglobalGHGemissions,Financerequest,Technologyrequest,andCapacitybuilding.10ExternaldatameansdatacollectedoutsidetheNDCs,suchasClimateWatchandtheWorldBankdatabases(e.g.,theHumanDevelopmentIndex,percentagepfurbanpopulationandincomecategorisation).07.NDCnationalindicators–Challenges30indicators,NDCsIncludingindicators:Mitigationchallengesbysector:Energy,Transportandmobility,LULUCF,Builtenvironment,Waste,Water,Industry,Gender,andOthers;Adaptationchallengesbysector:Agricultureandfood,Ecosystemandbiodiversity,Water,HumanHealth,Industry,Infrastructure,Coastalareas,Gender,andOthers;Climatehazards:Floodings,Droughts,Sealevelrise,Stormevents,Temperaturerise,Stormevents,Temperaturerise,Heat/coldwave,Vector-bornediseases(airandwater),Landdegradation,Saltwaterintrusion,Wateracidification,Wildfire,andOthers.08.NDCnationalindicators–Responses18indicators,NDCsIncludingindicators:Mitigationresponsesbysector:Energy,Transportandmobility,LULUCF,Builtenvironment,Waste,Water,Industry,Gender,andOthers.Adaptationresponsesbysector:Agricultureandfood,Ecosystemandbiodiversity,Water,HumanHealth,Industry,Infrastructure,Coastalareas,Gender,andOthers.09.NDCurbanindicators–General5indicators,NDCsIncludingindicators:NDCsurbancontent2021(Whitepaper2021),Urbancontent2022(currentreport),Financerequest,Technologytransferrequest,andCapacitybuildingneeds.10.NDCurbanindicators–Challenges30indicators,NDCsIncludingindicators:Urbanmitigationchallengesbysector:Energy,Transportandmobility,LULUCF,Builtenvironment,Waste,Water,Industry,Gender,andOthers;Urbanadaptationchallengesbysector:Agricultureandfood,Ecosystemsandbiodiversity,Water,HumanHealth,Industry,Infrastructures,Coastalareas,Gender,andOthers;11TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONUrbanclimatehazards:Floodings,Droughts,Sealevelrise,Stormevents,Temperaturerise,Heat/coldwave,Vector-bornediseases(airandwater),Landdegradation,Saltwaterintrusion,Wateracidification,Wildfire,andOthers.11.NDCurbanindicators–Responses18indicators,NDCsIncludingindicators:Urbanmitigationresponsesbysector:Energy,Transportandmobility,LULUCF,Builtenvironment,Waste,Water,Industry,Gender,andOthers;Urbanadaptationresponsesbysector:Agricultureandfood,Ecosystemandbiodiversity,Water,HumanHealth,Industry,Infrastructure,Coastalareas,Gender,andOthers.12.Othernationalclimate-relatedpolicies,strategiesandplans19indicators,ExternaldataIncludingindicators:NAPNationalAdaptationPlans,NDC-SDGlinkages(including17individualgoals),NationalLong-termStrategies(LTS),andLong-termGoalandOutcomesforClimateAdaptation.13.Cross-cuttingnationallevelindicators16indicators,NDCsandExternaldataIncludingindicators:Ecosystemservices,Nature-basedsolutions(greenandblueinfrastructure),Gender,Publicspaces,Circulareconomy,Socialinclusion,Indigenouspeople,Youth,Innovation,Lossanddamages,Multilevelgovernance,Participation,Dataavailabilityandusability(adaptation),Dataavailabilityandusability(mitigation),Informalsettlements,andOthers.14.Cross-cuttingurbanlevelindicators16indicators,NDCsandExternaldataIncludingindicators:Ecosystemservices,Nature-basedsolutions(greenandblueinfrastructure),Gender,Publicspaces,Circulareconomy,Socialinclusion,Indigenous,Youth,Innovation,Lossanddamages,Multilevelgovernance,Participation,Dataavailabilityandusability(adaptation),Dataavailabilityandusability(mitigation),Informalsettlements,andOthers.Groupsonetofiveandtwelveincludedatacollectedfromexternalsources;groupssixtoelevenincludedatafromtheNDCs;groupsthirteenandfourteenincludedatafromboththeNDCsandexternaldata.GroupssixtoeightandthirteenincludeindicatorsonthenationalcontentoftheNDC(e.g.,nationalmitigationchallenges),andgroupsninetoelevenandfourteenincludeindicatorsontheurbancontentoftheNDCs(e.g.,urbanadaptationchallenges).1.2DatacollectionThedatacollectionphasewasstructuredinfourstages:NDCsdatacollectionprotocol;NDCsdatacollection(193NDCs);NDCsdatavalidation;andexternaldatacollection.Firstly,aprotocolforthedatacollectionwaspreparedtoguaranteeconsistencyintheNDCsdatacollectionwhenperformedbydifferentpersons.Theprotocolincludedacleardefinitionanddescriptionofeachindicator,withexamplesandspecificinstructionstoinsertthecollecteddataintheMicrosoftAccessdatabase.The193NDCswerethoroughlyreviewedusingtheNDCs’indicatorslistedinSection1.1byateamofresearchersattheUNESCOChaironUrbanResilienceattheUniversityofSouthernDenmark.Thereviewteamhadregularmeetingstojointlyaddressanyissuethroughthereviewprocessandimprovetheprotocolandthereviewprocedure.Finalqualitycontrolwasrealisedthroughaseriesofqueriesonthefilleddatabasetocheckanyissuesregardingthecoherenceofthereviewprocess.InparalleltotheNDCsdatacollectionexplainedabove,externaldatawasalsocollectedfromexternalsourcessuchasUNdatabases11,ClimateWatch12andtheWorldBank13.ThesedataservedtoframenationalcontextsandenrichtheinformationfoundwithintheNDCs,enablingfuturein-depthand/orthematicanalyses.1.3DataanalysisThisphasestartedwiththeoverallanalysisoftheexpliciturbancontentoftheNDCstoallowaglobaloverview.Thelevelofurbancontentwasclassifiedintooneofthreeclustersasfollows:yStrongurbancontent(ClusterA):NDCswithspecificurbansectionsand/orNDCsinwhichurbanareasareidentifiedasprioritysectors,excludingNDCsthatare11https://unstats.un.org/UNSDWebsite/12ClimateDataforActionClimateWatchEmissionsandPolicies(climatewatchda-ta.org)13WorldBankOpenDataData12TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONnotbackingtheprioritizationwithaclearidentificationofspecificurbanchallengesand/orresponses.yModerateurbancontent(ClusterB):NDCswithurbanmentionswithinthebodyoftext.yLowornourbancontent(ClusterC):NDCswithlowornoexpliciturbanmentionwithinthetext14.Themethodologyconsidersonly“explicit”urbanmentionsNDCscontainingatleastoneofthethreeurbankeywords(singularand/orplural):urban,townandcity.Theanalysisandclusteringwerequalitative,therebyNDCsgenericallymentioningmunicipaland/orlocalissues,butwithoutcleardifferentiationbetweenurbanandruralcontext,andNDCsonlygenericallystatinganurbanprioritisation,butwithoutaclearidentificationofspecificurbanchallengesand/orresponseswereincludedinClusterBorC.14Lowreferstothecaseswheretheword“urban”appearsbutisnotaddressingchallengesorresponses(Figure3):forexample,someNDCsmention“urbanpopu-lation”,withoutaddressingurbanclimatechallengesandresponses.Thedataanalysisfocusesonidentifyingalignmentandmisalignmentbetweenclimatechallengesandresponses(seeFigures2and3),usingthefollowingworkingdefinitions:yMitigationchallengesaredefinedasahigh-levelofGHGemissionsbysector(e.g.,transportandenergy).yAdaptationchallengesaredefinedasspecificclimatethreats/impactsbysector(e.g.,HumanhealthandInfrastructures)andbyclimatehazard(e.g.,floodingsanddroughts);yMitigationresponsesaredefinedaspolicies,strategiesandactionstoreduceGHGemissionsbysector.yAdaptationresponsesaredefinedaspolicies,strategiesandactionstolimitthenegativeeffectsofclimatechangebysectorandbyclimatehazard.Figure2.SynthesisofthedataanalysesmadeforanalysingtheurbancontentofNDCs.ClassificationofURBANCLUSTERSStrongurbancontent-AModerateurbancontent-BLowornourbancontent-CEnergyWaterHealth...EnergyWaterHealth...EnergyWaterHealth...EnergyWaterHealth...DefinitionofURBANCHALLENGESANDRESPONSESbyAdaptationandMitigationsectorsURBANCHALLENGESANDRESPONSESbyAdaptationandMitigationsectorsDefinitionofNATIONALCHALLENGESANDRESPONSESbyAdaptationandMitigationsectorsNATIONALCHALLENGESANDRESPONSESbyAdaptationandMitigationsectorsDefinitionofALIGNMENTSANDMISALIGNMENTS13TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONAnexampleofalignmentisfindingchallengesinthetransportsectorbothinurbanandnationalanalyses.Ifthemitigationchallengeismentionedonlyatthenationallevel,itisnecessarytohighlightthemisalignment.Thedataanalysisalsofocusesonidentifyingalignmentsandmisalignmentsofchallengesandresponsesbetweenthegeneralnationalandspecificurbanlevels(Figure2)toproviderecommendationsforfurtherstrengtheningtheFigure3.SchemeofthesectorsusedtoanalyseNDCsadaptationandmitigationchallengesandresponses,bothatthenationalandurbanlevel.urbancontentoftheNDCsandtheoperationalisationofurbanclimateactions.Thedataanalysisalsofocusedonunderstandingtherequestforfinancialsupport,technologytransferandcapacitybuilding,bothatthenationalandurbanlevels;moreover,datawereanalysedinrelationtocross-cuttingissues(e.g.,Nature-basedsolutionsandInformalsettlements).MitigationAdaptationSectorsEnergy,Transportandmobility,LULUCF,Builtenvironment,Waste,Water,Industry,Gender,OthersSectorsEnergy,Transportandmobility,LULUCF,Builtenvironment,Waste,Water,Industry,Gender,OthersSectorsAgricultureandfood,Ecosystemandbiodiversity,Water,Humanhealth,Industry,Infrastructure,Coastalareas,Gender,OthersSectorsAgricultureandfood,Ecosystemandbiodiversity,Water,Humanhealth,Industry,Infrastructure,Coastalareas,Gender,OthersClimatehazardsFloods,Droughts,Sealevelrise,Stormevents,Temperaturerise,Heat/coldwaves,Vector-bornediseases(airandwater),Landdegradation,Saltwaterintrusion,Wateracidification,Wildfire,othersClimatehazardsFloods,Droughts,Sealevelrise,Stormevents,Temperaturerise,Heat/coldwaves,Vector-bornediseases(airandwater),Landdegradation,Saltwaterintrusion,Wateracidification,Wildfire,othersChallengesResponsesChallengesResponsesNationalUrban14TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONUrbanmitigationchallengeEnergy,Builtenvironment“HalfofthetotalenergyconsumedinMonacoisattributabletoelectricityusedforprivateandpublicuses,mainlyhomes,commercialandindustrialfacilities,publicbuildingsandfacilities(hospitals,schools,etc.),aswellasurbanlighting.”(MonacoNDC,p.12)UrbanmitigationresponseHumanHealth“PublicHealth[actions]:y●Increasesafewaterstoragemeasuresinhouseholds…y●Developandimplementurbanheatresponseplanincludingurbangreeningmeasures”.(St.KittsandNevisNDC,p.6)UrbanmitigationresponseAgricultureandfoodsecurity“Severalinitiativesareaimedatcombiningagriculturalandforestryactivitiestoimprovefoodsecurity.ThiscircularmitigationstrategyaimstostrengthentheseinitiativestoincreasetreecoverinTheGambia,bothinurbanandruralareas.”(TheGambiaNDC,p.14).UrbanadaptationchallengeCoastalarea“Sealevelriseisalreadyaffectingcoastaltownsandcommunitiesandisexpectedleadtocoastalerosionandwetlandsloss.”(KenyaNDC,p.5).UrbanadaptationresponseWater“Aspartofthecountry’seffortstoaddressthechallengesassociatedwiththeon-goingwaterscarcity,thegovernmentiscurrentlyplanningtheAmmanAqabaWaterDesalinationandConveyanceProject(AAWDCP)whichisannouncedtobethelargestwatergenerationschemetobeimplementedinthecountry.TheprimaryobjectiveoftheprojectistoprovideasafeandreliablefreshwatersupplyforAmmanandothergovernoratesalongtheprojectpipelinesroutefromAqabatoAmman.”(JordanNDC,p.9).UrbanadaptationresponseInfrastructure,coastalarea,water,humanhealth“Actiononlow-emissiontransportoptionsremainunsupported:Connectingfarmerstomarketsinruralareasviaclimateproofedinfrastructure;Measurestoincreaseinfrastructurecoastaldefences,climate-resilientphysicalplanningstandardsandcodes;‘Greening’ofurbandevelopmentplans;Stormwateranddrainagesystemsandwastemanagement(sewerage,municipal,industrial)requiresimprovements(see‘Waterandsanitation’)”(PapuaNewGuineaNDC,p.24).1.4ReportwritingThisreportwillbepresentedattheUnitedNationsClimateChangeConferenceinSharmElSheikh(COP27)focusingonthekeyfindingsoftheglobalanalysis.AfterCOP27,furtherworkwillbedonefocusingonthecountrylevel,furtherdevelopingcountrypilots,followingtheinitialworkconductedin2021,andincludingtheanalysisofotherrelevantnationalclimatepoliciesformorethan15countries.Thenextreportwillalsoincludemorein-depththematicanalyses,focusingparticularlyonselectedcross-cuttingissues.1.5MethodologyimprovementandlimitationsBeforestartingthereviewoftheNDCs,themethodologywasreviewedtostrengthenitfurtherandtomaintainconsistencywiththereviewsconductedin2016-17and2021.Inthe2016-17analysis,thecategories“explicitmention”and“implicitmention”wereusedtoindicatewhenanNDCfocusedonactivitiesorsectorsthatarehistoricallyurban,15TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONforexample,mobility,withoutanexplicitreferencetourban.However,thesecategoriesandclassificationswerenotalwaysstraightforwardtounderstand.Therefore,thecurrentmethodologyfocusesonlyonexpliciturbanmentionsbutalsohighlightsanygapormisalignmentofsectorsmentionedbetweenthenationalandurbanlevels.Forexample,supposeanNDCshowsresponsesatthenationallevelformobility.Inthatcase,thisdoesnotdirectlyequatetoresponsesattheurbanlevel,misalignmentishighlighted,andrecommendationsaremadetofillthisgap.The2021analysiswasapreliminarysemi-quantitativereviewbasedonakeywordsearch,focusingonlyonassessingthepresence/absenceofurbancontentinrelationtomitigationandadaptation.Asexpected,itincludedsomefalsepositiveresults.Thechangesinmethodologyandthepassagetoamorein-depthqualitativereviewrealisedin2022,implyfurtherdifferencesincomparisonwiththe2021results,differencesthatareexplainedasfollows:a.DifferenceinthedefinitionofClusters2021ClustersStrongurbancontent(ClusterA):NDCswithurbanmentionswithintextheaders/sections/paragraphs.Moderateurbancontent(ClusterB):NDCswithurbanmentionwithinthebodyoftext.Noevidenturbancontent(ClusterC):NDCswithnourbanmentionwithinthetext.2022ClustersStrongurbancontent(ClusterA):NDCswithspecificurbansectionsand/orNDCsinwhichurbanisidentifiedasaprioritysector,excludingNDCsthatarenotbackingtheprioritisationwithaclearidentificationofspecificurbanchallengesand/orresponses.Moderateurbancontent(ClusterB):NDCswithgenericurbanmentionswithinthebodyoftext.Lowornourbancontent(ClusterC):NDCswithlowornoexpliciturbanmentionwithinthetext.ThetighterdefinitionofClusterAledtotheneedtore-clusterseveralNDCsfromClusterAtoBfrom2021to2022.b.ThedifferenceintheEUcountries’countEuropeanUnioncountriesaresubmittingthesameNDCs.TheEuropeanUnionitselfisamemberoftheConferenceofthePartiesandthereforeentitledtosubmititsownNDC.Forthe2016-17andthe2021reviews,onlytheNDCsubmittedbytheEUwasaccountedfor,excludingtheother27NDCssubmittedbyEUcountriesindividually.Inthe2022review,the27NDCssubmittedbyEUcountriesindividuallywereaccountedfor,excludingonlytheNDCsubmittedbytheEUitself.In2016-17oneEUNDCwasincludedinClusterC.In2021oneEUNDCwasincludedinClusterB,althoughitwasafalsepositiveasthe“urban”wordwasincludedintheAnnex“InformationtofacilitateClarity,TransparencyandUnderstanding”butthesectiondedicatedtourbanwasassessedas‘’notapplicable’’(EUNDC,p.14).ThatistheonlymentionofurbancontentintheEUNDC.Inthe2022review,27EUcountries’NDCsareincludedinClusterC.Thismethodologicalchangelimitsthedirectcomparisonofthenumberofcountrieswithinthethreeclustersbetween2016-17and2022.c.ThedifferenceintheurbankeywordInthe2021review,thekeywordanalysisincludedsixwords(urban,town,city,settlements,municipalandlocal);inthe2022review,thetermsmunicipal,settlementandlocalwerenotaloneconsideredsufficienttoclassifyanNDCwithstrongormoderatedurbancontent(ClusterAandB),asthesewordsoftenwerenotaccompaniedbyaclearurbanorruralcharacterisationandcouldbepotentiallymisinterpreted.d.Explicit/impliciturbanmention:distinctionremovedThemethodologyconsidersonly“explicit”urbanmentionscontainingoneofthethreeurbankeywords(urban,townandcity).Whatin2016-17wasconsideredimplicitisnowrenderedthroughthenationalversusurbancomparison.ThemethodologyhasbeenmodifiedfromthefirstanalysisoftheNDCsin2016toobtainamorerobustanalysisoftheNDCs’urbancontent.ThismethodologyisopentosuggestionsforimprovementthatcanleadtoamoreaccurateanalysisoftheurbancontentoftheNDCs.16TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTION02URBANCONTENTOFNDCsATTHEGLOBALLEVELWestJava,indonesia©Shutterstock17TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONForthisreview,193NDCswereanalysed(seeAnnex2),includingthelatestversionofallupdatedNDCssubmittedbefore19thJune2022,whicharepubliclyavailableintheUNFCCConlinedepository15.ThisreportpresentsthethirdanalysisofurbancontentintheNDCs.ThethreeanalysesaredistinguishedbyanimprovementinmethodologyandbytheNDCsanalysed,whichweremainlyupdatedintherun-uptoCOP26(2021).Thethreeanalysesarereportedinthefollowingdocuments:y“SustainableUrbanizationintheParisAgreement”16y“Acceleratedurbanclimateaction.HowdotherevisedNationallyDeterminedContributionsstackup?”17y“Acceleratedurbanclimateaction.ReviewoftheurbancontentoftheNDCs2022”(thisreport)2.1.UrbanContentofNDCs:The2016-17AnalysisThefirstanalysisoftheurbancontentoftheNDCswasconductedattheendof2016andpublishedin2017inthereporttitled“SustainableUrbanizationintheParisAgreement”16.Theresultsofthisanalysisshowed(Figure4):y113outof164NDCshadurbancontent,indicatingsomeattentiontoclimatechallengesandresponsesattheurbanlevel.yTherewaswidespreadrecognitionoftheimportanceofurbanchallengesandresponsemeasuresforclimatechangemitigationandadaptation,asshownbythehighnumberofNDCswithurbancontent.yMostoftheNDCswithurbancontent,specificallythosewithmoderateurbancontent(ClusterB),requiredfurtherefforttostrengthenurbanprovisions,particularlyconcerningurbanclimateactions.15https://unfccc.int/NDCREG16https://unhabitat.org/sustainable-urbanization-in-the-paris-agreement17https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2022/08/ndcs_urbancontent_whitepa-per_2022.pdfFigure4.GlobalanalysisoftheNDCs’urbancontent(2016),excludingNDCsofthe27Europeancountries.ClusterA(26);ClusterB(87);ClusterC(51).Figure5.GlobalanalysisoftheNDCs’urbancontent(2016),includingNDCsofthe27Europeancountries.Thereportacknowledgedthatthefindingsrepresentedonlyafirstscanofthesubjectmatter.Thereby,requiringacontinuityintheanalysisofNDCstomonitortrends,andraisingtheambitionofurbanclimateactions.Thereportalsorecognizedtheneedforanin-depthanalysisatthecountrylevel,focusingontheintegrationofurbancontentinnationalclimatepolicies,withinandbeyondtheNDCs.Moreover,itwasevidentthatthereisaneedtoexpandtheanalysisatthecountryleveltootherclimatepoliciestobetterunderstandtheidentificationofclimatechallengesandresponsesattheurbanlevelthatmaynothavebeenexplicitlyincludedintheNDCs.Thereisalsoaneedtorefine16%53%31%Source:AdaptedfromTollinN.etal.2017.Strongurbancontent-ClusterAModerateurbancontent-ClusterBLowornourbancontent-ClusterCStrongurbancontent-ClusterAModerateurbancontent-ClusterBLowornourbancontent-ClusterCNDCsurbancontent(2016):EUNDCincludedn=164NDCsurbancontent(2016):27EUNDCsincludedn=191Source:AdaptedfromTollinN.etal.2017.46%14%41%18TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONthequantitativeandqualitativeglobalanalysis,assomeNDCs,particularlytheoneswithmoderateurbancontent,requireabetterunderstandingoftheconsistencyoftheurbancontent.The2016-17reportincludedrecommendationsforstrengtheningclimatepolicycoherenceinamulti-levelgovernanceperspectivethroughhorizontalintegrationofNDCsandotherurbanandclimatepoliciesatthenationallevel,andthroughverticalintegrationofnationalpoliciesandlocalactions.Italsoproposedspecificrecommendationsforimplementingnationalstrategiesatthelocallevel,consideredacrucialaspectforsuccessfullyimplementingtheParisAgreement,andforstatingfinance,technologyandinstitutionalcapacityneedswithintheNDCs.2.2.UrbanContentofNDCs:The2021AnalysisThesecondanalysisoftheurbancontentoftheNDCswasconductedattheendof2021andpublishedinthewhitepapertitled“Acceleratedurbanclimateaction.HowdotherevisedNationallyDeterminedContributionsstackup?”.Forthisreview,157NDCswereanalysed,includingthelatestversionofallupdatedNDCssubmittedbetweenMarch2017andtheendofSeptember2021,whicharepubliclyavailableintheUNFCCConlinedepository18.The2021whitepaperincludedtheanalysisbasedonlyonakeywordsearchforurbanrelatedterms.Moreover,acountry-levelanalysiswaspilotedforthefollowingcountries:theRepublicofColombia,theRepublicofthePhilippines,andtheRepublicofRwanda.Thekeyfindingsofthecountryanalysisinthethreepilotsshowedthat:yTheurbanclimateresponsesarenotalwaysalignedwiththeidentifiedurbanclimatechallenges.yTheurbancontentintheNDCsisnotalwaysfullyharmonisedwiththeurbancontentinothernationalclimatepolicies.yTheurbancontentreferredtoclimatemitigationandadaptation,includingtheidentifiedsectors,andmayrequirefurtherintegrationtofullyexploitco-benefits.18NDCRegistryhttps://unfccc.int/NDCREGyThelackofurbancontentintheNDCsdoesnotnecessarilyequatewithalackofurbancontentinothernationalclimatepolicies.ThereportacknowledgedthatcountriesthatsubmittedNDCswithnoexpliciturbancontentdonotnecessarilylackclimateurbanpoliciesandactions,whichhasbecomeevidentthroughthein-depthcountryanalysis.Likewise,theNDCswithurbancontent,particularlythosewithmoderateurbancontent(ClusterB),maystillrequirefurtherstrengtheningandintegrationofurbanclimatepoliciesandactions.2.3UrbanContentofNDCs:The2022GlobalAnalysisForthisreview,atotalof193NDCswereanalysed,includingthelatestversionofallNDCssubmittedbefore19thJune2022,whicharepubliclyavailableintheUNFCCC’sonlinedepository19.TheNDCsreviewedweregroupedintothreeclusters20(Figure7)basedontheirurbancontent.AsshowninTables1and2,atotalof47submittedNDCscontainedstrongurbancontent,identifyingtheurbansectorasapriority.Thesecountriescomprise35%oftheworld’surbanpopulationandareresponsiblefor44%ofthetotalCO2eemissionsproducedbycountriesthatsubmittedanNDC.Atotalof76submittedNDCswithmoderateurbancontentmentionedtheurbansector.Thesecountriescomprise35%oftheworld’surbanpopulationandareresponsiblefor28%ofthetotalCO2eemissionsproducedbythe193countriesthatsubmittedanNDC.Atotalof70countriessubmittedNDCswithlowornourbancontent,withoutmentioningtheurbansector.Thesecountriescomprise30%oftheworld’surbanpopulationandareresponsiblefor28%ofthetotalCO2eemissionsproducedbythe193countriesthatsubmittedanNDC.19NDCRegistryhttps://unfccc.int/NDCREG20Theurbanclustersaredefinedasfollows:ClusterA–StrongurbancontentdescribesNDCswithspecificsectionsdedicatedtourbanand/orNDCsinwhichurbanisidentifiedasprioritysector,excludingNDCsthatarenotbackingtheseprioritizationswithsignificantidentificationofchallengesorresponses;ClusterB–Moderateurbancontent:describesNDCswithurbanmentionswithinthebodyoftext,classifiedasmoderateurbancontent;ClusterC–LowornourbancontentdescribesNDCswithlowornourbanmentionwithinthetextandclassifiedtohavenoexpliciturbancontent.19TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONTable1.ListofCountrieswithassociatedCO2eEmissionsandUrbanPopulations.CountryTotalCO2eemissionspercountryin2019[MtCO2e]Urbanpopulation2021[%]Urbanpopulation[%]projection2050CLUSTERA:StrongurbancontentAlbania8,7763%78%Bahrain54,4190%93%Benin25,7849%65%Bhutan0,3643%58%CaboVerde0,7567%77%Cambodia71,7725%41%China12055,4163%80%Colombia270,5382%89%Congo30,0768%80%DominicanRepublic39,7683%92%Ecuador98,764%75%ElSalvador13,9274%86%Ethiopia183,3722%39%Gambia2,8663%77%Honduras28,1459%74%India3363,5935%53%Jordan36,5792%95%Kenya73,428%46%Kyrgyzstan13,6437%54%LaoPeople’sDemocraticRepublic39,4237%56%Lebanon35,1389%93%Liberia15,8753%68%Malaysia396,1178%87%Mauritania13,2156%73%Monaco0100%100%Morocco91,1564%77%Mozambique106,7438%55%Myanmar242,9531%47%Nepal48,3721%37%Oman100,2887%95%Panama25,369%80%PapuaNewGuinea63,4713%24%Paraguay96,662%74%RepublicofMoldova13,543%57%Rwanda718%30%SaudiArabia723,1585%90%SierraLeone9,4543%60%SouthAfrica562,1968%80%SriLanka37,919%32%20TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONCountryTotalCO2eemissionspercountryin2019[MtCO2e]Urbanpopulation2021[%]Urbanpopulation[%]projection2050StateofPalestine085%Suriname13,8366%74%Togo8,7143%61%Tunisia37,8170%80%Türkiye459,8677%86%Uruguay34,3696%97%Venezuela(BolivarianRepublicof)299,688%92%VietNam438,1138%57%ClusterB:ModerateurbancontentAfghanistan28,7926%41%Algeria282,2374%85%Andorra0,6388%90%Angola128,2967%80%Argentina398,9192%95%Australia608,4986%91%Azerbaijan52,8957%71%Bahamas3,1883%88%Bangladesh237,739%58%Barbados3,7931%41%Belize6,8546%57%Bolivia(PlurinationalStateof)138,7270%81%Brazil1451,6387%92%BurkinaFaso56,3131%50%Burundi8,0414%28%Cameroon124,7958%73%Canada774,2982%87%CentralAfricanRepublic46,5843%60%Chad105,6824%39%Chile55,3388%92%CostaRica8,4881%90%Côted’Ivoire51,5152%67%Cuba38,1977%84%DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo679,5746%64%Djibouti1,3878%85%Egypt351,9643%56%EquatorialGuinea15,2474%83%Eritrea6,7836%60%Eswatini2,6924%34%Gabon19,6890%95%Ghana12,7558%73%Guatemala38,4952%67%21TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONCountryTotalCO2eemissionspercountryin2019[MtCO2e]Urbanpopulation2021[%]Urbanpopulation[%]projection2050Guinea40,6137%54%Guinea-Bissau4,2145%57%Guyana19,827%36%Haiti11,1358%75%Indonesia1959,7157%73%Iraq321,3171%80%Japan1134,4592%95%Kiribati0,1256%71%Kuwait136,69100%100%Lesotho2,5329%46%Madagascar40,2239%58%Malawi19,3418%32%Maldives2,641%54%Mali44,1645%63%Mauritius6,8341%49%Mexico670,8481%88%Mongolia59,1569%78%Montenegro3,8668%77%Namibia21,2253%72%Nauru0,07100%100%Nicaragua38,4159%71%Niger43,9617%28%Nigeria354,3353%70%NorthMacedonia11,2659%73%Pakistan439,4937%52%Qatar114,7699%100%RepublicofKorea652,6681%86%Senegal33,649%64%Seychelles0,7858%70%Singapore67,26100%100%SolomonIslands46,3625%37%Somalia42,5147%64%SouthSudan60,3321%36%St.KittsandNevis0,3531%40%St.Lucia0,7419%27%Sudan127,0736%53%SyrianArabRepublic48,4856%72%Tajikistan17,3828%43%Thailand437,1852%69%Uganda59,1526%44%UnitedArabEmirates243,5587%92%22TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONCountryTotalCO2eemissionspercountryin2019[MtCO2e]Urbanpopulation2021[%]Urbanpopulation[%]projection2050UnitedRepublicofTanzania154,8936%55%Vanuatu0,8726%34%Zimbabwe117,9632%46%CLUSTERC:LowornourbancontentAntiguaandBarbuda1,2224%31%Armenia1063%74%Austria69,859%71%Belarus65,3380%88%Belgium108,2298%99%BosniaandHerzegovina24,549%65%Botswana52,3472%84%BruneiDarussalam9,6379%86%Bulgaria17,4876%85%Comoros0,730%41%CookIslands0,183%Croatia124,7958%71%Cyprus8,2967%74%CzechRepublic110,7774%82%DemocraticPeople’sRepublicofKorea82,6963%74%Denmark44,0688%92%Dominica0,2271%80%Estonia14,8369%77%Fiji-0,1658%70%Finland58,4286%90%France352,181%88%Georgia17,6460%73%Germany720,2378%84%Greece79,9180%88%Grenada2,3937%47%Hungary62,4872%82%Iceland2,7794%96%Ireland58,6864%75%Israel87,2693%95%Italy376,1971%81%Jamaica10,1557%70%Kazakhstan271,6858%69%Latvia8,9368%76%Liechtenstein0,1614%21%Lithuania18,368%78%Luxembourg10,292%95%Malta2,1395%97%23TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONCountryTotalCO2eemissionspercountryin2019[MtCO2e]Urbanpopulation2021[%]Urbanpopulation[%]projection2050MarshallIslands0,2378%86%Micronesia(FederatedStatesof)0,2323%32%Netherlands173,5993%97%NewZealand72,5987%91%Niue0,0161%Norway26,9883%90%Palau0,2981%89%Peru190,6679%86%Philippines236,7948%62%Poland320,2360%70%Portugal61,767%79%Romania78,3654%67%RussianFederation1924,8275%83%Samoa0,7918%22%SanMarino098%99%SaoTomeandPrincipe0,475%85%Serbia61,8657%69%Slovakia3754%66%Slovenia16,8155%69%Spain293,0881%88%St.VincentandtheGrenadines0,3453%66%Sweden29,8788%93%Switzerland44,2674%81%Timor-Leste6,3832%44%Tonga0,3123%30%TrinidadandTobago28,4753%63%Turkmenistan157,3353%69%Tuvalu0,0365%78%Ukraine221,2970%79%UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland429,1384%90%UnitedStatesofAmerica577183%89%Uzbekistan185,3950%62%Zambia91,3645%62%24TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONTable2.UrbanisationandpollutioncomparedwithNDCs’urbanclusters.CountryUrbanpopulation2020[thousands]TotalCO2epercountryin2019[MtCO2e]Strongurbancontent,47countries1.508.346,1235%20.941,3744%Moderateurbancontent,76countries1.498.902,4535%13.352,0228%Lowornourbancontent,70countries1.308.491,9530%13.346,0128%Thereviewshowsthat123NDCs,64%oftheNDCsanalysed,includeurbancontent(Figure6).47NDCs,24%oftheNDCsanalysed,haveastrongurbancontent(ClusterA)withspecificsectionsdedicatedtourbanand/orNDCsinwhichurbansectorisidentifiedasapriority,excludingNDCsthatarenotbackingtheseprioritizationswithsignificantidentificationofchallengesorresponses.76NDCs,39%oftheNDCsanalysed,haveamoderateurbancontent(ClusterB)withurbanmentionswithinthebodyoftext.70NDCs,37%oftheNDCsanalysed,havelowornourbancontent(ClusterC)withnourbanmentionswithinthebodyoftext.Figure6.NDCsurbancontent:themajorityoftheNDCs(123outof193)haveurbancontent,strongormoderate.Figure7.NDCsurbancontent:Urbanclusters(A,B,andC).UrbanmitigationandadaptationcontentThemitigationandadaptationcontentoftheNDCsattheurbanlevelwasanalysed(Figure8),showingthat83NDCs,43%oftheNDCsanalysed,focusbothonurbanadaptationandmitigation,whereas12%oftheNDCsfocusononlyurbanadaptationand9%oftheNDCsfocusononlyurbanmitigation.70NDCs,36%oftheNDCsanalysed,havelowornourbancontentandsoarenothavingurbanmitigationnorurbanadaptationcontent.Theintegrationofurbanmitigationandadaptationisespeciallyimportantascitiesareresponsibleforagreatshareoftheemissionscausingclimatechangeand,atthesametime,areincreasinglyexposedandvulnerabletothenegativeeffectsofclimatechange.Ultimately,citiescanandshalladdressbothclimatechangecausesandeffectsthroughanurbanresilienceapproach,integratingclimatemitigationandadaptation,alsoconsideringthatthelimitationofresourcesandcapacitiesoflocalgovernmentsrequiretogobeyondsilosthinking.NDCswithurbancontent(123)NDCswithlowornourbancontent(70)ClusterAStrongurbancontent(47)ClusterBModerateurbancontent(76)ClusterCLowornourbancontent(70)NDCsurbancontentNDCsurbancontentTheclusters36%64%24%39%36%SustainablearchitectureinPortaNuovadistrict,Milan,Italy©Shutterstock25TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONFigure8.NDCsurbancontent:Urbanmitigationandadaptationcontent.Figure9.NDCsurbancontent:Urbancontentinmitigationandadaptationchallengesandresponses(ClustersA+B).UrbanclimatechallengesandresponsesMitigationchallenges,definedasahighlevelofGHGemissionsbysector,andadaptationchallenges,definedasspecificclimatethreats/impactsbysector,wereanalysedtogetherwithmitigationandadaptationresponses,definedaspolicies,strategiesandactionstoreduceGHGemissionsbysectorandtolimitthenegativeeffectsofclimatechangebysectorandbytypeofhazard.Theanalysisoftheurbanadaptationandmitigationchallengesandresponses(Figure9)showsthattheNDCswithurbancontentidentifymoreurbanresponsesthanchallenges,forbothadaptationandmitigation.Insomecases,theanalysisofmitigationandadaptationchallengesisreportedinotherdocuments,andcitedbytheNDCs.Moreover,itshallbenotedthattheidentificationofurbancarbonfootprintbysectorand/orurbanclimateriskbysectorandbyhazardisarathercomplexundertaking.Toourknowledge,onlyalimitednumberofcitiesworldwidehavebeenabletodevelopit,andanevenlowernumberofcountriesworldwidehaveacomprehensivecarbonfootprintandclimateriskmappingforalltheircities.Urbanmitigation(17)Urbanadaptation(23)Bothurbanadaptationandmitigation(83)Lowornourbancontent(70)NDCsurbancontent:Adaptationandmitigation36%9%43%12%243624363834232455440102030405060MitigationchallengesAdaptationchallengesAdaptationhazardsMitigationresponsesAdaptationresponsesNDCsurbancontentUrbanmitigationandadaptationchallengesandresponsesClusterA-StrongurbancotnentClusterB-Moderateurbancontent26TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONUrbanmitigationchallengesandresponsesTheanalysisofthemitigationchallengesandresponsesattheurbanlevel(Figure10)showsthatthereisalargegapbetweenmitigationresponsesandchallenges:91NDCs,or74%oftheNDCswithurbancontentidentifyurbanmitigationresponsesand58NDCs,or47%ofNDCswithurbancontentidentifyurbanmitigationchallenges.ThismeansthatonlyabouthalfoftheNDCswithurbancontentareexplicitlyidentifyingurbanmitigationchallenges,potentiallymakingitmoredifficulttotrackprogressandimpactofurbanmitigationresponses,moreover,onequarteroftheNDCswithurbancontentdonotincludeclearlyidentifiedurbanmitigationresponses.Theanalysisofurbanmitigationchallengesandresponsesshowsthatthereisaremarkablyhighpotentialforraisingnationalclimatemitigationambitionsaturbanlevelandontheoperationalizationofmoreambitiousurbanclimatemitigationactions.Urbanmitigationchallengesandresponsesarealignedformostsectors,forinstance,energy,transportandmobilityandwastearethemostmentionedsectorsinurbanmitigationchallengesandresponses.AlthoughonlyaboutoneoutoffourNDCsmentionsresponsesonspecificurbanmitigationsectorslike:energy,transportandmobilityandwaste;andveryfewNDCsmentionurbanmitigationresponsesinothersectors,includingsectorslikebuiltenvironment,whicharehavinganextremelyhighemissionprofile.Thisshowsthatthereisamplemarginfordevelopingurbanclimatemitigationactionsacrossallsectors,bothindividuallyandthroughasystemicapproachcombiningmultiplesectors.Figure10.NDCsurbancontent:Urbanmitigationchallengesandresponses.0204060EnergyTransportandmobilityLULUCFBuiltenvironmentWasteWaterIndustryOthersUrbanmitigationchallengesandresponsesUrbanmitigationchallengesUrbanmitigationresponses583023131622173591535227355526760102030405060708090100UrbanmitigationchallengesUrbanmitigationresponsesOthersIndustryWaterWasteLULUCFBuiltEnvironmentEnergyMitigation,challengesandresponsesTransportandMobility27TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONUrbanmitigationchallengeBuiltenvironment“ItisanticipatedthatagrowingnumberofSouthAfricancitiesandtownswillbeexposedtotheimpactsofweather-inducedhazardssuchasflooding,heatwaves,droughts,wildfires,andstorms.Thisispartlyduetotheprojectedincreaseinthefrequencyandintensityofweather-relatedhazards,butalsoduetothehighsocioeconomicvulnerabilityinherentwithincommunities,aswellaspoorland-usepractices,growinginformality,andafailuretorapidlydeployresilientinfrastructureassociatedwithaccommodatingagrowingurbanisingpopulation.Itisundeniablythepoorandvulnerablecommunitiesthatwillexperiencethemostseveresetbacksfromtheimpactsofclimatechange,erodingtheirlivelihoods,andthusthreateningtheirresilience”.(SouthAfricaNDC,p.8)UrbanmitigationresponseTransportandmobility“Withmorethantwothirdsofthepopulationlivinginandaroundthecapital,Paramaribo,thecombinedchallengeofincreasingresilienceofurbaninfrastructureandreducingtransportemissionsdefinesSuriname’sapproachtothesector.Acombinationofinvestmentandregulationisincludedasacontribution.”(SurinameNDC,p.3)UrbanadaptationchallengesandresponsesTheanalysisoftheadaptationchallengesandresponsesattheurbanlevel(Figure11)showsthatresponsesaremorefrequentlymentionedintheNDCsthanchallenges:83NDCs,or67%ofNDCswithurbancontent,identifyurbanadaptationresponsesand59NDCs,or48%ofNDCswithurbancontentidentifyurbanadaptationchallenges.ThismeansthatonlyabouthalfoftheNDCswithurbancontentareexplicitlyidentifyingurbanadaptationchallenges,potentiallymakingmtheassessmentofeffectivenessandimpactofurbanadaptationresponsesoredifficult;moreover,circaonethirdofNDCswithurbancontentdonotincludeclearlyidentifiedurbanadaptationresponses.Theanalysisofurbanadaptationchallengesandresponsesshowsthatthereisanexceedinglyhighpotentialandneedforincreasedidentificationofadaptationchallengesandoperationalizationofactionsaturbanlevel.InfrastructureandwaterarethetwosectorsmostmentionedintheNDCsforbothurbanadaptationchallengesandresponses,althoughitshallbenotedthatonlyaboutoneoffoursubmittedNDCsmentionurbanadaptationresponsesinthesesectors.Urbanadaptationresponsesforallothersectorsarementionedinonly13%ofthesubmittedNDCs,evenforcoastalareas,whicharefacingincreasingurbanclimaterisks.Thisshowsthatthereisamplemarginfordevelopingidentificationofchallengesandplanningofadequateresponsesforurbanclimateadaptation,lookingalsoatsectorintegration.Solarandwindpowerstation©Shutterstock28TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONFigure11.NDCsurbancontent:Urbanadaptationchallengesandresponses.UrbanadaptationchallengeWater“WatersupplyandsanitationwasaffectedbycycloneIDAIin2019andaccordingtoassessmentbytheexpertteam,705watersupplyboreholesandwellsweredestroyedaffectingabout211,500people,47watersupplysystemsofcitiesandsecondarytownswereparalyzedwhichcreatedrestrictioninwatersupplyto1,639,244people”(MozambiqueNDC,p.15)UrbanadaptationresponseEcosystemandbiodiversity´´Futureplanningforwasteandwastewaterinfrastructureswilltakeintoaccountitssustainability,efficiencyandeffectivenesswhilstavoidingareasthatareenvironmentallysensitive,flooding-proneandcategorisedaswatercatchments.Adoptingnature-basedsolutionssuchasconstructedwetlandsinfacilitatingwastewatertreatmentswillbeapriority.´´(MalaysiaNDC,p.11)UrbanadaptationresponseCoastalareas“Protectionofthecoastaldunebelt,fightagainstcoastalerosionandestablishmentofamonitoringsystemontherisksoffloodingofcoastaltowns.Implementationofamonitoringsystemontherisksoffloodingincoastalcities.”(MauritaniaNDC,p.57)01020304050AgricultureandfoodEcosystemandbiodiversityWaterHumanHealthIndustryInfrastructuresCoastalareasOthersUrbanadaptationchallengesandresponses591215281933223882192645186482590102030405060708090UrbanadaptationchallengesUrbanadaptationresponsesOthersCoastalareasInfrastructuresIndustryWaterHumanHealthAgricultureandfoodAdaptationchallengesandresponsesEcosystemsandbiodiversityUrbanadaptationchallengesUrbanadaptationresponses29TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONUrbanclimatehazardsTheanalysisofurbanclimatehazards(Figure12)showsthatonly48NDCs,or39%oftheNDCswithurbancontent,identifyurbanclimatehazards.Floodingisthemostprominentlyidentifiedurbanclimatehazard,althoughitisonlyincludedin35NDCs.Allotherclimatehazardsareeachincludedby16NDCs,or8%ofthetotalNDCsanalysed.Moreover,wildfire,saltwaterintrusionandvector-bornediseasearebarelymentioned,whereaswateracidificationisnevermentionedasanurbanhazard.Itisimportanttonotethatmanyurbanclimatehazardsarewaterrelated,includingfloodings,droughts,sealevelrise,watervectorbornediseasesandsalt-waterintrusion.Thisisrequiringmoreattentionforbothintegratedidentificationofmulti-climateriskrelatedtowaterexcessandscarcity,aswellasasystematicapproachtorespondtothesecombinedurbanclimatehazards.Figure12.NDCsurbancontent:Urbanadaptationhazards.UrbanadaptationhazardsStormevents“Theincreaseinintensityandfrequencyofextremeeventsundertheeffectofclimatechange(torrentialrainsinalimitedtime,wavesofextremeheat,marinesubmersion,storms,etc.)haveshownthelimitsofthetraditionalconceptionofurbanspacesinTunisia”.(Tunisia,NDCp.31)UrbanadaptationhazardsDrought,Temperatureincrease,Flooding,Landdegradation“Althoughthegrowingseasonisprojectedtobecomelonger,theAlbanianagriculturalsectorisvulnerabletoclimatechangebecauseofitsdependenceonwaterresources,theincreasedrisksofdroughtandextremetemperatures,andfloodingsanderosionduetoSLR.Thiscouldaffectfoodsecurity”(AlbaniaNDC,p.48)4835151611101441230280102030405060UrbanclimatehazardsUrbanadaptationhazardsAdaptationhazardsFloodsDroughtsSealevelriseStormeventsTempereatureriseHeat/coldwaveOthersWildﬁreWateracidiﬁcationSaltwaterIntrusionLandDegradationVector-bornediseases(airandwater)30TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONGenderandurbanadaptationchallengesandresponsesTheNDCreviewfocusedalsoontheanalysisofgenderinrelationtomitigationandadaptationchallengesandresponsesaturbanlevel.Genderisminimallyconsideredwithinurbanmitigationandadaptationchallenges,andalsoinurbanclimatemitigationandadaptationresponses(Figure11).Moreover,thereisasubstantialgapbetweennationalandurbanlevelregardinggender.Genderismentionedinconjunctionwithmitigationchallengesatnationallevelin51NDCsandaturbanlevelby0NDCs.Genderisalsomentionedinconjunctionwithmitigationresponsesatnationallevelby68NDCsandaturbanlevelonlyby3NDCs(Figure19).Genderismentionedinconjunctionwithadaptationchallengesatnationallevelby77NDCsandaturbanlevelby1NDC,anditismentionedinconjunctionwithadaptationresponsesatnationallevelby112NDCs,andaturbanlevelby6NDCs(Figure24).Mitigationchallenges(nationalvsurban)Thecomparisonbetweennationalandurbanmitigationchallenges(Figure13)showsthatmitigationchallengesarenotasfrequentlymentionedattheurbanlevelasatthenationallevel:184NDCs,or95%ofthetotalNDCsreviewed,identifynationalmitigationchallenges;and58NDCs,30%ofthetotalNDCsreviewedand47%oftheNDCswithurbancontent,identifyurbanmitigationchallenges.050100150200EnergyTransportandmobilityLULUCFBuiltenvironmentWasteWaterIndustryOthersMitigationchallenges(nationalvsurban)NationalmitigationchallengesUrbanmitigationchallenges184180991624215372138245830231316221735020406080100120140160180200NationalmitigationchallengesUrbanmitigationchallengesOthersIndustryWaterWasteLULUCFBuiltEnvironmentEnergyMitigation,challengesTransportandMobilityFigure13.NDCsurbancontent:Mitigationchallenges(nationalvsurban).31TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONThemisalignmentontheidentificationofmitigationchallengesbetweennationalandurbanlevelismoreevidentanalysingspecificsectors.Ingeneral,thereisalimitednumberofNDCsmentioningspecificurbanmitigationchallengesbysectorcomparedtotheNDCsmentioningmitigationchallengesbysectoratnationallevel.Forexample,energysectorchallengesarementionedbythehighestnumberofNDCsbothatnational,180NDCs,andaturbanlevel,30NDCs,butthegapbetweenthetwoisstillremarkablyhigh.Asimilargapisevidentalsofortheothersectorswiththehighestnumberofentriesatnationallevel:LULUCF,waste,industry,followedbytransportandmobility,andwater.Formitigationchallengesrelatedtobuiltenvironmentthegapislower,butonlybecausethenumberofNDCsrecognizingitsimportanceatnationallevelisalsolower.ThisindicatesthatthereisamplemargintoincreasetheinclusionofurbanmitigationchallengesbysectorintheNDCs,particularlyinsectorsthatareofurbanrelevance,suchasenergy,transportandmobility,builtenvironment,wasteandwater.NationalmitigationchallengeEnergy“ThesearekeyvariablesthataccountforthegreatestchangesinthelevelofGHGemissionsinthedifferentsectorsofthecountry.Theseincludepopulation,grossdomesticproduct,energydemandandsupply,cattlestock,agriculturalproduction,andlandusechange.”(ArgentinaNDC,p.12)NationalmitigationchallengeIndustry“Currently,emissionstandardsarenotinplaceforemissionsinthebrickandcementindustries.”(NepalNDC,p.5)Mitigationresponses(nationalvsurban)Theanalysiscomparingthenationalandurbanmitigationresponses(Figure14)showsthatmitigationresponsesaremorefrequentlymentionedatthenationallevelthanattheurbanlevel:189NDCs,98%ofthetotalNDCsanalysed,identifymitigationresponses,and91NDCs,47%ofthetotalNDCsanalysedand74%oftheNDCswithurbancontent,identifyurbanmitigationresponses.Themisalignmentbetweentheidentificationofmitigationresponsesbetweennationalandurbanlevelisstillveryevidentduringtheanalysisofspecificsectors,althoughmitigationresponsemisalignmentislowerthanthatofmitigationchallenges.Ingeneral,thereisalimitednumberofNDCsmentioningspecificurbanmitigationresponsesbysectorcomparedtotheNDCsmentioningmitigationresponsesbysectoratnationallevel.Energy,waste,transport,andmobilityareamongthesectorsincludedinmostNDCsforbothnationalandurbanmitigationresponses,despiteastillevidentgaphavingonlyaboutonethirdoftheNDCsaturbanlevelcomparedtonationallevel.LULUCFandindustryareincludedinaconsiderablenumberofNDCsincludingnationalmitigationresponses,butasignificantlowernumberofNDCsmentioningurbanmitigationresponses.Thegapbetweennationalandurbanlevelismuchreducedforbuiltenvironmentandwater,alsoduetoaconsiderablylowernumberofNDCsincludingnationalmitigationresponses,despitealsoalowernumberofNDCswithurbanmitigationresponses.ThisindicatesthatthereisamplemargintoincreasetheinclusionofurbanmitigationresponsesbysectorintheNDCs,particularlyinsectorsthatareofurbanrelevance,suchasenergy,transportandmobility,builtenvironment,wasteandwater,alsoinNDCswithurbancontent(ClusterA+B)32TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONFigure14.NDCsurbancontent:Mitigationresponses(nationalvsurban).NationalmitigationresponseGender“Mitigationpriorityactions,includingenergy,waste,andtransport,allhavelinkagestogenderequalityandsocialinclusionandthepotentialtocontributetoseveralgender-basedindicators.”(CambodiaNDC,p.49)UrbanmitigationresponseTransportandmobility“Fosterurbanlow-carbontransportationsystem.Asof2019,urbanrailtransitlineswithanoperatingmileageof6,100kmhavebeenopenin41cities.Urbanpublictransportationhassteadilyincreasedthemobilitysharingratewhileprovidinganincreasinglevelofcomfort.Urbanslowtrafficsystemhasalsodevelopedrapidly.Onlinebicyclerentalserviceshavebeenavailableinmorethan360cities,withmorethan300millionregisteredusers.Vigorouseffortshavebeenmadetopromotecleanandlow-carbonurbantraffic.Bytheendof2019,thenumberofnewenergybusesinthecountryhasexceeded400,000.AllbusesinShenzhenandtaxisinTaiyuanhaveadoptedpureelectricvehicles.”(ChinaNDC,p.18)050100150200EnergyTransportandmobilityLULUCFBuiltenvironmentWasteWaterIndustryOthersMitigationresponses(nationalvsurban)NationalmitigationresponsesUrbanmitigationresponses18918815916810715386134249153522735552676020406080100120140160180200NationalmitigationresponsesUrbanmitigationresponsesOthersIndustryWaterWasteLULUCFBuiltEnvironmentEnergyMitigation,responsesTransportandMobility33TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONMitigationchallengesandresponses(nationalvsurban)Theanalysiscomparingthenationalandurbanmitigationchallengesandresponses(Figure15)showsthatmitigationresponsesaremorefrequentlymentionedatthenationallevelthanattheurbanlevel;however,themitigationresponsesgapissmallerthanthemitigationchallengesgap.Thesectorswiththehighernumberofmitigationchallengesandresponsesidentifiedbothatthenationalandurbanlevelsareenergy,transportandmobility,andwaste.Adaptationchallenges(nationalvsurban)Thecomparisonbetweennationalandurbanadaptationchallenges(Figure16)showsthatadaptationchallengesarenotasfrequentlymentionedattheurbanlevelasatthenationallevel:171NDCs,or89%ofthetotalNDCsreviewed,identifynationaladaptationchallenges;while59NDCs,30%ofthetotalNDCsreviewedand48%oftheNDCswithurbancontent,identifyurbanadaptationchallenges.Themisalignmentontheidentificationofadaptationchallenges,betweennationalandurbanlevel,isveryevidentanalysingspecificsectors.Ingeneral,anextremelylimitednumberofNDCsmentionspecificurbanadaptationchallengesbysector,alsoincomparisonwiththenumberofNDCsthatmentionadaptationchallengesbysectoratnationallevel.Agricultureandfood,ecosystemandbiodiversity,waterandhumanhealthsectorsarementionedbythehighestnumberofNDCsatthenationallevel,butbyanextremelylimitednumberofNDCsattheurbanlevel.Water,infrastructureandcoastalareassectorsarementionedbythehighestnumberofNDCsatthelocallevel,whilethelasttwosectorsarementionedbyalowernumberofNDCsatthenationallevel.ThisindicatedthatthereisaveryamplemargintoincreasetheinclusionofurbanadaptationchallengesbysectorsintheNDCs,alsoinNDCswithhighurbancontent(ClustersA+B)Figure15.NDCsurbancontent:Mitigationchallengesandresponses(nationalvsurban).18418099162421537213851241891881591681071538613468245830231316221730591535227355526736050100150200Mitigationchallengesandresponses(Nationalvsurban)NationalmitigationchallengesNationalmitigationresponsesUrbanmitigationchallengesUrbanmitigationresponsesOthersIndustryGenderWaterWasteLULUCFBuiltEnvironmentEnergyMitigation,challengesandresponsesTransportandMobility34TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONFigure16.NDCsurbancontent:Adaptationchallenges(nationalvsurban).NationaladaptationchallengeInfrastructure“Theeffectsofclimatechange,manifestedintheformoffrequentnaturaldisasters,disease,destructionofinfrastructureandthereductionofwaterresourcesasasourceforenergygenerationandirrigation,canjeopardizeKyrgyzstan’sachievementsinsustainabledevelopment.”(KyrgyzstanNDC,p.3)UrbanadaptationchallengeWater,Humanhealth,Costalarea[8.WaterandSanitation]“Cities&ClimateChangePapuaNewGuineaisexperiencinganincreaseinruraltourbanmigration.Climatechangeexacerbatesexistingurbandevelopmentchallengesandvulnerabilities,suchaspoorhealth,inadequatehousing,andlackofaccesstoinfrastructure,basicservices,andsocialsafetynets.Urbanareasonthecoastareunderthreatofstormsurgeandsea-levelrise,and,inPNG,citiesareoftenlocatedinhazard-proneareasinthecoastalzone.Thispriorityareaislinkedtothetransport,infrastructure,health,urbandevelopment,andwaterandsanitationsectors.”(PapuaNewGuineaNDC,p.22)171138140146136318886415912152819332238020406080100120140160180NationaladaptationchallengesUrbanadaptationchallenges050100150AgricultureandfoodEcosystemandbiodiversityWaterHumanHealthIndustryInfrastructuresCoastalareasOthersAdaptationchallenges(nationalvsurban)NationaladaptationchallengesUrbanadaptationchallengesOthersCoastalareasInfrastructuresIndustryHumanhealthWaterEcosystemandBiodiversityAgricultureandfoodAdaptationchallenges35TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONAdaptationresponses(nationalvsurban)Theanalysiscomparingthenationalandurbanadaptationresponses(Figure17)showsthatadaptationresponsesaremorefrequentlymentionedatthenationallevelthanareattheurbanlevel:176NDCs,the91%ofthetotalNDCsanalysed,identifynationaladaptationresponseswhile82NDCs,the42%ofthetotalNDCsanalysedandthe67%oftheNDCswithurbancontent,identifyurbanadaptationresponses.Themisalignmentontheidentificationofadaptationresponsesbetweenthenationalandtheurbanlevelisveryevidentanalysingspecificsectors,althoughlowerincomparisontoadaptationchallenges.Agricultureandfood,water,ecosystemandbiodiversityandcoastalareasarethesectorsincludedinmostNDCsfornationaladaptationresponses,whereasinfrastructureandwaterarethesectorsincludedinmostNDCsforurbanadaptationresponses.ThisindicatesthatthereisaneedtoincreasetheinclusionofurbanadaptationresponsesbysectorintheNDCs,alsoinNDCswithurbancontent(ClusterA+B).Figure17.NDCsurbancontent:Adaptationresponses(nationalvsurban).050100150AgricultureandfoodEcosystemandbiodiversityWaterHumanHealthIndustryInfrastructuresCoastalareasOthersAdaptationresponses(nationalvsurban)NationaladaptationchallengesUrbanadaptationresponses17616712915211969105122588219264518648259020406080100120140160180200NationaladaptationresponsesUrbanadaptationresponsesOthersCoastalareasInfrastureIndustryWaterHumanHealthAgricultureandfoodTotaladaptationresponseEcosystemandBiodiversity36TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONAdaptationchallengesandresponses(nationalvsurban)Theanalysiscomparingthenationalandurbanadaptationchallengesandresponses(Figure18)showsthatadaptationresponsesaremorefrequentlymentionedatthenationallevelthanattheurbanlevel;however,urbanadaptationresponsesareingeneralmentionedinmoreNDCscomparedtourbanadaptationchallenges.UrbanadaptationresponseSectors:Water“Malaysiacontinuestoensurewatersecurityagainsttheimpactofprolongeddryspellbyincreasingwatersupplyreservemarginwiththereductionofnon-revenuewaterandimplementationoftheoff-riverstoragestructuralforms.Malaysiaplanstoincreasediversificationandexplorationofalternativewatersourcessuchasurbanscalerainwaterharvestingsystem,groundwater,recycledandreclaimedwaterforconjunctiveuse.Prioritisationofwaterdemandmanagementtoreducestressonwatersupplyishighontheagenda.”(MalaysiaNDC,p.10)UrbanadaptationresponseSectors:Coastalareas“Protectionofthecoastaldunebelt,fightagainstcoastalerosionandestablishmentofamonitoringsystemontherisksoffloodingofcoastaltowns.Implementationofamonitoringsystemontherisksoffloodingincoastalcities.”(MauritaniaNDC,p.57)UrbanadaptationresponseInfrastructure“Theplaceofthetreeinthecitywantstobereinforcedwithamajorplantingprogram.Anincreaseofatleast20%inthenumberofindividuals,whichrepresentstheplantingof2,400additionaltreesontheterritory,isenvisagedby2030,inadditiontothe12,000treesalreadypresentontheterritory.Inaddition,thedevelopmentofgreeninfrastructureonbuildings,suchasintensiveroofsandmodulargreenwalls,willbefavouredto“wild”thecitywiththeaimofbringingtogetheralargenumberofplantspecies(sown,planted,butalsospontaneous),differentstrata(shrubs,herbaceous,muscinal)adaptedtolocalclimaticandmicroclimaticconditions(temperature,humidity,light,wind).”(Monaco,p.31)Figure18.NDCsurbancontent:Adaptationchallengesandresponses(nationalvsurban).171138140146136318886774117616712915211969105122112585912152819332231882192645186482569020406080100120140160180200Adaptationchallengesandresponses(Nationalvsurban)NationaladaptationchallengesNationaladaptationresponsesUrbanadaptationchallengesUrbanadaptationresponsesOthersGenderCoastalareasInfrastructuresHumanHealthIndustryAgricultureandfoodMitigation,challengesandresponsesWaterEcosystemandBiodiversity37TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONAdaptationhazards(nationalvsurban)Theanalysiscomparingnationalandurbanadaptationhazards(Figure19)showsthatadaptationhazardsaremorefrequentlymentionedatthenationallevelthanareattheurbanlevel:116NDCs,87%ofthetotalNDCsanalysed,identifynationaladaptationhazards,andthat48NDCs,or25%ofthetotalNDCsanalysedandthe39%oftheNDCswithurbancontent,identifyurbanadaptationhazards.Droughts,floodingsandtemperaturerisearetheadaptationhazardsincludedinmostNDCsatnationallevel,followedbyalowerinclusionofothernationaladaptationhazards:sealevelrise,stormevents,heat/coldwaves,vector-bornediseases,andlanddegradation.WhereasfloodingisthesingleadaptationhazardincludedinmostNDCsaturbanlevel,followedbyalimitedinclusionofotherurbanadaptationhazards:droughts,sealevelrise,stormevents,temperaturerise,heat/coldwaves,andlanddegradation.Saltwaterintrusion,wateracidificationandwildfiresaretheadaptationhazardsleastincludedintheNDCsatthenationallevel,whereasvector-bornediseases,saltwaterintrusionandwildfirearetheadaptationhazardsleastincludedintheNDCsattheurbanlevel,withnoNDCsmentioningwateracidificationasadaptationhazardattheurbanlevel.ThisindicatesthatthereisanextraordinarilystrongneedtoincreasetheinclusionofadaptationhazardsintheNDCs,particularlyaturbanlevel,alsoinNDCswithurbancontent(ClusterA+B).Figure19.NDCsurbancontent:Adaptationhazards(nationalvsurban).050100150FloodsDroughtsSealevelriseStormeventsTemperatureriseHeat/coldwaveVector-bornediseases(airandwater)LanddegradationSaltwaterintrusionWateracidiﬁcationWildﬁreOthersAdaptationhazards(nationalvsurban)NationaladaptationhazardsUrbanadaptationhazards168116135849311068768737304746483515161110144123028020406080100120140160180NationaladaptationhazardsUrbanadaptationhazardsAdaptationhazardsFloodsDroughtsSealevelriseStormeventsTempereatureriseHeat/coldwaveOthersWildﬁreWateracidiﬁcationSaltwaterIntrusionLandDegradationVector-bornediseases(airandwater)38TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONFinance,technology,andcapacitybuildingrequest(nationalvsurban)Theanalysisoftherequestsforfinance,technologies,andcapacitybuilding(Figure20)showsthatthevastmajorityofNDCsidentifyneedsandincluderequestsfortechnology,162NDCs,capacitybuilding153NDCsandfinance144NDCs.OnlyanextremelylimitednumberofNDCsincludespecificrequestsaturbanlevelforfinance,22NDCs,capacitybuilding,8NDCs,andtechnology,7NDCs.Thisshowsthatthereisanamplespaceforimprovingtheinclusionofspecificurbanrequestsforfinance,technology,andcapacitybuildingintheNDC,includinginNDCswithurbancontent(ClusterA+B)Figure20.NDCsurbancontentanalysis2022:Finance,technology,andcapacitybuildingrequests(nationalvsurban).“Itisestimatedthattoachievethesettargetof15%GHGemissionreductionby2030,thecountrywouldrequireapproximatelyUSD18.4billion”(BotswanaNDC,p.3).[Financeneeds]“Fromearlieranalysis,itisestimatedthattheincrementalfinancialresourcesCaboVerdewouldneedforimplementingtheupdatedNDCamounttoaminimumof2bnEurosfor10yearsofclimateaction,halfoftheamountbeingearmarkedformitigation,andhalfforadaptation.”(CaboVerdeNDC,p.10)"Theincreasedcoastalerosion,droughts,storms,floodingsandlandslidesofthelastdecadehaveseverelyimpactedlivelihoodsandgovernmenthaveneitherthefinancialortechnicalresourcestoaddressthesechallenges.”(St.VincentandtheGrenadinesNDC,p.2)“Metodologíaparalaestimacióndenecesidadesdefinanciamientoclimáticoparalaadaptaciónanivelnacional(dearribahaciaabajo)[...]EstaaproximaciónofreceunresultadorelativoalPIBnacional.Elestudio,queaúnseencuentraenprocesoderevisiónyajuste,indicaquelainversiónanualenadaptaciónalcambioclimáticodebeserdel0.2%delPIBnacionalhastael2030,paracerrarlabrechaentreelcrecimientoeconómicopotencialyelcrecimientoeconómicobajolosimpactosdelcambioclimático.Enpesoscolombianos(COP)del2019,estocorrespondeaaproximadamente2billonesdepesosanuales(aproximadamenteUSD600millones12)hasta2030.Estacifradebetomarsecomovalormínimo,puesconsideralainversiónencapitalhumanoyfísico,peronootrasmedidasquesontambiéncrucialesparalaadaptaciónefectivaenelpaís(porejemplo,medidasdecapitalnatural).21”(ColombiaNDC,p.26)Urbanfinancerequest“Toincreasemitigationco-benefitsinthissector,Myanmarwillneedinternationalsupportforinstitutionalstrengthening,technicalassistanceandcapacitybuilding.Forexample,tobuildkeyGIScapacities,supportisneededforMyanmar’sResilientCitiesDevelopmentplansbystrengtheningtheUrbanResearchandDevelopmentInstitute,establishedin2012.”(Myanmar,p.49)21Englishtranslation:“Methodologyforestimatingclimatefinanceneedsforadaptationatthenationallevel(top-down)[...]ThisapproachprovidesaresultrelativetonationalGDP.ThisapproachprovidesaresultrelativetonationalGDP.Thestudy,whichisstillunderreviewandadjustment,indicatesthatannualinvestmentinclimatechangeadaptationshouldbe0.2%ofnationalGDPuntil2030,toclosethegapbetweenpotentialeconomicgrowthandeconomicgrowthunderclimatechangeimpacts.In2019Colombianpesos(COP),thiscorrespondstoapproximately2trillionpesosperyear(approximatelyUSD600million12)until2030.Thisfigureshouldbetakenasaminimumvalue,asitconsidersinvestmentinhumanandphysicalcapital,butnotothermeasuresthatarealsocrucialforeffectiveadaptationinthecountry(e.g.,naturalcapitalmeasures).”(Colombia,p.26)1441621532278050100150200FinancerequestTechnologyrequestCapacitybuildingFinance,technologyandcapacitybuildingrequests(Nationalvsurban)Nationalﬁnance,technologyandcapacitybuildingrequestsUrbanﬁnance,technologyandcapacitybuildingrequests39TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTION“AnAsianDevelopmentBankstudyonassessingthecostsofclimatechangeadaptationinSouthAsiaindicatesthatapproximateadaptationcostforIndiainenergysectoralonewouldroughlybeaboutUSD7.7billionin2030s.[…]EstimatesbyNITIAayog(NationalInstitutionforTransformingIndia)indicatethatthemitigationactivitiesformoderatelowcarbondevelopmentwouldcostaroundUSD834billiontill2030at2011prices.[…]Whilethiswouldevolveovertime,apreliminaryestimatesuggeststhatatleastUSD2.5trillion(at2014-15prices)willberequiredformeetingIndia’sclimatechangeactionsbetweennowand2030.“Nospecificurbanfinancerequest.(IndiaNDC,p.31)Cross-cuttingissues(nationalvsurban)Theanalysisofthenationalandurbancross-cuttingissues(Figure21)showsamajorgapbetweennationalandurbancross-cuttingissuesmentionedwithintheNDCs.Themostmentionednationalcross-cuttingissuesareparticipation,genderandlossanddamages,whereastheleastmentionedareinformalsettlementsandpublicspaces.Themostmentionedurbancross-cuttingissuesarenature-basedsolutions,ecosystemservices,informalsettlements,andyouth,whereastheleastmentionedaredataavailability,multi-levelgovernance,innovation,indigenous,socialinclusion,andcirculareconomy.Thisdemonstratesaneedforstrengtheningtheurbanlevelconsiderationsoncross-cuttingissues,alsoincountrieswithurbancontent(ClusterA+B).Moreover,amorein-depthanalysisandresearchshallbeundertakeninrelationtocross-cuttingissues.Figure21.NDCsurbancontent:Cross-cuttingindicators(nationalvsurban).74801331078668884861004614362751227101267333834360181020406080100120140160EcosystemservicesNBS(greenandblueinfrastructures)GenderPublicspacesCirculareconomySocialinclusionIndigenousYouthInnovationLossanddamagesMultilevelgovernanceParticipationDataavailabilityandusability(Adaptation)Dataavailabilityandusability(Mitigation)InformalsettlementsOthersCross-cuttingissues(nationalvsurban)Urbancross-cuttingissuesNationalcross-cuttingissues40TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONNDCconditional/unconditionalcontributionTheanalysisoftheconditionalandunconditionalcontributionsmentionedwithintheNDCs(Figure29)showsthat27%oftheNDCsmentiononlyanunconditionalcontribution,meaningwhatcountriescouldimplementbasedontheirownresourcesandcapabilities;25%ofNDCsmentiononlyaconditionalcontribution,meaningwhatcountrieswouldundertakeifinternationalmeansofsupportareprovided,orotherconditionsaremet.AbouthalfoftheNDCs(48%)mentionbothconditionalandunconditionalcontributions.Itshouldbenotedtheimportanceofclearlyidentifyingrequestsfortechnology,financeandcapacitybuilding,bothatthenationalandtheurbanlevel,forcountriesthatarelistingtheirnationallydeterminedcontributionasconditional,partiallyorinfull.Figure22.NDCs’conditionalandunconditionalcontributions.Urbancross-cuttingissuesInformalsettlementsThisurbanextensionisduetoamarkedperiurbanisation,inadditiontotheformalmodesoflandandrealestateproduction,bytheproliferationofnon-regulatoryneighbourhoodsandinformaloccupationsonfloodingplainsandondrainagelines.”(TunisiaNDC,p.30)Urbancross-cuttingissuesNature-basedsolutions[Climate-sensitiveurbandesign/greeninfrastructureandincreasegreenspaces]“Complementingthepointabove,somemunicipalitiesshowthepotentialtoincreasegreenspacesthroughplantingtreesandthroughimplementingneighbourhood-levelsolutionstoaddressbetterwalkabilityanduseofnon-motorizedformsoftransportation,useofurbandesign,andadoptionofmoregreenery/green/nature-basedinfrastructure/solutionsthatnotonlyhelpswithissuessuchasflooding,butcanalsomitigateheatislandsandenergyloadetc.atanurbandesignscale.”(JordanNDC,p.30)Nationalcross-cuttingissuesDataavailabilityandusability“ThisupdatedNDCupdatesandstrengthensthefirstNDCforboththemitigationandadaptationcontributions,informedbyimproveddatacollection,in-depthtechnicalanalysisandextensivestakeholderengagement.[…]Thesesourcesmaybeincludedwithinfuturecontributions,subjecttoimproveddataavailabilityandongoingdevelopmentintheaccuracyoftheirquantificationwithinthenationalGHGinventory.”(RwandaNDC,pp.20-23)Nationalcross-cuttingissuesGender“Climatechangeaffectsgenderminoritiesdisproportionately,includingwomenandgirls.Theareaswherewomenplayacentralrole-foodsecurity,nutrition,energy,livelihoods,health,naturalresourcemanagement,amongothers-arethosemostdirectlyimpactedbyclimatechange.”(CambodiaNDC,p.48)NDCconditional(48)NDCunconditional(52)NDCboth(93)NDCs’conditionalandunconditionalcontributions48%25%27%41TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTION2.4UrbanContentofNDCs:TrendsBasedonthe2016-17and2022AnalysesThecomparisonbetweentheanalysisoftheurbancontentoftheNDCsin2016-17andin2022,thepercentageofNDCswithlowornourbancontent(ClusterC)hasdecreasedfrom41%in2016to37%in2022,andNDCswithstrongormoderateurbancontent(ClustersA+B)haveincreasedfrom60%in2016,to64%in2022).“SriLankacommitstoreducingitsGHGemissions.IntheseNDCs,thecountrypresentsanenhancedambitionwhichincludes4%unconditionaland10.5%conditionalemissionreductioncommitmentswithrespectivetoBusiness-As-Usual(BAU)scenario.”(SriLankaNDC,p.iii)“TheKingdomofBahrainrecognizesthattheextenttowhichitwillmeetitsobligationsundertheUNFCCC,PAwilldependhighlyonthelevelofinternationalsupportinmeansofimplementation”(BahrainNDC,p.8)Figure23.NDCsurbancontentanalysis:comparing2016and2022results.2016NDCs2022201620162022AA-StrongurbancontentB-ModerateurbancontentB2022164+27EUUrbanContentNoUrbancontent19119360%64%41%36%14%46%39%24%42TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTION03KEYFINDINGS,CONCLUSIONSANDRECOMMENDATIONSMangrovereforestationprojectinSamutsakorn,Thailand©Shutterstock43TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTION3.1KeyFindingsThekeyfindingsofthe2022globalanalysisoftheurbancontentoftheNDCsare:1.47of193NDCshaveastrongurbancontent(ClusterA),76NDCshaveamoderateurbancontent(ClusterB)and70NDCshavelowornourbancontent(ClusterC).2.64%oftheNDCsanalysedhaveastrongormoderateurbancontent(ClusterA+B).3.ThepercentageofNDCswithurbancontent(ClusterA+B)hasincreasedincomparisonwith2016-17,from60%in2016-17to64%in2022.4.TheNDCswithstrongurbancontent(ClusterA)havesignificantlyincreasedinnumberincomparisonwiththe2016analysis,passingfrom14%in2016-17to24%in2022.5.TheNDCswithurbancontent(ClusterA+B)originatefromPartiesthataccountfor70%oftheworld’surbanpopulationand72%ofCO2eemissionsofthetotalsubmittedNDCs.6.83NDCs,or43%oftheNDCsanalysed,focusbothonurbanadaptationandmitigation,whereas12%oftheNDCsfocusononlyurbanadaptation.9%oftheNDCsfocusononlyurbanmitigation.7.NDCswithurbancontent(ClusterA+B)identifymoreurbanresponsesthanchallenges.74%ofNDCswithurbancontentidentifyurbanmitigationresponsesand47%identifyurbanmitigationchallenges.67%identifyurbanadaptationresponsesand47%urbanadaptationchallenges.ResultsareshowninFigure24.8.Energy,transportandmobilityandwastearethemostmentionedsectorsinurbanmitigationchallengesandresponses.9.Infrastructureandwaterarethetwomostmentionedsectorsinurbanadaptationchallengesandresponses.10.48NDCs,or39%oftheNDCswithurbancontent,identifyurbanclimatehazards.Floodingisthemostprominentlyidentifiedurbanclimatehazard,althoughitisonlyincludedin35NDCs.Allotherclimatehazardsareeachincludedwitharelativelylowmaximum8%ofthetotalNDCsanalysed.11.Genderisalmostnotconsideredatallwithinurbanmitigationandadaptationchallenges,anditisminimallyconsideredinurbanclimatemitigationandadaptationresponses.12.Mitigationresponsesbysectoraremorefrequentlymentionedatthenationallevelthanattheurbanlevel.ThesectorswiththehighernumberofmitigationchallengesandresponsesidentifiedbothatthenationalFigure24.NDCsurbancontentanalysis:adaptationandmitigationcontent,inchallengesandresponses,lookingaturbanandnationallevel.URBANNATIONALADAPTATIONADAPTATIONn=allNDCs(193)n=allNDCswithurbancontent(123)CHALLENGESCHALLENGESRESPONSESRESPONSES89%47%91%67%98%74%95%47%MITIGATIONMITIGATION44TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONandurbanlevelsareenergy,transportandmobilityandwaste.13.Adaptationresponsesbysectoraremorefrequentlymentionedatthenationallevelthanattheurbanlevel;however,urbanadaptationresponsesareingeneralmentionedinmoreNDCsthanurbanadaptationchallenges.14.Adaptationhazardsaremorefrequentlymentionedatthenationallevelthantheurbanlevel:116NDCs,or87%ofthetotalNDCsanalysed,identifynationaladaptationhazards;and48NDCs,ofthe25%ofthetotalNDCsanalysedand39%oftheNDCswithurbancontent,identifyurbanadaptationhazards.Droughts,floodingsandtemperaturerisearetheadaptationhazardsincludedinmostNDCsatnationallevel,followedbyalowerinclusionofothernationaladaptationhazards,notablysealevelrise,stormevents,heat/coldwaves,vector-bornediseasesandlanddegradation.FloodingistheadaptationhazardincludedinmostNDCsaturbanlevel,followedbylimitedinclusionofseveralotherhazards.15.ThevastmajorityofNDCsidentifyrequests:162NDCsincluderequestsfortechnology,153NDCsrequestcapacitybuildingand144NDCsrequestfinance.OnlyanextremelylimitednumberofNDCsincludespecificrequestsaturbanlevelforfinance(22NDCs),capacitybuilding(8NDCs)andtechnology(7NDCs).16.NDCsshowmostofthenationalcross-cuttingissuesforthetopics:participation,genderandlossanddamage.Informalsettlementsandpublicspacesaretheleastmentionedamongthecross-cuttingissueswithintheNDCs.Intheurbancontext,NDCsshowmostcross-cuttingissuesrelatedtonature-basedsolutions,ecosystemservices,informalsettlementsandyouth;whereasdataanalysis,multilevelgovernance,innovation,indigenous,socialinclusionandcirculareconomyaretheleastmentionedcross-cuttingissueswithintheNDCsinanurbancontext.Map1:MapofUrbanContent,ClusterA,BandC.AlgeriaAustraliaBrazilCanadaChinaIndiaRussiaSudanUnitedStates©AustralianBureauofStatistics,GeoNames,Microsoft,Navinfo,OpenStreetMap,TomTomPoweredbyBingStrongurbancontent(ClusterA)Moderateurbancontent(ClusterB)Lowornourbancontent(ClusterC)45TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTION3.2.ConclusionsandRecommendationsThenumberofNDCswithurbancontentincreasedinaverylimitedmanneramongthemostrecentsubmissionscomparedto20116-17,buttherehasbeenasubstantialincreaseofthenumberofNDCswithstrongurbancontent.ItisverypositivetoacknowledgethatalmosttwooutofthreeNDCshaveanurbanfocus.ItisalsoimportanttonotethatthelackofurbancontentinanNDCdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthereisalackclimateurbanpoliciesandactions.Likewise,theNDCswithurbancontent,includingthosewithstrongurbancontent(ClusterA),maystillrequirefurtherstrengtheningandintegrationofurbanclimatepoliciesandactions.ThestrengtheningofurbancontentoftheNDCsisinstrumentaltoraisetheoverallambitionoftheNDCsandtostrengthentheeffectiveoperationalizationofclimateadaptationandmitigationpolicies.Basedonthedatacollectedandanalysed,recommendationsareprovidedbelow.Recommendation1:ScaleupadvocacyandsupporttothePartiesforincludingurbancontentintheirNDCs.Recommendation2:UpdatetheguidelinesforsupportingtheinclusionofurbancontentintheNDCsanddevelopmoresystematicandtailoredsupportforthePartiesinimplementingtheguidelinesforstrengtheningtheirNDCs.Recommendation3:ExpandtheanalysisofurbancontenttootherkeynationalurbanpoliciesinadditiontoNDCs,suchasNationalAdaptationPlans(NAPs)andLong-TermLowEmissionsDevelopmentStrategies(LT-LEDS).Recommendation4:Increasethenumberofcountry-levelanalysestohaveamoresystemicviewoftheurbancontentofallurbanrelatednationalclimatepolicies,alsoinrelationtocurrenturbanactionsandprojectsaturbanlevel.TwothirdsoftheNDCswithurbancontentarefocusingonbothmitigationandadaptationTheintegrationofurbanmitigationandadaptationisespeciallyimportantascitiesareresponsibleforasubstantialshareofGHGemissionsandarealsoincreasinglyexposedandvulnerabletothenegativeeffectsofclimatechange.TheintegrationofclimatemitigationandadaptationisfundamentaltoMap2:MapofUrbanContent,AdaptationandMitigation,AdaptationOnly,MitigationOnly.AustraliaBrazilCanadaChinaIndiaRussiaUnitedStates©AustralianBureauofStatistics,GeoNames,Microsoft,Navinfo,OpenStreetMap,TomTomPoweredbyBingStrongurbancontent(ClusterA)-AdaptationandMitigationStrongurbancontent(ClusterA)-AdaptationonlyStrongurbancontent(ClusterA)-MitigationonlyModerateurbancontent(ClusterB)-AdaptationandMitigationModerateurbancontent(ClusterB)-AdaptationonlyModerateurbancontent(ClusterB)-MitigationonlyLowornourbancontent(ClusterC)46TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONincreasetheeffectivenessofpoliciesandactions,avoidingsiloapproachesandminimizingreboundeffects,andalsotomaximizetheeffectivenessofresourceutilisation.NDCsidentifymoremitigationandadaptationresponsesthanchallenges.ThismaybethecaseasoftenNDCsdonotincludefulldetailsonmitigationandadaptationchallengesandadaptationhazardbutciteorrefertoexternaldocuments.Moreover,theidentificationofurbancarbonfootprintsand/orurbanclimateriskarecomplexandresource-intensiveundertakings,andonlyalimitednumberofcitiesandcountriesworldwidehavebeenabletodevelopandsystematicallyreportontheseintheNDCs.OnlyaboutonefourthofthesubmittedNDCsmentionurbanmitigationresponsesonenergy,transportandmobilityandwastesectors,andevenfewerNDCsmentionurbanmitigationresponsesinothersectors,includingkeysectorslikebuiltenvironment.OnlyonefourthofthesubmittedNDCsmentionurbanadaptationresponsesoninfrastructureandonwater.Moreover,urbanadaptationresponsesforallothersectorsarereferencedinonly13%ofthesubmittedNDCs.Thisshowsthatthereisamplemarginforfurtheridentificationofchallengesandplanningofadequateresponsesforurbanclimatemitigationandadaptation,lookingalsoatsectorintegration.Inrelationtourbanclimatehazards,floodingisthemostprominent,althoughitisfoundinonly35NDCs,andallotherclimatehazardsareeachincludedinamaximumof16NDCseach.Basedonthisdata,greaterfocusisneededonurbanclimatehazards,inparticular,throughamulti-riskperspective(e.g.,water-relatedrisks,includingfloodings,droughtandsealevelrise).Recommendation5:Supporttheintegrationofmitigationandadaptationforurbanclimateaction.Recommendation6:Increasetheexplicitidentificationofurbanclimatechallengestobetterguidethedefinitionofurbanclimateresponsesandtracktheireffectivenessandprogress.Recommendation7:Climatemitigationresponsesaturbanlevelshouldbestrengthenedbysupportingamoreconcreteidentificationofurbanmitigationresponsesinkeysectorslikeenergy,transportandmobility,wasteandbuiltenvironment,includingNDCsthatalreadyhaveurbancontent.Recommendation8:Climatemitigationresponsesaturbanlevelshouldbestrengthenedbysupportingamoreconcreteidentificationofurbanadaptationresponsesacrossalladaptationsectors,includinginNDCsthatalreadyhaveurbancontent.Recommendation9:Climateadaptationhazardsaturbanlevelshallbebetteridentified,bothindividuallyandunderamulti-riskperspective,toguidetheidentificationandmonitoringofappropriateurbanadaptationresponses.Genderisalmostnotconsideredatallwithinurbanmitigationandadaptationchallenges,anditisminimallyconsideredinurbanclimatemitigationandadaptationresponses,despitebeingmentionedbyover25%oftheNDCsanalysedatnationallevelinrelationtobothmitigationandadaptation.Thelackofinclusionofgenderconsiderationsaturbanlevel,bothinrelationtomitigationandadaptation,isamajorgapintheNDCs.Themitigationchallengesandresponsesbysector,andtheadaptationchallengesandresponsesbysectorarementionedatnationallevelmuchmorethanaturbanlevel.Thisdemonstratesamajorgapandopportunitytoincludegreaterurbancontentandtoalignittoalreadyidentifiedmitigationandadaptationchallengesandresponsesatnationallevel.ThevastmajorityofNDCsincluderequestsfortechnology,capacitybuildingandfinance,whereasonlyanextremelylimitednumberofNDCsincludethesespecificrequestsaturbanlevel.Thisshowsthatthereisamplespaceforimprovingtheinclusionofspecificurbanrequestsforfinance,technologyandcapacitybuildinginNDCsinanurbancontext.Thereisamajorgapbetweennationalandurbancross-cuttingissuesmentionedwithintheNDCs,e.g.,participationismentionedin74%ofNDCsatnationalleveland3%ofNDCsaturbanlevel.Themostfrequentlymentionednationalcross-cuttingissuesareparticipation,genderandlossanddamage,whereastheleastmentionedareinformalsettlementsandpublicspaces.Themostfrequentlymentionedurbancross-cuttingissuesarenature-basedsolutions,ecosystemservices,informalsettlementsandyouth,whereastheleastmentionedaredataavailability,multilevelgovernance,innovation,indigenous,socialinclusionandcirculareconomy.Thisshowsanextraordinarilystrongneedforstrengtheningurbanlevel47TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONconsiderationsoncross-cuttingissues,alsoincountrieswithurbancontent.Recommendation10:Genderconsiderationaturbanlevel,relatedtobothmitigationandadaptationchallengesandopportunities,shouldbestrengthened.Recommendation11:Urbanlevelmitigationandadaptationchallengesandresponsesbysectorshouldbeexpandedinalignmentwiththenationallevel.Recommendation12:Requestsfortechnology,financeandcapacitybuildingshouldhavegreaterdefinitionaturbanlevel.Recommendation13:Cross-cuttingissuesshouldbebetterincludedandstrengthenedaturbanlevel.Recommendation14:Morein-depthanalysisandresearchshouldbeundertakeninrelationtourbancontentandcross-cuttingissues.48TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONREFERENCESTollinN.,HamhaberJ.,GrafakosS.,LwasaS.,andMoratoJ.2017,SustainableUrbanizationintheParisAgreementComparativereviewforurbancontentintheNationallyDeterminedContributions(NDCs).UnitedNationsHumanSettlementsProgramme(UN-Habitat),https://unhabitat.org/sustainable-urbanization-in-the-paris-agreement.TollinN.,KehewR.,CaballeroV.,RobbaG.,PizzorniM.2022,ACCELERATEDURBANCLIMATEACTIONHowdotherevisedNationallyDeterminedContributionsstackup?Awhitepaper.UnitedNationsHumanSettlementsProgramme(UN-Habitat),https://unhabitat.org/nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs-white-paper.UNFCCC2015,TheParisAgreement,https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement,lastaccessed:10October2022.UNFCCC2018,ReportoftheConferenceofthePartiesservingasthemeetingofthePartiestotheParisAgreementonthethirdpartofitsfirstsession,heldinKatowicefrom2to15December2018.AddendumParttwo:ActiontakenbytheConferenceofthePartiesservingasthemeetingofthePartiestotheParisAgreement.FCCC/PA/CMA/2018/3/Add.1.49TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONANNEXESA.1.LISTOFINDICATORSUSEDFORTHENDCS’URBANCONTENTANALYSIS2022A.2.LISTOFCOUNTRIESWHOSENDCS’URBANCONTENTWASANALYSED50TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONA.1.LISTOFINDICATORSUSEDFORTHENDCS’URBANCONTENTANALYSIS2022N.IndicatorSourceLink1GeographicIndicatorsExternal1.1CountryISOcodeExternalhttps://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/1.2CountryNameExternalhttps://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/1.3RegionnameExternalhttps://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/1.4Sub-regionnameExternalhttps://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/1.5CapitalnameExternalhttps://www.countries-ofthe-world.com/capitals-of-the-world.html2Nationalcontextindicators2.1TotalPopulation(2020)Externalhttps://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?end=2020&start=1960&view=chart2.2Totalpopulationin(2011)Externalhttps://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?end=2011&start=2000&view=chart2.3PopulationdensityExternalhttps://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.POP.DNST2.4GDPCountry(US$)Externalhttps://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?end=2020&start=19602.5GDPpercapita(US$)Externalhttps://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?end=2020&start=1960&view=chart2.6GINIindexExternalhttps://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI2.7HumanDevelopmentIndex(2019)Externalhttps://hdr.undp.org/data-center/human-development-index#/indicies/HDI2.8HumanDevelopmentIndex-categoryCalculate2.9IncomecategorizationExternalhttps://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/9065192.10Typeofparty(AnnexI/Non-AnnexI)Externalhttps://unfccc.int/process/parties-non-party-stakeholders/parties-convention-and-observer-states3Urbancontextindicators3.1Urbanpopulation(2021)Externalhttps://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL?view=chart3.2Percentageurbanpopulation(2021)Externalhttps://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS?view=chart;%20https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators3.3Urbanizationrate(percentage)Externalhttps://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.GROW3.4Urbanizationrate(ranked)Externalhttps://www.statista.com/statistics/270221/ranking-of-the-30-countries-with-the-highest-degree-of-urbanization/3.5Percentageofpeoplelivinginurbanareas,2050Externalhttps://ourworldindata.org/urbanization3.6Urbanlandarea(2010)[sq.Km]Externalhttps://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.TOTL.UR.K24Emissionsindicators4.1CO2e:TOTALpercountryExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/4.1.1CO2esectors:AgricultureExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/4.1.2CO2esectors:BunkerfuelsExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/4.1.3CO2esectors:BuildingExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/4.1.4CO2esectors:Electricity/heatExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/51TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONN.IndicatorSourceLink4.1.5CO2esectors:EnergyExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/4.1.6CO2esectors:FugitiveemissionsExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/4.1.7CO2esectors:IndustrialProcessesExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/4.1.8CO2esectors:Land-UseChangeandForestryExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/4.1.9CO2esectors:Manufacturing/constructionsExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/4.1.10CO2esectors:OtherfuelcombustionExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/4.1.11CO2esectors:TotalexcludingLUCFExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/4.1.12CO2esectors:TotalincludingLUCFExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/4.1.13CO2esectors:TransportationExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/4.1.14CO2esectors:WasteExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/4.2CO2e:percapitaExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/4.3CO2e:perGDPExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/4.4Compatibilityofclimatetargetswitha2°CscenarioExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/5Keyhazards5.1DroughtsExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/5.2EarthquakesExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/5.3EpidemicsExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/5.4ExtremetemperaturesExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/5.5FloodingsExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/5.6InsectinfestationsExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/5.7LandslidesExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/5.8StormsExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/5.9VolcanicactivitiesExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/5.10WildfiresExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/6NDCnationalIndicators-General6.1LatestsubmissiondateExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/ndcs-explore6.2TitleNDC6.3LanguageExternalhttps://unfccc.int/NDCREG6.4MitigationContributionTypeExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/6.5GHGTargettypeExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/6.6GHGtargetyearExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/6.7GHGtarget-sectorcoveredExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/6.8TargetquantityNDC6.9BaseyearNDC6.10NDCconditional/unconditionalNDC6,11ShareofGlobalGHGemissionsExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/6.12FinancerequestNDC6.13TechnologyrequestNDC6.14CapacitybuildingNDC52TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONN.IndicatorSourceLink7NDCnationalIndicators-Challenges7.1MitigationchallengesNDC7.1.1EnergyNDC7.1.2TransportandmobilityNDC7.1.3LULUCFNDC7.1.4BuiltenvironmentNDC7.1.5WasteNDC7.1.6WaterNDC7.1.7IndustryNDC7.1.8GenderNDC7.1.9OthersNDC7.2AdaptationchallengesNDC7.2.1AgricultureandfoodNDC7.2.2EcosystemandbiodiversityNDC7.2.3WaterNDC7.2.4HumanHealthNDC7.2.5IndustryNDC7.2.6InfrastructureNDC7.2.7CoastalareasNDC7.2.8GenderNDC7.2.9OthersNDC7.3HazardsNDC7.3.1FloodingsNDC7.3.2DroughtsNDC7.3.3SealevelriseNDC7.3.4StormeventsNDC7.3.5TemperatureriseNDC7.3.6Heat/coldwaveNDC7.3.7Vector-bornediseases(airandwater)NDC7.3.8LanddegradationNDC7.3.9SaltwaterintrusionNDC7.3.10WateracidificationNDC7.3.11WildfireNDC7.3.12OthersNDC8NDCnationalIndicators-Responses8.1MitigationresponsesNDC8.1.1EnergyNDC8.1.2TransportandmobilityNDC8.1.3LULUCFNDC8.1.4BuiltenvironmentNDC8.1.5WasteNDC8.1.6WaterNDC53TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONN.IndicatorSourceLink8.1.7IndustryNDC8.1.8GenderNDC8.1.9OthersNDC8.2AdaptationresponsesNDC8.2.1AgricultureandfoodNDC8.2.2EcosystemandbiodiversityNDC8.2.3WaterNDC8.2.4HumanHealthNDC8.2.5IndustryNDC8.2.6InfrastructureNDC8.2.7CoastalareasNDC8.2.8GenderNDC8.2.9OthersNDC9NDCurbanindicators-General9.1Urbancontent-Preliminaryanalysis2021ExternalWhitePaper(UN-HabitatandSDU.Resilience,2021)9.2Urbancontent-in-depthanalysis(2022)NDC9.3FinancerequestNDC9.4TechnologyrequestNDC9.5CapacitybuildingNDC10NDCUrbanIndicators-Challenges10.1UrbanmitigationchallengesNDC10.1.1EnergyNDC10.1.2TransportandmobilityNDC10.1.3LULUCFNDC10.1.4BuiltenvironmentNDC10.1.5WasteNDC10.1.6WaterNDC10.1.7IndustryNDC10.1.8GenderNDC10.1.9OthersNDC10.2UrbanadaptationchallengesNDC10.2.1AgricultureandfoodNDC10.2.2EcosystemandbiodiversityNDC10.2.3WaterNDC10.2.4HumanHealthNDC10.2.5IndustryNDC10.2.6InfrastructureNDC10.2.7CoastalareasNDC10.2.8GenderNDC10.2.9OthersNDC10.3Urbanhazards10.3.1FloodingsNDC54TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONN.IndicatorSourceLink10.3.2DroughtsNDC10.3.3SealevelriseNDC10.3.4StormeventsNDC10.3.5TemperatureriseNDC10.3.6Heat/coldwaveNDC10.3.7Vector-bornediseases(airandwater)NDC10.3.8LanddegradationNDC10.3.9SaltwaterintrusionNDC10.3.10WateracidificationNDC10.3.11WildfireNDC10.3.12OthersNDC11NDCUrbanIndicators-Responses11.1UrbanmitigationresponsesNDC11.1.1EnergyNDC11.1.2TransportandmobilityNDC11.1.3LULUCFNDC11.1.4BuiltenvironmentNDC11.1.5WasteNDC11.1.6WaterNDC11.1.7IndustryNDC11.1.8GenderNDC11.1.9OthersNDC11.2UrbanadaptationresponsesNDC11.2.1AgricultureandfoodNDC11.2.2EcosystemandbiodiversityNDC11.2.3WaterNDC11.2.4HumanHealthNDC11.2.5IndustryNDC11.2.6InfrastructureNDC11.2.7CoastalareasNDC11.2.8GenderNDC11.2.9OthersNDC12Othernationalclimate-relatedpolicies,strategies,andplans12.1NAPNationalAdaptationplansExternalhttps://www4.unfccc.int/sites/NAPC/Pages/national-adaptation-plans.aspx12.2NDC-SDGlinkagesExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/12.2.11.NopovertyExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/12.2.22.ZerohungerExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/12.2.33.Goodhealthandwell-beingExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/12.2.44.QualityeducationExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/12.2.55.GenderequalityExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/12.2.66.CleanwaterandsanitationExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/55TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONN.IndicatorSourceLink12.2.77.AffordableandcleanenergyExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/12.2.88.DecentworkandeconomicgrowthExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/12.2.99.Industry,innovation,andinfrastructureExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/12.2.1010.ReducedinequalitiesExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/12.2.1111.SustainablecitiesandcommunitiesExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/12.2.1212.ResponsibleconsumptionandproductionExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/12.2.1313.ClimateactionExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/12.2.1414.LifebelowwaterExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/12.2.1515.LifeonlandExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/12.2.1616.Peace,justice,andstronginstitutionsExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/12.2.1717.PartnershipsforthegoalsExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/12.3NationalLong-termStrategies(LTS)Externalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/12.4Adaptation:Long-termGoalandOutcomesforClimateAdaptationandResiliencyExternalhttps://www.climatewatchdata.org/13Cross-cuttingnationallevelindicators13.1EcosystemservicesNDC13.2NBS(greenandblueinfrastructure)NDC13.3GenderNDC13.4PublicspacesNDC13.5CirculareconomyNDC13.6SocialinclusionNDC13.7IndigenousNDC13.8YouthNDC13.9InnovationNDC13.10LossanddamagesNDC13.11MultilevelgovernanceNDC13.12ParticipationNDC13.13Dataavailabilityandusability(Adaptation)NDC13.14Dataavailabilityandusability(Mitigation)NDC13.15InformalsettlementsNDC13.16OthersNDC14Cross-cuttingurbanlevelindicators14.1EcosystemservicesNDC14.2NBS(greenandblueinfrastructure)NDC14.3GenderNDC14.4PublicspacesNDC14.5CirculareconomyNDC14.6SocialinclusionNDC14.7IndigenousNDC14.8YouthNDC56TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONN.IndicatorSourceLink14.9InnovationNDC14.10LossanddamagesNDC14.11MultilevelgovernanceNDC14.12ParticipationNDC14.13Dataavailabilityandusability(Adaptation)NDC14.14Dataavailabilityandusability(Mitigation)NDC14.15InformalsettlementsNDC14.16OthersNDC57TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONA.2.LISTOFCOUNTRIESWHOSENDCS’URBANCONTENTWASANALYSEDIDCountryNameClusterofurbancontent(2022)1AfghanistanB2AlbaniaA3AlgeriaB4AndorraB5AngolaB6AntiguaandBarbudaC7ArgentinaB8ArmeniaC9AustraliaB10AustriaC11AzerbaijanB12BahamasB13BahrainA14BangladeshB15BarbadosB16BelarusC17BelgiumC18BelizeB19BeninA20BhutanA21Bolivia(PlurinationalStateof)B22BosniaandHerzegovinaC23BotswanaC24BrazilB25BruneiDarussalamC26BulgariaC27BurkinaFasoB28BurundiB29CaboVerdeA30CambodiaA31CameroonB32CanadaB33CentralAfricanRepublicB34ChadB35ChileB36ChinaA37ColombiaA38ComorosCIDCountryNameClusterofurbancontent(2022)39CongoA40CookIslandsC41CostaRicaB42Côted’IvoireB43CroatiaC44CubaB45CyprusC46CzechRepublicC47DemocraticPeople’sRepublicofKoreaC48DemocraticRepublicoftheCongoB49DenmarkC50DjiboutiB51DominicaC52DominicanRepublicA53EcuadorA54EgyptB55ElSalvadorA56EquatorialGuineaB57EritreaB58EstoniaC59EswatiniB60EthiopiaA61FijiC62FinlandC63FranceC64GabonB65GambiaA66GeorgiaC67GermanyC68GhanaB69GreeceC70GrenadaC71GuatemalaB72GuineaB73Guinea-BissauB74GuyanaB58TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONIDCountryNameClusterofurbancontent(2022)75HaitiB76HondurasA77HungaryC78IcelandC79IndiaA80IndonesiaB81IraqB82IrelandC83IsraelC84ItalyC85JamaicaC86JapanB87JordanA88KazakhstanC89KenyaA90KiribatiB91KuwaitB92KyrgyzstanA93LaoPeople’sDemocraticRepublicA94LatviaC95LebanonA96LesothoB97LiberiaA98LiechtensteinC99LithuaniaC100LuxembourgC101MadagascarB102MalawiB103MalaysiaA104MaldivesB105MaliB106MaltaC107MarshallIslandsC108MauritaniaA109MauritiusB110MexicoB111Micronesia(FederatedStatesof)C112MonacoA113MongoliaB114MontenegroBIDCountryNameClusterofurbancontent(2022)115MoroccoA116MozambiqueA117MyanmarA118NamibiaB119NauruB120NepalA121NetherlandsC122NewZealandC123NicaraguaB124NigerB125NigeriaB126NiueC127NorthMacedoniaB128NorwayC129OmanA130PakistanB131PalauC132PanamaA133PapuaNewGuineaA134ParaguayA135PeruC136PhilippinesC137PolandC138PortugalC139QatarB140RepublicofKoreaB141RepublicofMoldovaA142RomaniaC143RussianFederationC144RwandaA145SamoaC146SanMarinoC147SãoToméandPríncipeC148SaudiArabiaA149SenegalB150SerbiaC151SeychellesB152SierraLeoneA153SingaporeB154SlovakiaC155SloveniaC59TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONIDCountryNameClusterofurbancontent(2022)156SolomonIslandsB157SomaliaB158SouthAfricaA159SouthSudanB160SpainC161SriLankaA162St.KittsandNevisB163St.LuciaB164St.VincentandtheGrenadinesC165StateofPalestineA166SudanB167SurinameA168SwedenC169SwitzerlandC170SyrianArabRepublicB171TajikistanB172ThailandB173Timor-LesteC174TogoA175TongaCIDCountryNameClusterofurbancontent(2022)176TrinidadandTobagoC177TunisiaA178TürkiyeA179TurkmenistanC180TuvaluC181UgandaB182UkraineC183UnitedArabEmiratesB184UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandC185UnitedRepublicofTanzaniaB186UnitedStatesofAmericaC187UruguayA188UzbekistanC189VanuatuB190Venezuela(BolivarianRepublicof)A191VietNamA192ZambiaC193ZimbabweB60TheurbancontentoftheNDCs:globalreview2022URBANCLIMATEACTIONUNITEDNATIONSHUMANSETTLEMENTSPROGRAMMEP.O.Box30030,Nairobi00100E:unhabitat-info@un.orgwww.unhabitat.org

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