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Can Federal Eorts Help Build Economic Resilience in New Mexico’s Oil and Gas Communities? A

Can Federal Eorts Help

Build Economic Resilience

in New Mexico’s Oil and Gas

Communities?

Daniel Raimi and Zach Whitlock

Report 23-11

August 2023

Resources for the Future i

About the Authors

Daniel Raimi is a fellow at Resources for the Future (RFF) and a lecturer at the

Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy at the University of Michigan. He works on a

range of energy policy issues with a focus on tools to enable an equitable energy

transition. He has published in academic journals including Science, Science Advances,

Environmental Science and Technology, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Review

of Environmental Economics and Policy, Energy Research and Social Science, and

Energy Policy and in popular outlets including The New Republic, Newsweek, Slate,

and Fortune. He has presented his research for policymakers, industry, and other

stakeholders around the United States and internationally, including before the

Energy and Mineral Resources Subcommittee of the US House’s Natural Resources

Committee. In 2017, he published The Fracking Debate (Columbia University Press),

a book that combines stories from his travels to dozens of oil- and gas-producing

regions with a detailed examination of key policy issues.

Zach Whitlock is a research analyst at RFF. He graduated from the University of

Pennsylvania in 2020 with a B.S.E. in Materials Science and Engineering and a B.A. in

Earth Science. He then earned his MPhil in Environmental Policy from the University

of Cambridge, where his dissertation focused on tracking trends in the climate

change discourse of environmental lobbying organizations. Before Cambridge, his

research interests lay at the intersection of materials engineering and environmental

stewardship. Prior to joining RFF, he covered recent developments in voluntary ESG

and climate initiatives for Longview Global Advisors.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the sta of Senator Martin Heinrich, in particular Anaïs Borja

and Edward Tabet-Gubero, who provided logistical support and contacts for this work.

Thank you to Chelcie Henry-Robertson of Environmental Defense Fund, Briana Lyssy

of BakerHughes, Monika Ehrman of Southern Methodist University, and Andrew Curley

of the University of Arizona for participating in stakeholder meetings in New Mexico.

Above all, we are grateful for the time and expertise shared with us by the dozens of

stakeholders who allowed us to interview them for this research. We hope that this

work, and future research, supports their eorts to build economic resilience in their

communities. A full list of meeting participants can be found in Appendix A of this

report. Funding for this analysis was provided by Environmental Defense Fund and by

Resources for the Future’s Equity in the Energy Transition initiative.

Can Federal Eorts Help Build Economic Resilience in New Mexico’s Oil and Gas Communities? ii

About RFF

Resources for the Future (RFF) is an independent, nonprofit research institution in

Washington, DC. Its mission is to improve environmental, energy, and natural resource

decisions through impartial economic research and policy engagement. RFF is

committed to being the most widely trusted source of research insights and policy

solutions leading to a healthy environment and a thriving economy.

The views expressed here are those of the individual authors and may dier from those

of other RFF experts, its oicers, or its directors.

Sharing Our Work

Our work is available for sharing and adaptation under an Attribution-

NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. You

can copy and redistribute our material in any medium or format; you must give

appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made,

and you may not apply additional restrictions. You may do so in any reasonable

manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.

You may not use the material for commercial purposes. If you remix, transform, or

build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material. For more

information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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CanFederalEffortsHelpBuildEconomicResilienceinNewMexico’sOilandGasCommunities?ACanFederalEffortsHelpBuildEconomicResilienceinNewMexico’sOilandGasCommunities?DanielRaimiandZachWhitlockReport23-11August2023ResourcesfortheFutureiAbouttheAuthorsDanielRaimiisafellowatResourcesfortheFuture(RFF)andalecturerattheGeraldR.FordSchoolofPublicPolicyattheUniversityofMichigan.Heworksonarangeofenergypolicyissueswithafocusontoolstoenableanequitableenergytransition.HehaspublishedinacademicjournalsincludingScience,ScienceAdvances,EnvironmentalScienceandTechnology,JournalofEconomicPerspectives,ReviewofEnvironmentalEconomicsandPolicy,EnergyResearchandSocialScience,andEnergyPolicyandinpopularoutletsincludingTheNewRepublic,Newsweek,Slate,andFortune.Hehaspresentedhisresearchforpolicymakers,industry,andotherstakeholdersaroundtheUnitedStatesandinternationally,includingbeforetheEnergyandMineralResourcesSubcommitteeoftheUSHouse’sNaturalResourcesCommittee.In2017,hepublishedTheFrackingDebate(ColumbiaUniversityPress),abookthatcombinesstoriesfromhistravelstodozensofoil-andgas-producingregionswithadetailedexaminationofkeypolicyissues.ZachWhitlockisaresearchanalystatRFF.HegraduatedfromtheUniversityofPennsylvaniain2020withaB.S.E.inMaterialsScienceandEngineeringandaB.A.inEarthScience.HethenearnedhisMPhilinEnvironmentalPolicyfromtheUniversityofCambridge,wherehisdissertationfocusedontrackingtrendsintheclimatechangediscourseofenvironmentallobbyingorganizations.BeforeCambridge,hisresearchinterestslayattheintersectionofmaterialsengineeringandenvironmentalstewardship.PriortojoiningRFF,hecoveredrecentdevelopmentsinvoluntaryESGandclimateinitiativesforLongviewGlobalAdvisors.AcknowledgementsWewouldliketothankthestaffofSenatorMartinHeinrich,inparticularAnaïsBorjaandEdwardTabet-Gubero,whoprovidedlogisticalsupportandcontactsforthiswork.ThankyoutoChelcieHenry-RobertsonofEnvironmentalDefenseFund,BrianaLyssyofBakerHughes,MonikaEhrmanofSouthernMethodistUniversity,andAndrewCurleyoftheUniversityofArizonaforparticipatinginstakeholdermeetingsinNewMexico.Aboveall,wearegratefulforthetimeandexpertisesharedwithusbythedozensofstakeholderswhoallowedustointerviewthemforthisresearch.Wehopethatthiswork,andfutureresearch,supportstheireffortstobuildeconomicresilienceintheircommunities.AfulllistofmeetingparticipantscanbefoundinAppendixAofthisreport.FundingforthisanalysiswasprovidedbyEnvironmentalDefenseFundandbyResourcesfortheFuture’sEquityintheEnergyTransitioninitiative.CanFederalEffortsHelpBuildEconomicResilienceinNewMexico’sOilandGasCommunities?iiAboutRFFResourcesfortheFuture(RFF)isanindependent,nonprofitresearchinstitutioninWashington,DC.Itsmissionistoimproveenvironmental,energy,andnaturalresourcedecisionsthroughimpartialeconomicresearchandpolicyengagement.RFFiscommittedtobeingthemostwidelytrustedsourceofresearchinsightsandpolicysolutionsleadingtoahealthyenvironmentandathrivingeconomy.TheviewsexpressedherearethoseoftheindividualauthorsandmaydifferfromthoseofotherRFFexperts,itsofficers,oritsdirectors.SharingOurWorkOurworkisavailableforsharingandadaptationunderanAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives4.0International(CCBY-NC-ND4.0)license.Youcancopyandredistributeourmaterialinanymediumorformat;youmustgiveappropriatecredit,providealinktothelicense,andindicateifchangesweremade,andyoumaynotapplyadditionalrestrictions.Youmaydosoinanyreasonablemanner,butnotinanywaythatsuggeststhelicensorendorsesyouoryouruse.Youmaynotusethematerialforcommercialpurposes.Ifyouremix,transform,orbuilduponthematerial,youmaynotdistributethemodifiedmaterial.Formoreinformation,visithttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.ResourcesfortheFutureiiiAbstractEffortstoreducegreenhousegasemissionsareprojectedtoreducedemandforoilandnaturalgas,creatingeconomicrisksforthehundredsofcommunitiesandhundredsofthousandsofworkerswhodependonthoseindustries.However,verylittleresearchhassoughttoidentifypolicyoptionsforbuildingeconomicresilienceinoil-andgas-producingcommunities.Inthisanalysis,weusesemistructuredinterviewswithstakeholdersinNewMexico’soil-andgas-producingregionstounderstandhowthefederalgovernmentcansupportlocaleffortstostrengtheneconomicdiversification.Wefindthatalthoughlocalstakeholdersaregenerallyskepticalofthefederalgovernment,theywouldbereceptivetofederalsupport.However,numerouschallengesstandinthewayofeffectivefederalintervention,includinginsufficientcapacitytoaccessandadministerfederalgrants,barrierstoeconomicdevelopmentonfederallands,anddisagreementsamongstakeholdersaboutcertainenergytechnologies,particularlycarboncapture.Inaddition,itisnotclearwhicheconomicsectorsmightreplacethehigh-payingjobsandsubstantialtaxrevenuesgeneratedbyoilandgasdevelopment.Ourinterviewsindicatethatbuildingeconomicresilienceinthestate’soilandgascommunitieswillbechallenging,andrequireearly,substantive,andongoingengagementwithawiderangeoflocalstakeholderstoensurethatfederalresourcessupportlocalpriorities.CanFederalEffortsHelpBuildEconomicResilienceinNewMexico’sOilandGasCommunities?ivContents1.Introduction12.BackgroundandContext22.1.HistoryofOilandGasDevelopmentinNewMexico32.1.1.TheSanJuanandPermianBasins42.1.2.TheEconomicandFiscalImportanceofOilandGasinNewMexico62.1.3.StateEffortstoBuildEconomicResilienceintheEnergyTransition62.1.4.FederalEffortstoBuildEconomicResilienceintheEnergyTransition73.Methods84.KeyFindings94.1.SanJuanBasin104.2.PermianBasin124.3.StatewideIssues135.Conclusion146.References15Appendix:NewMexicoStakeholderInterviews19CanFederalEffortsHelpBuildEconomicResilienceinNewMexico’sOilandGasCommunities?11.IntroductionIn2022,theUnitedStateswastheworld’slargestproducerofoilandgas,withNewMexicoaccountingfor13and6percentofdomesticproduction,respectively(EIA2023).Althoughresearchersandpolicymakershavepaidconsiderableattentiontotheeconomictransitionofenergycommunitiesaftercoalplantandcoalmineclosures,farlessattentionhasbeenpaidtotheoilandgassector,whichcurrentlyplaysamuchlargerroleintheUSeconomy.AlthoughUSoilandgasproductionisatornearall-timehighsnationallyandinNewMexico,scholarsandpractitionersfocusedonthelocaleconomicchallengesofenergytransitionsemphasizetheimportanceofbuildingeconomicresiliencewellbeforeaprolongeddownturncausesirreparabledamage(Haggertyetal.2018;JustTransitionFund2020;Looketal.2021).Long-termprojectionsofglobalenergydemandindicatethatevenunderscenariosthatlimitglobalwarmingto1.5°Cor2°C,oilandnaturalgaswillcontinuetoplayanimportantroleintheenergysystemforatleast10to20years(Raimietal.2023).However,buildingeconomicdiversityinoil-andgas-producingregionswilllikelyrequireyears,ifnotdecades,ofplanningandinvestment,suggestingtheneedtodevelopstrategiesassoonaspossible.Thepurposeofouranalysisistobeginthisprocessbyidentifyingthechallengesandopportunitiesfacingoil-andgas-producingcommunitiesastheyseektobuildeconomicresilienceinthefaceofanuncertaineconomicfuture.Togatherthisinformation,wetraveledtotwomajoroil-andgas-producingregionsinNewMexicoandinterviewedawiderangeofstakeholdersoveroneweek.Ourresultsareoneofmanyinputsthatwillbeneededtodeveloppoliciesatthefederallevelthatcanmitigatethenegativeconsequencesofaturnawayfromfossilfuels.AlthoughtheInflationReductionActof2022andseveralotherfederaleffortshavebeguntargetingfederaleconomicsupporttocommunitiesthatareheavilydependentonfossilfuels,webelieve—andourinterviewresultsreveal—thattheseeffortsrepresentonlythebeginningofaprocessthatdemandssustainedengagementbetweenfederalagenciesandlocalstakeholders.Theremainderofthisreportproceedsasfollows.First,weprovidehistoricalcontextforoilandgasdevelopmentinthePermianandSanJuanbasinregionsofNewMexico,alongwithsummariesofstate-levelpoliciesthathaveshapedthecourseofeconomicdiversificationandenergytransition.Inthesecondsection,wedescribethemethodsforoursemistructuredinterviewswithstakeholders.Finally,wesynthesizethetakeawaysfromthoseconversationstoinformfederalpolicymakingforeconomicresilienceintheenergytransition.ResourcesfortheFuture22.BackgroundandContextNewMexicohasalonghistoryofnaturalresourcedevelopment.AncientPuebloanculturesdistributedturquoiseacrosstraderoutesthatincludedpartsofNewMexico,California,Nevada,andColoradoforperhapsmorethan1,000years(Hulletal.2014),andtheregion’sHopipeopleusedcoalforhouseholdheatingandpotteryproductionforhundredsofyearspriortoEuropeancolonization(Freese2003,112).Inthe1500s,earlySpanishcolonistspursuedillusorytrovesofpreviousmetalsinthearea(Fergusonetal.1985).Commercialoilandnaturalgasproduction,however,camemuchlater,andwascenteredintheSanJuanandPermianbasins(Figure1).Figure1.NewMexico’sSanJuanandPermianBasins,SelectNativeAmericanReservations,andCitiesSource:MapbyauthorsAlbuquerqueHobbsCarlsbadDulceAztecFarmingtonNavajoNation(reservationandoff-reservationtrustland)JicarillaApacheNationSanJuanbasinPermianbasinChacoCultureNationalHistoricParkCanFederalEffortsHelpBuildEconomicResilienceinNewMexico’sOilandGasCommunities?32.1.HistoryofOilandGasDevelopmentinNewMexicoOilproductionbeganintheSanJuanbasinintheearly1920s.NewMexico’sfirstcommercialwellwasdrilledin1922ontheNavajoNation,roughly20mileswestofFarmington,aftertheNavajoNationCouncil,whichwasestablishedinpartbytheDepartmentofInteriorfortheexpresspurposeofapprovingleases,agreedtotheactivity(Curley2023,48).1Twoyearslater,newwellsatRattlesnakeDome,alsoontheNavajoNation,usheredinamoreprolificeraofproduction.Insubsequentyears,thefederalgovernmentandtheNavajoNationwoulddisputerevenue-sharingarrangements(Holtby2013,79),foreshadowingalonghistoryofproblemsrelatedtofederalmismanagementoftribalresources(Groganetal.2011).Bythelate1920s,oilproductionbeganinthesoutheasterncornerofNewMexicoasoilcompaniesmovedfromtheTexastotheNewMexicosideofthePermianbasin,spendingathen-unprecedentedsumof$15millionto$18milliononexplorationinasingleyear(Modisett2009).Theflatdesertplainposedchallengesforcompanies,whosegeologistsofteninterpretedsurfacefeaturestodeterminepromisingdrillinglocations(Wells2017).In1928,StateNo.1wellcamein,aneventwidelyconsidered“themostimportantsinglediscoveryofoilinNewMexico’shistory”(Wells2013).Inthefollowingyears,productionsurgedintheNewMexicoPermian.Indeed,thecityofHobbswasbrieflythefastest-growingtownintheUnitedStates(Clampitt2008).EventhroughtheGreatDepression,theindustrygrewrapidly:themarketvalueofoiltripledfrom1932to1942(NMMA2012).Fromtheearly1940sto1970,oilproductionfromtheSanJuanandPermianbasinstripled,fromroughly40milliontomorethan120millionbarrelsperyear;naturalgasproductionincreasedbyafactorof5(BristerandPrice2002,3).Gasoutputcontinuedtogrowoverthefollowingdecades,butoilproductionpeakedinthe1970sandbegantodecline,mirroringnationaltrends(BristerandPrice2002,2).AlthoughwedonotfocusonNewMexico’slonghistoryofcoal,uranium,orotherminingactivitiesinthisanalysis,itisimportanttounderstandhowtheyhaveshapedperceptionsofextractiveindustries.Inparticular,decadesofneglectandmismanagementrelatedtouraniummininginandaroundtheNavajoNationduringthemid-20thcenturycausedextensiveenvironmentalandhealthharms,includingwidespreadexposuretohighconcentrationsofradongasinpoorlyventilatedminesandmismanagementofminingwaste(Roscoeetal.1995;Gillilandetal.2000;RECP2002).Thislegacy,inturn,hascontributedtoantagonismsbetweenregional,tribal,andfederalofficials(BruggeandGoble2002).Inthe1970s,asglobaloilpricesskyrocketedprimarilybecauseofeventsintheMiddleEast,federalenergypolicythatsoughttoexploitthevastfossilfuelresourcesoftheFourCornersregionbecameanorganizingpoliticalforceinNewMexicoandelsewhereintheIntermountainWest(Griffith1974).InresponsetoWashington’scrisis-eraenergyplanning,negotiatedwithlittleornoconsultationwithstates,10westerngovernorsformedtheWesternGovernors’Association,whoseRegionalPolicyOfficeidentifiedlegaltoolsavailabletodevelopenergyresourcesattheirownpace(Lamm1975).Similarly,leadersof25NativenationsorganizedtheCouncilofEnergyResourceTribes,whichhelpedreformfederal1SeeHoltby(2013,78–81)foradetailedaccountoftheformationoftheNavajoNationCouncil.ResourcesfortheFuture4policysothattribescouldexertmorecontrolovermineraldevelopmentandbebettercompensatedforenergyproductionoccurringontheirreservations(Ambler1990;Royster1994;Black2018).Inthe1980s,asoilpricescrashedandthedomesticenergycrisisfaded,pressuretodevelopthestate’sresources—particularlyoilandnaturalgas—eased.2.1.1.TheSanJuanandPermianBasinsOverroughlythepast30years,boththeSanJuanandPermianbasinshaveseendrillingbooms.Inthe1990s,newtechnologiesenabledtherapidgrowthofcoalbedmethaneproduction,sendingnaturalgasproductionintheSanJuanbasinsurgingfromessentiallyzerotomorethan3billioncubicfeetperdaybythelate1990s.Duringthattime,theminingsectorgrewtoaccountforalmosthalfoftheregion’seconomicoutput.However,asFigure2illustrates,thisboomfadedrelativelyquicklyasnaturalgasproductionshiftedtomoreprofitableplaysexploiting“tight”gasandshalegasformationsinotherpartsofthenation.By2021,theSanJuanbasin’snaturalgasproductionhadfallenbymorethanhalf.Coupledwitharegionaldeclineincoalminingandcoal-firedpowergeneration,thedeclineinnaturalgasproductionhasbeenaleadingcauseoftheregion’sshrinkingeconomicoutput.Figure2.NewMexicoSanJuanBasinNaturalGasProductionandEconomicOutput,bySectorDatasources:NewMexicoInstituteofMiningandTechnology(2023)forproductiondataandUSBureauofEconomicAnalysisforgrosseconomicoutputdata.Thedatawegatheredfor1992productionwereimplausiblyhigh(i.e.,ordersofmagnitudehigherthananyotheryearinthedataset),sothelevelofproductionin1992shownhereisinterpolatedfrom1991and1993data.bcf=billioncubicfeet.CanFederalEffortsHelpBuildEconomicResilienceinNewMexico’sOilandGasCommunities?5DevelopmentinNewMexico’sPermianbasinhasfollowedaverydifferentpathinrecentdecades.Althoughoilandgasproductioncontinuedinthisregionafteritsinceptioninthelate1920s,improvementsinoilfieldtechnology—particularlyhorizontaldrillingandhydraulicfracturing—ledtoanewboomthathasmadethePermianbasinoneoftheworld’spremieroilplays.Between2010and2021,productiononNewMexico’ssideofthePermianbasingrewfromlessthan0.2millionbarrelsperday(mbd)tomorethan1.2mbd(productionfromtheTexassideofthePermianbasingrewtoexceedmorethan4mbd).LocaleconomicoutputintheNewMexicoPermianhasroughlydoubledoverthepast20yearsinrealterms,drivenbytheminingindustry,whichin2021accountedformorethanhalfofthetotal(Figure3).InboththeSanJuanandPermianbasins,employmentintheoilandgasindustryisalsosubstantial.Thesejobsareparticularlyimportantbecausetheytypicallypayhighwages,sometimes$100,000ayearormore(USBureauofLaborStatistics2023),sustainingfamiliesandsupportingotherlocalbusinessesindirectly.Figure3.NewMexicoPermianBasinOilProductionandEconomicOutput,bySectorDatasources:NewMexicoInstituteofMiningandTechnology(2023)forproductiondataandUSBureauofEconomicAnalysisforgrosseconomicoutputdata.Thedatawegatheredfor1992productionwereimplausiblyhigh(i.e.,ordersofmagnitudehigherthananyotheryearinthedataset),sothelevelofproductionin1992shownhereisinterpolatedfrom1991and1993data.bbl=barrels.ResourcesfortheFuture62.1.2.TheEconomicandFiscalImportanceofOilandGasinNewMexicoForNewMexico,theeconomicimportanceoftheoilandgasindustryextendswellbeyondtheboundariesoftheSanJuanandPermianbasins.ParticularlywiththeboominproductioninthePermianbasin,wherealargeproportionofproductionoccursonlandownedbythestateandfederalgovernments,thestatehascometorelyheavilyontheindustryfortaxandleasingrevenuetosupportpublicservices,notjustinandaroundtheproducingregionsbutacrosstheentirestate.Onerecentanalysisestimatesthatbetween2015and2019,oilandgasproduction-relatedactivitiesdirectlygenerated$2.3billionperyearforstateandlocalbudgets(Raimietal.2022),andthosesumshaveincreasedinrecentyears.In2022,NewMexicocollectedmorethan$2.5billionfromoilandgasroyaltiesonfederallands(ONRR2023)andmorethan$2billionfromproductiononstatelands(NewMexicoStateLandOffice2023).Theserevenuesfundannualexpenditures,andrevenuesfromstatelandsaredepositedintotheLandGrantPermanentFund,whoseprincipalhasgrownovertime;thefundnowallocatesmorethan$1billionperyeartopublicschools,universities,andinclusiveeducationprograms(NMSIC2023).Asfossilfuelrevenueshavegrown,stateandfederalpolicymakershaveincreasingly(andsomewhatparadoxically)focusedontheneedtoreducegreenhousegasemissions.Recognizingtherisktopublicrevenuessuchatransitionwouldcreate,someresearchers,policymakers,andadvocateshavesoughttoidentifyoptionstoensurethatpublicbudgetsremainsolventasconsumptionandproductionofoilandgasdecline(NMVoicesforChildren2023;PFM2023).Forexample,NewMexicoSenatorMartinHeinrichintroducedin2021theSchoolsandStateBudgetsCertaintyAct,whichwouldreplacefederalmineralleasingrevenuewithtemporary“energytransitionpayments”(Volcovici2021).Similarly,thefederalInteragencyWorkingGrouponEnergyCommunities(IWG)hasestablishedtheFourCornersRapidResponseTeamtosupporteconomicandrevenuediversificationintheSanJuanbasin;suchteamshavealsobeencreatedforseveralothercoal-dependentregions(IWG2022).2.1.3.StateEffortstoBuildEconomicResilienceintheEnergyTransitionNewMexicohastakenavarietyofstepstobuildeconomicresiliencewhileadvancingtheenergytransition.In2018,thestatelegislaturepassedtheEnergyTransitionAct(Candelariaetal.2019),whichseekstoreducestatewidepowersectoremissionstonetzeroby2050whilealsosupportingeconomicandworkforcedevelopmenteffortsincoal-dependentcommunities(wenoteissueswithimplementingtheactinSection4).InOctober2021,thestateEconomicDevelopmentDepartment(EDD)releaseda20-yearstrategicplanthatidentifiedninetargetindustriestopromote:aerospace,biosciences,cybersecurity,filmandtelevision,outdoorrecreation,sustainableandvalued-addedagriculture,intelligentmanufacturing,globaltrade,andsustainableandgreenenergy(NewMexicoEDD2021).Developinglow-carbonenergysourcespresentsanothereconomicopportunity,althoughstate-supportresearchfrom2020foundthatmanyworkersperceivedlow-carbonenergyjobsasundesirablebecauseofrelativelylowwagesandhighbarrierstoentry(UNM2020).CanFederalEffortsHelpBuildEconomicResilienceinNewMexico’sOilandGasCommunities?7In2023,statelegislatorsbudgeted$100millionforavarietyofenergytransitionefforts,includingworkforce,economic,andinfrastructuredevelopment.AsubstantialportionofthefundingwasearmarkedtosupportdisplacedcoalworkersintheSanJuanbasin,alongwithroughly$37millionthatwouldbeallocatedbyEDDfollowinginputfromstakeholdergroups(Diaz2023).Therewasalsoanefforttoestablish,withinEDD,aneconomictransitiondivisionthatwouldhavedevelopedastatewidetransitionplaninpartnershipwithotherstakeholders.However,thiseffortdidnotsucceedin2023because,accordingtonewsreports(Grover2023a),itwascombinedwithanotherbillthatwouldhavepromotedcarboncapture,nuclear,andbluehydrogen—technologiesopposedbysomestakeholderswhowouldhaveotherwisesupportedtransitionplanningandfunding(wereturntothisissueinSection4).2.1.4.FederalEffortstoBuildEconomicResilienceintheEnergyTransitionRecentfederalpolicieshavealsobeguntosteerresourcestoNewMexicoenergycommunitiestobuildeconomicresilience.AsnotedinSection2.1.2,thefederalIWGonenergycommunitieshasestablishedarapidresponseteamintheSanJuanbasintohelplocalgovernments,Nativenations,andotherstakeholdersaccessfederaleconomicandworkforcedevelopmentresources.Asofthiswriting,theteamisinitsinitial“learningandlistening”phaseandhasidentifiednear-andmid-termfocusareasthatincluderegionalrailexpansion,broadbanddeployment,programsforworkforcedevelopment,andassistancewithfederalgrantwriting(IWG2023).AlthoughprimarilyfocusedontheSanJuanbasinbecauseofcoalretirements(IWG2023),theIWG’sworkcouldhelpmitigatefurthereconomicdamageresultingfromdecliningoilandgasdevelopment.IntheInfrastructureInvestmentandJobsAct,thefederalgovernmentalsoauthorizedroughly$4.7billioninnationwidefundingforidentifyinganddecommissioningorphanedoilandgaswells(DeFazio2021).Thesefundscouldsupportemployment,reduceenvironmentalhazards,andboostlocaleconomiesinboththeSanJuanandPermianbasins,aswellasotherregionswithsubstantialnumbersoforphanedwells(Raimietal.2020;O’Donnell2021).Morebroadly,federallegislation,includingtheInfrastructureInvestmentandJobsAct,theChipsandScienceAct(Ryan2022),andtheInflationReductionAct(Yarmuth2022),hassoughttoboostcleanenergydeploymentandinvigoratedomesticmanufacturingacrossavarietyoftechnologies,includingsemiconductors,cleanenergytechnologies,andtheirsupplychains.AlthoughtheseeffortsarenotspecificallytargetedtowardNewMexicooritsoil-andgas-producingcommunities,theycouldspuradditionalinvestmentinmanufacturing,cleanenergy,andothersectors,helpingtodiversifytheeconomiesofboththeSanJuanandPermianbasins.Asofmid-2023,however,relativelylittlepolicy-inducedinvestmentappearstobeflowingtoeitherregion(HaskinsandParilla2023).InSection4,wediscusswhether,andtowhatextent,localstakeholdersareobservingtheeffectsoftheserelativelynewfederalefforts.ResourcesfortheFuture83.MethodsBetweenMarch13andMarch17,2023,weconducted12semistructuredin-personinterviewswith47individualsfrom22organizationsintheSanJuanandPermianbasinsandinAlbuquerque.2Wesoughtoutindividualsrepresentinglocalgovernments,Nativenations,localeconomicdevelopmentpractitioners,theoilandgasindustry,community-basedenvironmentalorganizations,labororganizations,andotherstakeholders(seeAppendixforthefulllist).Weelicitedviewpointsonwhetherandhowstakeholderswereseekingtobuildlocaleconomicresilienceinthefaceofanuncertainfutureforoilandgasdevelopment.Becauseclimatechangeandenergypoliciesareoftencontentious,weavoidedusingtermsthathavestrongpoliticalsalience,suchas“justtransition,”“energytransition,”or“climatepolicy.”Instead,wespokeabout“economicresilience,”whichwedefinedasalocaleconomythatisrobustagainstfuturetrajectoriesofoilandgasproductionandprices.Wedidnotaskstakeholderstoenvisionanyspecificscenarioorsetofpolicies.Instead,wesoughttounderstandhowtheyhopedtobuildeconomicresilienceinthefaceofanuncertainfuture.Wenotedthatthisuncertaintycouldresultfromgovernmentpolicy,butitcouldalsobetheresultofglobaleconomicconditions,decisionsmadebyOPEC,technologicalinnovations,andmanyotherfactorsthatcouldaffectfuturepricesand/ordemandforoilandnaturalgasinthedecadesahead.Weexplainedthatourgoalwastoinformfederalpolicymakerswhowereconsideringhowbesttosupportlocaleconomicresilienceforoilandgascommunitiesoverthelongterm(e.g.,10–20years),andthatwebelievedthatfederalpolicymakersneededtounderstandlocalperspectivessothattheycouldalignresourceswithlocalpriorities.Eachinterviewwasguidedbyfivebroadquestions,thoughweemphasizedthatstakeholderscouldexpandthescopeoftheconversationtobetterexplainhowtheywereseekingtobuildlocaleconomicresilience.Thefivequestionswereasfollows:1.Whataresomeofthestepsyouaretaking,orconsideringtaking,tohelpbuildeconomicresilienceinyourcommunity?2.Whattypesoffederalpolicies,ifany,doyouthinkwouldbehelpfulinbuildingeconomicresiliencespecificallyinyourcommunity?3.Whatexistingfederalpolicies,includingthoseintheInfrastructureInvestmentandJobsAct(2022)andtheInflationReductionAct(2022),maybehelpfulinpursuingtheseobjectives?2Wealsoconductedavirtualmeetingwithoneindividualrepresentingoneorganization.Allmeetingstookplaceunder“ChathamHouseRules.”Participantswereinformedthattheresearcherswouldbefreetousetheinformationreceived,butthatnocommentswouldbeattributedtoindividualspeakersortheirorganizationswithoutexplicitpermission.Wedidaskwhetherwecouldacknowledgetheparticipationofeachindividualandtheirorganizationinthereport.AllstakeholdersconsentedandarelistedintheAppendix.CanFederalEffortsHelpBuildEconomicResilienceinNewMexico’sOilandGasCommunities?94.Whatexistingfederalpoliciesareyouconcernedcouldinhibitthebuildingofthetypeofresilienteconomythatyouenvision?5.WhatadditionalpoliciesdoyouthinkthefederalgovernmentcouldpursuetosupporteconomicresilienceinUSoil-andgas-producingcommunities,includinginyourcommunity?Interviewsrangedfromroughly45minutestotwohoursandcoveredabroadrangeoftopics.Wedidnotrecordinterviewsbecausewebelievedthatdoingsowouldcauserespondentstospeaklesscandidly.Instead,wetookdetailednotesandateachstageoftheconversation,repeatedtointervieweeswhatweunderstoodtheirpointstobe.Inthefollowingsection,wereportthefindingsfromourinterviews.4.KeyFindingsHere,wesummarizethemainfindingsfromourinterviews,withafocusoninformingfederalpolicymakingtosupporteconomicresilienceintheSanJuanandPermianbasins.•TheSanJuanandPermianbasinsareatdifferentstagesofenergydevelopment,havedifferentneeds,andwilllikelyneedtopursuedifferentstrategiesforbuildingeconomicresilience.WhereastheSanJuanbasinfacesanimmediateeconomiccrisis,thePermianregionisexperiencingrecordlevelsofoilproduction,boostinglocalemploymentandtaxrevenue.FederaleffortstosupporttheseregionswouldneedtoaddressimmediatechallengesintheSanJuanbasinwhileseekingtobuildeconomicresilienceoverthelongerterminthePermian.•Localstakeholdersareskepticalbutwillingtoworkwiththefederalgovernmenttobuildeconomicresilience.Althoughmanyofourintervieweesarenotsupportiveofeffortstoadvancearapidenergytransition,mostwerewillingtoacceptsupportfromthefederalgovernmenttobuildeconomicresilienceagainstanuncertainfuture.•Administrativecapacityisamajorlimitationtoaccessingfederaleconomicdevelopmentsupport.Thisobservationappliestoallpublicentitiesbutparticularlythosewithlimitedcapacity.LeadersofNativenations,countyandmunicipalofficials,andeconomicdevelopmentpractitionersallnotedonerousrequirementsforobtainingfederalfunding.Mostintervieweesbelievethatfuturefederaleffortswouldsucceedonlywithconcurrentsupportforadministrativecapacityand/orsimplifyingreportingrequirements.•Windandsolarenergydevelopmentisunlikelytoreplacejobsandtaxrevenuefromfossilfuels.Moststakeholderssaweffortstoadvancenaturalgas,bluehydrogen,carboncaptureandstorage,geothermal,andheliumdevelopmentasamorelikelypathtosupporthigh-qualityjobsandlocalgovernmentrevenue.However,thesetechnologiesarecontroversialandopposedbysomestakeholders.•Althoughenergytechnologiescanhelpbuildeconomicresilience,itisunclearwhicheconomicsectorsofferthemostpromisingpathwaysforfuturedevelopmentineachregion.Additionalresearchandplanning,ledbylocalstakeholders,willlikelybenecessarytoidentifyspecificstrategiesforeachregion.ResourcesfortheFuture10•Regardlessofwhicheconomicsectorslocalstakeholderschoosetopursue,investmentsinphysicalandsocialinfrastructure,suchasbroadband,transportation,andhealthcare,willbeessentialbuildingblocksforeconomicresilience.Theseinvestmentswillbeparticularlyimportantiflocaltaxrevenues,whichcurrentlysupporttheseservicesandaredrivenbyoilandgasdevelopment,declineintheyearsahead.•Federallandspolicycreateschallengesforeconomicdevelopment.MostofNewMexico’sSanJuanbasinispubliclyowned,withaconsiderableareaownedbythefederalgovernment.Privateandpublicentitiesseekingtoinvestintheentertainment,recreation,andothersectorshavebeenimpededbythechallengesofobtainingpermitsforactivitiesonfederallands.Intheremainderofthissection,wesummarizethefindingsfromourinterviewswithstakeholdersintheSanJuanbasin(4.1)andthePermianbasin(4.2),andweprovideabriefsummaryofstatewideissuesbasedonourinterviewsinAlbuquerque(4.3).4.1.SanJuanBasinAsdescribedinSection2.1.1,fossilfueldevelopmenthasbeenanintegralpartoftheSanJuanbasin’seconomyforgenerations.Thisdevelopmentisnotmerelyaconsequenceoftheregion’swealthinnaturalresource,butalsoadirectresultoffederalenergyplanning,suggestingthatfederalpolicymakersbearaparticularlyimportantresponsibilityforsupportinglocalcommunitiesinatransitiontowardanet-zeroemissionsenergysystem.OnecommonthemeacrossstakeholderswasthattheSanJuanbasinfacesaneconomiccrisis,describedbyoneintervieweeas“afightforourlives.”Recentandpendingclosuresoftheregion’scoal-firedplantscoupledwithaprolongeddeclineinoilandgasextractionhavecreatedmajorchallenges,andfurtherdeclinesintheoilandgasindustrythreatengreatereconomicdamage.Localstakeholdersareseekingnewopportunitiestodiversifytheregionaleconomybytakingadvantageoftheirnaturalresources,particularlynaturalgas(forexportandhydrogenproduction),helium,andgeothermalenergy,andbyboostingamenityvaluestoattractremoteworkersandtourism.However,moststakeholdersperceivedfederalandstatepoliciesasprimarilyimpedingratherthansupportingtheirgoalofeconomicdiversification.Severalexpressedthedesireforstateandfederalpolicymakersto“slowdown”intheireffortstopursueanenergytransition,feelingthattheregionhasexperiencedrapideconomicchangeswithoutsufficienttimetoplan.Forexample,fundingforworkforceretrainingandeconomicdiversification,promisedbythestate’sEnergyTransitionAct,wasperceivedaswoefullyinsufficientandhadyettoprovidemeaningfullocalbenefits.Localofficialsandeconomicdevelopmentpractitionersexpressedfrustrationwiththecomplexitiesofeconomicactivityonpubliclyownedlands(inSanJuanCounty,just6percentoflandisprivatelyheld),particularlyfederallands.Forexample,privateCanFederalEffortsHelpBuildEconomicResilienceinNewMexico’sOilandGasCommunities?11effortstohostfilmortelevisionproductionsandpubliceffortstoconstructhikingtrailsonfederallandshavebeenstymiedbythetimerequiredtoobtaintheneededfederalpermits,deterringinvestmentintheentertainmentandrecreationindustries.Reflectingthisconcern,theRioArribaCountyBoardofCommissioners(2021)hasstateditsoppositiontotheBidenadministration’seffortstoexpandlandconservation,believingitwouldfurtherhindereconomicdevelopmentintheircounty.Morerecentfederalefforts,suchastaxcreditsintheInflationReductionActandtheestablishmentoftheIWG’sFourCornersRapidResponseTeam,wereseenaspromisingbuthadyettobearfruit.Localeconomicdevelopmentprofessionalsexpressedskepticismthattheseeffortswouldhelpthemaccessfederaleconomicdevelopmentsupport,whichrequiressignificantgrant-writingcapacity.ThisissuewasparticularlypronouncedfortheNavajoandJicarillaApachenations,whohavelimitedadministrativecapacityand,forsome,adeep-seededskepticismoffederalinterventions.InsomecasestheirrepresentativeswereveryskepticalthatfederaleffortswouldbenefitNativenationsatall.OneNativeintervieweefoundreportingrequirementsforfederalgrantsironic,noting,“Wegaveyoutheland,andwedon’taskforreports!”Despitetheirsharedchallenges,thetwoNativenationsbringdifferentperspectivestotheenergytransition.TheNavajoNationcontinuestopursuelarge-scaleinvestmentsincoalmininginsideandoutsidethereservationbuthasalsobeguninvestinginsolarenergyandheliumproduction.TheJicarillaApacheNationhasalsopursuedsolarenergy,witha50-megawattfacilityonitsreservationwiththepotentialforfutureexpansion.However,italsoexpressedthedesireformoretechnicalsupporttoinformdecisionmakingaboutthefutureofenergydevelopmentonitsreservation,particularlywithregardtonaturalgas,geothermal,andhydrogen.Althoughtheyhaveborne,andstillbear,thebruntofsignificantenvironmentalburdens,bothNativenationswereeagertocontinuepursuingoilandnaturalgasdevelopment.FortheNavajoNation,apriorityhasbeenensuringlandisavailablefornewleasingtodrillaroundChacoCultureNationalPark,whichhasbeenopposedbyotherNativenationsandtheBidenadministration(Davenport2023).Similarly,theJicarillaApacheNationremainsreliantonrevenuefromnaturalgasdevelopmentandispartofanalliancetobuildanewpipelinetoexportlocalnaturalgastoAsiathroughanewLNGfacilityonthePacificcoast.3FortheseNativenations,alongwithotherSanJuanbasinstakeholders,developmentofbluehydrogenisapriority,andtheregionisseekingtobecomeahydrogenhub,whichwouldmakeiteligibleforbillionsofdollarsinfederalfundingtobuildouthydrogenproductionandrelatedinfrastructure(Krupnicketal.2022).Iftheregion’sbidissuccessful,thefederalgovernmentwouldbeplayingamajorroleinsupportingregionaleconomicdevelopmentactivities,eveniftheseactivitiesareopposedbysomeenvironmentalorganizations(Section2.1.3).3Fordetails,seetheWesternStatesandTribalNationsNaturalGasInitiative,atwww.westernnaturalgas.org.ResourcesfortheFuture124.2.PermianBasinThePermianbasinisbooming,offeringacomplexmixofeconomicbenefitsandenvironmentalhazardsforboththePermianregionandthestate.Oilandgasemployment,economicoutput,andgovernmentrevenuehavesurgedtonewhighswhileenvironmentalandhealthriskshavealsoincreased.Ingeneral,localofficialsandeconomicdevelopmentpractitionersareverysupportiveoftheoilandgasindustryandareopposedtostateorfederaleffortsthatwouldrestrainitsgrowth.Atthesametime,thesestakeholdersareopentoeffortsthatcanbuildeconomicresiliencetoreducetheirexposuretoeconomicvolatilityorapotentiallong-termdeclineindemandforhydrocarbons.Localenvironmentalandlaboradvocatesarefocusedonenvironmentalandhealthprotections,buttheirprioritiesdiffer.Somelocalenvironmentalgroupsbelievethatoilandgasdevelopmentposesunacceptableenvironmentalandpublichealthrisksatlocal,regional,andglobalscales,andthatdrillingactivityshouldslowtoastop,evenifthiscauseseconomicharm.Laboradvocatesaremorefocusedintheneartermonimprovingworkplaceconditions,whichtheydescribeasextremelyhazardous.Inthemediumtolongterm,theywouldalsoliketoseeaphaseoutofoilandgasdevelopmentbutbelievethatthestateandfederalgovernmentsneedtohelpbuildneweconomicopportunitiestoensurethatfamiliesandcommunitiesremainintact.Amajorchallengerecognizedbyallstakeholdersinterviewedisthatcurrentopportunitiesforeconomicdiversificationarelimited,buttherewasnoconsensusonwhicheconomicsectorspresentthegreatestpromiseforlocalgrowth.Localgovernmentandeconomicdevelopmentpractitionerssupportanefforttoexpandnuclearwastestorageintheregion,whichtheyarguewouldprovidenewjobsandgeneratesignificantpublicrevenues.However,thiseffortisopposedbylocalenvironmentalorganizationsandthecurrentgovernor(Grover2023b).Asimilardynamicexistsforthedevelopmentofbluehydrogen:itislargelysupportedbylocalofficialsbutopposedbylocalandstateenvironmentalgroups.Renewableenergyalsoofferssomeopportunityfortheregion,whichhashigh-qualitysolarandwindresources(Senguptaetal.2018;USDOE2023).Despitethelackofagreementonwhicheconomicsectorsmayprovemostpromising,stakeholdersagreedthatupgradesinbothphysicalinfrastructure,suchasroadsandwaterinfrastructure,andhealthcareandeducationserviceswouldbeanenablingfactor.Currently,theoilandgasindustryfundsmuchofthisinfrastructurethroughtaxesandroyaltypayments.Inafuturewhereoilandgasdevelopmentdeclines,maintaining,letaloneimproving,localinfrastructurewouldrequirefindinglargenewrevenuesources.CanFederalEffortsHelpBuildEconomicResilienceinNewMexico’sOilandGasCommunities?13LiketheSanJuanbasin,NewMexico’sPermianbasinhasextensivefederallands.Localstakeholderslargelyviewfederallandownershipasanimpedimenttoeconomicdevelopment,particularlyoilandgasdevelopment.Althoughthefederalgovernmentprovidessubstantialpaymentsinlieuoftaxes,4localofficialsbelievethatlandconservationorothereffortsthatrestrictlanduseswilldeternewinvestment.Althoughlocalofficialshadconsiderablemisgivingsaboutfederalenergyandlandmanagementpolicies,allofourintervieweeswereopentoreceivingadditionalsupportfromthefederalgovernmenttobuildlocaleconomicresilience.Forexample,severalintervieweeswhogenerallyopposecurrentfederalenergypoliciesstatedthattheywouldwelcomearapidresponseteamsimilartotheoneestablishedfortheFourCornersregion.Atthesametime,localeconomicdevelopmentpractitionersnotedthattheyoftenlackedcapacitytoseekfederalsupportforlocalpriorities,inpartbecauseofhighstaffturnover.Anexample:oneoilandgasindustry-supportednonprofithashiredprofessionalgrantwriterstohelplocalgovernmentsprepareapplicationsandtrainnewgrantwritersworkinginthesecommunities.Inafuturescenariowheretheeconomicimpactoftheoilandgasindustryshrinks,taxrevenuestosupportgrant-writingcapacitywouldfall,andin-kinddonationstosupportitwouldpresumablydeclineaswell.4.3.StatewideIssuesAsdiscussedinSection2.1.3,acurrentimpedimenttoaconcertedenergytransitionpolicyisdivisionamongenvironmentaladvocatesovertheroleofcertaintechnologies,particularlythoseinvolvingcarbonmanagement.Althoughthisissuemaycontinuetodividetheenvironmentalcommunity,ourintervieweesweregenerallyencouragedbythe$100millioninfundingforeconomictransitionprogramsandbyongoingstate-leveleffortstodevelopamorecomprehensivestrategytobuildeconomicresilienceinenergycommunities.Oneissuethatisnotspecifictooilandgascommunitiesbutmayaffectthespeedofdecarbonizationeffortsstatewideisanacutelaborshortageinthetrades.Tradeworkers,whowillbeneededinlargenumberstobuildandinstallcleanenergyinfrastructure—renewableenergygenerators,transmissionlines,heatpumps—areoftenattractedtohigher-payingopportunitiesinNewMexico’snationallaboratoriesandindustrialfacilities.Toaddressthisshortage,representativesofstatelaborunionsarguedforimmigrationreformtoexpandthelaborpoolandanenhancedfocusonthetradesinhighschools.4InFY2023,EddyandLeacountiesreceived$4.2millionand$1.3million,respectively,inPILTsfromthefederalgovernment.Seehttps://pilt.doi.gov/counties.cfmfordetails.ResourcesfortheFuture145.ConclusionNewMexico’soil-andgas-producingregionsareatdifferentstagesofdevelopmentbutbothfaceconsiderablechallengesbuildingeconomicresilience.Althoughmanystakeholderswouldliketosloworhaltfederaleffortstorapidlyreducegreenhousegasemissions,allaresupportiveoffederaleffortstosupportlocaleconomicdiversification.Fortheseeffortstosucceed,ourinterviewssuggest,theywillneedtomeettwochallenginggoals.First,federalinterventionneedstosupportlocaleconomicdevelopmentpriorities.Becausestakeholdershavedifferentviews,particularlyabouttheroleofnuclear,bluehydrogen,carboncaptureandstorage,andgeothermal,identifyinglocalprioritieswillrequireextensiveengagementwithawiderangeofstakeholders.Indeed,itislikelythatnotallstakeholderswillagreeonasingleapproachtobuildlocaleconomicresilience.Nonetheless,researchhasindicatedthatearly,deep,sustainedcommunityengagementisessentialtoachievingproceduraljusticeintheenergytransition(CarleyandKonisky2020;Spurlocketal.2022).Second,federaleffortstobuildeconomicresilienceneedtoreducethebarrierstoentryforcapacity-constrainedlocalgovernmentsandotherstakeholders.Addressingthischallengelikelyincludescapacity-buildingstrategies,suchastheIWG’sRapidResponseTeam,butmayalsorequirereformstofederalgrantmakingprocessestoreducetheadministrativeburdenforallapplicants.Itisalsopossiblethatemergingtechnologies,suchasgenerativeartificialintelligence,couldbedeployedtoassistlocalgrantwritersortoreviewapplicationsatthefederallevel.Buildingeconomicresilienceincommunitiesthatareheavilydependentonoilandgasextractionwillbedifficult,andeventhebest-designedeffortsfromfederalorotheragencieswillnotguaranteesuccess.Somecommunitieshavethrivedprimarilyorsolelybecauseoftheiroilandgasresources.Intheyearsahead,policymakersmustanswerchallengingquestionsabouthow,whether,andwheretotargetsupporttoenableanequitableenergytransitionacrossthemanyregionswhereoilandnaturalgasarecentraltothelocaleconomy.CanFederalEffortsHelpBuildEconomicResilienceinNewMexico’sOilandGasCommunities?156.ReferencesAmbler,Marjane.1990.BreakingtheIronBonds:IndianControlofEnergyDevelopment.Lawrence:UniversityofKansasPress.https://kansaspress.ku.edu/978-0-7006-0518-7.html.Black,Megan.2018.TheGlobalInterior:MineralFrontiersandAmericanPower.Cambridge,MA:HarvardUniversityPress.Brister,Brian,andGreerPrice.2002.NewMexico’sEnergy,PresentandFuture:Policy,Production,Economics,andtheEnvironment.NewMexicoBureauofGeologyandMineralResources.https://geoinfo.nmt.edu/publications/guides/decisionmakers/2002/dmfg2002_complete.pdf.Brugge,Doug,andRobGoble.2002.TheHistoryofUraniumMiningandtheNavajoPeople.AmericanJournalofPublicHealth92(9):1410–19.https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.92.9.1410.Candelaria,JacobR,NathanSmall,MimiStewart,PatriciaRoybalCaballero,andBrianEgolf.2019.EnergyTransitionAct.https://www.nmlegis.gov/Sessions/19%20Regular/bills/senate/SB0489.html.Carley,Sanya,andDavidM.Konisky.2020.TheJusticeandEquityImplicationsoftheCleanEnergyTransition.NatureEnergy5(8):569–77.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-020-0641-6.Clampitt,MaxA.2008.HobbsandLeaCounty.Charleston,SC:ArcadiaPublishingLibraryEditions.Curley,Andrew.2023.CarbonSovereignty.Tucson:UniversityofArizonaPress.Davenport,Coral.2023.BidenAdministrationBansDrillingaroundNativeAmericanCulturalSite.NewYorkTimes,June2.https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/02/climate/chaco-canyon-biden-protection.html.DeFazio,PeterA.2021.InfrastructureInvestmentandJobsAct.https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/3684/text.Diaz,Marcella.2023.JTAppropriations.PresentationattheSustainableEconomyTaskForceMeeting,Albuquerque,NM,April11.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gCyHaYaWAjU.EIA.2023.NewMexicoStateEnergyProfile.StateEnergyProfiles(blog).Washington,DC:EnergyInformationAdministration.May18.https://www.eia.gov/state/print.php?sid=NM.Ferguson,T.J.,E.RichardHart,RonaldStauber,andTroyLucio.1985.AZuniAtlas.CivilizationoftheAmericanIndianSeries,v.172.Norman:UniversityofOklahomaPress.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nerCommissioner3/14/2023AztecSanJuanCountyMikeStarkCountyManager3/14/2023AztecCityofFarmingtonNateDuckettMayor3/14/2023FarmingtonFourCornersEconomicDevelopmentArvinTrujillo—3/14/2023FarmingtonFourCornersEconomicDevelopmentSteveGrey—3/14/2023FarmingtonSanJuanCollege,SchoolofEnergyAliciaCorbellDean3/15/2023AlbuquerqueCenterforCivicPolicyMichaelLeonGuerrero—3/15/2023AlbuquerqueCenterforCivicPolicySamanthaSalazar—3/15/2023AlbuquerqueUALocal412CourtenayEichhorst—3/16/2023CarlsbadCityofCarlsbadDaleW.JanwayMayor3/16/2023CarlsbadCityofCarlsbadKyleMarksteiner—3/16/2023CarlsbadEddyCountyAllenR.DavisCountyManager3/16/2023CarlsbadEddy-LeaEnergyAllianceJackVolpato—ResourcesfortheFuture20DateLocationOrganizationIndividualTitle(ifavailable)3/16/2023CarlsbadCarlsbadDepartmentofDevelopmentJohnHeaton—3/16/2023CarlsbadCarlsbadChamberofCommerceClintCone—3/16/2023CarlsbadCitizensCaringfortheFutureKayleyShoup—3/16/2023CarlsbadCitizensCaringfortheFutureGeneHarbaugh—3/16/2023CarlsbadThePermianYUCCAJozeeZuñiga—3/16/2023CarlsbadSomosUnPuebloUnidoMarcelaDiaz—3/16/2023CarlsbadSomosUnPuebloUnidoGladysResendis—3/16/2023CarlsbadSomosUnPuebloUnidoEduvigesHernandez—3/16/2023CarlsbadUniversityofNewMexicoShannonSanchez-Youngman—3/17/2023HobbsCityofHobbsSamD.CobbMayor3/18/2023HobbsCityofHobbsSheliaBaker—3/19/2023HobbsSouder,Miller&AssociatesRussellA.Doss—3/20/2023HobbsLeaCountyStateBankSamuelS.SpencerJr.—4/14/2023(Virtualinterview)PermianStrategicPartnershipTraceeBentleyPresidentandCEOCanFederalEffortsHelpBuildEconomicResilienceinNewMexico’sOilandGasCommunities?21

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