MODULEFORCO2STORAGEINSALINEAQUIFERSDocumentPreparedby:PerspectivesClimateGroupGmbHandSouthPoleCarbonAssetManagementLtdTitleModuleforCO2StorageinSalineAquifersVersionDraftforPublicConsultationDateofIssueJune302023Type☒Module☐ToolSectoralScope16.CarbonCaptureandStorageSubmittedByCCS+InitiativeContactinformationinfo@ccsplus.orgModule:VCSVersion4.1CONTENTSCONTENTS......................................................................................................................21SOURCES..............................................................................................................32SUMMARYDESCRIPTIONOFTHEMODULE.........................................................43DEFINITIONS.........................................................................................................44APPLICABILITYCONDITIONS..............................................................................55MODULEBOUNDARY...........................................................................................66QUANTIFICATIONPROCEDURES.........................................................................96.1QuantificationofProjectEmissions..................................................................................96.1.1Projectemissionsfromfuelcombustion....................................................................................96.1.2Projectemissionsfromelectricityconsumption......................................................................116.1.3Projectemissionsofintentionaldischarges...........................................................................126.1.4Projectemissionsfromunintentionaldischargesatthesurface............................................146.1.5Projectemissionsfromunintentionaldischargesfromsubsurfacestorage...........................156.2QuantificationofLeakage..............................................................................................166.2.1Leakageemissionsfromfuelconsumption.............................................................................166.2.2Leakageemissionsfromupstreamelectricityconsumption...................................................177MONITORING....................................................................................................187.1DataandParametersAvailableatValidation............................................................187.2DataandParametersMonitored...................................................................................207.3DescriptionoftheMonitoringProgram.........................................................................318REFERENCES.......................................................................................................35Module:VCSVersion4.131SOURCESThefollowinghavealsoinformedthedevelopmentofthemodule:●“BestPracticesforLifeCycleAssessment(LCA)ofDirectAirCapturewithStorage”,U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,OfficeofFossilEnergyandCarbonManagement●“Carbondioxidecapture,transportation,andgeologicalstorage—Quantificationandverification”,StandardISO/TR27915:2017:●“CarbonDioxideTransport,InjectionandGeologicalStorage”,Chapter5inVolume2ofthe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories●“TheGHGProtocolforProjectAccounting”,WorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(WBCSD)andtheWorldResourcesInstitute(WRI)●“AGreenhouseGasAccountingFrameworkforCarbonCaptureandStorageProjects”,CentreforClimateandEnergySolutions●“Methodologyforthequantification,monitoring,reportingandverificationofgreenhousegasemissionsreductionsandremovalsfromcarboncaptureandstorageprojects,Version1.1.,publishedbytheAmericanCarbonRegistry“GuidelinesforCarbonCapture,TransportandStorage”,WRI●“CarbonCaptureandSequestrationProtocolundertheLowCarbonFuelStandard”,CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard●“Modalitiesandproceduresforcarbondioxidecaptureandstorageingeologicalformationsascleandevelopmentmechanismprojectactivities”,UNFCCC●“CommissionImplementingRegulation(EU)2018/2066”oftheEuropeanCommission,Directorate-GeneralforClimateAction●“EUDirectiveonthegeologicalstorageofcarbondioxide”oftheEuropeanParliamentandoftheCouncilThismoduleisusedincombinationwiththelatestversionofthefollowingmethodologies,modules,andtools:●VM00XXMethodologyforCarbonCaptureandStorageCaptureModules•VMD00XX:CO2CapturefromAir(DirectAirCapture)•VMD00XX:CO2CapturefromFossilFuelorGeothermalBasedPowerandHeatGeneration(underdevelopment)•VMD00XX:CO2CapturefromIndustrialProcesses(underdevelopment)Module:VCSVersion4.14•VMD00XX:CO2CapturefromOilandGasProductionandProcessing(underdevelopment)•VMD00XX:CO2CapturefromBiogenicSources(BECCS)(underdevelopment)StorageModules•VMD00XX:CO2StorageinDepletedOilandGasReservoirs(underdevelopment)OtherModules/Tools•VMT00XX:ToolforDifferentiationbetweenEmissionReductionsandRemovalsinCarbonCaptureandStorageProjects(underdevelopment)•VMT00XX:ToolforBaselineQuantificationandAllocationofProjectEmissionsinProjectswithVCSandnon-VCS-CO2flowsinCarbonCaptureandStorageProjects(underdevelopment)2SUMMARYDESCRIPTIONOFTHEMODULEThismoduleprovidesproceduresandrequirementsforprojectactivitiesthatstoreCO2insalineaquifersforeligibleCarbonCaptureandStorage(CCS)projectactivitiesunderVM00XXMethodologyforCarbonCaptureandStorage.3DEFINITIONSInadditiontothedefinitionssetoutintheProgramDefinitionsoftheVCSProgram,thefollowingdefinitionsapplytothismodule:CO2ConditioningTheprocessoftreatmentofanincomingCO2streamtoachievetherequiredconditionsfortransportand/orinjectionandstorageoftheCO2inaCCSprojectactivity.Itmayincludevariousprocessesincludingbutnotlimitedtorefrigeration,dehydration,desulphurization,deoxygenation,andcompression.ConformanceThedegreeofagreementbetweenreservoirmodelpredictionsandcurrentmeasureddataandperformancefromthestoragereservoirforageologiccarbonstorage(GCS)project.Module:VCSVersion4.15GeologicalReservoirSubsurfacebodyofrockwithsufficientporosityandpermeabilitytoreceive,transmitandcontainfluids,particularlysuper-criticalordensephaseCO2,includingareasorzonesforexpansionandmigrationoftheCO2plumedefinedbythereservoirmodelling.GeologicalStorageComplexThegeologicalstoragecomplexconsistsofthegeologicalreservoir,andeitheranoverlyingimpermeableseal(orcaprock)whichpreventstheescapeofthefluidsorotherreliabletrappingmechanisms.IntermediateStorageIntermediatestorageincludestheprocessesandequipmentonasitethatenablestemporarystorageofCO2intransit,duringthetransferofCO2fromonemodeoftransporttoanother(e.g.,transferofCO2fromapipelinetotransportbyship)MandatoryMonitoringPointThelocationswhereequipmentisrequiredtobeinplacetomeasurethevolumeofCO2Non-condensableGasNon-condensablegasesaregasesthatdonotcondenseintotheliquidphasewithinasystem'soperatingtemperature.Theyarerelevantforgeothermalpower/heatplants.Non-VCS-CO2TheCO2capturedoutsidetheprojectboundaryofaCCSprojectactivityregisteredunderVCSthatisconditioned,transported,orstoredusing(someof)thefacilitiesoftheregisteredCCSprojectactivity.SalineAquiferAnundergroundwatersourcewithtotaldissolvedsolidsgreaterthan3,000mg/L.StorageFacilityAnyfacilityusedforgeologicalstorageofCO24APPLICABILITYCONDITIONSThismoduleappliestoprojectactivitiesthatstoreCO2safelyandpermanentlyinsalineaquifersasperthecriteriaandproceduresestablishedunderthelatestversionoftheVM00XXMethodologyforCarbonCaptureandStorage.Thismoduleisapplicableunderthefollowingconditions:1)TheprojectactivityinjectsaCO2streamforpermanentstorageintoasalineaquifer.Module:VCSVersion4.162)Theprojectactivityhasmandatorymonitoringpoint(s)forCO2injectiondownstreamofallintermediatestorage,compression,orotherCO2streamconditioning(perSection8.3),and;3)Theprojectactivityhasanisolationvalveonthewellheadorwithin10mofthepointwheretheCO2streamentersthesubsurfacebyrun-of-pipe,toisolatethesurfaceandsub-surface,Thismoduleisnotapplicableunderthefollowingconditions:1)ProjectactivitiesthatstoreCO2withintentionstoproduceitinthefutureforanyreason.2)Efficiencyimprovementprojects:UpgradestoexistingCCSstoragefacilitiesorchangesinoperationalpracticesleadingtoimprovedstorageefficiencycannotberegisteredasanewprojectactivitybyitself.ForstorageprojectsalreadyregisteredunderVCS,suchimprovementsmayoccurandwouldbeconsideredinthecalculationofthebaselineandtheprojectemissionsoverthecreditingperiodforthatrespectiveproject.5MODULEBOUNDARYThemoduleboundaryincludesthesurfacefacilitiesandsubsurfaceequipmentattheinjectionsite,includingtheinjectionandmonitoringwellsandallmonitoringequipment.TheboundaryalsoincludestheareaofreviewandtheextentoftheCO2plumewithinthegeologicalstoragecomplex.Projectswithapointofcustodytransfermayusethatastheupstreamextentofthemoduleboundary.Commonlyusedprocessestobeconsideredindeterminingprojectemissionsunderthismoduleare:•IntermediatestorageofCO2•Finalcompressionand/orconditioningofCO2beforeinjection•Injectionpipelines,wellheadpiping,valves,andmonitoringinstrumentation•SCADA/communicationequipment•Injectionwellpadworkoversorothermaintenanceoperations•CO2boosterpumps,seallosses,andelectricityconsumption•CO2compressionwithinterstagecooling,valve/seallosses,andelectricityconsumptionorfueluse•Dehydrationunits(triethyleneglycolorTEG,Desiccants,Refrigeration,etc.)andassociatedreboilersorregenerationunitsThephysicalboundaryofthemoduleisshowninFigure1.Module:VCSVersion4.17Figure1-ModuleboundaryforCO2storageinsalineaquifersEmissionsources,includingbothprimaryandsecondaryeffectsincludedinthismoduleareshowninFigure2.Figure2-BoundaryforPrimaryandSecondaryProjectActivityEffectsModule:VCSVersion4.18TheGHGsincludedorexcludedfromthemoduleboundaryaredetailedinTable1.Table1:GHGSourcesIncludedorExcludedfromtheProjectBoundarySourceGasIncluded?Justification/ExplanationProjectCO2StorageElectricityconsumptionCO2YesMajoremissionsourceCH4YesSignificantupstreamemissionsourceN2OYesIncludedforcompletenessOtherNoExcludedforsimplicity,emissionsareconsiderednegligible.FuelconsumptionCO2YesMajoremissionsourceCH4YesSignificantupstreamemissionsourceN2OYesIncludedforcompletenessOtherNoExcludedforsimplicity,emissionsareconsiderednegligible.CO2streamprocessingCO2YesIncluded.AnylossofCO2duetofugitiveemissionsorventingduringcaptureisinherentlydeductedfromtheoverallcalculationofGHGemissionreductionssinceonlyinjectedCO2volumesarequantifiedasthebaselineemissions.CH4NoExcludedasalsonotconsideredunderthebaselinescenario.N2ONoExcludedasalsonotconsideredunderthebaselinescenario.OtherNoExcludedforsimplicity,emissionsareconsiderednegligible.LeaksofCO2fromthestoragesite(intentionalandunintentionaldischargefromsurfaceandsubsurface)CO2YesMajoremissionsourceCH4NoExcludedasalsonotconsideredunderthebaselinescenario.N2ONoExcludedasalsonotconsideredunderthebaselinescenario.OtherNoExcludedforsimplicity,emissionsareconsiderednegligible.Module:VCSVersion4.196QUANTIFICATIONPROCEDURES6.1QuantificationofProjectEmissionsTheprojectemissionsarecalculatedasfollows:𝑃𝐸𝑆𝑡𝑜,𝑦=𝑃𝐸𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏_𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑦+𝑃𝐸𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑦+𝐼𝐷𝐼𝑛𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,𝑦+𝑈𝐷𝐼𝑛𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,𝑦+𝐼𝐷𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒,𝑦+𝑈𝐷𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒,𝑦−𝑃𝐸𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑉𝐶𝑆𝐶𝑂2,𝑦(1)Where:𝑃𝐸𝑆𝑡𝑜,𝑦=Projectemissionsfromstorageintheyeary(tCO2e)𝑃𝐸𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏_𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑦=Projectemissionsfromfuelcombustiontooperateequipmentforstorageprocessesintheyeary(tCO2e).𝑃𝐸𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑦=GHGemissionsfromelectricityconsumptiontooperatestorageprocessesintheyeary(tCO2e).𝐼𝐷𝐼𝑛𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,𝑦=IntentionaldischargesofCO2fromsurfaceequipmentdownstreamfromthemandatorymonitoringpoints(tCO2e)𝑈𝐷𝐼𝑛𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,𝑦=UnintentionaldischargesofCO2fromsurfaceequipmentdownstreamfromthemandatorymonitoringpoints(tCO2e)𝐼𝐷𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒,𝑦=IntentionaldischargesofCO2fromsubsurfacestorage(tCO2e)𝑈𝐷𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒,𝑦=UnintentionaldischargesofCO2fromsubsurfacestorage(tCO2e)𝑃𝐸𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑉𝐶𝑆𝐶𝑂2,𝑠,𝑦=Projectemissionsfromprocessesandequipmentrelatedtonon-VCSsources.inyeary(tCO2e)tobedeterminedasperthelatestversionoftheVMT00XX:ToolforBaselineQuantificationandAllocationofProjectEmissionsinProjectswithVCSandnon-VCS-CO2flowsinCarbonCaptureandStorageProjects.Forprojectswithoutnon-VCSCO2,PEnonVCSCO2,y=0(tCO2e)6.1.1ProjectemissionsfromfuelcombustionProjectemissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionformobileequipment,powerandheatgenerationarecalculatedasfollows:Module:VCSVersion4.110𝑃𝐸𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑦=∑(𝑄𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑖,𝑦𝑖×𝐸𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝐶𝑂2,𝑖)+∑(𝑄𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑖,𝑦𝑖×𝐸𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝐶𝐻4,𝑖)×𝐺𝑊𝑃𝐶𝐻4+∑(𝑄𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑖,𝑦𝑖×𝐸𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑁2𝑂,𝑖)×𝐺𝑊𝑃𝑁2𝑂(2)Where:𝑃𝐸𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏_𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑦=Projectemissionsfromfuelcombustionformobileequipment,onandoff-sitepowerandheatgenerationinyeary(tCO2e)𝑄𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑖,𝑦=Quantityofeachtypeoffueliforon-siteandoff-sitemobileequipment,powerandheatgenerationinyeary(m3orkgorGJ)𝐸𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝐶𝑂2,𝑖=CO2emissionfactoroffueliinyeary(tCO2/m3,tCO2/kgortCO2/GJ)𝐸𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝐶𝐻4,𝑖=CH4emissionfactoroffueliinyeary(tCH4/m3,tCH4/kgortCH4/GJ)𝐸𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑁2𝑂,𝑖=N20emissionfactoroffueliinyeary(tN2O/m3,tN2O/kgortN2O/GJ)GWP=Globalwarmingpotential(forCH4andN2Orespectively)Off-sitefuelconsumption:Ifpowerorheataresuppliedfromadirectlyconnectedoff-sitefacility,𝑄𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑖,𝑦mustbedeterminedasaproportionofthetotalfuelusedtogeneratethetotalelectricityandheatgeneratedbythedirectlyconnectedfacilitywiththefollowingequation:𝑄𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑖,𝑦=𝑄𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙_𝑐𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛,𝑖,𝑦×(𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑆𝑡𝑜,𝑦+𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑆𝑡𝑜,𝑦)(𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛,𝑦+𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛,𝑦)(3)Where:𝑄𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑖,𝑦=Massofafueltypeusedbyathird-partyenergysourcetoprovideelectricityand/orthermalenergytothestoragemoduleinyeary(metrictons/year)𝑄𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙_𝑐𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛,𝑖,𝑦=Totalmassofafueltypeusedbytheenergyfacilityunittogenerateelectricityand/orheatinyeary(metrictons/year)𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑆𝑡𝑜,𝑦=Quantityofusefulthermalenergysuppliedtothestoragemodulebytheenergyfacilityunitinyeary(MWh/year)𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑆𝑡𝑜,𝑦=Quantityofelectricitysuppliedtothestoragemodulebythefacilityunitinyeary(MWh/year)Module:VCSVersion4.111𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡𝐶𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛,𝑦=Totalquantityofusefulthermalenergyproducedbytheenergyfacilityunitinyeary(MWh/year)𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦𝐶𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛,𝑦=Totalquantityofelectricityproducedbytheenergyfacilityunitinyeary(MWh/year)Wasteheat:Projectemissionsfromwasteheatarezero.Wasteheatmustmeettheconditionsinthebaselinesection.Biogenicfuelsources:Projectemissionsfromthecombustionofbiofuelsandbiofuelsarezero,iftheycomplywiththedefinitionandconditionsofrenewableandsustainablebiomassinthelatestversionofVMD00XX:CO2CapturefromBiogenicSources.Otherwise,projectemissionsfromthecombustionofbiofuelorbiomassmustbeaccountedforusingEquation(2).6.1.2ProjectemissionsfromelectricityconsumptionProjectemissionsfromelectricityconsumptionarecalculatedasfollows:𝑃𝐸𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑦=𝑄𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑦×𝐸𝐹𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐(4)Where:𝑃𝐸𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑦=Projectemissionsfromconsumptionofelectricitytooperateequipmentinthestoragemoduletheyeary(tCO2e).𝑄𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑦=Totalmeteredelectricityusagetooperateequipmentinthestoragemoduleinyeary(MWh/year)𝐸𝐹𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐=Emissionsfactorforelectricitygeneration(tCO2e/MWh).Foronsiteordirectlyconnectedoff-siteelectricitygeneration,theemissionsrelatedtoelectricityconsumptionmustbedeterminedbasedontherelatedfuelconsumptionaspertheprovisionsundertheparameters𝑃𝐸𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏_𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑦and𝑃𝐸𝐸𝑚𝑏_𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑦.Forgridelectricityconsumption,regionalemissionfactorsfromcompliancetools,anddatapublishedbyStateorNationalgovernmentmustbeused.Projectproponentsmustreferencethesourcesusedandprovideevidenceoftheelectricityprocurement.Projectemissionsfromrenewableenergypowerplants(i.e.,wind,solar,hydro)thataredirectlyconnectedandoff-gridcaptivearezero.Projectproponentsmustprovideevidenceofadirectconnection.Module:VCSVersion4.112Forelectricityconsumptionfromadedicatedgeothermalpowerplant,CO2emissionsfromthereleaseofnon-condensablegasesmustbeconsideredintheemissionfactor.6.1.3ProjectemissionsofintentionaldischargesProjectemissionsfromintentionaldischargesarearesultofventingthatisdownstreamofthemandatorymonitoringpoints.Ventingeventscanbedifferentiatedbywhethertheyoriginatefromsurfacefacilitiesorthesubsurface.Surfaceventingincludesactivitiesthatarearesultofoperatorintervention(e.g.,blowdownofpiping,piggingoperations),oranautomatedsystemresponsetoprocessconditions(e.g.,pressuresafetyvalvereleasinginresponsetohighpressureasperitsdesign).Forsurfaceventing,theproponentmaymeasurethequantityofCO2accordingtotheconditionsgiveninApproach1,2,or3.Subsurfaceventingincludesactivitiesrelatedtoinjectionwellmaintenance.Forsubsurfaceventing,theproponentmustdeterminethequantityofCO2accordingtoApproach1.Approach1:MeasurementofventingUnderthisapproach𝐼𝐷𝐼𝑛𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛/𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒,𝑦mustbecalculatedwithoneofthefollowingoptions:Option1:Massflow𝐼𝐷𝐼𝑛𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛/𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒,𝑦=𝐹𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠,𝑥×%𝐶𝑂2𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠,𝑥×𝑇𝑥,𝑦(5)Where:𝐼𝐷𝐼𝑛𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛/𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒,𝑦=IntentionaldischargesofCO2fromthesurface(i.e.,injection)orsubsurface(i.e.,storage)inyeary(tCO2e)𝐹𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠,𝑥,𝑦=Massflowmeasuredbymassflowmeterx(tonnes)%𝐶𝑂2𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠,𝑥=CO2concentrationinthemassflowatmassflowmeterx(%mass)𝑇𝑥,𝑦=Ventingtimeinyeary(hour)Option2:Volumetricflow𝐼𝐷𝐼𝑛𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛/𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒,𝑦=𝐹𝑅𝑣𝑜𝑙,𝑥(𝑆𝑇𝑃)×%𝐶𝑂2𝑣𝑜𝑙,𝑥(𝑆𝑇𝑃)×𝜌𝐶𝑂2𝑥(𝑆𝑇𝑃)×𝑇𝑥,𝑦(6)Where:𝐹𝑅𝑣𝑜𝑙,𝑥(𝑆𝑇𝑃)=VolumetricflowratemeasuredbyflowmeterxatactualconditionsandconvertedtoSTPconditions(m3)Module:VCSVersion4.113%𝐶𝑂2𝑣𝑜𝑙,𝑥(𝑆𝑇𝑃)=VolumetricfractionofCO2inflowatflowmeterxatSTPconditions(%volume)𝜌𝐶𝑂2𝑥(𝑆𝑇𝑃)=DensityofCO2atSTPconditions(tCO2/m3)PleaserefertoSection8.1ofVM00XXMethodologyforCarbonCaptureandStorageforthedeterminationofCO2flow,densityandconcentration.Approach2:EstimationofsurfaceventingforisolatedvolumesIfanypartofanisolatedsectionofpipeisdownstreamofthemandatorymonitoringpointandisdepressurized,proponentsmustestimatetheventedmassofCO2usingthevolumeoftheisolatedpipe.ThiscalculationisadvancedwithEquation(7).𝐼𝐷𝐼𝑛𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,𝑦=∑𝑉𝑖(𝑆𝑇𝑃)×%𝐶𝑂2𝑣𝑜𝑙,𝑥(𝑆𝑇𝑃)×𝜌𝐶𝑂2𝑥(𝑆𝑇𝑃)𝑖(7)Where:𝐼𝐷𝐼𝑛𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,𝑦=IntentionaldischargesofCO2downstreamthemandatorymonitoringpoint(s)ofCO2injectioninyeary(tCO2e)𝑉𝑖(𝑆𝑇𝑃)=Internalvolumeofeachpipe,pipefitting,andcomponenti(m3)intheisolatedventsectionusingengineeringcalculationsbasedonthemanufacturer'sspecificationsandgeometricdataforthelengthofthepipelineconvertedtovolumeatSTPconditions.i=VenteventindexnumberPleaserefertoSection8.1ofVM00XXMethodologyforCarbonCaptureandStoragetodetermineCO2flow,densityandconcentration.Approach3:Estimationofsurfaceventingfornon-isolatedvolumesForsurfaceventingwhenApproach1or2arenotapplicable(e.g.,ifthevolumeofisolatedpipecannotbedeterminedoriftheventingeventwasfromanon-isolatedandflowingpipe,etc.),useApproach3.TheproponentmustdeterminethequantityofventedCO2(𝐼𝐷𝐼𝑛𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,𝑦)bytransientflowratecalculationsforcompressiblefluids,appropriatefortheexpectedevolvingconditionsinthepipelineorcomponent(gaseous,dense,super-critical,etc.),basedontheapproximategeometryoftheescapingflowandpipelines/componentsconnectedtotheventing.Module:VCSVersion4.1146.1.4ProjectemissionsfromunintentionaldischargesatthesurfaceThepotentialemissionsourcesforunintentionaldischargesofCO2includebutarenotlimitedto:•Componentssuchasvalves,pipefittings/connectors,open-endedpipes,pressurereliefvalves,flanges,meters,andinstruments;and•Pipelines.TwoemissionsourcesareconsideredforunintentionaldischargeofCO2atthesurface:Emissionsource1:FugitiveemissionsdownstreamofthemandatorymonitoringpointInthisscenario,𝑈𝐷𝑖𝑛𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,𝑦canbedeterminedperthefollowingequations:Forpipeline:𝑈𝐷𝐼𝑛𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,𝑦=∑𝐸𝐹𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒×𝑇𝑖,𝑦×𝑑×0.001(8)Forothercomponents:𝑈𝐷𝐼𝑛𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,𝑦=∑𝐸𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡×𝑇𝑖,𝑦×0.001(9)Where:𝑈𝐷𝐼𝑛𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,𝑦=UnintentionaldischargesofCO2downstreamfromthemandatorymonitoringpoint(s)ofCO2injectioninyeary(tCO2e)𝐸𝐹𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒=EmissionfactorderivedfromIPCCguidelinesforGHGinventories,Chapters4and5.Adefaultvalueof0.26kg/(hrkm)forpipelinescanbeused1.Alternatively,theemissionfactorsmaybederivedfromnationallyappropriateregulations.𝐸𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡=EmissionfactorderivedfromsubpartWofUSEPA,mandatoryGHGreporting.Adefaultvalueof0.005kg/hr/componentcanbeused.Alternatively,theemissionfactorsmaybederivedfromnationallyappropriateregulations,equivalenttothementionedUSEPAreportingguideline.𝑇𝑖,𝑦=Pressurizedtimeofthepipelineorcomponentinyeary(hours)1Notethat𝐸𝐹𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒and𝐸𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡arederivedbasedonUSEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA),MandatoryGreenhouseGasReporting,SubpartWandconvertedtoCO2emissionfactorsonamassbasis.Theconversioniscarriedoutbyusingaconversionfactorof0.6(CH4toCO2)accordingtoChapter5ofIPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesandaCO2densityof0.0526kg/ft3(usedinUSEPA)atthestandardcondition(15°C,1atm).Module:VCSVersion4.115d=Lengthofthepipelinefrommandatorymonitoringpointtoinjectionwell(km)Emissionsource2:Ruptureorline-breakdownstreamofthemandatorymonitoringpointAruptureorline-breakfailureisconsideredtohaveoccurrediftherateofflowthroughthefailureissubstantialenoughtobeasafetyhazardoroff-sitenuisanceduetoodorornoise,otherwise,thefailuremaybeconsideredafugitiveemission.Whenacomponentorpipelinethatisdownstreamofthemandatorymonitoringpointandupstreamofthewellheadandreservoir,suffersaruptureorline-breakfailuretheproponentmust:•Isolatethefailure;and•QuantifythelossofCO2(𝑈𝐷𝑖𝑛𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,𝑦):oEmissionsbeforeisolation:determinethequantityoflostCO2byestimatingtheflowratethroughthefailureusingtransientflowratecalculationsforcompressiblefluids,appropriatefortheexpectedconditionsinthepipelineorcomponent(gaseous,dense,super-critical,etc.),basedontheapproximategeometryoftheescapingflowandpipelines/componentsconnectedtothefailure.Theestimationmustbemadefortheapproximatetimebetweenwhenthefailureoccurredandwhenthereleasewasstopped.Iftheapproximatetimewhenthefailureoccurredisnotknown,thedurationoftheleakageeventmustbeestimatedconservativelybyassumingtheleakageeventexistedfromthelastknownanddocumentedregularoperation(e.g.,lastinspection)untilthereleasestopped.oEmissionsafterisolation:useequationsfromsection6.1.1forScenario2tocalculatetheleakedemissions.6.1.5ProjectemissionsfromunintentionaldischargesfromsubsurfacestorageProjectemissionsfromunintentionaldischargesfromthesubsurfaceareCO2leaksfromthegeologicalstoragecomplex.Theyarecalculatedaccordingtothefollowingequation:𝑈𝐷𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒,𝑦=∑𝑄𝐿𝐸+𝑄𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑,𝑦(10)Where:𝑈𝐷𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒,𝑦=UnintentionaldischargesofCO2fromsubsurfacestorageinyeary(tCO2e)𝑄𝐿𝐸=QuantityofCO2releasedfromaleakeventfromthestoragereservoirinyeary(tCO2e)𝑄𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑,𝑦=MaximumundetectedquantityofCO2thatmayhaveleakedasdefinedinthemonitoringprogramdocument(tCO2e)Module:VCSVersion4.116Section7.3providesmoreguidanceondetermining𝑄𝐿𝐸and𝑄𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑,𝑦.6.2QuantificationofLeakageEquation(11)accountsfortheleakageemissionsinthismodule.𝐿𝐸𝑆𝑡𝑜,𝑦=𝐿𝐸𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑦+𝐿𝐸𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑦(11)Where:𝐿𝐸𝑆𝑡𝑜,𝑦=Leakageemissionsfromstorageintheyeary(tCO2e)𝐿𝐸𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑦=GHGemissionsfromupstreamfuelconsumptionforstorageprocessesintheyeary(tCO2e).𝐿𝐸𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑦=GHGemissionsfromupstreamelectricityconsumptiontooperatestorageprocessesintheyeary(tCO2e).6.2.1LeakageemissionsfromfuelconsumptionUpstreamemissionsfromtheproductionandtransportationoffueltothestoragesiteanddirectlyconnectedoffsitefacilitiesarecalculatedusingEquation(12).𝐿𝐸𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑦=∑(𝑄𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑖,𝑦×𝐸𝐹𝑈𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚_𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑖,𝑦)(12)Where:𝐿𝐸𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑦=Leakageemissionsfromupstreamsourcesrelatedtothefuelconsumedinon-siteequipmentintheyeary(tCO2e).𝑄𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑖,𝑦=Quantityoffueltypeiusedinthestoragemoduleequipmentand/orthirdparty(foroffsiteenergysupply)inyeary(m3orkgorGJ)𝐸𝐹𝑈𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚_𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑖,𝑦=Emissionfactorofupstreamfueltypeiusedinthestoragemoduleequipmentinyeary(tCO2e/m3,tCO2e/kgortCO2e/GJ)Alternatively,adefaultfactorcanbeusedthatequals20%oftheCO2EmissionfactorfromthecombustionoffueliIfpowerandheataresuppliedfromanoff-sitefacility,𝑄𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑖,𝑦mustbedeterminedasaproportionofthetotalfuelusedtogeneratethetotalelectricityandheatgeneratedbythedirectlyconnectedfacilityusingEquation(3).Projectswherenoseparateinformationon𝐸𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑖and𝐸𝐹𝑈𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚_𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑖,𝑦isavailablemayuseacombinedemissionfactorandapplyitinEquation(2)accordingly.Theemissionfactorfortheproduction,processing,andtransportoffuelusedforstorageorusedbyathirdpartytoprovideheatorsteamtothestoragefacilitymustbeaccountedforusingalifecycleanalysis(LCA)thatisconsistentwiththestoragemoduleboundaries(i.e.,primaryandsecondaryeffects).Module:VCSVersion4.1176.2.2LeakageemissionsfromupstreamelectricityconsumptionProjectemissionsfromupstreamelectricityconsumptionarecalculatedaccordingtothefollowingEquation(13)𝐿𝐸𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑦=𝑄𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑦×𝐸𝐹𝑈𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚_𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐(13)Where:𝐿𝐸𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑦=Leakageemissionsfromconsumptionofelectricitytooperateequipmentinthestoragemoduletheyeary(tCO2e).𝑄𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑦=Totalmeteredelectricityusagetooperateequipmentinthestoragemoduleinyeary(MWh/year)𝐸𝐹𝑈𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚_𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐=EmissionsfactorforupstreamGHGsourcesrelatedtoelectricitygeneration(tCO2e/MWh).Foron-siteordirectlyconnectedoff-siteelectricitygeneration,theemissionsrelatedtoelectricityconsumptionmustbedeterminedbasedontherelatedfuelconsumptionconsideringprojectandleakageemissionsasdescribedinthismodule.Forgridelectricityconsumption,publishedemissionfactorsfromregionalcompliancemarket-approvedtools,and/ordatapublishedbyStateorNationalgovernmentagenciesmustbeusedProjectproponentsmustreferencethesourcesusedandprovideevidenceoftheelectricityprocurement.Fordirectlyconnectedwind,solarorhydropowerplantsthatareoff-gridcaptiveplants,energysuppliedisdeemedtohavenoemissions.Projectproponentsmustprovideevidenceofadirectconnection.Forelectricityconsumptionfromadedicatedgeothermalpowerplant,CO2emissionsfromthereleaseofnon-condensablegasesmustbeconsideredintheemissionfactor.Projectswherenoseparateinformationon𝐸𝐹𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐and𝐸𝐹𝑈𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚_𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐isavailablemayuseacombinedemissionfactorandapplyitinEquation(2)accordingly.Module:VCSVersion4.1187MONITORING7.1DataandParametersAvailableatValidationAdditionaldataandparametersaredefinedintherespectiveVM00XXMethodologyforCarbonCaptureandStorageandrelatedtools(VCSandCDM)asapplicable.PleaserefertoSection8.1ofVM00XXMethodologyforCarbonCaptureandStorageforthedeterminationofCO2quantities.Data/ParameterGWPCH4DataunittCO2e/tCH4DescriptionGlobalwarmingpotentialforCH4Equations(2)SourceofdataThelatestversionoftheVCSStandardValueappliedSeethelatestversionoftheVCSStandardJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedUnlessotherwisedirectedbytheVCSProgram,thelatestversionoftheVCSStandardrequiresthatCH4mustbeconvertedusingthe100-yearglobalwarmingpotentialderivedfromtheIPCCFourthAssessmentReport.PurposeofDataCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentsData/ParameterGWPN2ODataunittCO2e/tN2ODescriptionGlobalwarmingpotentialforN2OEquations(2)SourceofdataThelatestversionoftheVCSStandardValueappliedSeethelatestversionoftheVCSStandardJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofUnlessotherwisedirectedbytheVCSProgram,theVCSStandardrequiresthatN2Omustbeconvertedusingthe100-yearglobalwarmingpotentialderivedfromtheIPCCFourthAssessmentReport.Module:VCSVersion4.119measurementmethodsandproceduresappliedPurposeofDataCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentsData/ParameterdDataunitkmDescriptionLengthofthepipeline(km)Equations(8)SourceofdataManufacturespecifications,partlists,measurementValueapplied-Justificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresapplied-PurposeofDataCalculationofprojectemissionsData/Parameter𝐸𝐹𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒DataunitkgCO2/(hrkm)DescriptionTheemissionfactorofpipelineEquations(8)SourceofdataNationallyappropriateregulations,equivalenttotheUSEPAreportingguideline.Valueapplied-Justificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresapplied-Module:VCSVersion4.120PurposeofDataCalculationofprojectemissionsData/Parameter𝐸𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡DataunitkgCO2/(hrkm)DescriptionTheemissionfactorofcomponentsEquations(9)SourceofdataNationallyappropriateregulations,equivalenttothementionedUSEPAreportingguideline.Valueapplied-Justificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresapplied-PurposeofDataCalculationofprojectemissions7.2DataandParametersMonitoredRefertoSection8.1ofVM00XXMethodologyforCarbonCaptureandStorageforthedeterminationofCO2quantities.Data/Parameter:𝑄𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑖,𝑦Dataunit:m3,kgorGJinayearyDescription:QuantityofeachfueltypeiusedinthestoragemoduleEquations(2)and(12)Sourceofdata:Fuelreceipts/invoicesorflowmeterreadingsDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:Measuredfromflowmetersorcalculatedfromfuelreceipts/invoices.Module:VCSVersion4.121Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:AggregatedannuallyQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:Flowmetersmustbeoperatedwithinthemanufacturer'sspecifiedoperatingconditionsatalltimes.Flowmetersmustberoutinelycalibrated,inspected,andmaintainedaccordingtothemanufacturer'sspecifications.Purposeofdata:CalculationofprojectandleakageemissionsCalculationmethod:Volumetricgasflowmeterreadingsmustbecorrectedfortemperatureandpressure.Comments:Data/Parameter:𝐸𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝐶𝑂2,𝑖Dataunit:tCO2/m3,tCO2/kgortCO2/GJDescription:CO2EmissionfactorfromthecombustionoffueliinyearyEquations(2)Sourceofdata:Thefollowingdatasourcesmaybeused:1)EmissionfactorprescribedbyIPCC.(2021).ClimateChange2021:ThePhysicalScienceBasis.ContributionofWorkingGroupItotheSixthAssessmentReportoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange.NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress:IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeRetrievedMay18,2022,fromhttps://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/;2)EmissionfactorspublishedbyUSEPAorsimilarsource;https://www.epa.gov/climateleadership/ghg-emission-factors-hub;or3)Dataprovidedbythefuelsupplier.Descriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:Usethelatestdatapublishedbytheabovesourcesatthetimeofreportingprojectemissions.Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:AnnualQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:N/APurposeofdata:CalculationofprojectemissionsModule:VCSVersion4.122Calculationmethod:N/AComments:Data/Parameter:𝐸𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝐶𝐻4,𝑖Dataunit:tCH4/m3,tCH4/kgortCH4/GJDescription:CH4EmissionfactorfromthecombustionoffueliinyearyEquations(2)Sourceofdata:Thefollowingdatasourcesmaybeused:1)EmissionfactorprescribedbyIPCC.(uselatestversion).ClimateChange2021:ThePhysicalScienceBasis.ContributionofWorkingGroupItotheSixthAssessmentReportoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange.NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress:IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeRetrievedMay18,2022,fromhttps://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/;2)EmissionfactorspublishedbyUSEPAorasimilarsource,https://www.epa.gov/climateleadership/ghg-emission-factors-hub;or3)Dataprovidedbythefuelsupplier.Descriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:Usethelatestdatapublishedbytheabovesourcesatthetimeofreportingprojectemissions.Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:AnnualQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:N/APurposeofdata:CalculationofprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:N/AComments:Data/Parameter:𝐸𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑁2𝑂,𝑖Dataunit:tN2O/m3,tN2O/kgortN2O/GJDescription:N20EmissionfactorfromthecombustionoffueliinyearyModule:VCSVersion4.123Equations(2)Sourceofdata:Thefollowingdatasourcesmaybeused:1)EmissionfactorprescribedbyIPCC.(2021).ClimateChange2021:ThePhysicalScienceBasis.ContributionofWorkingGroupItotheSixthAssessmentReportoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange.NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress:IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeRetrievedMay18,2022,fromhttps://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/;2)EmissionfactorspublishedbyUSEPAorasimilarsource,https://www.epa.gov/climateleadership/ghg-emission-factors-hub;or3)Dataprovidedbythefuelsupplier.Descriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:Usethelatestdatapublishedbytheabovesourcesatthetimeofreportingprojectemissions.Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:AnnualQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:N/APurposeofdata:CalculationofprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:N/AComments:Data/Parameter:𝐸𝐹𝑈𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚_𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑖,𝑦Dataunit:tCO2e/m3,tCO2e/kgortCO2e/GJDescription:TheupstreamemissionfactoroffueltypeiusedinthestoragemoduleequipmentinyearyEquations(12)Sourceofdata:Theoptionsforsatisfyingthisrequirementareasfollows:•Option1)Aqualifiedthird-partymayconductanLCAinaccordancewithISO14040and14044,latestedition,thatuseseitherprimaryorpublishedandpeer-revieweddata2;or2Peer-reviewedliteraturemeansreviewedscientificliteraturepublishedinreputableenvironmentaland/orclimatesciencejournals.StateorNationalgovernmentdataonthecarbonintensitiesofthefuelsarealsoacceptablesourcesofdatafordeterminingemissionsfactorsforfuelsusedbythetransportfacility.Module:VCSVersion4.124•Option2)Theembodiedemissionfactorforeachfueltypecanbecalculatedusingregionalcompliancemarket-approvedmethodsorequivalent(e.g.,CA-GREETintheCaliforniaLowCarbonFuelStandard3andGHGeniusintheBritishColombiaRenewableandLowCarbonFuelRequirementsRegulation4;or•Option3)Emissionfactorspublishedinpeer-reviewedliterature4thatarerepresentativebothtemporallyandgeographicallyofthetransportplantoperation.Descriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:Usethelatestdatapublishedbythesourcesatthetimeofreportingprojectemissions.Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:AnnualQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:Usethelatestdatapublishedbytheabovesourcesatthetimeofreportingprojectemissions.Inthecaseofpeer-reviewedliterature,theliteraturemusthavebeenpublishedwithinayearofreportingprojectemissions.ItmustbetemporallyandgeographicallyrepresentativeofthestoragefacilityPurposeofdata:CalculationofleakageemissionsCalculationmethod:N/AComments:N/AData/Parameter:𝑄𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙_𝑐𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛,𝑖,𝑦Dataunit:m3,kgorGJDescription:QuantityoffuelconsumedintheCogenerationunitEquations(3)3CA-GREET(https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/documents/lcfs-life-cycle-analysis-models-and-documentation)isadaptedfromtheopen-sourceGreenhousegases,RegulatedEmissions,andEnergyuseinTechnologiesModel(https://greet.es.anl.gov/)fromArgonneNationalLaboratory(https://www.anl.gov/)basedoutofLemont,IllionisintheUnitedStates.4GHGenius(https://www.ghgenius.ca/index.php/modelling-resources/about-ghgenius)isanopen-sourceLCAmodeldevelopedandmaintainedby(S&T)SquaredConsultantsInc.andcanbeusedtoanalyzetheemissionsofmanycontaminantsassociatedwiththeproductionanduseoftraditionalandalternativetransportationsfuels.Module:VCSVersion4.125Sourceofdata:Fuelreceipts/invoicesorflowmeterreadings,asapplicableDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:Measuredfromflowmetersorcalculatedfromfuelreceipts/invoices.Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:AggregatedannuallyQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:Flowmetersmustbeoperatedwithinthemanufacturer'sspecifiedoperatingconditionsatalltimes.Flowmetersmustberoutinelycalibrated,inspected,andmaintainedaccordingtothemanufacturer'sspecifications.Purposeofdata:CalculationofprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:SeeaboveComments:Invoicesand/orcontractswiththethirdpartymustbeinplacetoallowproperdatacollection.Data/Parameter:𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑆𝑡𝑜,𝑦Dataunit:MWhDescription:QuantityofusefulheatconsumedbythestoragemoduleEquations(3)Sourceofdata:Utilityreceipts/invoicesormetereddataforheatusage.Descriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:Measuredfromcalorimetersorcalculatedfromreceipts/invoices.Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:AggregatedannuallyQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:Calorimetermustberoutinelycalibrated,inspected,andmaintainedaccordingtomanufacturerspecifications.Purposeofdata:CalculationofprojectemissionsModule:VCSVersion4.126Calculationmethod:SeeaboveComments:Invoicesand/orcontractswiththethirdpartymustbeinplacetoallowproperdatacollection.Data/Parameter:𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑆𝑡𝑜,𝑦Dataunit:MWhDescription:QuantityofelectricityconsumedbythestoragemoduleEquations(3)Sourceofdata:Utilityreceipts/invoicesormetereddataforelectricityuse.Descriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:Measuredfromelectricitymetersorcalculatedfromreceipts/invoices.Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:AggregatedannuallyQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:Electricitymetersmustberoutinelycalibrated,inspected,andmaintainedaccordingtomanufacturerspecifications.Purposeofdata:CalculationofprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:SeeaboveComments:Invoicesand/orcontractswiththethirdpartymustbeinplacetoallowproperdatacollection.Data/Parameter:𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛,𝑦Dataunit:MWhDescription:QuantityoftotalusefulheatproducedbytheCogenerationunitEquations(3)Sourceofdata:Utilityreceipts/invoicesormetereddataforheatproduced.DescriptionofmeasurementmethodsDirectmeasurementofsteamflows(orotherheattransferfluid)andcharacteristicsatthecogenerationfacilitytakingintoconsiderationenergycontentinsteamandcondensatereturn.Module:VCSVersion4.127andprocedurestobeapplied:Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:AggregatedannuallyQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:Calorimetersmustberoutinelycalibrated,inspected,andmaintainedaccordingtomanufacturerspecifications.Purposeofdata:CalculationofprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:SeeaboveComments:Invoicesand/orcontractswiththethirdpartymustbeinplacetoallowproperdatacollection.Data/Parameter:𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛,𝑦Dataunit:MWhDescription:QuantityofelectricityproducedbytheCogenerationunitEquations(3)Sourceofdata:Utilityreceipts/invoicesormetereddata.Descriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:Measuredfromelectricitymetersorcalculatedfromreceipts/invoices.Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:AggregatedannuallyQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:Invoicesand/orcontractswiththethirdpartyPurposeofdata:CalculationofprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:SeeaboveComments:Invoicesand/orcontractswiththethirdpartymustbeinplacetoallowproperdatacollection.Data/Parameter:𝑄𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑦Module:VCSVersion4.128Dataunit:MWhDescription:QuantityofelectricityconsumedbythestoragemoduleEquations(4)and(13)Sourceofdata:Utilityreceipts/invoicesormetereddataforoff-griduse.Descriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:Measuredfromelectricitymetersorcalculatedfromreceipts/invoices.Engineeringestimatesbasedonequipmentsizeandmanufacturerefficiencyestimatescanbeusedforequipmentwhereitcanbedemonstratedthatthespecificelectricityconsumptionoftheequipmentislessthan1%ofthetotalelectricityconsumption.Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:AggregatedannuallyQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:Electricitymetersmustberoutinelycalibrated,inspected,andmaintainedaccordingtomanufacturerspecifications.Purposeofdata:CalculationofprojectandleakageemissionsCalculationmethod:SeeaboveComments:Data/Parameter:𝐸𝐹𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐Dataunit:tCO2e/MWhDescription:EmissionsfactorforelectricitygenerationincludingupstreamemissionsfromelectricitygenerationandtransportEquations(4)Sourceofdata:Thefollowingdatasourcesmaybeused:1)Forgridelectricityconsumption,regionalemissionfactorsfromcompliancetools,anddatapublishedbyStateorNationalgovernmentmustbeused.Examplesofsuchtools/sourcesarelistedinAppendixIofVMD00XX:CO2CapturefromAir(DirectAirCapture).2)Renewableenergy(i.e.,wind,solar,hydro)fromadedicated/off-gridcaptivesourceisdeemedtohavenoemissions.3)Forelectricityconsumptionfromadedicatedgeothermalpowerplant,CO2emissionsfromthereleaseofnon-condensablegasesmustbeconsideredintheemissionfactorasprovidedbytheoperatorofthegeothermalpowerplant.DescriptionofmeasurementmethodsInlinewithdatasourcesused.Module:VCSVersion4.129andprocedurestobeapplied:Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:AnnualQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:Usethelatestpublisheddataortoolsbythesourcesatthetimeofreportingprojectemissions.Purposeofdata:CalculationofprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:N/AComments:Data/Parameter:𝑇𝑥,𝑦Dataunit:hourDescription:VentinghoursinyearyEquations(5)and(6)Sourceofdata:MeasurementonsiteDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:VentingtimemustberecordedFrequencyofmonitoring/recording:MonitoredcontinuouslyQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:Purposeofdata:CalculationofprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:N/AComments:-Module:VCSVersion4.130Data/Parameter:𝑇𝑖,𝑦Dataunit:hourDescription:OperatinghoursofcomponentiinyearyEquations(8)and(9)Sourceofdata:MeasurementonsiteDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:TheoperatingtimeofthemonitoredcomponentmustberecordedFrequencyofmonitoring/recording:MonitoredcontinuouslyQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:Purposeofdata:CalculationofprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:N/AComments:-Data/Parameter:𝑄𝐿𝐸Dataunit:tCO2eDescription:QuantityofCO2releasedasaresultofaleakeventfromthestoragereservoirEquations(10)Sourceofdata:CalculatedbasedonproceduresasprovidedinSection6.1.5Descriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:CalculatedbasedonproceduresasprovidedinSection6.1.5Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:ContinuouslyModule:VCSVersion4.131QA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:Dependingonthemethod(s)usedPurposeofdata:CalculationofprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:CalculatedbasedonproceduresasprovidedinSection6.1.5Comments:Data/Parameter:𝑄𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑,𝑦Dataunit:tCO2eDescription:MaximumundetectedquantityofCO2thatmayhaveleakedEquations(10)Sourceofdata:CalculatedbasedonproceduresasprovidedinSection5.2.6Descriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:CalculatedbasedonproceduresasprovidedinSection5.2.6Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:UpdatedinlinewiththeupdatedmonitoringprogramQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:Dependingonthemethod(s)usedPurposeofdata:CalculationofprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:CalculatedbasedonproceduresasprovidedinSection6.1.5Comments:7.3DescriptionoftheMonitoringProgramEachprojectmusthaveamonitoringprogram.ThemonitoringprogrammustsupportthepermanentstorageofCO2injectedbyensuringthecontainmentoftheplumeovertime.Thismustincludesurfaceandsubsurfaceequipmentforcontinuousmonitoring(e.g.,pressureandtemperaturegauges),andadefinedmonitoringprogram(e.g.,setseismicdataacquisitionfrequencies).Module:VCSVersion4.132AlossofconformanceoccursiftheinjectedCO2doesnotadheretothepredictedbehaviorbasedonthereservoirmodelbutremainswithinthetargetgeologicalstoragecomplexanddoesnotmigrateoutsideofaseal(s).Alossofconformancemayleadtoalossofcontainment.AlossofcontainmentoccursiftheinjectedCO2migratesoutofthegeologicalstoragecomplexanditsrespectiveseal(s).Alossofcontainmentmayoccurinanotherzoneordirectlyintheatmosphere.Thiscanoccuralongawellboreornaturalorinducedfracturesforexample.AsimplifiedrepresentationofthesubsurfaceisprovidedinFigure3,acknowledgingthecomplexityandheterogeneityofthesubsurface,onlyonetypeofreservoirandseveralpotentialflowpathwaysareprovidedasexamples.Figure3:SimplifiedrepresentationoflossofcontainmentandconformanceexamplesInadditiontotherequirementsgivenintheVCSStandardandtheGCSRequirements,themonitoringprogramdocumentmust:•Outlinethemandatorymonitoringpoint(s)forCO2injectiondownstreamofallintermediatestorage,compression,orotherCO2conditioning.Thelocationofthemandatorymonitoringpointsmustbeasfollows:oforonshoreinjectionwells:▪nofartherthan300mbyrun-of-pipefromallinjectionwellhead(s),whenmultipleinjectionwellheadsareservedbyonemandatorymonitoringpoint:or▪nofartherthan100mbyrun-of-pipefortheinjectionwellhead,whenoneinjectionwellheadisservedbyonemandatorymonitoringpoint.Module:VCSVersion4.133oforoffshoreinjectionwells:▪nofartherthan300mbyrun-of-pipefromthepipelinelandfallpoint,whenoff-shorewellsareconnectedbysub-seapipelinetoon-shorefacilities;or▪nofartherthan300mbyrun-of-pipefromthesubmersionpoint,whenoff-shorewellsareconnectedtofixedorfloatingplatforms.•Describetechniquesusedtodetect,localize,andquantifysubsurfaceCO2movementoutsidethegeologicalstoragecomplexoftheproject,includingrelevantparametersofeachtechniquesuchasthedetectionthreshold,probabilityofdetection,resolution,andfrequency,•Defineaspecificdetectionthresholdtodetectalossofcontainment(e.g.,tCO2/yearortCO2)foreachmonitoringtechnique.•Definetheexpectedmeantimetodetectalossofcontainmentattheproject-specificthresholdforeachmonitoringtechniqueusedintermittently(consideringtheplannedfrequencyofuse).Thespecificdetectionthresholdtodetectalossofcontainmentandtheexpectedmeantimetodetectionmustalsobespecifiedintheprojectdescriptiondocument.•Outlinehowthereservoirmodelandmonitoringapproachesareusedtolocalizeandquantifythelossofcontainment,and•Definethemaximumundetectedleak(𝑄𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑,𝑦)byconsideringallthefollowing:oLeakestimationsforeachlikelypathway(basedoneachuniquelossofcontainmentincident)andthesummationoftheemissionsreleasedfromeachpathway,respectively(totalsum);oForcontinuousmonitoringapproaches,thethresholdfordetectionasdefinedinthemonitoringprogramdocument;andoFordiscontinuousmonitoringapproachesthethresholdfordetectionandtheexpectedmeantimetodetectalossofcontainmentasdefinedinthemonitoringprogramdocument.UponidentificationofalossofCO2conformance,andpriortothenextverification,theproponentmust:•Evaluatethepotentialforcurrentorfuturereleasetotheatmosphere;•Identifytherootcause(s)forthelossofconformance,and•RevisethemonitoringprogramtoreflectthechangedCO2migration.Upondetectionofalossofcontainment,theprojectmusthaltinjectionattheaffectedstoragesite.Module:VCSVersion4.134Uponlocalizationandquantificationofalossofcontainment,theproponentmustconductanassessmenttodetermineifthelossofcontainmentcanberepaired.Theprojectmaynotresumeinjectionattheconcernedstoragesiteuntilcontainmentisfullyre-established.Attheconcernedstoragesite,theprojectwillnotgenerateemissionsreductionorremovalcreditsuntilthefollowingconditionsareresolved:•Thelossofcontainmentisstopped,permanentstorageisrestored;and•Thelossofcontainmentisquantified.ProjectsarenolongereligibleifthequantityofCO2lostismorethan10%ofthetotalCO2injectedquantityintheprojecttodate.Projectproponentsmustfollowjurisdictionalregulationswheretheprojectactivityoccurs.TheproceduresoftheVCSProgramDocumentsRegistrationandIssuanceProcessandtheGCSNon-PermanenceRiskToolapplyifalossofcontainmentoccurs.Module:VCSVersion4.1358REFERENCESAlbertaGovernment(2015):QuantificationprotocolforCO2captureandpermanentstorageindeepsalineaquifers.https://open.alberta.ca/publications/9780778572213.AmericanCarbonRegistry(2021):Methodologyforthequantification,monitoring,reportingandverificationofgreenhousegasemissionsreductionsandremovalsfromcarboncaptureandstorageprojects,availableat:https://americancarbonregistry.org/carbon-accounting/standards-methodologies/carbon-capture-and-storage-in-oil-and-gas-reservoirs/acr-ccs-v1-1-new-format.pdfAustralianGovernment(2021):Carboncaptureandstoragemethod:proposednewmethodundertheEmissionsReductionFund.https://consult.industry.gov.au/cer/carbon-capture-and-storage-draft-method/.CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard(2018):CarbonCaptureandSequestrationProtocolundertheLowCarbonFuelStandard.https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/carbon-capture-sequestrationEU(2009),Directive2009/31/ECoftheEuropeanParliamentandoftheCouncilof23April2009onthegeologicalstorageofcarbondioxideandamendingCouncilDirective85/337/EEC,EuropeanParliamentandCouncilDirectives2000/60/EC,2001/80/EC,2004/35/EC,2006/12/EC,2008/1/ECandRegulation(EC)No1013/2006(1).OfficialJournaloftheEuropeanUnion2009;L140:114-35EUCommission(2022):ImpactAssessmentReportPart1/2andPart2/2.AccompanyingdocumentstoProposalforaRegulationoftheEuropeanParliamentandoftheCouncilestablishingaUnioncertificationframeworkforcarbonremovals,EUCommissionStaffWorkingDocument.Brussels.EUR-Lex-52022SC0377-EN-EUR-Lex(europa.eu)ForbesSarahM.;VermaPreeti;CurryThomasE.;FriedmannS.Julio;WadeSarahM.(2008):GuidelinesforCarbonCapture,TransportandStorage,WorldResourcesInstitute,Washingtonhttps://files.wri.org/d8/s3fs-public/pdf/ccs_guidelines.pdfIETA(2022):High-LevelCriteriaforCarbonGeostorageActivities.ProvisionalVersion1.0.PowerPointPresentation(ieta.org)InternationalOrganizationforStandardization(2017):ISO/TR27915:2017Carbondioxidecapture,transportationandgeologicalstorage—Quantificationandverification.Geneva,Switzerland.IPCC(2005):IPCCSpecialReportonCarbonDioxideCaptureandStorage.PreparedbyWorkingGroupIIIoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange[Metz,B.O.Davidson,H.C.deConinck,M.Loos,andL.A.Meyer(eds.)].CambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge,UnitedKingdomandNewYork,NY,USA,442pp.Availableat:https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/srccs_wholereport-1.pdfIPCC2006,2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories,PreparedbytheNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesProgramme,EgglestonH.S.,BuendiaL.,MiwaK.,NgaraT.andTanabeK.(eds).Published:IGES,Japan.Module:VCSVersion4.136IPCC2019,2019Refinementtothe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories,CalvoBuendia,E.,Tanabe,K.,Kranjc,A.,Baasansuren,J.,Fukuda,M.,Ngarize,S.,Osako,A.,Pyrozhenko,Y.,Shermanau,P.andFederici,S.(eds).Published:IPCC,Switzerland.MikeMcCormick,CenterForClimateandEnergySolutions(2012):AGreenhouseGasAccountingFrameworkforCarbonCaptureandStorageProjects.https://www.c2es.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/CCS-framework.pdfUNFCCC,ConsiderationoftheinclusionofCO2captureandstorageingeologicalformationsascleandevelopmentmechanismprojectactivities(2011),https://cdm.unfccc.int/about/ccs/index.htmlU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)(2010):GeneralTechnicalSupportDocumentforInjectionandGeologicSequestrationofCarbonDioxide:SubpartsRRandUUGreenhouseGasReportingProgram.OfficeofAirandRadiation.
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