DigitalTwinCities:KeyInsightsandRecommendationsINSIGHTREPORTAUGUST2023IncollaborationwiththeChinaAcademyofInformationandCommunicationsTechnology(CAICT)ContentsImages:Midjourney,GettyImages,Unsplash©2023WorldEconomicForum.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem.DisclaimerThisdocumentispublishedbytheWorldEconomicForumasacontributiontoaproject,insightareaorinteraction.Thefindings,interpretationsandconclusionsexpressedhereinarearesultofacollaborativeprocessfacilitatedandendorsedbytheWorldEconomicForumbutwhoseresultsdonotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsoftheWorldEconomicForum,northeentiretyofitsMembers,Partnersorotherstakeholders.ForewordExecutivesummary1Whysharedlearningiscrucial1.1Increasinglycomplexurbandevelopmentneeds1.2Rapidtechnologicaldevelopment1.3Investmentuncertaintyandrisk1.4Protractedconstructionprocesses2Keyinsights2.1TheSODPAmodel2.2Theconceptofadigitaltwinobject2.3Strategyandtalent2.4Operationandbusiness2.5Dataandinfrastructure2.6Platformandtechnology2.7Applicationandscenario3Recommendations3.1Strategyandtalent3.2Operationandbusiness3.3Dataandinfrastructure3.4Platformandtechnology3.5Applicationandscenario4Lookingahead:FromdigitaltwincitytoMetavercity4.1Amoreimmersivedigitalspace4.2Amorediversemodeofservicedelivery4.3AmorevibrantengineofgrowthContributorsEndnotes34666778891015192226292930303131323333333436DigitalTwinCities:KeyInsightsandRecommendations2ForewordAccordingtoUnitedNationsestimates,nearly70%oftheworld’spopulationwillresideincitiesby2050.Thisrepresentsanincreaseofroughly2.5billionurbanresidents.1Citiesalsogeneratemorethan80%ofworldwideGDP,accordingtotheWorldBank,2andthisinfluenceisonlyexpectedtogrowintheyearsahead.EffectivelymanagingthegrowthofcitiesiscriticaltodeliveringontheUnitedNationsSustainableDevelopmentGoals.3Sincethefirstcitieswereformedthousandsofyearsago,innovationsandtechnologicaldevelopmentshavebeenessentialtoenablingtheirgrowth.Today,advancesindatacollection,cloudcomputing,theinternetofthings(IoT),geographicinformationsystems(GIS),3Dmodellingandartificialintelligence(AI)haveunleashednewopportunitiestoreimagineandreshapecitiesthroughtheuseof“digitaltwins”.Tobetterunderstandthepotentialofdigitaltwintechnologyincities,theWorldEconomicForumandChinaAcademyofInformationandCommunicationTechnology(CAICT),togetherwithkeyglobalstakeholders,launchedathree-yearinitiativeatthebeginningof2021toidentifyandshareglobalbestpracticesandinsights.Aglobaladvisorycommitteewascreatedtoevaluatepromisingapplicationsofdigitaltwintechnologyincitiesandgleaninsightsfromtheseefforts.Thispublicationbuildsonthe2022DigitalTwinCities:FrameworkandGlobalPracticesreport,4highlightingearlyinsightstohelpoptimizetheplanning,design,developmentanduseofdigitaltwinplatformsincities.Becausetheintegrationofdigitaltwintechnologyintocityplanningandprocessesisstillatanearlystage,manyquestionsremainregardingthefinancialsustainabilityandsocialandeconomicvalueassociatedwiththesecomplex,capital-intensiveprojects.Thepioneeringeffortsshowcasedinthisreportofferaglimpseofthepotentialbenefitsofdigitaltwintechnologieswhilehighlightingtheneedforfurtherresearch,monitoringandevaluation.Tohelpshapethedevelopmentofthesetechnologiesandguidecitiesonhowbesttoleveragethesesolutions,globalcollaborationisessential.Thisreportaimstocontributetothismultistakeholderdialogueandthesharedquestforamoreinclusive,safe,resilientandsustainablefuture.XuZhifaDirector,InstituteofPlanning,ChinaAcademyofInformationandCommunicationsTechnologyYaminXuLead,CentreforUrbanTransformation,WorldEconomicForumDigitalTwinCities:KeyInsightsandRecommendationsAugust2023DigitalTwinCities:KeyInsightsandRecommendations3ExecutivesummaryDigitaltwincitiesbringtogetherthephysicalanddigitalworlds,enablingdata-drivencitymanagement,intelligentservicesandinteractivesystems.Theyhavethepotentialtotransformcitiesintomoreintelligententities,leadingtohigh-qualityurbandevelopmentandsustainablegrowth.Thisreportprovidesaguideforcityleadersconsideringthedevelopmentofdigitaltwincitiesandinsightsforentrepreneursandinvestorslookingtoshapethenextgenerationofapplications.Itpresentspreliminaryinsightsandrecommendationsforbuildinghigh-qualitydigitaltwincitiesthatcanhelpaddresspressingurbanchallenges.Thereportemphasizestheneedformultistakeholdercollaboration,asustainableoperationalframework,andatransformativesocio-technicalprogrammetodeliveronthepotentialofdigitaltwincitytechnology.ThroughaframeworkreferredtoastheSODPAmodel,thereportproposesamethodology,shareskeyinsightsandoffersasetofrecommendationsforgovernmentsandbusinessestodrivethehigh-qualitydevelopmentofdigitaltwincities,centredon:(1)Strategyandtalentdevelopment,(2)Operationandbusiness,(3)Dataandinfrastructure,(4)Platformandtechnology,and(5)Applicationandscenario.InsightsbasedontheSODPAmodelInterviewsanddialogueswithexperts,companiesandresearchershaveledtothefollowinginsightsintodevelopingandusingdigitaltwintechnologies.Strategyandtalent–Comprehensivelyreviewrelevantpolicies,technologiesandresources;developaclearstrategyyetaflexibledevelopmentalpath;adoptamultistakeholderapproachtopublic-privatecooperation;setupkeyexecutiverolesfordigitaltransformationinthegovernment;developatalentcultivationsystemfordigitaltwintechnologies.Operationandbusiness–Clarifytherolesofstakeholderstoensurepublic-privatepartnershipsaresustainable;exploresustainableandinnovativebusinessmodelsbasedonpublic-privatepartnerships;extractthevaluefromdataandcapitalizeonitsvalueforsustainablebusinessmodels.Dataandinfrastructure–Strengthenthesensorycontrolsystemandinternetandcomputinginfrastructure;ensuredataintegrationanddataquality.Platformandtechnology–Buildasensoryandvideoplatform,twincitymodelvisualizationplatform,dataintegrationandserviceplatformandopen-sourceapplicationplatform.Applicationandscenario–Ensureeffectivedigitaltwincityandcitygovernance;leveragedigitaltwincitytechnologytoenhanceservicedeliveryandadvancesustainabledevelopment;promotestrongpublic-privatecollaboration.DigitalTwinCities:KeyInsightsandRecommendations4Recommendationsforgovernments–Jointlyorganizetalentcultivationprogrammeswiththeprivatesector;establishchieftechnologyofficerandchiefdigitalofficerpositionstosupportthecitystrategy;enactpoliciestoincentivizetalentedindividualstomovetothetargetedareas;cultivateanenvironmentthatenablesgovernment-industry-academiacooperationandsynergiesfortechnologies.–Createavaluesystemwiththeprivatesectorwhileclarifyingeachother’srole.–Ensuretheextensivecoverageofinfrastructure;ensureindividualprivacyanddataquality.–Openupdataaccesstoapplicationdevelopment;aggregatedifferentbusinessesandskillsintooneplatform.–Exploregapsindemand;createincubationprogrammes.Recommendationsforbusinesses–Establishadigitaltwincityindustryfund;establishanindustrycoalitionforpolicyformulationandtechnicalsupport;nurturealocalizedindustrialvaluechain;promotetheintegrationofdigitaltwinindustryandtraditionalindustry.–Explorebusinessmodelsbeyondthegovernmenttendersystem.–Collaboratewiththegovernmentoninfrastructurebuilding;complywiththelocaldataandprivacyregulationsandlaws.–Deepeninter-industryskillandtechnologysharing;encouragethedevelopmentandtheopeningupoftheplatformasaservice.–Developtailoredapplicationstohelpthegovernmentsolveproblems;developtailoredapplicationstohelpcitizens.Thisapproachaimstofacilitateaconnecteddigitaltwincityenvironmentcapableofdeliveringimprovedoutcomesforindividuals,societyandtheenvironmentasawhole.Thereportalsoidentifiesdataintegrationandopen-sourceapplicationplatformsasfundamentaltoolsforstrengtheningurbangovernanceandpublicservicedelivery.DigitalTwinCities:KeyInsightsandRecommendations5Whysharedlearningiscrucial1Thedigitaltwincitymarketisbooming.AccordingtoMarketsandmarkets,theglobaldigitaltwinmarketwillreach$48.2billionby2026.5AccordingtoiResearchConsultingGroup,China’sdigitaltwincitymarketsizewas$5.1billionin2022andwillreach$17.3billionby2025.6Despitegrowinginterest,thedigitaltwincityconceptisstillintheearlystagesofdevelopment,withmanyongoingdigitaltwincityprojectsstillintheconceptandplanningphases.Thereisalackofunderstandingofthedigitaltwincityconceptandalackofconsensusontheexactpathtodeveloprelatedtechnologies,platforms,datagovernancestructures,andtalentandbusinessmodels.Thoseconstructingadigitaltwincityregularlyfacefourmainchallenges:increasinglycomplexurbandevelopmentneeds;rapidtechnologicaldevelopment;investmentuncertaintyandrisk;andprotractedconstructionprocesses.Thisreporthighlightspossiblesolutionstoeachofthechallenges.Ascitiesgrowandevolve,theyfaceincreasinglycomplexchallengesthatspanvariousfields.Urbanplanning,management,investmentandserviceswillbecomeinseparablefromaconfluenceoffactorssuchastransportation,thephysicalenvironment,naturalresources,publicsecurity,publicservices,andsocialsecurity.Issuessuchastrafficcongestion,environmentalpollution,resourcedepletion,andsocialandpublicsecurityhinderurbandevelopment.Therefore,promotingthedevelopmentofurbaninfrastructure,publicservices,urbanbeautification,cultureandeducationiscrucialtosustainableurbangrowth.Increasinglycomplexurbandevelopmentneeds1.1Digitaltwintechnologycomprisesvarioussub-branches,suchastheinternetofthings(IoT),artificialintelligence,bigdata,3Dmodelling,andblockchain.Withnewrelatedtechnologiesemergingfrequently,thereispotentialforthemtobeintegratedintodigitaltwindevelopment.However,implementingtechnologyintocitydevelopmentcanbetime-consumingandrelyonestablishinglegalframeworksandtechnicalstandards.Unfortunately,thedevelopmentofsuchframeworksandstandardsisnotconsistentworldwide.Rapidtechnologicaldevelopment1.2China’sdigitaltwincitymarketsizewillreach$17.3billionby2025DigitalTwinCities:KeyInsightsandRecommendations6Likethesaying,“Romewasnotbuiltinaday,”theconstructionofdigitaltwincitiesisaprotractedprocess.Achievingseamlessintegrationbetweenthephysicalandvirtualworldsrequiresalongconstructioncycle.Theprimarychallengesofthisprocessincludeensuringthesecurityofcollecteddata,protectingprivacy,establishingafairandtransparentdigitalgovernancesystem,andeffectivelyrespondingtocontingencies.Additionally,digitalcityconstructionmustbalanceeconomicefficiencyandsocialresponsibility,withagoalofhuman-centredandsustainabledevelopment.Toaddressthechallengesmentionedearlier,thisguideprovidesdirectionandguidanceforgovernmentsandbusinessesintheprocessofconstructingdigitaltwincities.ThisisachievedbydividingtheprocessintofivedistinctelementsandspellingouttheimplicationforeachelementintheSODPAmodel:Strategyandtalent,Operationandbusiness,Dataandinfrastructure,Platformandtechnology,andApplicationandscenario.Protractedconstructionprocesses1.4Developingdigitaltwincitiesdemandssignificantinvestment,primarilytofosterthecreationofdigitalinfrastructure,suchasdatacentres,bigdatacollectionequipment,intelligentsensors,andIoTdevices.Further,improving3Dmodellingtechnologyrequiressubstantialfinancialinput.Additionally,thereisacontinuousneedforfinancialinvestmenttomaintainthetechnologicalapplicationofdigitaltwintechnology,includinginscenarioslikeurbanplanning,trafficmanagementandsmartcitymanagement.Bothpublicandprivatesectorinvestmentsarecrucialtofosteringinnovation.Investmentuncertaintyandrisk1.3DigitalTwinCities:KeyInsightsandRecommendations7Keyinsights2Thisreportisdesignedtohelppromotethedevelopmentofdigitaltwincities.Toaccommodateregionswithdifferentsocialandeconomicdevelopmentlevels,theguidedistilstheconstructionprocessintocommongoalsandmodelsthatcanbeappliedtovariousareas,includinglargecities,smallandmedium-sizedcities,parksandurbanfunctionalareas.TheSODPAmodelresultsfrommultipleroundsofexpertdialogues,extensivefieldwork,anddetailedinquiriesintothevisionandfuturepotentialpathsofboththedemandandsupplysidesofdigitaltwintechnologies.Itisamethodologyforguidingtheconceptionofahigh-qualitydigitaltwincity.Itisbasedonthe“4+5”framework(seedetailsintheDigitalTwinCities:FrameworkandGlobalPracticesreport–availableinEnglishandChinese7).Themodeloffersacomprehensiveanswertothequestion:Whatarethefoundationalbuildingblocksofahigh-qualitydigitaltwincity?TheSODPAmodel2.1TheSODPAmodelFIGURE1StrategyandtalentOperationandbusinessDataandinfrastructurePlatformandtechnologyApplicationandscenarioPeople-orientedPeopleareatthecoreoftheSODPAmodel.Theunderlyingrationaleofadigitaltwincityshouldbeaddressinghuman-centredneeds,whileitsgoalshouldbetheimprovementofpeople’swelfare.8TheSODPAmodelcomprisesfivebuildingblocksofadigitaltwincity:1.Strategyandtalentarethebedrockofdigitaltwinprojects.Strategysetsthevisionanddirectionforadigitaltwinprojectandtalentisthefoundationaldriveroftheconstruction,managementandoperationofthedigitaltwincity.DigitalTwinCities:KeyInsightsandRecommendations82.Operationandbusinessunderpinthelong-termsustainabilityofadigitaltwincity.Onlythroughinnovativeandpracticalbusinessmodelsandoperationalmodelscanthedigitaltwincitydeliverbothsocialandeconomicreturns.3.Dataandinfrastructurearetwoinstrumentalinputsofahigh-qualitydigitaltwincity.Theyarethecontentofadigitaltwincityandenablepeopleandnaturetoflourish.4.Platformandtechnologyaretheenginesofadigitaltwincity.Theyprovideatechnicalframeworkanddigitalenvironmentformodelling,simulationandtheapplicationsofrelatedtechnologies.5.Applicationandscenarioarewherethevalueofadigitaltwincityisreleasedandmadetangibleontheground.Throughspecificusecases,governments,businessesandcitizensbenefitfromthedigitaltwincity.TheChinaAcademyofInformationandCommunicationTechnology(CAICT)originallyconceivedtheconceptofadigitaltwinobjectafterconductingextensiveinterviewsanddialogueswithexperts,companiesandresearchers.ADigitalTwinCityisavirtualdigitalmodelthatcorrespondstophysicalobjectsintherealworld.Thisinnovativeconceptrepresentsasignificantadvancementindatacreation,managementandorganization.Ithastwodistinctcharacteristics:1.Adigitaltwintreatsdistinctentityobjectsinthephysicalworldasfundamentaldataunits,combiningbothstaticinformation(suchasgeometricdataandobjectappearance)anddynamicdata(suchaslivecommercialandsensorydata).2.Thedigitaltwincanintegratedatafromdiverseindustriesandsectors,providingmorecomprehensiveandeffectivedatasupportforurbanoperationsandpublicservices.CAICThasalsocreatedaclassificationsystemthatdividesalldigitalentitiesofadigitaltwinintoeightcategories:naturalpersons,legalpersons(e.g.governmentdepartments,businesses,socialorganizations,etc.),naturalentities(e.g.mountains,rivers,oceans,etc.),managemententities(e.g.cities,towns,developmentzones,etc.),buildingsandhuman-madestructures(suchasofficebuildings,residentialbuildings,pylons,sculptures,etc.),meansoftransportation,goodsandequipment,andothers.Eachtypeofdigitalentityisrepresentedbyseverallayersofdatapoints,includingidentificationcodes,spatial-temporallocations,geometricappearance,andstatus.Theseentitiescanbevisualizedas3Dmodels.Thedigitaltwinalsoservesasaplatformforthedevelopmentofvarioustypesofapplicationsthatcanempowerthegovernmentandbusinessestoprovidepersonalizedservicesandproducts.Theconceptofadigitaltwinobject2.2IllustrationofadigitaltwincityFIGURE2NaturalentitiesBuildingsandhuman-madestructuresManagemententitiesNaturalpersonsLegalpersonsMeansoftransportationOthersDigitaltwinentitycategorizationAdigitaltwincityillustrationIdentificationcodeSpatial-temporalinformationBusinessinformationGeometricdataInfrastructuredataIndustrydataEnergymonitoringEconomyConstructionmanagementPhysicalworldStrategyreferstothemacroeconomicguidance,vision,implementationblueprintanddevelopmentaldirectionsofdigitaltwincities.Talentrepresentspeoplewhoundertakethedigitaltwinprojectandtheirskills.Simultaneously,strategyformulationandtalentcultivationmustcomplementeachothertoelevatethequalityandstandardofthedigitaltwincity.Insight#1:Comprehensivelyreviewtherelevantpolicies,technologiesandresourcesThoroughresearchplaysacriticalroleinthedevelopmentofdigitaltwincities.Thesuccessofsuchcitieshingesonthepolicyenvironment,includingurbanplanning,datapolicies,fiscalpolicies,andindustrystandards.Conductingin-depthresearchonthepolicyenvironmentcanrevealthedirection,focusandlimitationsofexistingpolicies,whichinturnguidestheplanningandimplementationofdigitaltwincities.Additionally,theconstructionofdigitaltwincitiesrequiresadvancedtechnology.In-depthresearchintothetechnologicallandscapecanhelpidentifythedirectionofdevelopment,stateoftechnologicalapplication,andtechnicalbottlenecks,facilitatingoptimaltechnologyselection.Finally,constructingdigitaltwincitiesrequiressubstantialcapitalintheformoftalent,financialresourcesandphysicalassets.Acomprehensivereviewofexistingresourcescanaidinresourceallocationandriskmanagement.Insight#2:DevelopaclearstrategyyetaflexibledevelopmentalpathToensurethesuccessofdigitaltwincityconstruction,itisadvisedthattheprojectestablishcleargoalsandplansupfront.Thesegoalsandplansmustbeinformedbyextensiveandintensiveresearch.Giventhesignificantinitialinvestmentandlongconstructioncycle,itisbeneficialtoprioritizeindustriesandscenariosthatcanbedevelopedwithinashort-termtimeframeof3-5years,therebyenhancingprojectfinancialfeasibilityandinvestmentappeals.However,duetothelarge-scalecomplexityofcitiesandtherapidpaceoftechnologicalchange,itisimportanttomaintainaflexibleandinclusiveconstructionframeworkandimplementationpathforthemediumtolongterm(5-10years)torespondtounforeseeablefuturechallengeseffectively.Strategyandtalent2.3DigitalTwinCities:KeyInsightsandRecommendations10Consideringthestrongdemandfordigitaltwintechnologiesinurbanplanning,urbanmanagement,publicsafetyandecologicalconservation,SuzhouIndustrialParkdecidedtolearnfromdomesticandforeignbestpracticestobuildafirst-classdigitaltwinpark.CAICT,incollaborationwithSuzhouindustrialpark,developedastrategyforconstructingthedigitaltwinpark.ThestrategyiscalledDESIP:D–digitalasset–themanagementtheoperationofdigitalassetsE–ecosystem–thegoalofcreatingavaluechainwithinthedigitaltwincityS–Scenario–empowerstheapplicationofdigitaltwintechnologyforthebenefitofcitizensI–Innovation–thetechnologicalbasisofadigitaltwincityP–Platform–providingecologicalenterpriseswithenablingtechnologies,patentnavigation,resourcedockingandotherservicesCASESTUDY1StrategysettingforthedigitaltwinparkinSuzhouindustrialzoneSuzhouIndustrialParkDigitalTwinStrategyoverviewFIGURE3S:ScenarioE:EcosystemI:InnovationSuzhouIndustrialParkDigitalTwinDESIPStrategyTechnologyplatformPublicserviceplatformBusinesszoneR&DzoneIndustryzoneCommercialzoneTechnologyinnovationPublic-privatecooperationinnovationBusinessmodelinnovationBusinessandoperationScenarioR&DGovernmentadministrationPublicserviceDigitaleconomyDigitalassetDesignandproductDigitalinfrastructureTargetdistrictD:DigitalassetP:PlatformSource:SuzhouIndustrialParkDigitalTwinInnovationWorkshopdisplay.Insight#3:Adoptamultistakeholderapproachtopublic-privatecooperationToconstructadigitaltwincity,itisimperativetofostercollaborationamongmultiplestakeholders,includinggovernment,businesses,societyandinhabitants.Thiscollaborativeeffortisnecessarytobalancepublicinterestsandbusinessneeds,therebypromotingsustainableurbandevelopment.Apeople-centricapproachthatprioritizessocialvaluesandbusinessinterestsiscrucialtoachievingthisgoal.Inareaswherethegovernmenthasgreatermanagementauthority(suchasurbanpublicservices),citymanagerscandemonstratethevalueofdigitalgovernmentbypioneeringorpilotingstrategicprojects.Forscenariosinvolvinggreaterparticipationfrombusinesses,thegovernmentmustformulateclearmarketpoliciesthatcreateafavourablebusinessenvironmentandenhancelong-termindustrialcompetitiveness.Inadoptingthesestrategies,constructingadigitaltwincitycanserveallstakeholders’interestsandpromotesustainableurbandevelopment.DigitalTwinCities:KeyInsightsandRecommendations11TheUnitedKingdom’sNationalDigitalTwinPrinciples,releasedbytheCentreforDigitalBuiltBritain,proposesaroadmapforbuildingnational-leveldigitaltwinsbasedonaninformationmanagementframeworkandsummarizesnineprinciplestoguidethedevelopmentandapplicationofnational-leveldigitaltwins.9Itfocusesonthequalityandaccuracyofthedigitaltwinmodel,theprotectionofsensitiveinformation,theinteroperabilityofthedigitaltwinwithothersystems,andthesustainabledevelopmentoftheinformationsociety.ThisstrategicdeploymenthasintegratedrelativelyindependentinformationtechnologystandardsfromvariousindustrieswithintheUnitedKingdom,unlockedthevalueofdataresources,enlivenedtheparticipationofvariousstakeholdersfromgovernment,academiaandindustry,andpromotedthedevelopmentandapplicationofdigitaltwintechnologyintheUnitedKingdom.CASESTUDY2UnitedKingdom’sNationalDigitalTwinStrategyTheUnitedKingdom’sNationalDigitalTwinStrategyFIGURE4PublicgoodMustbeusedtodelivergenuinepublicbenefitinperpetuityPurposeMusthaveaclearpurposeValuecreationMustenablevaluecreationandperformanceimprovementInsightMustprovidedeterminableinsightintothebuiltenvironmentSecurityMustenablesecurityandbesecureitselfOpennessMustbeasopenaspossibleQualityMustbebuiltondataofanappropriatequalityTrustMustbetrustworthyFederationMustbebasedonastandardconnectedenvironmentCurationMusthaveclearownership,governanceandregulationEvolutionMustbeabletoadaptastechnologyandsocietyevolveFunctionMustfunctioneffectivelySource:Schooling,J.,n.d.10DigitalTwinCities:KeyInsightsandRecommendations12Insight#4:SetupkeyexecutiverolesfordigitaltransformationinthegovernmentTopromotethedigitaltransformationofcities,thegovernmentshouldrestructureitsorganizationsandestablishkeypositionsresponsiblefordigitalization,suchasachiefinformationofficer(CIO)andachiefdigitalofficer(CDO).Thesecity-levelpositionsshouldberesponsibleforformulatingthecity’sdigitaldevelopmentstrategiesandplans,promotinginnovativeapplicationsofcitydata,fosteringthecity’sdatasecuritysystems,leadingcollaborationbetweencitydepartmentsandsubsidiaryunits,andimprovingthedataliteracyofcityresidents.Inaddition,cityCIOs/CDOsmustactivelyexploreandtestnewtechnologiesindifferentscenarios,suchascitymanagementandservices.Theyshouldalsocoordinateinformationsharingandplatforminteroperabilityamongvariousdepartmentsandunits,promotingtheintegrationandefficientutilizationofcollecteddata.Therefore,city-levelCIOs/CDOsneedtohavedeeptechnicalknowledgeandstrongmanagerialcapabilities.Theymustalsopayattentiontothecity’ssocio-economicdevelopmentandpublicserviceneedstocreateabetterlivingenvironmentandserviceexperienceforcityresidents.Figure5illustratesthetypicalroleofaCIO/CDO.DefinitionsofdigitaltransformationroleswithinanorganizationFIGURE5Enterprise:C-levelleadersEnterprise:frontlineandmiddle-levelmanagersLeaderswithdigitaltransformationstrategicthinkingandexecutioncapabilityCultivatingdigitalthinking,enhancingdigitalleadership,achievingconsensusondigitalstrategyandpromotingreformprocesseswithintheorganizationUnderstandingdigitaltransformationstrategy,exploringpathsinbusiness,cultivatingdigitalthinkingandenhancingdigitalleadershipStrategySalesFinanceHumanresourcesR&DService……IndispensablepractitionersofdigitaltransformationCultivatingdigitalapplicationcapabilities,enhancingdigitalbusinesscapabilitiesOperationalexpertsTechnicalexpertsKeybuildersofdigitaltransformationIncludingtraditionalinformationandcommunicationstechnologyprofessionalssuchasbusinessarchitectsandsoftwareandhardwareengineers,aswellasnewdigitalprofessionalssuchasuser-experiencedesignersandbigdataexpertsEnhancingdigitalprofessionaltechnicalandinnovationcapabilitiesDigitaltransformationleaderLeadershipTechnologycompetenceDigitaloperationstalentDigitaltechnologytalentDigitaltalenthelpsorganizationsdevelopandimplementdigitalstrategiesDigitalTwinCities:KeyInsightsandRecommendations13Insight#5:DevelopatalentcultivationsystemfordigitaltwintechnologiesBuildingdigitaltwincitiesrequiresadiverserangeofinterdisciplinaryprofessionalswithexpertiseincomputerscience,dataanalysis,architecturaldesign,urbanplanning,environmentalscience,sociologyanddemography.Cultivatingtheseprofessionalsandthesesortsoftalentwillrequiresustainedinvestmentoveraprolongedperiod.Policy-makersmustfocusontalenttrainingandcertificationandcareeradvancement.Thismayentailcollaboratingwithcolleges,universities,professionaltraininginstitutions,andbusinessestoestablishaDigitalTwinTalentServiceSystemthatprovidestop-notch,sustainabletrainingservicesandworkopportunities.Suchanapproachensuresacontinuoussupplyofhigh-qualityprofessionalsthroughouttheconstruction,operationandmaintenancephasesofdigitaltwincities.Figure6providesatypicalcaseofthetalentsystemmodelintheChinesecontext.DigitaltwincitytalentcultivationmodelFIGURE6PlanningphaseOperationalphaseLearningplanCurriculumstructureCompetencyverificationDesigningtalentdevelopmentplansCollaborativetalentdevelopmentamonggovernment,businessesandschoolsExpertEngineerPost-trainingevaluationTechnologistScenariosUrbanmanagementPublicwelfareTransportationUrbansafetyCapabilityplatformTechnologyDynamicmonitoringPredictivealarmIntelligentanalysisSimulationmodellingOperationalmonitoringDecisionsupportCasemanagementCollaborativeschedulingInfrastructureDatacentreManagementGovernmentservicesEcologicalprotection…………NeedsanalysisCapabilitymodellingGapassessmentImprovementplanReviewandupdate12345JointcurriculumdesignLecturercultivationandtrainingInternetofthingsdevicesICTnetworkResourcesandtoolkitGEDigital,Digitaltwins:Thebridgebetweenindustrialassetsandthedigital,2023,https://www.ge.com/digital/blog/digital-twins-bridge-between-industrial-assets-and-digital-world.ChineseSocietyofSurveyingandMapping,Logicandinnovativethinkingforbuildingdigitaltwincities,2021,https://m.thepaper.cn/baijiahao_11852264(inChinese).Li,D.,Thenewheightofdigitaltwincitysmartcityconstruction,ChinaSurveyandDesign,2020(10):13-14,https://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/periodical/XJpb2RpY2FsQ0hJTmV3UzIwMjMwNDI2Eg96Z2tjc2oyMDIwMTAwMDYaCGVmdWE1Y3Rs(inChinese).Wu,Z.,Gan,W.Zang,W.etal.,Theconceptanddevelopmentoftheintelligenturbanmodel(CIM),UrbanPlanning,2021,45(4):106-113,https://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/periodical/ChlQZXJpb2RpY2FsQ0hJTmV3UzIwMjMwNDI2Eg1jc2doMjAyMTA0MDE2GghqODJmbGx0ZQ%3D%3D(inChinese).Mei,H.,Guo,Y.,Towardubiquitousoperatingsystems:asoft-ware-definedperspective,Computer,2018,51(1):50-56,https://yaoguopku.github.io/papers/Mei-Computer-18.pdf.DigitalTwinCities:KeyInsightsandRecommendations14Thesustainabledevelopmentofdigitaltwincitiesrequirestheactiveinvolvementofbusinesses.Therefore,public-privatepartnershipsmustbeactivelypromotedandasuitablebusinessmodelmustbedesigned.Thisbusinessoperationmodelcanbebasedonprovidingdigitalurbaninfrastructure,digitalpublicservices,anddigitalresidenceservicestogovernments,businesses,andinhabitants.Additionally,aneffectiveriskassessmentmethodisrequiredtoidentifypotentialrisksinatimelymanner,therebyreducinginvestmentrisksandthepossibilityoffinancialloss.Thus,constructingadigitaltwincityisacomplexprocessinvolvinghighinitialcapitalinputandcarriesrisksanduncertaintyregardinglong-termreturns.Bothcitymanagersandbusinessleadersneedtocollaborateinamannerthatrespectseconomicprinciplesandmarketrulestoachieveawin-winsituation.Mostbusinessmodelsgenerateexternalities(suchasenvironmentalpollutionandurbannoise)thatthemarketcannotmanagealone.Inthisscenario,thegovernmentshouldtakemeasurestoaddressthem,suchasenactingenvironmentalprotectionlawsandregulations,implementingenvironmentaltaxes,andestablishingpublicservicefacilities.Operationandbusiness2.4Insight#1:Clarifytherolesofstakeholderstoensurepublic-privatepartnershipsaresustainableThesuccessfulconstructionandoperationofdigitaltwincitiesrequiresahighlevelofcollaborationamongvariousstakeholders,includinggovernments,investors,constructionandoperationcompanies,andusers.Thefunctionsandresponsibilitiesofeachparticipantmustbeclearlydefinedtoensureasmoothconstructionprocess.Thegovernmentplaysacriticalroleinprovidingstrategicguidanceandenactingappropriateregulationsandpolicies.Byworkingcloselywithotherstakeholders,thegovernmentmustencouragetheiractiveparticipationinensuringthattheconstructionofthedigitaltwincityproceedsinanorderlyfashion.Buildingandoperatingcompaniesareresponsibleforprovidingthenecessaryservicesandproductsrequiredtodevelopthedigitaltwincity.Theirprimarymotivationmaybetogenerateprofits,buttheirprofit-seekingbehavioursmustbecompatiblewiththebroadconstructionstrategyforthedigitaltwincityandtheymustcomplywithrelevantregulationsandlegislation.Thefinancingofdigitaltwincityconstructioncantakeseveralforms,rangingfromdirectgovernmentinvestmentandcommercialcredittoventurecapitalandpersonalinvestments.Thespecificconfigurationoffinancingwilldirectlyaffecttheefficiencyofresourceallocationfortheproject.Sincedifferentinvestorshavevaryinginvestmentexpectationsandgoals,itisessentialtoensurethatinvestmentsworktogethertogeneratesynergyandprovidebenefitstoallthoseinvolved.Users,includinggovernmententities,businessesandresidents,aretheheartofadigitaltwincity.Therefore,theymustbeakeyconsiderationindesigningthebusinessandoperationalmodelsforsuchcities.Forinstance,abusinessmodelmustprioritizeusersatisfaction,respecthumanprivacy,andensuredatasecuritytodeliverintrinsicvaluetoitsusers.DigitalTwinCities:KeyInsightsandRecommendations15TheTungChungNewTownExtensionrepresentsthefirstpilotprojectforasmart,low-carboncommunityonLantauIsland.Intermsoforganizationalstructure,thisprojectisdividedintothreetiers.Thefirsttieristhedigitaltwinoperationteam,whichconsistsoftheHongKongHighwaysDepartment,Varadise,ARUP,andMottMacDonaldinapublic-private(government-business)collaborationstyle.Theirprimaryresponsibilityisdatagovernanceanddataanalysis.Thesecondtieristheapplicationdevelopmenttier,whichincludesfourorganizations:BuildKing,Gammon,Bouygues,AlchmexandPaulYJointVenture,whichcollaborateondigitizationprojectsandapplicationdevelopment.Thethirdtieristhetechnicalsupportlayer,whereVaradiseprovidestechnologiessuchasinternetofthings(IoT)installationandartificialintelligence(AI)analysis.TheclearcommercialframeworkandrelationshipofauthorityandresponsibilityforthenewcityofTungChunghavegreatlymotivatedbusinessestoparticipateinthecity’sconstruction.Thisapproachavoidsinternalconflictsandensureshealthyandsustainableconstructionprogress.CASESTUDY3TungChungNewTownExpansionDigitalTwinProject(HongKongSAR)OrganizationalstructureoftheTungChungNewTownExpansionProject,HongKongFIGURE7Source:DigitalTwinsinTungChungNewTownExtension,HongKongDigitaltwinimplementationunitOwnerofdataplatformDatagovernanceDataanalyticsApplicationlayerProject-specificapplicationsProjectdigitalizationAppimplementationTechnologylayerTechnicalsupportIoTinstallationAIanalytics––––––ChiefrepresentativeProjectmanagerProjectingineerDataanalystOtherback-endandITsupport+PlatformleadAIdatascientistDataengineerInsight#2:Exploresustainableandinnovativebusinessmodelsbasedonpublic-privatepartnershipsConstructingdigitaltwincitiesisaprolongedprocessthatentailshighinvestment,risksanduncertainties.Thesustainableconstructionofdigitaltwincitiesreliesonthestrongcoordinationcapabilitiesofcitymanagersandtheadvancedtechnicalexpertiseofparticipatingcompanies.IncountriessuchasChina,thegovernmentplaysaprimaryroleinurbanpublicgovernance.Thus,mostoftheseregionshaveadoptedadigitaltwincityconstructionmodelwherethegovernmentleadstheinitiativewhileencouragingtheprivatesectortoparticipate.Allpartiessharetherevenuegeneratedonapro-ratabasis.Thefacilitiesandplatformsbuiltthroughdigitaltwintechnologyprovidethegovernmentandbusinesseswithacentralizedmonitoringsystem,assistanceindecision-making,investmentservices,andotheroperationandmaintenancecapabilities.DigitalTwinCities:KeyInsightsandRecommendations16Fortheinitialinvestment,theShenzhenBayTechnologicalEcologyParkwasentirelybuiltbytheShenzhenMunicipalGovernment.However,throughanequitymodel,otherinvestorscanbecomeshareholdersoftheindustrialparkbypurchasingshares.Theparkhasattractednumeroushigh-profilebusinesses,suchasHuawei,Tencent,andZTE,tosettleinthearea.ThesebusinessesgeneratedatotalbusinessincomeofCNY214.9billionin2022andatotalprofitofCNY27.9billion.Toreducecostsandimproveefficiency,ShenzhenBayTechnologicalEcologyParkhasdevelopedadigital“energycloud”systemthatenablesthevisualizationandtrackingofthepark’senergyconsumption.Byoptimizingandadjustingenergyconsumption,thepark’soperatorscanensureitsenvironmentalsustainability.Thankstotheenergycloudplatform,electricityconsumptionhasbeenreducedbyapproximatelyCNY3.25millionperyear.CASESTUDY4ShenzhenBayTechnologicalEcologyPark–EnergyCloudIllustrationoftheoperationofShenzhenBayTechnologicalEcologyParkFIGURE8Source:ShenzhenBayTechnologicalEcologyParkProjectInsight#3:ExtractthevaluefromdataandcapitalizeonitsvalueforsustainablebusinessmodelsThedigitaltwincityisaplatformwheredatahasalargepotentialvalueandmanyopportunitiesexistfordata-driveninnovations.Thegovernmentcanaccumulatealargeamountofvaluabledatathroughtheuseofsensoryinfrastructureandotherdatacollectionplatformsandcanopenupthedatatoattractmoreinvestment.Thegovernmentcanactivelypromoteinnovativepoliciesandregulationstoencourageandregulatetheuseofpublicdataresourcesbybusinessesandsociety.Businessesandthegovernmentcanthenjointlyexploreinnovativescenariosinpublicservicestodesignsustainablebusinessmodels.TheLingangDistrictinShanghai,Chinaisaprimeexampleofthisapproach.Duringtheconstructionofitsdigitaltwincity,theregionamassedavastamountofdata,includingaregion-wide2Dbasemap,ahierarchical3Dmodelofthearea,andadigitallayoutoftheundergroundpipelinesystem.TheUrbanPublicAffairsDepartmentpartneredwithbusinessestoconstructacomprehensiveundergroundpipedigitaltwin,whichincludednumerousinfrastructureelementssuchaselectricpowercables,watersupplysystems,sewagepipesandcommunicationlines.ManyIoTdeviceswereinstalledundergroundtoenablethereal-timemonitoringofthesystemandrobotsweredispatchedtoresolveissuesastheyarose.Thisbusinessmodelimprovedtheefficiencyandsafetyofpublicservicesforthegovernmentwhilegeneratingprofitsforbusinessesandrefiningtheirtechnology.Thevalueofdatacanalsobematerialtothefieldoffinancialinnovation.Blockchaincanmapfinancialassetstodigitalassetsinthedigitaltwincity.Assuch,financialinstitutionscanworkwithdigitalassetsinsteadofinteractingwithtangibleassetsintherealworld.Forinstance,thefinancialinstitutionwillhaveinstantaneousaccesstodetailedreal-timeinformationonthestatusofinsuredassetsthroughthedigitaltwinplatform,allowingforseamlessriskmonitoring.Applicationssuchasthesecanbefoundinotherfinancialservicesandtheyreducetheinformationasymmetryandtransactioncoststypicallyencounteredintraditionalfinancialserviceprovisions.DigitalTwinCities:KeyInsightsandRecommendations17ResourcesandtoolkitChinaAcademyofInformationandCommunicationTechnology,DigitalTwinCitiesWhitePaper2022,2022,http://www.caict.ac.cn/kxyj/qwfb/bps/202301/P020230111662616392246.pdf(inChinese).ChinaAcademyofInformationandCommunicationTechnology,DigitalTwinCityMaturityStudyReport,2022,http://www.caict.ac.cn/kxyj/qwfb/ztbg/202302/P020230227609828705294.pdf(inChinese).GB,Smartcitytop-leveldesignguide,GB/T36333-2018,2018,http://c.gb688.cn/bzgk/gb/showGb?type=online&hcno=04DFD32E7279FA9EADA8B99ADCCC0CC9(inChinese).Michalik,D.,Kohl,P.,Kummert,A.,Smartcitiesandinnovations:AddressinguseracceptancewithvirtualrealityandDigitalTwinCity,IETSmartCities,2022,4(4),https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1049/smc2.12042.SmartCityStandardsWorkingGroup,ChinaInformationStandardsCommittee,WhitePaperonSmartCityOperations,2022,http://www.cesi.cn/images/editor/20230207/20230207093237781.pdf(inChinese).IllustrationoftheLingangDistrictinShanghai,ChinaFIGURE9DigitalTwinCities:KeyInsightsandRecommendations18Dataandinfrastructurelieatthefoundationofafunctionaldigitaltwincity.Infrastructure–suchassensorydevices,networkfacilities,andcomputinginfrastructure–canbelikenedtotheneuralnetworkofadigitaltwincity.Itscoverageandreacharethepreconditionuponwhichadigitaltwincityoperates.Ontheotherhand,datamakesupthe“neurons”ofthedigitaltwincity,transmittinginformationthatcanbeultimatelyaggregatedandanalysedtobringaboutvariousvalue-addedservicesandproducts.Insight#1:StrengthenthesensorycontrolsystemTheinstallationofsmartsensorsisnecessaryformonitoringthestatusofvariouscityelements,suchaswaterquality,trafficconditions,energy,pedestriansafetyandroadmaintenance.Forexample,digitalmappingtechnologiessuchasgeographicinformationsystems(GIS)cancreateavirtualmapofthecity’stransportnetwork.Trafficsensorsandcamerasonroadsandintersectionshelpcollectreal-timetrafficandpedestrianinformation.OncetheinformationisoverlappedwiththeGISdata,adigitaltwinofthetransportsystemiscreated.Thisdigitaltwinsystemempowersvalue-addedfunctionssuchasrouteplanning,trafficpredictionandevacuations.Figure9illustratesatypicalcasewheresensoryinfrastructurecanbesetuptocapturereal-timetrafficinformationandhowthisinformationisrendereddigitallyona2Dmap.Dataandinfrastructure2.5IllustrationofatransportationdigitaltwinbodyFIGURE10DigitalmapmodelsMapwithreal-timetrafficflowRoadmappingandmodellingReal-timetrafficdataPhysicalroadsandreal-timetrafficconditionsIdenticalmapmodelsInsight#2:StrengtheninternetandcomputinginfrastructureStrengtheningthereachandstabilityofinternetconnectionsinallcornersoftheurbanarea–suchasbyinstallingsupportinginfrastructurelikefibreopticcablesand5Gnetworkstationsandbuildingcloudandcomputinginfrastructuretoimprovethecity’scomputingcapacityanddataanalysisefficiency–supportslarge-scaledataprocessingandreal-timesimulation,analysisandintervention.DigitalTwinCities:KeyInsightsandRecommendations19TheShanghaiPudongLingangarealeveragedexistingbuildinginformationmodelling(BIM)/GISandotherbigdatatechnologiesandplatformstoconstructadigitaltwinport.Intermsofinfrastructure,thewholeregioncovers12typesofsensorsacrossdifferentfunctionalregions,includingsmartparks,publicfacilities,municipalities,roadsandcommunities.Thesesensorsuploadapproximately140,000datapointsdaily.Forthecitycentre,whichspreadsovera70-square-kilometrearea,droneswereusedtomaptheareaandsupplementedbyAIandotherdigitaltoolstohelpmonitorandmanageofgarbagedumpingandtrafficflows.CASESTUDY5ShanghaiLingangDigitalTwinProjectControlcentreoftheShanghaiLingangDigitalTwinProjectFIGURE11Source:ShanghaiLingangDigitalTwinProjectDemonstrationInsight#3:EnsuredataintegrationanddataqualityDatacollectedfromthedigitaltwincitymustbeintegratedwithdatafromothersources,includingsocioeconomicandspatialdata.Thisensuresthatthedigitaltwincityisnotanamalgamationofdatabutadynamicanddigitalreplicationofthecity.Theremayalsobeopportunitiestoconnecttogetherdifferentdigitaltwincitiestoenablemoreholisticviewsandcollaborationacrossregions.DigitalTwinCities:KeyInsightsandRecommendations20TheCityofChicagopartneredwithIBMtoestablishtheSmartCityDigitalTwinproject.Itwasaimedatimprovingtheefficiencyofcitymanagementandraisingthelivingstandardsofitsresidents.Sincethen,alargeamountofhigh-qualitydatahasbeencollected,whichisusefulinareasincludingpublictransportation,buildings,thephysicalenvironment,andsocialsecurity.AT&Thasundertakenamassivedata-driveninfrastructureoverhaulandinstallationprogramme,afterwhichtheIoTsensorsthroughoutthecitywillbeintertwinedtoformanecosystem.Thissystemwillprovidethecitywithawealthofdatathatwillenablesmartersolutionstoimprovethequalityoflife.Inaddition,thecityofChicagohasalsoopenedupaccesstoitsdatabase.Thisenablesresidentstofindanyavailableinformationtheymightneedabouttheirneighbourhoodsandlocalities.CASESTUDY6ChicagoSmartCityDigitalTwinprojectChicago’sIoT-basedSmartCityDigitalTwinProjectFIGURE12Source:ArrayofThings,ArrayofThingsTen-YearSymposiumReport,2022,https://arrayofthings.github.io/AoT-10yr-Symposium-Handout.pdf.ResourcesandtoolkitWorldEconomicForum,UnlockingtheSharedValueofSmartCityData:AProtocolforAction,2022,https://www.weforum.org/whitepapers/unlocking-the-shared-value-of-smart-city-data-a-protocol-for-action/.IDC,TsinghuaUniversity,GlobalComputingIndex2021-2022,2022,https://www.inspur.com/lcjtww/resource/cms/article/2734773/2734784/2022122613493315670.pdf(inChinese).ISO19164,GeographicInformation-IndoorFeatureModel,https://www.iso.org/standard/83153.html.ISO/DIS55013,Assetmanagement–Guidanceonmanagingdataassets,https://www.iso.org/standard/82455.html.DigitalTwinCities:KeyInsightsandRecommendations21Theplatformandthetechnologyareanalogoustothebrainandnervoussystemofadigitaltwincity,collectingallkindsofdataaboutthecityandtransformingthedataintovaluableinformation.Thesetechnologiesandplatformscansupportthemultifacetedneedsofcities,suchastheremotemanagementofurbansmartfacilitiesandequipment,visualrepresentationandsimulationsofbuildings,roadsandtrafficflow,andreal-timeanalysisofthestatusofacity’svariouselements.Fourplatformsareessentialtoadigitaltwincity:asensoryandvideoplatform,atwincitymodelvisualizationplatform,adataintegrationandserviceplatform,andanopen-sourceapplicationplatform.Insight#1:BuildasensoryandvideoplatformByestablishingasensoryandvideoplatform,citiescanobtaindynamicdatafromvarioustypesofIoTsensoryterminals,includinginformationonwater,electricity,gas,transportation,environmentalprotection,publicsecurityandmeteorology.Suchdatacanproviderichindicatorsthathelpadministratorswithdecisions.Thevideomonitoringplatformenablesadministratorstoseamlesslyintegratedatawithvideos.Insight#2:BuildatwincitymodelvisualizationplatformUsingmodellingtechniquessuchastiltphotographyandmanualdrawingtobuilda3Dmodelbasisforalltypesofphysicalelementswithinacity,includingbuildings,naturallandscapes,roads,bridges,undergroundpipelinenetworks,vehicles,facilitiesandinfrastructure,constitutesthebasisofthetwincitymodelvisualizationplatform.Inaddition,thisplatformshouldallowuserstoedit,operateonandinteractwithdifferentlayersofinformationofthetwincitymodel.Platformandtechnology2.6FouressentialplatformsofadigitaltwincityFIGURE13UrbandataintegrationandintelligentserviceplatformUrbandigitaltwinmodelplatformUrbandynamicdataplatformUrbanopendataandinnovationplatformDigitalTwinCities:KeyInsightsandRecommendations22Atacostof€1billion,theCityofHelsinkihasusedinnovativemodellingtechniquestobuildtwostate-of-the-art3Dcitymodels,alive-viewMeshmodelbasedon50,000tiltedphotographsand11terabytesofdata,andaCityGMLmodelwithrichsemanticinformationbasedonthelive-viewMeshmodel.12CASESTUDY7Helsinki3DCity2050planHelsinkiRealityMeshModelwith3DInformationModelFIGURE14Source:CityofHelsinkiwebsiteHelsinki3DInformationModelandRealityMeshModelinactionFIGURE15Source:CityofHelsinkiwebsiteDigitalTwinCities:KeyInsightsandRecommendations23Helsinki’ssolarfeasibilityanalysisbasedon3DmodellingandLanguageCityGMLmodelFIGURE16Source:CityofHelsinkiwebsiteInsight#3:BuildadataintegrationandserviceplatformMultidimensionaldatacanbeintegratedandaggregatedintooneplatform,whichcanthenbeusedtolocateandanalysethestatusofallcityelementsinreal-time.Asdataaccumulates,itspredictivecapabilitycanbeunleashedtohelpadministratorsforeseehumanflow,trafficandotherhigh-valueinformation.Insight#4:Buildanopen-sourceapplicationplatformTheopen-sourceapplicationplatformwillprovidethepublic,businessesandindividualdeveloperswithopenaccesstodatasotheycanworkinnovativelytobuildpersonalizedanddiversifiedapplications.Inturn,thisbenefitsurbangovernanceandpublicservicedelivery.DigitalTwinCities:KeyInsightsandRecommendations24TheUnifiedDigitalPedestalattheShenzhenBayTechnologyandEcologicalParkcombinestwo-dimensionaldata(suchasspatialgriddataandvectordata)andthree-dimensionaldata(BIM,manuallymademodel,industrymodel,obliquephotography,andvirtualscenes)torealizeaspatialdigitaltwin.Usingindustrialdataandspatialinformation,itrendersadigitalvisualimageofaholisticindustrialcluster,thelocalsupplychain,theindustrialsize,anditsstagesofdevelopment.Thisamountstoanindustrialdigitaltwin.CASESTUDY8ShenzhenBayTechnologyandEcologicalPark–aUnifiedDigitalPedestalAerialviewoftheUnifiedDigitalBaseatShenzhenBayTechnologyEcologicalParkFIGURE17Source:ShenzhenBayScienceandTechnologyEcologicalParkprojectdisplaymapResourcesandtoolkitChinaAcademyofInformationandCommunicationTechnology,DigitalTwinCityWhitePaper,2020,http://www.caict.ac.cn/kxyj/qwfb/bps/202012/P020201217506214048036.pdf(inChinese).Gartner,EmergingTechnologies:RevenueOpportunityProjectionofDigitalTwins,2022,https://www.gartner.com/en/documents/4011590.Helsinki,TheKalasatamaDigitalTwinsProject:ThefinalreportoftheKIRA-digipilotproject,2019,https://www.hel.fi/static/liitteet-2019/Kaupunginkanslia/Helsinki3D_Kalasatama_Digital_Twins.pdf.SmartCityAssociation,SeoulCitybuildsthenation’sfirsturbanproblem-solvingsimulation‘DigitalTwinS-Map,2021,https://smartcity.go.kr/en/2021/04/01/%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%EC%8B%9C-%EB%8F%84%EC%8B%9C%EB%AC%B8%EC%A0%9C%ED%95%B4%EA%B2%B0-%EC%8B%9C%EB%AE%AC%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%85%98-%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8-%ED%8A%B8%EC%9C%88-s-map-%EC%A0%84/.MinistryofHousingandUrban-RuralDevelopment,TechnicalStandardforUrbanInformationModelingFoundationPlatform,CJJ/T315,2022,https://www.mohurd.gov.cn/gongkai/zhengce/zhengcefilelib/202202/20220209_764450.html.InternetSocietyofChina,Technicalrequirementsfordigitaltwincityplatform,T/ISC0022,2023,https://www.isc.org.cn/profile/2023/03/02/fd316a10-2a22-4f88-92f3-1b12638a1bbf.pdf(inChinese).MinistryofNaturalResources,GeneralImplementationPlanfortheConstructionofRealistic3DChina(2023-2025),2022,https://files.dnr.gxzf.gov.cn/group1/M00/02/D6/CgeqwmGpit-AJYmpABr71SRumFA215.pdf.DigitalTwinCities:KeyInsightsandRecommendations25Applicationsreflectwaystomaterializethevalueofthedigitaltwincity.Applicationsoccurinseveralscenarios,includingcitygovernance,citizenservicesandindustrialdevelopment.Theseapplicationsenableallcitystakeholderstobenefitfromtheconstructionofadigitaltwincity.Itisthroughapplicationsindifferentscenariosthatadigitaltwincityexhibitsitssubstantialsocioeconomicpotential.Insight#1:EnsureeffectivedigitaltwincityandcitygovernanceWithanincreaseddiversityofcityfunctions,theproblemofcitygovernancehasalsobecomeincreasinglycomplex,underminingcityresilience.Thedigitaltwincitybringsaboutnewapproachestocitygovernance.Forinstance,digitalplanningandsimulationcouldvividlypresentcityplannerswithdifferentwaystoconfigurethecitylayouttoselecttheoptimallayout.Fortransportinghazardousmaterials,adigitaltwincityallowsforthetracking,inathree-dimensionalspace,ofthelocationofthematerialsinreallife.Thisreducestheuncertaintyandriskposedbythetransportationoperation.Insight#2:LeveragedigitaltwincitytechnologytoenhanceservicedeliveryDigitaltwincitiescouldenhanceservicedeliveryforcitizens,therebyimprovingtheirlivingstandards.Inhabitantsinurbanareasfaceamultitudeofchallenges,suchastrafficcongestion,housingshortagesandresourceconstraints.Alloftheseproblemsmaybetackledbyapplyingdigitaltwintechnology.Forinstance,thesafetyofageingpopulationsintheirhomescouldbesignificantlyimprovedbyapplyingsmartdoorlocks,infraredsensorydevices,andsmokeandgasleakdetectors.Trafficcongestionisalleviatedwithreal-timetrafficdetectionandwarning.Asmartmonitoringsysteminstalledattheseasidecouldhelpinhabitantsobtaintimelyknowledgeofthequalityofthebeachandtheseawater.Remotehospitalservicesandonlinedigitaleducationcouldbecomepublicamenitiesforeveryone.Theseapplications,amongothers,makecitiesmoreliveable.Applicationandscenario2.7DigitalTwinCities:KeyInsightsandRecommendations26TheSafeswimprojectappliesdigitaltwintechnologytowaterqualitymonitoringinAuckland,NewZealand.Theprojectcreatesadataintegrationplatformthatcombines10datastreams,suchaswaternetworks,weatherandtides.13ComplementedbyIoTinformationandlaboratorymicrobiologicaltestingdata,theplatformcanmonitorthewaterqualityofmanyrecreationalwaterbodiesthroughoutAuckland.Forthepublic,theSafeswimprojecthasbuiltaconsolidatedpublic-facingplatformforalluserstoaccessinformationonwaterqualityandhealthrisksof84beachesand8freshwaterbodiesaroundAuckland.Thisfacilitatesthepublic’straveldecisions,therebyenhancingpublichealthandsafety.Atthesametime,theSafeswimprojecthashighlightedthewaterqualityproblemforthegovernmentandthepublicalike.Thishasfurthernudgedbusinessestocombatwastewaterspillage.CASESTUDY9NewZealand(Auckland)SafeswimprojectTheSafeswimprojecthelpswithwaterqualitymonitoringFIGURE18Source:NewZealandSafeswimProjectwebsiteathttps://www.safeswim.org.nz/Insight#3:LeveragedigitaltwincitytechnologytoadvancesustainabledevelopmentDigitaltwintechnologyoffersawholenewsetoftoolsforsustainablecitydevelopment.Itcanhelpcityplannersoptimizeresourceallocation,refineindustrydistribution,andimproveenvironmentalprotection.Thedigitaltwintechnologycouldalsokick-startthedevelopmentofaseriesofgreentransitionsinthetradeandlogisticsindustriesthroughautomation,remotecontrolandautonomousdriving.Insight#4:Promotestrongpublic-privatecollaborationAttheearlystageofdigitaltwincityconstruction,theapplicationsandtechnologiesshouldsolvehigh-rewardchallengesinlow-stakescenarios.Intheexpansionstageofdigitaltwincityconstruction,thefocusshouldbeoncreatingstandard-settingsolutionstochallengesthatinvolvemultistakeholderparticipation.Duringthematuritystageofdigitaltwincityconstruction,thefocusshouldbeoncreatingvalue-addedapplicationstoempowerindustriestoreducecostsandincreaseefficiency.DigitalTwinCities:KeyInsightsandRecommendations27TheSilkRoadSmartPortisadigitaltwinplatformcreatedbytheUrumqiDryPortGrouptoimproveportefficiencyandsafety.Forcontainermanagement,thedigitaltwintechnologyisusedtotrackthestatusofcontainersalongtheroute.Itenablesthevisualizationoftheentirelogisticalprocess,includingloading,unloading,transit,packing,unpacking,receiving,dispatching,handingover,storing,stackingandhandling.Tomakethetrackingofgoodspossible,theplatformusesIoTtechnologyandspatialcomputingtocollecttheirlocationandthenumber,departureandarrivalinformationofthecargotrain.Atthesametime,alllogisticalandtrackingdatacanbeoverlaidononemaptohelpplannershighlightallnecessaryinformation.CASESTUDY10China’sUrumqiusesdigitaltwintechnologytocreateaChina-EuropedigitaltrainSilkRoadSmartPortFIGURE19Source:SilkRoadSmartPortprojectdisplaymapResourcesandtoolkitSmartCitiesCouncilDigitalTwinHub,DigitalTwins,ForAll,AustraliaNewZealandDigitalTwinBlueprint,2021,https://www.digitaltwinhub.org/_files/ugd/ec3523_51b5b29a33b04976875636486e1e9fc3.pdf.Su,S.,Zhong,R.Y.,Jiang,Y.Digitaltwinanditsapplicationsintheconstructionindustry:Astate-of-artsystematicreview[version1;peerreview:awaitingpeerreview],DigitalTwin,2022,2:15,https://digitaltwin1.org/articles/2-15/v1.ChinaAcademyofInformationandCommunicationTechnology,CompilationofExcellentCasesofDigitalTwinCities,2021,https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Ahk26MMd7S9a4jX_Dy022g(inChinese).ChinaAcademyofInformationandCommunicationTechnology,CompilationofTypicalPracticeCasesofDigitalTwinCityTechnologyApplication,2022,https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Ahk26MMd7S9a4jX_Dy022g(inChinese).SmartCityResearchInstitute,ChinaUnitedNetworkCommunicationsCorporation,DigitalTwinTechnologyApplicationWorkingCommitteeofInternetSocietyofChina,ResearchReportonInnovativeApplicationScenariosofDigitalTwinCities,2023,https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/aWLONq7_dMI6oMLEVypKwQ(inChinese).DigitalTwinCities:KeyInsightsandRecommendations28Recommendations3Coordinatedactionandasharedcommitmentbygovernmentsandbusinessiscriticaltofacilitateaconnecteddigitaltwincityenvironmentcapableofdeliveringimprovedoutcomesforindividuals,societyandtheenvironmentasawhole.Recommendationsforgovernments–Establishtalentcultivationprogrammes:Itisrecommendedthatthegovernmentandprivatesectorjointlyorganizetalentcultivationprogrammes.Thegovernmentcouldsetuptraininginfrastructureandprovideeducationalresources,whilebusinessescoulddeveloptargetedtrainingmaterialsbasedonpracticalexperiencesandindustrystandards.–Defineclearleadershiproles:Topromotetheimplementationofthedigitaltwincitystrategy,itisrecommendedthatthegovernmentestablishchieftechnologyofficer(CTO)andchiefdigitalofficer(CDO)orequivalentpositionstosupportthetechnicalanddigitalaspectsofthedigitaltwincitystrategyandensuretheiralignmentandintegrationwithbroadercityoperations.–Helpattracttoptalent:Tobuildlocalcapacityandtalent,itisrecommendedthatthegovernmentenactpoliciestoincentivizetalentedindividualstoimmigratetothetargetedareas.Specificpolicyinstrumentscanvary,includingtaxbreaks,educationincentives,subsidizedhealthcareandhousing.–Supportcollaborationbetweengovernment,industryandacademia:Thegovernmentshouldstrivetocultivateanenvironmentthatenablescooperationandsynergiesbetweengovernment,industryandacademia.Inthisenvironment,thethreeactorscanjointlycarryoutresearchanddevelopmentondigitaltwincity-relatedtechnologiesandtestapplicationstopromotethedevelopmentofdigitaltwincities.Recommendationsforbusinesses–Establishadigitaltwincityindustryfund:Theconstructionofdigitaltwincitiesrequiressignificantinvestmentsandfinancialsupport.Establishingadesignatedfundtohelpwiththeconstructionprocessofadigitaltwincitycanimprovetheinvestmentuncertaintyofpotentialinvestorsanddiversifytheriskofinvestmentintheproject.–Establishanindustrycoalition:Developingdigitaltwincitiesrequirescollaborationamongindustriesandbusinesses.Anindustrycoalitioncouldhaveasayinpolicyformulation.Itcanalsooffertechnicalsupporttobusinessesinvolvedinconstructingdigitaltwincities.Anditcanbeaplatformforexperienceandknowledgesharingamongbusinessesintheindustry.–Nurturealocalizedindustrialvaluechain:Businesses,investorsandthegovernmentshouldworktogethertocultivateanindustrialecologywiththedigitaltwincitiesatitscentre.Theupstreambusinessesinthisvaluechainmaybetechnologyprovidersandresearchinstitutes,manufacturersofIoTdevicesanddatacollectionequipment.Thedownstreambusinessesinthisvaluechainmaybee-commerceplatforms,digitalretailersandpublicserviceplatformdevelopers.Suchanecologycreatesmanymarketopportunitiesandstimulatesthelocaleconomy.–Promotetheintegrationofdigitaltwinindustryandtraditionalindustry:Thedevelopmentofdigitaltwincitiesneedstobeintegratedwithtraditionalindustries.Inparticular,digitaltwintechnologiesshouldupgradeandoptimizeservicesandproductsprovidedbytraditionalindustries.Forexample,theycanprovideintelligentoptimizationsolutionsfortraditionalindustriessuchasurbantransportation,energyandenvironmentalprotectionandpromotetheintegrationanddevelopmentoftraditionalindustrieswithdigitaltwincities.Strategyandtalent3.1DigitalTwinCities:KeyInsightsandRecommendations29Recommendationsforgovernments–Createavaluesystemwiththeprivatesectorwhileclarifyingeachother’srole:Thegovernmentshouldideallydelegatesomeresponsibilitiesfordigitaltwincityconstructionandserviceprovisiontosocialorganizationsandbusinesses.Businessescanleveragetheseopportunitiestocreateprofitandsocialvalues,whichfeedbackintotheinvestmentneedsforfurtherconstructionofthedigitaltwincity.Throughoutthisprocess,thegovernmentcansupervisebusinessestoensuretheequity,fairnessandlegalityoftheirbusinessmodelsandoperations.–Explorebusinessmodelsbeyondthegovernmenttendersystem:Ensuretheextensivecoverageandcoordinatedlayoutofsensoryfacilities,networkinfrastructureandcomputingwarehouses.Thismayimplyintegrationwiththecity’sexistingdigitalinfrastructure.Recommendationforbusinesses–Explorebusinessmodelsbeyondthegovernmenttendersystem:Ensuretheextensivecoverageandcoordinatedlayoutofsensoryfacilities,networkinfrastructureandcomputingwarehouses.Thismayimplyintegrationwiththecity’sexistingdigitalinfrastructure.Operationandbusiness3.2Recommendationsforgovernments–Ensuretheextensivecoverageofinfrastructure:Thegovernmentshouldpayattentiontothecoordinatedlayoutofperceptionfacilities,networkfacilitiesandcomputingfacilities,makefulluseofthecity’sexistingdigitalinfrastructure,andgraduallybuildcomprehensivecoverage,multimediaperceptionanddatacollectionfacilitiesforscenarioneeds;moderatelyover-buildthenetworktransmissionsystem;andactivelyguidetheindustrytobuildathree-dimensionalurbancomputingfacilitysystemwithcloudcomputingandgraphicalprocessingunit(GPUs)computingasthemain,andedgecomputingandterminalcomputingasthesupplement.–Ensureindividualprivacyanddataquality:Safetyprecautionswithregardtouserprivacyandconfidentialityshouldbeanintegralpartofthedigitaltwincitydatasystem.Therefore,datapracticeswithinthedigitaltwincitymustbebasedonanonymizedandencrypteddata.Appropriatesoftwareandhardwaresystemsshouldbesetuptostore,prepareandprotectsuchdata.Recommendationsforbusinesses–Collaboratewiththegovernmentoninfrastructurebuilding:Businessesshouldavoidtakingonlargeprojectsindependently.Theyshouldinsteadtakeadvantageofspecializationandthevaluechain,cooperatingwithbothupstreamanddownstreampartnersinthevaluechainforjointparticipationintheconstructionofurbandigitalinfrastructureandtechnologyplatforms.–Complywiththelocaldataandprivacyregulationsandlaws:Businessesshouldstrictlycomplywiththelawsofdifferentcountriesandtheregulationsofdifferentcitiesondatasecurity,collection,storage,useandsharing.Theymusttakeeffectivetechnicalandproceduralmeasurestosafeguarddatasecurityandindividualprivacy.Dataandinfrastructure3.3DigitalTwinCities:KeyInsightsandRecommendations30Recommendationsforgovernments–Openupdataaccesstoapplicationdevelopment:Itisrecommendedthatthegovernmentadoptastrategytofacilitatetheintegrationofpublicdatafromvarioussourceswhileensuringthatappropriatemeasuresaretakentoprotectindividualprivacy,suchasanonymizationandsafetyprecautions.Thepublicdatashouldthenbesharedoninteroperableplatforms,allowingbusinessestoaccessthedataanddeveloppracticalapplicationsbasedonit.–Aggregatedifferentbusinessesandskillsintooneplatform:Thegovernmentshouldleadorguidetheconstructionofacentralandintegratedplatformthatbringstogetherdifferenttechnicalcapabilitiesandbusinesses.Recommendationsforbusinesses–Deepeninter-industryskillandtechnologysharing:Differentupstreamanddownstreamvaluechainbusinessesshouldcarryoutdifferenttaskstailoredtotheirspecializationwhileensuringsufficientinter-industryskillandknowledgetransfer.–Encouragethedevelopmentandopeningupoftheplatformasaservice(PaaS)model:Buildadigitaltwinlower-orderprogramminglanguagetocarryoutapplicationdevelopmentbasedonaPaaSplatform.Platformandtechnology3.4Recommendationsforgovernments–Exploregapsindemandbyadoptingabottom-upapproachtodevelopingapplicationstosolveproblemsindifferentscenarios,ratherthanstickingtoatop-downapproach.–Createincubationprogrammestoencouragestakeholderstoexploreinnovativedigitaltwintechnologyandsystemapplications.Recommendationforbusinesses–Developtailoredapplicationstohelpthegovernmentsolveproblems,focusingonintegratingdigitaltwintechnologywithpublicservicestosolvereal-lifeproblemsandimprovetheefficiencyofurbandesigndecisionsandoperations.–Developtailoredapplicationstohelpcitizensandoptimizetheserviceexperienceofcitizensby,forinstance,exploringcustomizedproductdesign.Applicationandscenario3.5DigitalTwinCities:KeyInsightsandRecommendations31Lookingahead:FromdigitaltwincitytoMetavercity4Asdigitaltwintechnologiesadvance,newopportunitiesalsoarisetoexploreconnectionswiththemetaverse.Themetaversecanbeviewedastheamalgamationofalldigitalworldsandalsoservesasafundamentalinterfacebetweenthephysicalworldandthecognitiverealmofhumanthought.Two-wayinterfacesconnecteachoftheseworlds.Theinterfacesbetweenthedifferentworldsareasfollows:–Physicaltocognitive:humansusetheirfivesensestocomprehendthephysicalworldaroundthem.–Cognitivetophysical:humansinteractwiththephysicalworld,suchaskickingaballoropeningadoor.–Physicaltodigital:sensorscollectdataaboutphysicalassets,whichisthentranslatedintodigitalinformation.–Digitaltophysical:3Dprintingtechnologyisusedtocreatephysicalobjectsbasedondigitalmodels.–Cognitivetodigital:humansusegamecontrollersortypingcommandstointeractwithsoftwareanddigitalsystems.–Digitaltocognitive:augmented,virtualandmixedrealitytechnologiesprovideameanstovisualizeandinteractwithdigitalmodels.Two-wayinterfacesconnectingthephysicalworldandcognitiverealmofhumanthoughtFIGURE20CognitiveworldsPhysicalworldsDigitalworldsDigitalTwinCities:KeyInsightsandRecommendations32Assmartcitiescontinuetogrowandevolve,thepotentialofdigitaltwinsinbridgingthegapbetweenthedigitalandphysicalworldsisonlystartingtoberealized.Thedevelopmentofinterconnecteddigitaltwinsystemsisstillinitsearlystages.Nonetheless,thereisawealthofuntappedopportunitiesinexploringthevalueofalltheinterfacesmentionedabovewithinthecontextofcities.ThiscouldpavethewayfortheemergenceofaMetavercity.Asaspecificusecaseofthemetaverse,theMetavercityisgainingattentionalongsidetherisingpopularityofthemetaverseconcept.Manycitieshavealreadyimplementedstrategiestoadvancethedevelopmentofmetaverseindustriesandmeta-cities,includingLondon,NewYork,Seoul,Beijing,Shanghai,Singapore,DubaiandNEOM.AdigitaltwincitycouldbeafoundationuponwhichaMetavercityisbuiltbecauseitprovidesthedataandinfrastructureneededtosimulatetheworkingorderofacity.Atthesametime,aMetavercityisadirectandimpactfulwayofapplyingdigitaltwintechnology.Therefore,thedigitaltwincity’sandmetaverse’sfuturearemutuallybeneficialandintertwined.Inthefirststep,physicalcitieswillmaketheimportanttransitionintodigitaltwincities,complementingtangibilitywithdigitalization.Withtheadvancementofaugmentedandvirtualrealitytechnologies,digitaltwincitieswillgraduallytransformintoametaverse,deepeningtheinterconnectivitybetweenphysicalandvirtualspacesandinstillingmutualdependencebetweenthephysicalandthevirtual.UserswillhaveamuchmoreimmersiveexperiencewiththeMetavercity.Elementsinthemetaversearemorerefinedindetailanduserswillalsobeabletointeractwiththemetaversethroughgestures,languageandtouch.Thiscreatesamorenaturalanddirectwayofexperiencingavirtualspace.NEOMinSaudiArabiahasbeendevotedtothedevelopmentofthemetaverse.Inthisnewlyconstructedcity,userscanexperiencewhatitisliketowalkaroundandinteractwithphysicalspacesfromfarawaybyusinghologramsandvirtualhumanavatars.Amoreimmersivedigitalspace4.1TheMetavercitywillhavemorevirtualbuildings,touristspots,andvehicles.Whencombinedwithgenerativeartificialintelligencebasedonlargelanguagemodels,userscaninteractwithvirtualobjectsinamorerealisticandintuitiveway.MiamihascreatedavirtualcityintheMetaverse,allowingremotetouriststotourthecitythroughaugmentedrealitydevices.Citymanagerscouldalsocollectpublicopinionsandfeedbackthroughthemetaverseplatformandcarryoutpersonalizedurbanplanningandmanagementtobettermeettheneedsandexpectationsofdifferentusers.Amorediversemodeofservicedelivery4.2Metavercitieshavethepotentialtocreatenewenginesofgrowthbycultivatingnewindustriesandemploymentopportunities.Citiesofthefuturewillinvestheavilyintheinfrastructure,platformsandtechnologiesneededtosupportthisnewindustry,attractingentrepreneursandbusinessestotheirregions.InMetavercities,peoplecanestablishtheirownbusinessesthroughvirtualrealitytechnologyandusenewtechnologiessuchasdigitalizationandcloudcomputingtoprovideurbanresidentswithvariousservicesandcommodities.Forexample,virtualstorescanbecreatedinMetavercitiestoprovideresidentswithvirtualgoodsandservicesandvirtualbillboardscanbedevelopedtoconductvirtualadvertisementsforbusinesses.Thesedigitalbusinessmodelscancreatemomentumforeconomicgrowth,promotingtherapidrecoveryoftheglobaleconomy.Amorevibrantengineofgrowth4.3DigitalTwinCities:KeyInsightsandRecommendations33ContributorsAcknowledgementsLeadauthorsChinaAcademyofInformationandCommunicationTechnologyChenCaiDirector,InformationTechnologyDepartment,InstituteofPlanningHanPengDeputyChiefEngineer,InstituteofPlanningMaYanEngineer,InstituteofPlanningZhangJingtaoSeniorProjectManager,InstituteofPlanningZhangYuxiongDirector,DigitalTwinCityResearchCenter,InstituteofPlanningWorldEconomicForumMisharyThaniFellow,CentreforUrbanTransformationYaminXuLead,CentreforUrbanTransformationOthercontributorsGaoYanliChiefEngineer,InstituteofPlanning,ChinaAcademyofInformationandCommunicationTechnologyWangZhiqinDeputyDean,ChinaAcademyofInformationandCommunicationsTechnologyGlobalDigitalTwinCityAdvisoryCommitteeCo-ChairsMarkEnzerStrategicAdviser,MottMacDonaldXuZhifaDirector,InstituteofPlanning,ChinaAcademyofInformationandCommunicationsTechnologyMembersSeanAudainCityInnovationLead,WellingtonCityCouncilJacquesBeltranVice-President,CitiesandPublicServices,DassaultSystèmesChenAohanChiefExecutiveOfficer,UinoTechnology(Beijing)AndreKwokKaMingFounderandChiefExecutiveOfficer,GoodCityFoundationPaulLamDirector,CorporateStrategy,TuSimpleLiYiChiefExecutiveOfficer,Beijing51WORLDLiuHongzhiSeniorVice-President;Head,StrategyandDevelopment,GreaterChina,AECOMAsiaPacificLiuJunweiChiefExecutiveOfficer,SmartEarth(Beijing)MaJunjieChiefExecutiveOfficer,ShanghaiDigiTwinMaoHuidongChiefExecutiveOfficer,GreaterChina,SmartCitiesExpoDigitalTwinCities:KeyInsightsandRecommendations34NiXiufengGeneralManagerandVice-Chairperson,SmartCityTechnologyPlatformDepartment,iFLYTEKPhilippeObryManagingDirectorandCo-Founder,AkilaTaoFeiProfessor,SchoolofAutomationScienceandElectricalEngineering,BeihangUniversityWewouldalsoliketothankthefollowingpeoplefortheirsupport:ChangXiangkuiPresident,RuiCityTechnologyDingYingChiefArchitect,GISandDigitalTwinInnovationLab,AsiaInfoTechnologyHuangDongChiefTechnologyOfficer,SmartEarth(Beijing)LiZhuqingGeneralManager,CampusArchitectureDivision,Beijing51WORLDLiuXiaoProductDirector,SmartCity,iFlytekLiuYushengProductDirector,UinoTechnology(Beijing)QiQinglinAssociateProfessor,BeihangUniversityZhangKunqiGeneralManager,CityandTransportationDivision,Beijing51WORLDZhangLimingSeniorExpert,DigitalGovernment,AlibabaCloudZhaoWenkongChiefTechnologyOfficer,GreaterChina,DassaultSystèmesDigitalTwinCities:KeyInsightsandRecommendations35Endnotes1.UnitedNationsHumanSettlementsProgramme(UN-Habitat),WorldCitiesReport2022:EnvisagingtheFutureofCities,2022,https://unhabitat.org/wcr/.2.WorldBank,UrbanDevelopment,https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/overview.3.UnitedNations,TransformingOurWorld:The2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment,2015,https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/21252030%20Agenda%20for%20Sustainable%20Development%20web.pdf.4.WorldEconomicForumandChinaAcademyofInformationandCommunicationResearch,DigitalTwinCities:FrameworkandGlobalPractices,2022,https://www.weforum.org/reports/digital-twin-cities-framework-and-global-practices(English)andhttps://cn.weforum.org/reports/digital-twin-cities-framework-and-global-practices(Chinese).5.MarketsandMarkets,DigitalTwinMarket,2020,https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/digital-twin-market-225269522.html.6.iResearchConsultingGroup,ChinaDigitalTwinCitiesIndustryResearchReport2023,2023,https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1757101925153033455&wfr=spider&for=pc.7.WorldEconomicForumandChinaAcademyofInformationandCommunicationResearch,DigitalTwinCities:FrameworkandGlobalPractices,2022,https://www.weforum.org/reports/digital-twin-cities-framework-and-global-practices(English)andhttps://cn.weforum.org/reports/digital-twin-cities-framework-and-global-practices(Chinese).8.DigitalTwinHub,GeminiPapers:Howtoenableanecosystemofconnecteddigitaltwins,2022,https://www.cdbb.cam.ac.uk/files/gemini_how.pdf.9.UniversityofCambridge,theGeminiPrinciples,2018,https://www.cdbb.cam.ac.uk/system/files/documents/TheGeminiPrinciples.pdf.10.Schooling,J.,“Values:theGeminiPrinciples”,Theroleofsensinganddataintransformingthefutureofinfrastructure,UniversityofCambridgeandCambridgeCentreforSmartInfrastructure&Construction,n.d.,https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/construction/sites/bartlett/files/ucl_sensing_and_data_in_infrastructure_schooling.pdf.11.ArrayofThings,ArrayofThingsTen-YearSymposium,2022,https://arrayofthings.github.io/AoT-10yr-Symposium-Handout.pdf.12.Helsinki,TheKalasatamaDigitalTwinsProject:ThefinalreportoftheKIRA-digipilotproject,2019,https://www.hel.fi/static/liitteet-2019/Kaupunginkanslia/Helsinki3D_Kalasatama_Digital_Twins.pdf.13.WorldHealthOrganization,Guidelinesonrecreationalwaterquality,2021,https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240031302.DigitalTwinCities:KeyInsightsandRecommendations36WorldEconomicForum91–93routedelaCapiteCH-1223Cologny/GenevaSwitzerlandTel.:+41(0)228691212Fax:+41(0)227862744contact@weforum.orgwww.weforum.orgTheWorldEconomicForum,committedtoimprovingthestateoftheworld,istheInternationalOrganizationforPublic-PrivateCooperation.TheForumengagestheforemostpolitical,businessandotherleadersofsocietytoshapeglobal,regionalandindustryagendas.
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