INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYCO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION2020EDITIONDATABASEDOCUMENTATION2-CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYThisdocumentprovidesinformationregardingthe2020editionoftheIEACO2emissionsfromfuelcombustiondatabase.Thisdocumentcanbefoundonlineat:http://wds.iea.org/wds/pdf/Worldco2_Documentation.pdf.Pleaseaddressyourinquiriestoemissions@iea.org.PleasenotethatallIEAdataaresubjecttothefollowingTermsandConditionsfoundontheIEA’swebsite:http://www.iea.org/t&c/termsandconditions/.CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-3INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYTABLEOFCONTENTS1.CHANGESFROMLASTEDITION..............................................................................42.DATABASEDESCRIPTION........................................................................................73.DEFINITIONS...............................................................................................................94.GEOGRAPHICALCOVERAGEANDCOUNTRYNOTES........................................385.UNDERSTANDINGTHEIEACO2EMISSIONSESTIMATES...................................666.IEAESTIMATES:CHANGESUNDERTHE2006IPCCGUIDELINES.....................727.ESTIMATESFORYEARSSTARTINGIN1751........................................................798.BEYONDCO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:SOURCESANDMETHODS.................................................................................................................819.UNITSANDCONVERSIONS....................................................................................8710.ABBREVIATIONS......................................................................................................894-CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCY1.CHANGESFROMLASTEDITIONTotalemissionsforthemostrecentyearWiththeobjectivetoprovidemoretimelystatisticalinformation,theIEAhasincludedinthe2020editionprovi-sional2019estimatesforCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionforallOECDcountriesandregions,IndiaandChina,bothinthesummaryandintheexpandeddatafilesofthisdatabase.PleasecheckthesectiononDefini-tionsformoreinformationonthemethodology(underthedescriptionoftheflowCO2FCOMB).EmissionsfromelectricityandheatforthemostrecentyearWiththeobjectivetoprovidemoretimelystatisticalinformation,theIEAhasincludedinthe2020edition2019provisionalestimatesofCO2emissionsfromelectricityandheatproductionforoverseventy-fivecountries,bothinthesummaryandintheexpandeddatafilesofthisdatabase.PleasecheckthesectiononDefinitionsformoreinformationonthemethodology(underthedescriptionoftheflowELECHEAT).TotalemissionsforasupplementarysetofcountriesWiththeobjectivetoincreasethegeographicalcoverageofthestatisticalinformationprovided,theIEAhasin-cludedinthe2020editiontimeseriesoftotalandsectoralCO2emissionsforacomplementingsetofoversixtycountriesinthesummarydatafileofthisdatabase.Pleaserefertothetable“Supplementarycountries”includedinthesectiononGeographicalcoverageformoreinformationonsourcesandmethodology,andforthedetailedlistofcountries.Totalemissionsforyearsstartingin1751Withtheobjectivetoprovidemorecomprehensivestatisticalinformation,theIEAhasincludedinthe2020edi-tionestimatesofCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionfortimeseriesstartingin1751,fortheworldandselectedregions.ThisinformationisincludedinthefileWorld_CO2Timeseries.ivt.PleasecheckthesectiononEstimatesforyearsstartingin1751formoreinformationonsourcesandmethodology.Energy-relatedfugitiveemissionsWiththeobjectivetoincreasethescopeofgreenhousegasemissionsreported,theIEAhasincludedinthe2020editionIEAestimatesforcarbondioxideandmethaneemissionsforthecategory1.Bofthe2006IPCCGuide-linesforGHGinventories,foryearsbetween1971and2018.ThisinformationisincludedinthefileCO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-5INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYWorld_Fugitive.ivt.PleasecheckthesectionsDefinitionsandBeyondCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustion:sourcesandmethodsformoreinformationondefinitions,methodologyandsources.GeographicalcoverageLithuaniaiscurrentlyseekingaccessiontofullIEAmembership(Accessioncountry),thereforeitisincludedintheIEAandAccession/Associationcountriesaggregate(IEAfamily),fordatastartingin1990andfortheentiretimeseries.TheIEAcontinuestoexpandthecoverageofitsstatisticsreportsandencouragesmorecountriestocollaborateondataexchange.AsdetaileddatahavebecomeconsistentlyavailableforLaoPeople’sDemocraticRepublicfrom2000andforEquatorialGuinea,theassociatedtimeseriesarenowshownexplicitlyinthemainlistofcountries,andhavebeenremovedfromtheOtherAfricaandOthernon-OECDAsiaregionsrespectively.NotethatforLaoPeople’sDemocraticRepublic,datafrom1971to1999remaininOthernon-OECDAsia.Additionally,detaileddatahavebecomeavailableforGuyanaandMadagascar,whicharenowalsoincludedasadditionalmemocoun-tries.AnewregionalaggregatehasbeenaddedtothedatabasetorepresenttheEuropeanUnioncompositionaftertheUnitedKingdomdeparture,asacomplementoftheaggregaterepresentingtheEuropeanUnion28.Forfurtherdetails,pleaserefertothesectiononGeographicalcoverage.FlowsTheflow“Totalprimaryenergysupply”hasbeenrenamedas“Totalenergysupply”inaccordancewiththeInter-nationalRecommendationsofEnergyStatistics1.Allrelatedindicatorshavebeenrenamedaccordingly.InaccordancewiththeOECDNationalAccountsStatisticsdatabase,thebaseyearfortheconstantGDPusingexchangeratesandconstantGDPusingPPPtimeserieswaschangedfrom2010to2015.Allrelatedindicatorshavebeenrenamedaccordingly.Withtheobjectiveofprovidingmorecomprehensiveinformation,theindirectemissionsafterthereallocationofemissionsfromelectricityandheatgenerationtofinalsectorsinthefileWorld_CO2Sector.ivthavebeencomput-edfortheexpandedsetofindustrysub-sectorsshownintheotherfiles(thirteennewflows).1https://unstats.un.org/unsd/energystats/methodology/ires/.OldlongnameNewlongnameShortnameOldshortname(ifchanged)Memo:EquatorialGuineaEquatorialGuineaEQGUINEAMEQGUINEAMemo:LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublicLaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublicLAOMLAOMemo:EuropeanUnion-27EU27_2020Memo:GuyanaMGUYANAMemo:MadagascarMMADAGASCA6-CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYOldlongnameNewlongnameShortnameOldshortname(ifchanged)Totalprimaryenergysupply(PJ)Totalenergysupply(PJ)TESPJTPESPJTotalprimaryenergysupply(Mtoe)Totalenergysupply(Mtoe)TESMTOETPESMTOEGDP(billion2010USDusingex-changerates)GDP(billionUSD,2015pricesandexrates)GDPGDP(billion2010USDusingPPPs)GDP(billionUSD,2015pricesandPPPs)GDPPPPCO2/TPES(tCO2perTJ)CO2/TES(tCO2perTJ)CO2TESCO2TPESEnergyintensityindex-TPES/GDPEnergyintensityindex-TES/GDPITESGDPITPESGDPCarbonintensityindex–ESCII:CO2/TPESCarbonintensityindex–ESCII:CO2/TESICO2TESICO2TPESCO2/GDP(kgCO2per2010USdollar)CO2/GDP(kgCO2per2015USD)CO2GDPIndustryCO2/GDP(kgCO2per2010USdollar)IndustryCO2/GDP(kgCO2per2015USD)CO2GDP_ITransportCO2/GDP(kgCO2per2010USdollar)TransportCO2/GDP(kgCO2per2015USD)CO2GDP_TServicesCO2/GDP(kgCO2per2010USdollar)ServicesCO2/GDP(kgCO2per2015USD)CO2GDP_SResidentialCO2/GDP(kgCO2per2010USdollar)ResidentialCO2/GDP(kgCO2per2015USD)CO2GDP_RCO2/GDPPPP(kgCO2per2010USdollar)CO2/GDPPPP(kgCO2per2015USDPPP)CO2GDPPPIndustryCO2/GDPPPP(kgCO2per2010USdollar)IndustryCO2/GDPPPP(kgCO2per2015USDPPP)CO2GDPPP_ITransportCO2/GDPPPP(kgCO2per2010USdollar)TransportCO2/GDPPPP(kgCO2per2015USDPPP)CO2GDPPP_TServicesCO2/GDPPPP(kgCO2per2010USdollar)ServicesCO2/GDPPPP(kgCO2per2015USDPPP)CO2GDPPP_SResidentialCO2/GDPPPP(kgCO2per2010USdollar)ResidentialCO2/GDPPPP(kgCO2per2015USDPPP)CO2GDPPP_RCO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-7INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCY2.DATABASEDESCRIPTIONTheCO2Emissionsfromfuelcombustiondatabaseincludesannualdatafor::countries:194countriesandregionalaggregates(seesectionGeographicalcoverage);years:1960-2018(OECDcountriesandregions);1971-2018(non-OECDcountriesandregions;world);1990-2018(indicators);2019(provisionaldataforselectedelements).Thedatabaseincludesthefollowingeightfiles:World_BigCO2.ivtCO2Emissionsfromfuelcombustion(detailedestimates)DetailedCO2emissionsbysubsectorandbyproduct(54products;42flows).World_CO2.ivtCO2Emissionsfromfuelcombustion(summary)AggregatedCO2emissionsbysectorandbyproductcategory(6productcategories,14flowcategories).World_CO2Indic.ivtCO2emissionsindicators30CO2-related,energyandsocio-economicindicatorsWorld_CO2Sector.ivtAllocationofemissionsfromelectricityandheatCO2emissionsafterreallocationofemissionsfromelectricityandheatgenera-tiontoconsumingsectors.World_IPCC2006.ivtIPCCfuelcombustionemissions(2006Guidelines)CO2emissionsfromfuelcombustion,withReferenceandSectoralApproachtotals,aswellasdetailedsplitbetweenemissionsacrosstheEnergy,andIndus-trialProcessesandProductUse(IPPU)sectors,asrecommendedinthe2006IPCCGuidelinesforGHGinventories.World_CO2Timeseries.ivtCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionstartingin1751TotalCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustion,for18regions,foryearsstartingin1751.World_Fugitive.ivtFugitiveemissionofcarbondioxideandmethane.CH4andCO2fugitiveemissionsbyindustry(coal,oilandgas)andcategory,basedonIEAestimation.8-CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYWorld_NonCO2.ivtEmissionsofCO2,CH4,N2O,HFCs,PFCsandSF6CO2-equivalentemissionsofsixgreenhousegasesacrossallsectors,basedonEDGARinformation.Dataareavailablefor1990,1995,2000,2005,20102012and2015.DetaileddefinitionsofeachflowandproductarepresentedinthesectionDefinitions.CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-9INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCY3.DEFINITIONSCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustion(ktofCO2)FlowShortnameDefinitionCO2fuelcombustionCO2FCOMBCO2fuelcombustionpresentstotalCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustion.ThisincludesCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustioninIPCCSource/SinkCategory1AFuelCombustionActivitiesandthosewhichmaybereallocatedtoIPCCSource/SinkCategory2IndustrialProcessesandProductUseunderthe2006GLs.CO2FCOMB=MAINPROD+AUTOPROD+OTHEN+TOTIND+TOTTRANS+RESIDENT+COMMPUB+AGRICULT+FISHING+ONONSPEC.Forthemostrecentyearavailable,thisvalueisestimatedforallOECDcountries.ValuesarecalculatedbasedonprovisionaldataforTotalenergysupply(TES)andonpreviousyear’semissionsfromfuelcombustion,accordingtothefollowingequation:22,,∙,where:y:provisionalyeari:fuelcategory:coal,oil,naturalgas,other(industrialwaste+non-renewablemunicipalwaste)2:previousyear’semissionsfromfuelcombus-tion,calculatedaccordingtothe2006GLsasspecifiedabove.InthefileCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionstartingin1751,valuesforyearsstartingin1751havebeenestimatedfollowingsourcesandmethodologydescribedinEstimatesforyearsstart-ing1751.10-CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustion(ktofCO2)FlowShortnameDefinitionMainactivityproducerofelectricityandheatMAINPRODMainactivityproducerelectricityandheatcontainsthesumofemissionsfrommainactivityproducerelectricitygeneration,combinedheatandpowergenerationandheatplants.Mainactivityproducersaredefinedasthoseundertakingswhoseprimaryactivityistosupplythepublic.Theymaybepubliclyorprivatelyowned.Emissionsfromownon-siteuseoffuelareincluded.ThiscorrespondstoIPCCSource/SinkCategory1A1a.MainactivityelectricityplantsMAINELECReferstoplantswhicharedesignedtoproduceelectricityonly.IfoneormoreunitsoftheplantisaCHPunit(andtheinputsandoutputscannotbedistinguishedonaunitbasis)thenthewholeplantisdesignatedasaCHPplant.Mainactivityproducersgenerateelectricityforsaletothirdparties,astheirprimaryactivity.Theymaybeprivatelyorpubliclyowned.Notethatthesaleneednottakeplacethroughthepublicgrid.MainactivityCHPplantsMAINCHPReferstoplantswhicharedesignedtoproducebothheatandelectricity(sometimesreferredtoasco-generationpowerstations).Ifpossible,fuelinputsandelectricity/heatoutputsareonaunitbasisratherthanonaplantbasis.However,ifdataarenotavailableonaunitbasis,theconventionfordefiningaCHPplantnotedaboveshouldbeadopted.Mainactivityproducersgenerateelectricityand/orheatforsaletothirdparties,astheirprimaryactivity.Theymaybeprivatelyorpubliclyowned.Notethatthesaleneednottakeplacethroughthepublicgrid.MainactivityheatplantsMAINHEATReferstoplants(includingheatpumpsandelectricboilers)designedtoproduceheatonlyandwhosellheattoathirdparty(e.g.residential,commercialorindustrialconsumers)undertheprovisionsofacontract.Mainactivityproducersgenerateheatforsaletothirdparties,astheirprimaryactivity.Theymaybeprivatelyorpubliclyowned.Notethatthesaleneednottakeplacethroughthepublicgrid.Ownuseinelectricity,CHPandheatplantsEPOWERPLTEmissionsfromownon-siteuseoffuelinelectricity,CHPandheatplants.ThisincludesCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionwhichmaybereallocatedtoIPCCSource/SinkCategory2IndustrialProcessesandProductUseunderthe2006IPCCGuidelinesforGHGinventories.CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-11INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustion(ktofCO2)FlowShortnameDefinitionUnallocatedautoproducersAUTOPRODUnallocatedautoproducerscontainstheemissionsfromthegenerationofelectricityand/orheatbyautoproducers.Autoproducersaredefinedasundertakingsthatgenerateelectricityand/orheat,whollyorpartlyfortheirownuseasanactivitywhichsupportstheirprimaryactivity.Theymaybeprivatelyorpubliclyowned.Inthe2006IPCCGuidelinesforGHGinventories,theseemissionswouldnormallybedistributedbetweenindustry,transportand"other"sectors.ThisincludesCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionwhichmaybereallocatedtoIPCCSource/SinkCategory2IndustrialProcessesandProductUseunderthe2006IPCCGuidelinesforGHGinventories.AutoproducerelectricityplantsAUTOELECReferstoplantswhicharedesignedtoproduceelectricityonly.IfoneormoreunitsoftheplantisaCHPunit(andtheinputsandoutputscannotbedistinguishedonaunitbasis)thenthewholeplantisdesignatedasaCHPplant.Autoproducerundertakingsgenerateelectricitywhollyorpartlyfortheirownuseasanactivitywhichsupportstheirprimaryactivity.Theymaybeprivatelyorpubliclyowned.ThisincludesCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionwhichmaybereallocatedtoIPCCSource/SinkCategory2IndustrialProcessesandProductUseunderthe2006IPCCGuidelinesforGHGinventories.AutoproducerCHPplantsAUTOCHPReferstoplantswhicharedesignedtoproducebothheatandelectricity(sometimesreferredtoasco-generationpowerstations).Ifpossible,fuelinputsandelectricity/heatoutputsareonaunitbasisratherthanonaplantbasis.However,ifdataarenotavailableonaunitbasis,theconventionfordefiningaCHPplantnotedaboveshouldbeadopted.NotethatforautoproducerCHPplants,allfuelinputstoelectricityproductionaretakenintoaccount,whileonlythepartoffuelinputstoheatsoldisshown.Fuelinputsfortheproductionofheatconsumedwithintheautoproducer'sestablishmentarenotincludedherebutareincludedwithfiguresforthefinalconsumptionoffuelsintheappropriateconsumingsector.Autoproducerundertakingsgenerateelectricityand/orheat,whollyorpartlyfortheirownuseasanactivitywhichsupportstheirprimaryactivity.Theymaybeprivatelyorpubliclyowned.ThisincludesCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionwhichmaybereallocatedtoIPCCSource/SinkCategory2IndustrialProcessesandProductUseunderthe2006IPCCGuidelinesforGHGinventories.12-CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustion(ktofCO2)FlowShortnameDefinitionAutoproducerheatplantsAUTOHEATReferstoplants(includingheatpumpsandelectricboilers)designedtoproduceheatonlyandwhosellheattoathirdparty(e.g.residential,commercialorindustrialconsumers)undertheprovisionsofacontract.Autoproducerundertakingsgenerateheat,whollyorpartlyfortheirownuseasanactivitywhichsupportstheirprimaryactivity.Theymaybeprivatelyorpubliclyowned.ThisincludesCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionwhichmaybereallocatedtoIPCCSource/SinkCategory2IndustrialProcessesandProductUseunderthe2006IPCCGuidelinesforGHGinventories.OtherenergyindustryownuseOTHENOtherenergyindustryownusecontainsemissionsfromfuelcombustedinoilrefineries,forthemanufactureofsolidfuels,coalmining,oilandgasextractionandotherenergy-producingindustries.ThiscorrespondstotheIPCCSource/SinkCategories1A1band1A1c.ThisincludesCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionwhichmaybereallocatedtoIPCCSource/SinkCategory2IndustrialProcessesandProductUseunderthe2006IPCCGuidelinesforGHGinventories.ManufacturingindustriesandconstructionTOTINDManufacturingindustriesandconstructioncontainstheemissionsfromcombustionoffuelsinindustry.TheIPCCSource/SinkCategory1A2includestheseemissions.However,inthe2006GLs,theIPCCcategoryalsoincludesemissionsfromindustryautoproducersthatgenerateelectricityand/orheat.TheIEAdataarenotcollectedinawaythatallowstheenergyconsumptiontobesplitbyspecificend-useandtherefore,autoproducersareshownasaseparateitem(unallocatedautoproducers).ThisincludesCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionwhichmaybereallocatedtoIPCCSource/SinkCategory2IndustrialProcessesandProductUseunderthe2006IPCCGuidelinesforGHGinventories.MiningandquarryingMINING[ISICRev.4Divisions07and08andGroup099]Mining(excludingfuels)andquarrying.ConstructionCONSTRUC[ISICRev.4Divisions41to43]CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-13INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustion(ktofCO2)FlowShortnameDefinitionManufacturingMANUFACTManufacturingreferstothesumofthefollowingindustrialsub-sectors:•IronandSteel•Chemicalandpetrochemical•Non-ferrousmetals•Non-metallicminerals•Transportequipment•Foodandtobacco•Woodandwoodproducts•Textileandleather•Notelsewherespecified(industry)Definitionsofthesub-sectorsarebelow.IronandsteelIRONSTL[ISICRev.4Group241andClass2431]ThisincludesCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionwhichmaybereallocatedtoIPCCSource/SinkCategory2IndustrialProcessesandProductUseunderthe2006GLs.ChemicalandpetrochemicalCHEMICAL[ISICRev.4Divisions20and21]Non-ferrousmetalsNONFERR[ISICRev.4Group242andClass2432]Basicindustries.ThisincludesCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionwhichmaybereallocatedtoIPCCSource/SinkCategory2IndustrialProcessesandProductUseunderthe2006IPCCGuidelinesforGHGinventories.Non-metallicmineralsNONMET[ISICRev.4Division23]Suchasglass,ceramic,cement,etc.TransportequipmentTRANSEQ[ISICRev.4Divisions29and30]MachineryMACHINE[ISICRev.4Divisions25to28]Fabricatedmetalproducts,machineryandequipmentotherthantransportequipment.FoodandtobaccoFOODPRO[ISICRev.4Divisions10to12]Paper,pulpandprintingPAPERPRO[ISICRev.4Divisions17and18]WoodandwoodProductsWOODPRO[ISICRev.4Division16]Woodandwoodproductsotherthanpulpandpaper.TextileandleatherTEXTILES[ISICRev.4Divisions13to15]Non-specifiedindustryINONSPEC[ISICRev.4Divisions22,31and32]Anymanufacturingindustrynotincludedabove.Note:Mostcountrieshavedifficultiessupplyinganindustrialbreakdownforallfuels.Inthesecases,thenon-specifiedindustryrowhasbeenused.Regionalaggregatesofindustrialconsumptionshouldthereforebeusedwithcaution.14-CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustion(ktofCO2)FlowShortnameDefinitionTransportTOTTRANSTransportcontainsemissionsfromthecombustionoffuelforalltransportactivity,regardlessofthesector,exceptforinternationalmarinebunkersandinternationalaviationbunkers,whicharenotincludedintransportatanationalorregionallevel(exceptforWorldtransportemissions).Thisincludesdomesticaviation,domesticnavigation,road,railandpipelinetransport,andcorrespondstoIPCCSource/SinkCategory1A3.TheIEAdataarenotcollectedinawaythatallowstheautoproducerconsumptiontobesplitbyspecificend-useandtherefore,thispublicationshowsautoproducersasaseparateitem(unallocatedautoproducers).Note:Startinginthe2006edition,militaryconsumptionpreviouslyincludedindomesticaviationandinroadshouldbeinnon-specifiedother.RoadROADRoadcontainstheemissionsarisingfromfueluseinroadvehicles,includingtheuseofagriculturalvehiclesonhighways.ThiscorrespondstotheIPCCSource/SinkCategory1A3b.Excludesemissionsfrommilitaryconsumptionaswellasmotorgasolineusedinstationaryenginesanddieseloilforuseintractorsthatarenotforhighwayuse.DomesticaviationDOMESAIRDomesticaviationincludesemissionsfromaviationfuelsdeliveredtoaircraftfordomesticaviation–commercial,private,agriculture,etc.Itincludesuseforpurposesotherthanflying,e.g.benchtestingofengines,butnotairlineuseoffuelforroadtransport.Thedomestic/internationalsplitshouldbedeterminedonthebasisofdepartureandlandinglocationsandnotbythenationalityoftheairline.Notethatthismayincludejourneysofconsiderablelengthbetweentwoairportsinacountry(e.gSanFranciscotoHonolulu).Formanycountriesthisalsoincorrectlyincludesfuelusedbydomesticallyownedcarriersforoutboundinternationaltraffic.RailRAILIncludesemissionsfromrailtraffic,includingindustrialrailways.PipelinetransportPIPELINEIncludesemissionsfromfuelsusedinthesupportandoperationofpipelinestransportinggases,liquids,slurriesandothercommodities,includingtheenergyusedforpumpstationsandmaintenanceofthepipeline.Energyforthepipelinedistributionofnaturalorcoalgases,hotwaterorsteam(ISICRev.4Division35)fromthedistributortofinalusersisexcludedandshouldbereportedinotherenergyindustryownuse,whiletheenergyusedforthefinaldistributionofwater(ISICRev.4Division36)tohousehold,industrial,commercialandotherusersshouldbeincludedincommercial/publicservices.Lossesoccurringduringthetransportbetweendistributorandfinalusersshouldbereportedasdistributionlosses.CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-15INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustion(ktofCO2)FlowShortnameDefinitionDomesticnavigationDOMESNAVDomesticnavigationincludesemissionsfromfuelsdeliveredtovesselsofallflagsnotengagedininternationalnavigation(seeinternationalmarinebunkers).Thedomestic/internationalsplitshouldbedeterminedonthebasisofportofdepartureandportofarrivalandnotbytheflagornationalityoftheship.Notethatthismayincludejourneysofconsiderablelengthbetweentwoportsinacountry(e.g.SanFranciscotoHonolulu).Fuelusedforocean,coastalandinlandfishingandmilitaryconsumptionareexcluded.Non-specifiedtransportTRNONSPEIncludesallemissionsfromtransportnotelsewherespecified.Note:Internationalmarinebunkersandinternationalaviationbunkersarenotincludedintransportatacountryorregionallevel(exceptforWorldtransportemissions).ResidentialRESIDENTResidentialcontainsallemissionsfromfuelcombustioninhouseholds.ThiscorrespondstoIPCCSource/SinkCategory1A4b.CommercialandpublicservicesCOMMPUBCommercialandpublicservicesincludesemissionsfromallactivitiesofISICRev.4Divisions33,36-39,45-47,52,53,55-56,58-66,68-75,77-82,84(excludingClass8422),85-88,90-96and99.Agriculture/forestryAGRICULTAgriculture/forestryincludesdeliveriestousersclassifiedasagriculture,huntingandforestrybytheISIC,andthereforeincludesenergyconsumedbysuchuserswhetherfortraction(excludingagriculturalhighwayuse),powerorheating(agriculturalanddomestic)[ISICRev.4Division03].FishingFISHINGFishingincludesemissionsfromfuelsusedforinland,coastalanddeep-seafishing.Fishingcoversfuelsdeliveredtoshipsofallflagsthathaverefuelledinthecountry(includinginternationalfishing)aswellasenergyusedinthefishingindustry[ISICRev.4Division03].FinalconsumptionnotelsewherespecifiedONONSPECIncludesemissionsfromallfuelusenotelsewherespecifiedaswellasconsumptionintheabove-designatedcategoriesforwhichseparatefigureshavenotbeenprovided.Emissionsfrommilitaryfueluseforallmobileandstationaryconsumptionareincludedhere(e.g.ships,aircraft,roadandenergyusedinlivingquarters)regardlessofwhetherthefueldeliveredisforthemilitaryofthatcountryorforthemilitaryofanothercountry.16-CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustion(ktofCO2)FlowShortnameDefinitionMemo:TotalfinalconsumptionTFCTotalfinalconsumptioncontainstheemissionsfromtheend-usesectors(industry,transport,commercial/institutionalactivities,residential,agriculture/forestry,fishingandotheremissionsnotspecified).Emissionsrelatedtotheenergyusedfortransformationprocessesandforownuseoftheenergyproducingindustriesareexcluded.Finalconsumptionemissionsreflectforthemostpartemissionsattheconsumerlevel.Notethatinternationalmarinebunkersandinternationalaviationbunkersarenotincludedatanationalorregionallevel(exceptforWorldemissions).Inthe2006GLs,thesub-categoriesalsoincludeemissionsfromauto-producersthatgenerateelectricityand/orheat.TheIEAdataarenotcollectedinawaythatallowstheautoproducerconsumptiontobesplitbyspecificend-useandtherefore,thispublicationshowsautoproducersasaseparateitem(unallocatedauto-producers).Memo:InternationalmarinebunkersMARBUNKInternationalmarinebunkerscontainsemissionsfromfuelsburnedbyshipsofallflagsthatareengagedininternationalnavigation.Theinternationalnavigationmaytakeplaceatsea,oninlandlakesandwaterways,andincoastalwaters.Consumptionbyshipsengagedindomesticnavigationisexcluded.Thedomestic/internationalsplitisdeterminedonthebasisofportofdepartureandportofarrival,andnotbytheflagornationalityoftheship.Consumptionbyfishingvesselsandbymilitaryforcesisalsoexcluded.Emissionsfrominternationalmarinebunkersshouldbeexcludedfromthenationaltotals.ThiscorrespondstoIPCCSource/SinkCategory1A3di.Memo:InternationalaviationbunkersAVBUNKInternationalaviationbunkerscontainsemissionsfromfuelsusedbyaircraftforinternationalaviation.Fuelsusedbyairlinesfortheirroadvehiclesareexcluded.Thedomestic/internationalsplitshouldbedeterminedonthebasisofdepartureandlandinglocationsandnotbythenationalityoftheairline.Emissionsfrominternationalaviationbunkersshouldbeexcludedfromthenationaltotals.ThiscorrespondstoIPCCSource/SinkCategory1A3ai.CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-17INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustion(ktofCO2)FlowShortnameDefinitionMemo:electricityandheatproductionELECHEATElectricityandheatproductioncontainsthesumofemissionsfromelectricityproduction,combinedheatandpowerplantsandheatplants.Itisthesumofmainactivityproducersandautoproducers.Emissionsfromownon-siteuseoffuelareincluded.InthesummaryfileWorld_CO2.ivt,thisisnotamemoitemandthelong-nameadoptedis:Electricityandheatgeneration.Forthemostrecentyearavailable,thisvalueisestimatedforallcountrieswithavailableprovisionalinformationonelectricityandheatproduction.Valuesforeverytypeoffuelarecalculatedbasedonprovisionaldataforelectricityandheatoutputsandonpreviousyear’scarbonemissionfactors,accordingtothefollowingequation:ELECHEAT,,,CO2kWh,where:y:provisionalyear;CO2kWh:carbonemissionfactors(inCO2/kWh)forelectricityandheattogether,fory-1;:totalelectricityplusheatoutput(GWh);:fueltype,e.g.anthracite,diesel,naturalgas.18-CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYIndicatorsFlowShortnameNotesTotalenergysupply(PJ)TESPJTotalenergysupplyfromtheIEAWorldEnergyBalances(convertedtoPJ).Totalenergysupply(TES)ismadeupofproduction+imports-exports-internationalmarinebunkers-internationalaviationbunkers±stockchanges.TheIPCCmethodologydoesnotassignanyCO2emissionstofueluseofbiofuelsperse,onlyifitisusedinanunsustainableway.ThisisevaluatedintheAgriculture,ForestryandOtherLandUsemoduleofthe2006GLs.SoalthoughtheinclusionofbiomassintheIEAenergydatadoesnotalteritsCO2emissionestimates,itgivesmoreinsightintotheCO2intensityofnationalenergyuse.Totalenergysupply(Mtoe)TESMTOETotalenergysupplyfromtheIEAWorldEnergyBalances.Totalenergysupply(TES)ismadeupofproduction+imports-exports-internationalmarinebunkers-internationalaviationbunkers±stockchanges.TheIPCCmethodologydoesnotassignanyCO2emissionstofueluseofbiofuelsperse,onlyifitisusedinanunsustainableway.ThisisevaluatedintheAgriculture,ForestryandOtherLandUsemoduleofthe2006GLs.SoalthoughtheinclusionofbiomassintheIEAenergydatadoesnotalteritsCO2emissionestimates,itgivesmoreinsightintotheCO2intensityofnationalenergyuse.Totalfinalconsump-tion(TFC)(PJ)TFCPJTotalfinalconsumptionfromtheIEAWorldEnergyBalances(convertedtoPJ).TheIPCCmethodologydoesnotassignanyCO2emissionstofueluseofbiofuelsperse,onlyifitisusedinanunsustainableway.ThisisevaluatedintheAgriculture,ForestryandOtherLandUsemoduleofthe2006GLs.SoalthoughtheinclusionofbiomassintheIEAenergydatadoesnotalteritsCO2emissionestimates,itgivesmoreinsightintotheCO2intensityofnationalenergyuse.Totalfinalconsump-tion(TFC)(Mtoe)TFCMTOETotalfinalconsumptionfromtheIEAWorldEnergyBalances.TheIPCCmethodologydoesnotassignanyCO2emissionstofueluseofbiofuelsperse,onlyifitisusedinanunsustainableway.ThisisevaluatedintheAgriculture,ForestryandOtherLandUsemoduleofthe2006GLs.SoalthoughtheinclusionofbiomassintheIEAenergydatadoesnotalteritsCO2emissionestimates,itgivesmoreinsightintotheCO2intensityofnationalenergyuse.CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-19INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYIndicatorsFlowShortnameNotesGDP(billionUSD,2015pricesandexrates)GDPForOECDcountries:Themainsourceoftheseseriesfor1970to2019istheOECDNationalAc-countsStatisticsdatabase[ISSN:2221-433X(online)],lastpublishedinbookformatasNationalAccountsofOECDCountries,Volume2020Issue1:De-tailedTables,OECD2020.GDPdataforAustralia,France,Greece,Ko-rea,SwedenandtheUnitedKingdomfor1960to1969andDenmarkfor1966to1969aswellasforNetherlandsfor1969weretakenfromthesamesource.GDPdatafor1960to1969fortheothercountrieshavebeenesti-matedusingthegrowthratesfromtheseriesintheOECDEconomicOutlookNo98andotherdatapreviouslypublishedbytheOECD.GrowthratesfromthesesourceswerealsousedtoestimatedatafortheCzechRepublic(priorto1990),Hungary(priorto1991)andPoland(priorto1990)andtheSlovakRepublic(priorto1992).DataforChile(priorto1986)areIEASecretariatestimatesbasedonGDPgrowthratesfromtheWorldBank.GrowthratesfromCHELEM-CEPIIonlinedatabases,BureauvanDijk,2020wereusedtoestimatedataforEstonia(priorto1993),Latvia(priorto1994)andLithuania(priorto1995).TheGDPdatahavebeencompiledforallindividualcountriesatmarketpricesin2015USdollars.Fornon-OECDcountries:ThemainsourceoftheGDPdataisWorldDevelopmentIndicators,TheWorldBank,WashingtonD.C.,2020.GDPfiguresfor,DemocraticPeople’sRepublicofKorea,Eritrea(1992-2011),FormerSovietUnion(before1990),Gibraltar,SyrianArabRepublic,ChineseTaipei,Venezuela(1971-2014),FormerYugoslavia(before1990),PalestinianAuthorityandafewcountrieswithintheregionsOtherAfrica,Othernon-OECDAmericasandOthernon-OECDAsiaarebasedontheCHELEM-CEPIIonlinedatabases,BureauvanDijk,2020.GDPfiguresforAlbania(1971-1979),Angola(1971-1979),Bahrain(1971-1979),BosniaandHerzegovina(1990-1993),BruneiDarussalam(1971-1973),Bulgaria(1971-1979),Croatia(1990-1994),Cyprus(1971-1974),Eritrea(2012-2018),Ethiopia(1971-1980),EquatorialGuinea(1971-1980),Haiti(1971-1997),Iran(2018),Jordan(1971-1974),Ku-wait(1971-1991),Lebanon(1971-1987),Libya(1971-1998and2012-2016),Mauritius(1971-1975),Moldova(1990-1994),Mozambique(1971-1979),Qatar(1971-1999),Romania(1971-1989),Serbia(1990-1994),Tanzania(1971-1987),Uganda(1971-1981),UnitedArabEmir-ates(1971-1974),Vietnam(1971-1983)andYemen(1971-1989),havebeenestimatedbasedonthegrowthratesoftheCHELEM-CEPIIonlinedatabase,BureauvanDijk,2020.ForCuraçao,GDPfiguresarebasedonhistoricalCHELEM-CEPIIGDPdataforNetherlandsAntillesbeforethecoun-try’sdissolution,andonCuraçao/SintMaartennominalGDPratioscalculatedbasedoninformationreceivedfromCuraçaoCentralbank.ForSouthSudan(2016-2018),GDPfiguresareestimatedbasedonthedatafromAfricanEnergyOutlookJanuary2020.ForVenezuela(2015-2018),GDPfiguresareestimatedbasedondatafromtheInternationalMonetaryFund.TheGDPdatahavebeencompiledforallindividualcountriesatmarketpricesin2015USdollars.20-CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYIndicatorsFlowShortnameNotesGDP(billionUSD,2015pricesandPPPS)GDPPPPForOECDcountries:SourcesandestimationsforGDPPPPdataforOECDcountriesarethesameasforGDPUSD,formoredetailspleaserefertotheabovebox“GDP(billion2015USDusingexchangerates).Fornon-OECDcountries:ThemainsourceoftheGDPPPPdataisWorldDevelopmentIndicators,TheWorldBank,Washington,D.C.,2020.However,thissourceisavail-ableforGDPPPP(constant2011USdollarsscaledtothelevelsof2015usingcurrentPPPUSdollars)onlyfrom1990.Therefore,priorto1990GDPPPPdatahavebeencalculatedbasedonthePPPconversionfactor(GDP)tomarketexchangerateratio.GDPPPPfiguresforCuba,DemocraticPeople’sRepublicofKorea,Eritrea(1992-2018),FormerSovietUnion(before1990),SyrianArabRepublic,ChineseTaipei,FormerYugoslavia(before1990),PalestinianAuthorityandafewcountrieswithintheregionsOtherAfrica,Othernon-OECDAmericasandOthernon-OECDAsiaarebasedontheCHELEM-CEPIIonlinedatabases,BureauvanDijk,2020.TheGDPPPPdatahavebeenconvertedfromGDPusingpurchasingpowerparityrates.Thesedatahavebeenscaledtothepricelevelsof2015.GDPPPPfiguresforBosniaandHerzegovina(1990-1993),Croatia(1900-1994),Iran(2018),Kuwait(1990-1991),Libya(1990-1998),Moldova(1990-1994),Serbia(1990-1994)andQatar(1990-1999)havebeenestimatedusingGDP/GDPPPPratioprovidedbyWorldBank.ForGibraltar,GDPPPPfiguresarebasedonhistoricalCHELEM-CEPIIGDPPPPdataandgovernmentofGibraltarnationalaccounts.ForCuraçao,GDPPPPfiguresarebasedonhistoricalCHELEM-CEPIIGDPdataforNetherlandsAntillesbeforeitsdissolution,andfor2012-2018GDPPPPiscalculatedbasedonhistoricalGDPPPP/GDPratio.ForSouthSudan,GDPPPPfiguresarebasedonInternationalMonetaryFunddata.TheGDPPPPreflectthechangestopowerpurchasingparityratesbasedonthe2011InternationalComparisonProgram(ICP),publishedin2014.PleasenotethattheregionaltotalsshownforOECDandotherregionswerecalculatedbysummingindividualcountries’GDPdata.ThiscalculationyieldsslightlydifferentresultstotheGDPtotalspublishedbyOECDinitsnationalaccountswhicharederivedfromchained-linkedindices.GDPdatafromtheWorldBankhavealsobeensummedratherthanusingchain-linkedindices.TES/GDP(MJper2015USD)TESGDPThisratioisexpressedinmegajoulesper20150USdollar.Ithasbeencalculatedusingtotalenergysupply(includingbiofuelsandothernon-fossilformsofenergy)andGDPcalculatedusingexchangerates.CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-21INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYIndicatorsFlowShortnameNotesTES/GDPPPP(MJper2015USDPPP)TESGDPPPThisratioisexpressedinmegajoulesper2015USdollar.Ithasbeencalculatedusingtotalenergysupply(includingbiofuelsandothernon-fossilformsofenergy)andGDPcalculatedusingpurchasingpowerparities.Population(millions)POPForOECDcountries:Themainsourceoftheseseriesfor1970to2019whenavailableistheOECDNationalAccountsStatisticsdatabase[ISSN:2221-433X(online)],lastpublishedinbookformatasNationalAccountsofOECDCountries,Volume2020Issue1:DetailedTables,OECD2020.Datafor1960to1969havebeenestimatedusingthegrowthratesfromthepopulationseriespublishedintheOECDFactbook2015(onlinedatabaseversion).GrowthratesfromtheOECDFactbook2015werealsousedtoestimatedataforChile(priorto1986),Estonia(priorto1993),Israel(priorto1995),theSlovakRe-public(priorto1990)andSlovenia(priorto1995).DataforLatvia(priorto1995)andLithuania(priorto1995)areIEASecretariates-timatesbasedonGDPgrowthratesfromtheWorldBank.Fornon-OECDcountries:ThemainsourceofthepopulationdataisWorldDevelopmentIndicators,TheWorldBank,WashingtonD.C.,2018.PopulationdataforFormerSovietUnion(before1990),ChineseTaipei,FormerYugoslavia(before1990),Eritrea(2012-2017),Kuwait(1992-1994),PalestinianAuthorityandforafewcountrieswithintheregionsOtherAfrica,Othernon-OECDAmericasandOthernon-OECDAsiaarebasedontheCHELEM-CEPIIonlinedatabase,BureauvanDijk,Paris,2020.PopulationdataforCyprus2aretakenfromtheEurostatonlinedatabase.PopulationdataforGibraltararetakenfromthegovernmentofGibraltarKeyIndicatorspublicationavailableonline.CO2/TES(tCO2perTJ)CO2TESThisratioisexpressedintonnesofCO2perterajoule.IthasbeencalculatedusingthetotalCO2fuelcombustionemissions(CO2FCOMB)andtotalenergysupply(includingbiofuelsandothernon-fossilformsofenergy).CO2/TFC(tCO2perTJ)CO2TFCThisratioisexpressedintonnesofCO2perterajoule.IthasbeencalculatedusingthetotalCO2fuelcombustionemissions(CO2FCOMB)andtotalfinalconsumption(includingbiofuelsandothernon-fossilformsofenergy).CO2/GDP(kgCO2per2015USD)CO2GDPThisratioisexpressedinkilogrammesofCO2per2015USdollar.IthasbeencomputedusingthetotalCO2fuelcombustion(CO2FCOMB)emissionsandGDPcalculatedusingexchangerates.2PleaserefertothesectiononGeographicalcoverage.22-CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYIndicatorsFlowShortnameNotesIndustryCO2/GDP(kgCO2per2015USD)CO2GDP_IThisratioisexpressedinkilogrammesofCO2per2015USdollar.IthasbeencomputedusingManufacturingindustriesandconstructionCO2emissions(TOTIND)andtotalGDPcalculatedusingexchangerates.TransportCO2/GDP(kgCO2per2015USD)CO2GDP_TThisratioisexpressedinkilogrammesofCO2per2015USdollar.IthasbeencomputedusingTransportCO2emissions(TOTTRANS)andtotalGDPcalculatedusingexchangerates.ServicesCO2/GDP(kgCO2per2015USD)CO2GDP_SThisratioisexpressedinkilogrammesofCO2per2015USdollar.IthasbeencomputedusingCommercialandpublicservicesCO2emissions(COMMPUB)andtotalGDPcalculatedusingexchangerates.ResidentialCO2/GDP(kgCO2per2015USD)CO2GDP_RThisratioisexpressedinkilogrammesofCO2per2015USdollar.IthasbeencomputedusingResidentialCO2emissions(RESIDENT)andtotalGDPcalculatedusingexchangerates.CO2/GDPPPP(kgCO2per2015USDPPP)CO2GDPPPThisratioisexpressedinkilogrammesofCO2per2015USdollar.IthasbeencalculatedusingCO2FuelCombustionemissions(CO2FCOMB)andGDPcalculatedusingpurchasingpowerparities.IndustryCO2/GDPPPP(kgCO2per2015USDPPP)CO2GDPPP_IThisratioisexpressedinkilogrammesofCO2per2015USdollar.IthasbeencalculatedusingManufacturingindustriesandconstructionCO2emissions(TOTIND)andtotalGDPcalculatedusingpurchasingpowerparities.TransportCO2/GDPPPP(kgCO2per2015USDPPP)CO2GDPPP_TThisratioisexpressedinkilogrammesofCO2per2015USdollar.IthasbeencalculatedusingTransportCO2emissions(TOTTRANS)andtotalGDPcalculatedusingpurchasingpowerparities.ServicesCO2/GDPPPP(kgCO2per2015USDPPP)CO2GDPPP_SThisratioisexpressedinkilogrammesofCO2per2015USdollar.IthasbeencalculatedusingtheCommercialandpublicservicesCO2emissions(COMMPUB)andtotalGDPcalculatedusingpurchasingpowerparities.ResidentialCO2/GDPPPP(kgCO2per2015USDPPP)CO2GDPPP_RThisratioisexpressedinkilogrammesofCO2per2015USdollar.IthasbeencalculatedusingResidentialCO2emissions(RESIDENT)andtotalGDPcalculatedusingpurchasingpowerparities.CO2/Population(tCO2percapita)CO2POPThisratioisexpressedintonnesofCO2percapita.IthasbeencalculatedusingCO2fuelcombustionemissions(CO2FCOMB).IndustryCO2/Population(tCO2percapita)CO2POP_IThisratioisexpressedintonnesofCO2percapita.IthasbeencalculatedusingManufacturingindustriesandconstructionCO2emissions(TOTIND).TransportCO2/Population(tCO2percapita)CO2POP_TThisratioisexpressedintonnesofCO2percapita.IthasbeencalculatedusingtheTransportCO2emissions(TOTTRANS).ServicesCO2/Population(tCO2percapita)CO2POP_SThisratioisexpressedintonnesofCO2percapita.IthasbeencalculatedusingCommercialandpublicservicesCO2emissions(COMMPUB).CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-23INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYIndicatorsFlowShortnameNotesResidentialCO2/Population(tCO2percapita)CO2POP_RThisratioisexpressedintonnesofCO2percapita.IthasbeencalculatedusingResidentialCO2emissions(RESIDENT).CO2emissionsindexICO2EMISCO2FuelCombustionemissions(CO2FCOMB)expressedasanindex,wherethereferenceyear=100.Asidefromthefollowingexceptions,1990isusedasthereferenceyear:Bulgaria(1988),Cambodia(1995),Eritrea(1992),Hungary(average1985-1987),Kosovo(2000),Montenegro(2005),Namibia(1991),Niger(2000),Poland(1988),Romania(1989),Slovenia(1986),SouthSudan(2012)andSuriname(2000).PopulationindexIPOPPopulationexpressedasanindex,wherethereferenceyear=100.Asidefromthefollowingexceptions,1990isusedasthereferenceyear:Bulgaria(1988),Cambodia(1995),Eritrea(1992),Hungary(average1985-1987),Kosovo(2000),Montenegro(2005),Namibia(1991),Niger(2000),Poland(1988),Romania(1989),Slovenia(1986),SouthSudan(2012)andSuriname(2000).ThisindexcanbeusedasoneoftheconstituentsoftheKayaidentity,formoreinformationseethesectionUnderstandingtheIEACO2emissionsestimates.GDPperpopulationindexIGDPPOPGDPPPP/populationexpressedasanindex,wherethereferenceyear=100.Asidefromthefollowingexceptions,1990isusedasthereferenceyear:Bulgaria(1988),Cambodia(1995),Eritrea(1992),Hungary(average1985-1987),Kosovo(2000),Montenegro(2005),Namibia(1991),Niger(2000),Poland(1988),Romania(1989),Slovenia(1986),SouthSudan(2012)andSuriname(2000).ThisindexcanbeusedasoneoftheconstituentsoftheKayaidentity,formoreinformationseethesectionUnderstandingtheIEACO2emissionsestimates.Energyintensityindex-TES/GDPITESGDPTES/GDPPPPexpressedasanindex,wherethereferenceyear=100.Asidefromthefollowingexceptions,1990isusedasthereferenceyear:Bulgaria(1988),Cambodia(1995),Eritrea(1992),Hungary(average1985-1987),Kosovo(2000),Montenegro(2005),Namibia(1991),Niger(2000),Poland(1988),Romania(1989),Slovenia(1986),SouthSudan(2012)andSuriname(2000).ThisindexcanbeusedasoneoftheconstituentsoftheKayaidentity,formoreinformationseethesectionUnderstandingtheIEACO2emissionsestimates.24-CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYIndicatorsFlowShortnameNotesCarbonintensityindex–ESCII:CO2/TESICO2TESCO2emissions/TESexpressedasanindex,wherethereferenceyear=100.CalculatedusingCO2FuelCombustionemissions(CO2FCOMB).Asidefromthefollowingexceptions,1990isusedasthereferenceyear:Bulgaria(1988),Cambodia(1995),Eritrea(1992),Hungary(average1985-1987),Kosovo(2000),Montenegro(2005),Namibia(1991),Niger(2000),Poland(1988),Romania(1989),Slovenia(1986),SouthSudan(2012)andSuriname(2000).ThisindexcanbeusedasoneoftheconstituentsoftheKayaidentity,formoreinformationseethesectionUnderstandingtheIEACO2emissionsestimates.CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-25INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYAllocationofemissionsfromelectricity/heatFlowAllocationDefinitionEmissionsbysectorNOExpressedinthousandtonnesofCO2.ThisallocationtypeshowsemissionsforthesamesectorswhicharepresentinthefileCO2EmissionsFromFuelCombustion.Inparticular,theemissionsfromelectricityandheatproductionareshownseparatelyandnotreallocated.EmissionswithelectricityandheatallocatedtoconsumingsectorsYESExpressedinthousandtonnesofCO2.Emissionsfromelectricityandheatgenerationhavebeenallocatedtofinalconsumingsectorsmultiplyingtheamountsofelectricityandheatconsumedperelectricity/heatcountry-specificcarbonintensities.IEAdatadoesnotcapturetheautoproductionbysub-sector,butonlythetotal.Thereforecautiousisneededwhileusingthesub-sectoraldisaggregationofManufacturingindustriesandconstruction.PercapitaemissionsbysectorNOPTheseratiosareexpressedinkilogrammesofCO2percapita.ThisallocationtypeshowspercapitaemissionsforthesamesectorswhicharepresentinthefileCO2EmissionsFromFuelCombustion.Inparticular,theemissionsfromelectricityandheatproductionareshownseparatelyandnotreallocated.PercapitaemissionswithelectricityandheatallocatedtoconsumingsectorsYESPTheseratiosareexpressedinkilogrammesofCO2percapita.Emissionsfromelectricityandheatgenerationhavebeenallocatedtofinalconsumingsectorsmultiplyingtheamountsofelectricityandheatconsumedperelectricity/heatcountry-specificcarbonintensities.IEAdatadoesnotcapturetheautoproductionbysub-sector,butonlythetotal.Thereforecautiousisneededwhileusingthesub-sectoraldisaggregationofManufacturingindustriesandconstruction.26-CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYIPCCFuelcombustionemissions(2006Guidelines)FlowShortnameDefinitionCO2fuelcombustion(Energy&IPPU)CO2FCOMBCO2fuelcombustion(Energy&IPPU)presentstotalCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustion.ThisincludesCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustioninIPCCSource/SinkCategory1AFuelCombustionActivitiesandthosewhichmaybeexcludedfromtheSectoralApproachandreallocatedtoIPCCSource/SinkCategory2IndustrialProcessesandProductUse(IPPU)underthe2006IPCCGuidelines(2006GLs).CO2FCOMB=CO2SA+IPPUFCOMBCO2sectoralapproach(Energy)CO2SACO2sectoralapproach(Energy)presentstotalCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionascalculatedusingtheIPCCTier1SectoralApproachofthe2006GLsandcorrespondstoIPCCSource/SinkCategory1A.Underthe2006GLs,certainfuelcombustionemissionsmaybeexcludedfromtheSectoralApproachandreallocatedtotheIPCCSource/SinkCategoryIndustrialProcessesandProductUse(IPPU).FortheIEASectoralApproachcalculations,thesereallocatedemissionshavebeenexcluded,andarepresentedseparately(underIPPUCO2Fuelcombustion–Totalreallocated[IPPU]).IPPUCO2fuelcombustion–Totalreallocated(IPPU)IPPUFCOMBIPPUCO2fuelcombustion–Totalreallocated(IPPU)presentsthetotalquantityofCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionwhichmaybeexcludedfromtheSectoralApproachandreallocatedtoIPCCSource/SinkCategoryIndustrialProcessesandProductUse(IPPU)underthe2006GLs.IPPUFCOMB=IPPUIRON+IPPUNFERR+IPPUAUTOP+IPPUEPOWER+IPPUEBLASTCO2ReferenceApproach(Energy)CO2RACO2referenceapproach(Energy)containstotalCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionascalculatedusingtheReferenceApproachofthe2006GLs.TheReferenceApproachisbasedonthesupplyofenergyinacountryandasaresult,allinventoriescalculatedusingthismethodincludefugitiveemissionsfromenergytransformation(e.g.fromoilrefineries)whicharenormallyincludedinCategory1B.Forthisreason,ReferenceApproachestimatesarelikelytooverestimatenationalCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustion.Underthe2006GLs,certainfuelcombustionemissionsareexcludedfromtheReferenceApproachastheyareaccountedforIPCCSource/SinkCategoriesotherthanEnergy.ForthepurposesoftheseIEAReferenceApproachestimates,theseemissionshavebeenexcluded.Inthesetables,thedifferencebetweentheSectoralApproachandtheReferenceApproachincludesstatisticaldifferences,producttransfers,transformationlosses,distributionlosses.Inaddition,somedifferencesbetweentheapproachesmayoccurduetosimplificationsintheReferenceApproach.CO2RA=CO2SA+TRANDIFF+STATDIFF.CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-27INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYIPCCFuelcombustionemissions(2006Guidelines)FlowShortnameDefinitionDifferenceduetolossesand/ortransformation(Energy)TRANDIFFDifferencesduetolossesand/ortransformationcontainsemissionsthatresultfromthetransformationofenergyfromaprimaryfueltoasecondaryortertiaryfuel.Includedherearesolidfueltransformation,oilrefineries,gasworksandotherfueltransformationindustries.TheseemissionsarenormallyreportedasfugitiveemissionsintheIPCCSource/SinkCategory1B,butwillbeincludedin1AininventoriesthatarecalculatedusingtheIPCCReferenceApproach.Theoretically,thiscategoryshouldshowrelativelysmallemissionsrepresentingthelossofcarbonbyotherwaysthancombustion,suchasevaporationorleakage.Negativeemissionsforoneproductandpositiveemissionsforanotherproductwouldimplyachangeintheclassificationoftheemissionsourceasaresultofanenergytransformationbetweencoalandgas,betweencoalandoil,etc.Inpractice,however,itoftenprovesdifficulttocorrectlyaccountforallinputsandoutputsinenergytransformationindustries,andtoseparateenergythatistransformedfromenergythatiscombusted.Therefore,differencesduetolossesand/ortransformationsometimesshowsquitelargepositiveemissionsorevennegativeonesduetoproblemsintheunderlyingenergydata.Statisticaldifferences(Energy)STATDIFFStatisticaldifferencescanbeduetounexplaineddiscrepanciesintheunderlyingenergydata.TheycanalsobecausedbydifferencesbetweenemissionscalculatedusingtheReferenceApproachandtheSectoralApproach.Memo:IPPUCO2Fuelcombustion–Ironandsteel(IPPU)IPPUIRONIPPUCO2fuelcombustion–Ironandsteel(IPPU)presentstheCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionwhichmaybeexcludedfromtheironandsteelsectorundertheSectoralApproachandreallocatedtoIPCCSource/SinkCategoryIndustrialProcessesandProductUse(IPPU)underthe2006GLs.Thiscontainsemissionsfromcokeovencoke,cokeovengas,blastfurnacegasandotherrecoveredgasesreportedunderIronandsteel.Memo:IPPUCO2Fuelcombustion–Non-ferrousmetals(IPPU)IPPUNFERRIPPUCO2fuelcombustion–Non-ferrousmetals(IPPU)presentstheCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionwhichmaybeexcludedfromthenon-ferrousmetalssectorundertheSectoralApproachandreallocatedtoIPCCSource/SinkCategoryIndustrialProcessesandProductUse(IPPU)underthe2006GLs.ThiscontainsemissionsfromcokeovencokereportedunderNon-ferrousmetals.28-CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYIPCCFuelcombustionemissions(2006Guidelines)FlowShortnameDefinitionMemo:IPPUCO2Fuelcombustion–Autoproducers(IPPU)IPPUAUTOPIPPUCO2fuelcombustion–Autoproducer(IPPU)presentstheCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionwhichmaybeexcludedfromtheautoproductionsectorundertheSectoralApproachandreallocatedtoIPCCSource/SinkCategoryIndustrialProcessesandProductUse(IPPU)underthe2006GLs.Thiscontainsemissionsfromcokeovengas,blastfurnacegasandotherrecoveredgasesreportedunderUnallocatedautoproducers.ForthepurposesofIEASectoralApproachestimates,auto-producerconsumptionofthesegasesisassumedtooccurwithintheironandsteelsector.Memo:IPPUCO2Fuelcombustion–Autoproducerownuse(IPPU)IPPUEPOWERIPPUCO2fuelcombustion–Autoproducerownuse(IPPU)presentstheCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionwhichmaybeexcludedfromautoproduceron-siteownuseundertheSectoralApproachandreallocatedtoIPCCSource/SinkCategoryIndustrialProcessesandProductUse(IPPU)underthe2006GLs.Thiscontainsemissionsfromcokeovengas,blastfurnacegasandotherrecoveredgasesreportedunderOwnon-siteuseoffuelinelectricity,CHPandheatplants.ForthepurposesofIEASectoralApproachestimates,autoproducerconsumptionofthesegasesisassumedtooccurwithintheironandsteelsector.Memo:IPPUCO2Fuelcombustion–Blastfurnaceenergy(IPPU)IPPUEBLASTIPPUCO2fuelcombustion–Blastfurnaceenergy(IPPU)presentstheCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionwhichmaybeexcludedfromenergyuseinblastfurnacesundertheSectoralApproachandreallocatedtoIPCCSource/SinkCategoryIndustrialProcessesandProductUse(IPPU)underthe2006GLs.Thiscontainsemissionsfromcokeovencoke,cokeovengas,blastfurnacegasandotherrecoveredgasesreportedunderEnergyuseinblastfurnaces.ForthepurposesofIEASectoralApproachestimates,energyuseinblastfurnacesisassumedtooccurwithintheironandsteelsector.CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-29INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYFugitiveemissionsFlowShortnameDefinitionProductionINDPRODExpressedinthousandtonnesofCH4.Itincludesmethaneaccidentalemissionsfromupstreamprocessesotherthanventingandflaring.ThiscorrespondstoIPCCSource/SinkCategory1B2aiii1,1B2aiii2(oil),1B2biii1and1B2biii2(naturalgas).FlaredFLAREDExpressedinthousandtonnesofCO2orCH4.ItincludesCO2fromflaringorCH4emissionsfromincompletecombustionofflares.ThiscorrespondstoIPCCSource/SinkCat-egory1B2aiiand1B2bii(oil).VentedVENTEDExpressedinthousandtonnesofCH4.Itincludesmethaneemissionsfromventing.ThiscorrespondstoIPCCSource/SinkCategory1B1a(coal),1B2ai(oil)and1B2bi(naturalgas).Transmissionanddistribution(accidental)TANDDExpressedinthousandtonnesofCH4.Itincludesmethaneaccidentalemissionsfromdownstreampro-cesses.ThiscorrespondstoIPCCSource/SinkCategory1B2aiii3,1B2a.iii4and1B2aiii5(oil),1B2biii4and1B2biii5(naturalgas).Distributionlosses(deliberate)DISTLOSSExpressedinthousandtonnesofCH4.Itincludesmethanedeliberateemissionsfromdownstreampro-cesses.ThiscorrespondstoIPCCSource/SinkCategory1B2aiii5(oil)and1B2biii5(naturalgas).30-CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYAggregatedproductcategoriesFlowShortnameDefinitionTotalTOTALTOTAL=thetotalofallCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustion,i.e.COAL+OIL+NATGAS+OTHER.Coal,peatandoilshaleCOALCoal,peatandoilshaleincludesallcoal,bothprimary(hardcoal,browncoal,anthracite,cokingcoal,otherbituminouscoal,sub-bituminouscoalandlignite)andderivedfuels(patentfuel,cokeovencoke,gascoke,coaltar,BKB,gasworksgas,cokeovengas,blastfurnacegasandotherrecoveredgases).Peat,peatprod-uctsandoilshalearealsoaggregatedinthiscategory.OilOILOilincludescrudeoil,naturalgasliquids,refineryfeedstocks,additives/blendingcomponents,orimulsion,otherhydrocarbons,refinerygas,ethane,LPG,motorgasolineexcl.biofuels,aviationgasoline,gasolinetypejetfuel,kerosenetypejetfuelexcl.biofuels,kerosene,gas/dieseloilexcl.biofuels,fueloil,naphtha,whitespirit,lubricants,bitumen,paraffinwaxes,petroleumcokeandnon-specifiedoilproducts.NaturalgasNATGASGasrepresentsnaturalgas.Itexcludesnaturalgasliquids.Non-renewableswastesOTHEROtherincludesindustrialwasteandnon-renewablemunicipalwaste.Memo:BiofuelsandrenewablewastesBIOPRODIncludesbiofuels(primarysolidbiofuels,biogases,biogasoline,biodiesels,biojetkeroseneandotherliquidbiofuels)andrenewa-blewastes.CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-31INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYCoalFlowShortnameDefinitionHardcoal(ifnodetail)HARDCOALThisitemisonlyusedifthedetailedbreakdownisnotavailable.Itincludesanthracite,cokingcoal,otherbituminouscoal.Browncoal(ifnodetail)BROWNThisitemisonlyusedifthedetailedbreakdownisnotavailable.Itincludesligniteandsub-bituminouscoal.AnthraciteANTCOALAnthraciteisahighrankcoalusedforindustrialandresidentialapplications.Itisgenerallylessthan10%volatilematterandahighcarboncontent(about90%fixedcarbon).Itsgrosscalorificvalueisgreaterthan24000kJ/kgonanash-freebutmoistbasis.CokingcoalCOKCOALCokingcoalreferstobituminouscoalwithaqualitythatallowstheproductionofacokesuitabletosupportablastfurnacecharge.Itsgrosscalorificvalueisequaltoorgreaterthan24000kJ/kgonanash-freebutmoistbasis.OtherbituminouscoalBITCOALOtherbituminouscoalisusedmainlyforsteamraisingandspaceheatingpurposesandincludesallbituminouscoalthatisnotincludedundercokingcoalnoranthracite.Itisusuallymorethan10%volatilematterandarelativelyhighcarboncontent(lessthan90%fixedcarbon).Itsgrosscalorificvalueisgreaterthan24000kJ/kgonanash-freebutmoistbasis.Sub-bituminouscoalSUBCOALNon-agglomeratingcoalswithagrosscalorificvaluebetween20000kJ/kgand24000kJ/kgcontainingmorethan31%volatilematteronadrymineralmatterfreebasis.LigniteLIGNITELigniteisanon-agglomeratingcoalwithagrosscalorificvalueoflessthan20000kJ/kg,andgreaterthan31%volatilematteronadrymineralmatterfreebasis.PatentFuelPATFUELPatentfuelisacompositionfuelmanufacturedfromhardcoalfineswiththeadditionofabindingagent.Theamountofpatentfuelproducedmay,therefore,beslightlyhigherthantheactualamountofcoalconsumedinthetransformationprocess.Consumptionofpatentfuelsduringthepatentfuelmanufacturingprocessisincludedunderenergyindustryownuse.CokeovencokeOVENCOKECokeovencokeisthesolidproductobtainedfromthecarbonisationofcoal,principallycokingcoal,athightemperature.Itislowinmoisturecontentandvolatilematter.Cokeovencokeisusedmainlyintheironandsteelindustry,actingasenergysourceandchemicalagent.Alsoincludedaresemi-coke(asolidproductobtainedfromthecarbonisationofcoalatalowtemperature),lignitecoke(asemi-cokemadefromlignite),cokebreezeandfoundrycoke.Theheadingenergyindustryownuseincludestheconsumptionatthecokingplantsthemselves.Consumptionintheironandsteelindustrydoesnotincludecokeconvertedintoblastfurnacegas.Toobtainthetotalemissionsfromcokeovencokeintheironandsteelindustry,thequantitiesconvertedintoblastfurnacegashavetobeadded(theseareaggregatedunderdifferencesduetotransformationsand/orlosses).32-CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYCoalFlowShortnameDefinitionGascokeGASCOKEGascokeisaby-productofhardcoalusedfortheproductionoftowngasingasworks.Gascokeisusedforheatingpurposes.Energyindustryownuseincludestheconsumptionofgascokeatgasworks.CoaltarCOALTARCoaltarisaresultofthedestructivedistillationofbituminouscoal.Coaltaristheliquidby-productofthedistillationofcoaltomakecokeinthecokeovenprocess.Coaltarcanbefurtherdistilledintodifferentorganicproducts(e.g.benzene,toluene,naphthalene),whichnormallywouldbereportedasafeedstocktothepetrochemicalindustry.BKBBKBBrowncoalbriquettes(braunkohlebriketts)arecompositionfuelsmanufacturedfromlignite,producedbybriquettingunderhighpressurewithorwithouttheadditionofabindingagent.Theheadingenergyindustryownuseincludesconsumptionbybriquettingplants.GasworksgasGASWKSGSGasworksgascoversalltypesofgasproducedinpublicutilityorprivateplants,whosemainpurposeisthemanufacture,transportanddistributionofgas.Itincludesgasproducedbycarbonisation(includinggasproducedbycokeovensandtransferredtogasworks),bytotalgasification(withorwithoutenrichmentwithoilproducts)andbyreformingandsimplemixingofgasesand/orair.CokeovengasCOKEOVGSCokeovengasisobtainedasaby-productofthemanufactureofcokeovencokefortheproductionofironandsteel.BlastfurnacegasBLFURGSBlastfurnacegasisproducedduringthecombustionofcokeinblastfurnacesintheironandsteelindustry.Itisrecoveredandusedasafuel,partlywithintheplantandpartlyinothersteelindustryprocessesorinpowerstationsequippedtoburnit.OtherrecoveredgasesOGASESBy-productoftheproductionofsteelinanoxygenfurnace,recoveredonleavingthefurnace.Thegasesarealsoknownasconvertergas,LDgasorBOSgas.Thequantityofrecuperatedfuelshouldbereportedonagrosscalorificvaluebasis.Alsocoversnon-specifiedmanufacturedgasesnotmentionedabove,suchascombustiblegasesofsolidcarbonaceousoriginrecoveredfrommanufacturingandchemicalprocessesnotelsewheredefined.CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-33INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYPeatFlowShortnameDefinitionPeatPEATPeatisacombustiblesoft,porousorcompressed,fossilsedimentarydepositofplantoriginwithhighwatercontent(upto90%intherawstate),easilycut,oflighttodarkbrowncolour.Peatusedfornon-energypurposesisnotincludedhere.Milledpeatisincludedhere.PeatproductsPEATPRODProductssuchaspeatbriquettesderiveddirectlyorindirectlyfromsodpeatandmilledpeat.OilshaleFlowShortnameDefinitionOilshaleandoilsandsOILSHALEOilshaleandoilsandsaresedimentaryrockwhichcontainsorganicmatterintheformofkerogen.Kerogenisawaxyhydrocarbon-richmaterialregardedasaprecursorofpetroleum.Oilshalemaybeburneddirectlyorprocessedbyheatingtoextractshaleoil.Oilshaleandtarsandsusedasinputsforothertransformationprocessesareincludedhere(thisincludestheportionconsumedinthetransformationprocess).Shaleoilandotherproductsderivedfromliquefactionareincludedinotherhydrocarbons.34-CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYOilFlowShortnameDefinitionCrude/NGL/feedstocks(ifnodetail)CRNGFEEDThisitemisonlyusedifthedetailedbreakdownisnotavailable.Itincludescrudeoil,naturalgasliquids,refineryfeedstocks,additives/blendingcom-ponentsandotherhydrocarbons.CrudeoilCRUDEOILCrudeoilisamineraloilconsistingofamixtureofhydrocarbonsofnaturaloriginandassociatedimpurities,suchassulphur.Itexistsintheliquidphaseundernormalsurfacetemperaturesandpressureanditsphysicalcharacteristics(density,viscosity,etc.)arehighlyvariable.Itincludesfieldorleasecondensates(separatorliquids)whicharerecoveredfromassociatedandnon-associatedgaswhereitiscommingledwiththecommercialcrudeoilstream.NaturalgasliquidsNGLNGLaretheliquidorliquefiedhydrocarbonsrecoveredfromnaturalgasinseparationfacilitiesorgasprocessingplants.Naturalgasliquidsincludeethane,propane,butane(normalandiso-),(iso)pentaneandpentanesplus(sometimesreferredtoasnaturalgasolineorplantcondensate).RefineryfeedstocksREFFEEDSArefineryfeedstockisaprocessedoildestinedforfurtherprocessing(e.g.straightrunfueloilorvacuumgasoil)otherthanblendingintherefiningindustry.Itistransformedintooneormorecomponentsand/orfinishedproducts.Withfurtherprocessing,itwillbetransformedintooneormorecomponentsand/orfinishedproducts.Thisdefinitionalsocoversreturnsfromthepetrochemicalindustrytotherefiningindustry(e.g.pyrolysisgasoline,C4fractions,gasoilandfueloilfractions).Additives/blendingcomponentsADDITIVEAdditivesarenon-hydrocarbonsubstancesaddedtoorblendedwithaproducttomodifyitsproperties,forexample,toimproveitscombustioncharacteristics.Alcoholsandethers(MTBE,methyltertiary-butylether)andchemicalalloyssuchastetraethylleadareincludedhere.Thebiomassfractionsofbiogasoline,biodieselandethanolarenotincludedhere,butunderliquidbiofuels.ThisdiffersfromthepresentationofadditivesintheOilInformationpublication.OrimulsionORIMULEmulsifiedoilmadeofwaterandnaturalbitumen.OtherhydrocarbonsNONCRUDEThiscategoryincludessyntheticcrudeoilfromtarsands,shaleoil,etc.,liq-uidsfromcoalliquefaction,outputofliquidsfromnaturalgasconversionintogasolineandhydrogen.Orimulsionandoilshalearepresentedseparate-lyandnotincludedhere.RefinerygasREFINGASRefinerygasisdefinedasnon-condensablegasobtainedduringdistillationofcrudeoilortreatmentofoilproducts(e.g.cracking)inrefineries.Itcon-sistsmainlyofhydrogen,methane,ethaneandolefins.Italsoincludesgaseswhicharereturnedfromthepetrochemicalindustry.EthaneETHANEEthaneisanaturallygaseousstraight-chainhydrocarbon(C2H6).Itisacolourlessparaffinicgaswhichisextractedfromnaturalgasandrefinerygasstreams.CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-35INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYOilFlowShortnameDefinitionLiquefiedpetroleumgasesLPGLiquefiedpetroleumgasesarethelighthydrocarbonfractionoftheparaffinseries,derivedfromrefineryprocesses,crudeoilstabilisationplantsandnaturalgasprocessingplants,comprisingpropane(C3H8)andbutane(C4H10)oracombinationofthetwo.Theycouldalsoincludepropylene,butylene,isobuteneandisobutylene.LPGarenormallyliquefiedunderpressurefortransportationandstorage.Motorgasolineexcl.bioNONBIOGASOMotorgasolineislighthydrocarbonoilforuseininternalcombustionenginessuchasmotorvehicles,excludingaircraft.Motorgasolineisdistilledbetween35oCand215oCandisusedasafuelforlandbasedsparkignitionengines.Motorgasolinemayincludeadditives,oxygenatesandoctaneenhancers,includingleadcompoundssuchasTEL(tetraethyllead)andTML(tetramethyllead).Motorgasolineexcludingbiofuelsdoesnotincludetheliquidbiofuelorethanolblendedwithgasoline-seeliquidbiofuels.AviationgasolineAVGASAviationgasolineismotorspiritpreparedespeciallyforaviationpistonengines,withanoctanenumbersuitedtotheengine,afreezingpointof-60oC,andadistillationrangeusuallywithinthelimitsof30oCand180oC.GasolinetypejetfuelJETGASGasolinetypejetfuelincludesalllighthydrocarbonoilsforuseinaviationturbinepowerunits,whichdistilbetween100oCand250oC.Thisfuelisobtainedbyblendingkerosenesandgasolineornaphthasinsuchawaythatthearomaticcontentdoesnotexceed25%involume,andthevapourpressureisbetween13.7kPaand20.6kPa.Additivescanbeincludedtoimprovefuelstabilityandcombustibility.Kerosenetypejetfuelexcl.bioNONBIOJETKKerosenetypejetfuelisamediumdistillateusedforaviationturbinepowerunits.Ithasthesamedistillationcharacteristicsandflashpointaskerosene(between150oCand300oCbutnotgenerallyabove250oC).Inaddition,ithasparticularspecifications(suchasfreezingpoint)whichareestablishedbytheInternationalAirTransportAssociation(IATA).Itincludeskeroseneblendingcomponents.Kerosenetypejetfuelexcludingbiofuelsdoesnotincludetheliquidbiofuelsblendedwithjetkerosene.OtherkeroseneOTHKEROKerosene(otherthankeroseneusedforaircrafttransportwhichisincludedwithaviationfuels)comprisesrefinedpetroleumdistillateintermediateinvolatilitybetweengasolineandgas/dieseloil.Itisamediumoildistillingbetween150oCand300oC.Gas/dieseloilexcl.bioNONBIODIESGas/dieseloilincludesheavygasoils.Gasoilsareobtainedfromthelowestfractionfromatmosphericdistillationofcrudeoil,whileheavygasoilsareobtainedbyvacuumredistillationoftheresidualfromatmosphericdistillation.Gas/dieseloildistilsbetween180oCand380oC.Severalgradesareavailabledependingonuses:dieseloilfordieselcompressionignition(cars,trucks,marine,etc.),lightheatingoilforindustrialandcommercialuses,andothergasoilincludingheavygasoilswhichdistilbetween380oCand540oCandwhichareusedaspetrochemicalfeedstocks.Gas/dieseloilexcludingbiofuelsdoesnotincludetheliquidbiofuelsblendedwithgas/dieseloil–seeliquidbiofuels.36-CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYOilFlowShortnameDefinitionFueloilRESFUELFueloildefinesoilsthatmakeupthedistillationresidue.Itcomprisesallresidualfueloils,includingthoseobtainedbyblending.Itskinematicviscosityisabove10cStat80oC.Theflashpointisalwaysabove50oCandthedensityisalwayshigherthan0.90kg/l.NaphthaNAPHTHANaphthaisafeedstockdestinedeitherforthepetrochemicalindustry(e.g.ethylenemanufactureoraromaticsproduction)orforgasolineproductionbyreformingorisomerisationwithintherefinery.Naphthacomprisesmaterialthatdistilsbetween30oCand210oC.Whitespirit&SBPWHITESPWhitespiritandSBParerefineddistillateintermediateswithadistillationinthenaphtha/kerosenerange.WhiteSpirithasaflashpointabove30oCandadistillationrangeof135oCto200oC.IndustrialSpirit(SBP)compriseslightoilsdistillingbetween30oCand200oC,withatemperaturedifferencebetween5%volumeand90%volumedistillationpoints,includinglosses,ofnotmorethan60oC.Inotherwords,SBPisalightoilofnarrowercutthanmotorspirit.Therearesevenoreightgradesofindustrialspirit,dependingonthepositionofthecutinthedistillationrangedefinedabove.LubricantsLUBRICLubricantsarehydrocarbonsproducedfromdistillateorresidue;theyaremainlyusedtoreducefrictionbetweenbearingsurfaces.Thiscategoryincludesallfinishedgradesoflubricatingoil,fromspindleoiltocylinderoil,andthoseusedingreases,includingmotoroilsandallgradesoflubricatingoilbasestocks.BitumenBITUMENBitumenisasolid,semi-solidorviscoushydrocarbonwithacolloidalstructurethatisbrowntoblackincolour.Itisobtainedbyvacuumdistillationofoilresiduesfromatmosphericdistillationofcrudeoil.Bitumenisoftenreferredtoasasphaltandisprimarilyusedforsurfacingofroadsandforroofingmaterial.Thiscategoryincludesfluidisedandcutbackbitumen.ParaffinwaxesPARWAXParaffinwaxesaresaturatedaliphatichydrocarbons.Thesewaxesareresiduesextractedwhendewaxinglubricantoils,andtheyhaveacrystallinestructurewhichismoreorlessfineaccordingtothegrade.Theirmaincharacteristicsarethattheyarecolourless,odourlessandtranslucent,withameltingpointabove45oC.PetroleumcokePETCOKEPetroleumcokeisdefinedasablacksolidresidue,obtainedmainlybycrackingandcarbonisingofpetroleumderivedfeedstocks,vacuumbottoms,tarandpitchesinprocessessuchasdelayedcokingorfluidcoking.Itconsistsmainlyofcarbon(90to95%)andhasalowashcontent.Itisusedasafeedstockincokeovensforthesteelindustry,forheatingpurposes,forelectrodemanufactureandforproductionofchemicals.Thetwomostimportantqualitiesare"greencoke"and"calcinedcoke".Thiscategoryalsoincludes"catalystcoke"depositedonthecatalystduringrefiningprocesses:thiscokeisnotrecoverableandisusuallyburnedasrefineryfuel.Non-specifiedoilproductsONONSPECOtheroilproductsnotclassifiedabove(e.g.tar,sulphurandgrease)areincludedhere.Thiscategoryalsoincludesaromatics(e.g.BTXorbenzene,tolueneandxylene)andolefins(e.g.propylene)producedwithinrefineries.CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-37INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYGasFlowShortnameDefinitionNaturalgasNATGASNaturalgascomprisesgases,occurringinundergrounddeposits,wheth-erliquefiedorgaseous,consistingmainlyofmethane.Itincludesboth"non-associated"gasoriginatingfromfieldsproducingonlyhydrocar-bonsingaseousform,and"associated"gasproducedinassociationwithcrudeoilaswellasmethanerecoveredfromcoalmines(collierygas)orfromcoalseams(coalseamgas).Productionrepresentsdrymarketableproductionwithinnationalbounda-ries,includingoffshoreproductionandismeasuredafterpurificationandextractionofNGLandsulphur.Itincludesgasconsumedbygasprocessingplantsandgastransportedbypipeline.Quantitiesofgasthatarere-injected,ventedorflaredareexcluded.OtherFlowShortnameDefinitionIndustrialwasteINDWASTEIndustrialwasteofnon-renewableoriginconsistsofsolidandliquidproducts(e.g.tyres)combusteddirectly,usuallyinspecialisedplants,toproduceheatand/orpower.Renewableindustrialwasteisnotincludedhere.Municipalwaste(non-renewable)MUNWASTENMunicipalwasteconsistsofproductsthatarecombusteddirectlytoproduceheatand/orpowerandcompriseswastesproducedbyhouseholds,industry,hospitalsandthetertiarysectorthatarecollectedbylocalauthoritiesforincinerationatspecificinstallations.Renewablemunicipalwasteisnotincludedhere.38-CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCY4.GEOGRAPHICALCOVERAGEANDCOUNTRYNOTESCountriesandregionsThisdocumentiswithoutprejudicetothestatusoforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothedelimitationofinterna-tionalfrontiersandboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory,cityorarea.Inthispublication,‘country’referstocountryorterritory,ascasemaybe.Datastartin1960forOECDcountriesandregions,andin1971fornon-OECDcountriesandregions,unlessotherwisespecified.Country/RegionShortnameDefinitionWorldWORLDIncludesOECDTotal;Africa;non-OECDAsia(excludingChina);China(P.R.ofChinaandHongKong,China);Non-OECDAmericas;MiddleEast;Non-OECDEuropeandEurasia;WorldaviationbunkersandWorldmarinebunkers.ItisalsothesumofAfrica(UN),Americas(UN),Asia(UN),Europe(UN),Oceania(UN),WorldaviationbunkersandWorldmarinebunkers.ItisalsothesumofAfrica,Americas,Asia,Europe,Oceania,WorldaviationbunkersandWorldmarinebunkers.Pre-1971valueshavebeenestimatedinaccordancewiththemethodologydescribedinthesectionEstimatesforyearsstartingin1751.CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-39INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYCountriesandregionsThisdocumentiswithoutprejudicetothestatusoforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothedelimitationofinterna-tionalfrontiersandboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory,cityorarea.Inthispublication,‘country’referstocountryorterritory,ascasemaybe.Datastartin1960forOECDcountriesandregions,andin1971fornon-OECDcountriesandregions,unlessotherwisespecified.Country/RegionShortnameDefinitionMemo:OECDTotalOECDTOTIncludesAustralia;Austria;Belgium;Canada;Chile;theCzechRepublic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Iceland;Ireland;Israel;Italy;Japan;Korea;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Mexico;theNetherlands;NewZealand;Norway;Poland;Portugal;theSlovakRepublic;Slo-venia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Turkey;theUnitedKing-domandtheUnitedStates.3Estonia,Latvia,LithuaniaandSloveniaareincludedstartingin1990.Priorto1990,dataforEstonia,LatviaandLithuaniaareincludedinFormerSovietUnionanddataforSloveniainFormerYugoslavia.Pre-1971valueshavebeenestimatedinaccordancewiththemethodologydescribedinthesectionEstimatesforyearsstartingin1751.OECDAmericasOECDAMIncludesCanada,Chile,MexicoandtheUnitedStates.OECDAsiaOceaniaOECDAOIncludesAustralia,Israel4,Japan,KoreaandNewZealand.OECDEuropeOECDEURIncludesAustria;Belgium;theCzechRepublic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Iceland;Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;theNetherlands;Norway;Poland;Portugal;theSlovakRepublic;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;TurkeyandtheUnitedKingdom.Estonia,Latvia,LithuaniaandSloveniaareincludedstartingin1990.Priorto1990,dataforEstonia,LatviaandLithuaniaareincludedinFormerSovietUnionanddataforSloveniainFormerYugoslavia.3.LithuaniawasnotanOECDMemberatthetimeofpreparationofthispublication.Accordingly,LithuaniadoesnotappearinthelistofOECDMembersandisstillincludedinthenon-OECDaggregates.4.ThestatisticaldataforIsraelaresuppliedbyandundertheresponsibilityoftherelevantIsraeliauthorities.TheuseofsuchdatabytheOECDiswithoutprejudicetothestatusoftheGolanHeights,EastJerusalemandIsraelisettlementsintheWestBankunderthetermsofinternationallaw.40-CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYCountriesandregionsThisdocumentiswithoutprejudicetothestatusoforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothedelimitationofinterna-tionalfrontiersandboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory,cityorarea.Inthispublication,‘country’referstocountryorterritory,ascasemaybe.Datastartin1960forOECDcountriesandregions,andin1971fornon-OECDcountriesandregions,unlessotherwisespecified.Country/RegionShortnameDefinitionAfricaAFRICAIncludesAlgeria,Angola,Benin,Botswana(from1981),Cameroon,RepublicofCongo(Congo)5,Côted'Ivoire,DemocraticRepublicofCongo(from1981),Egypt,Eritrea,Ethiopia,Gabon,Ghana,Kenya,Libya,Mauritius,Morocco,Mozambique,Namibia(from1991),Niger(from2000),Nigeria,Senegal,SouthAfrica,SouthSudan(from2012),Sudan,UnitedRepublicofTanzania,Togo,Tunisia,Zambia,ZimbabweandOtherAfrica.NotethatAfricaisidenticaltoMemo:Africa(UN).Pre-1971valueshavebeenestimatedinaccordancewiththemethodologydescribedinthesectionEstimatesforyearsstartingin1751.Non-OECDAmericasLATAMERIncludesArgentina;PlurinationalStateofBolivia(Bolivia);Brazil;Colombia6;CostaRica;Cuba;Curaçao7;DominicanRepublic;Ecuador;ElSalvador;Guatemala;Haiti;Honduras;Jamaica;Nicaragua;Panama;Paraguay;Peru;Suriname(from2000);TrinidadandTobago;Uruguay;BolivarianRepublicofVenezuela(Venezuela)andOthernon-OECDAmericas.Pre-1971valueshavebeenestimatedinaccordancewiththemethodologydescribedinthesectionEstimatesforyearsstartingin1751.MiddleEastMIDEASTIncludesBahrain,IslamicRepublicofIran,Iraq,Jordan,Kuwait,Lebanon,Oman,Qatar,SaudiArabia,SyrianArabRepublic,UnitedArabEmiratesandYemen.Pre-1971valueshavebeenestimatedinaccordancewiththemethodologydescribedinthesectionEstimatesforyearsstartingin1751.Non-OECDEuropeandEURASIAIncludesAlbania;Armenia;Azerbaijan;Belarus;BosniaandHerzegovina;Bulgaria;Croatia;Cyprus8;Georgia;Gibraltar;5.Countryshortnamesareincludedinparentheses.6DataforColombia,thatjoinedtheOECDinApril2020,arenotincludedintheOECDaggregateforthisedition.7.NetherlandsAntilleswasdissolvedon10October2010,resultingintwonewconstituentcountries,CuraçaoandSintMaarten,withtheremainingislandsjoiningtheNetherlandsasspecialmunicipalities.From2012onwards,datanowaccountfortheenergystatisticsofCuraçaoIslandonly.Priorto2012,dataremainunchangedandstillcovertheentireterritoryoftheformerNetherlandsAntilles.8.NotebyTurkey:Theinformationinthisdocumentwithreferenceto“Cyprus”relatestothesouthernpartoftheIsland.ThereisnosingleauthorityrepresentingbothTurkishandGreekCypriotpeopleontheIsland.TurkeyrecognisestheTurkishRepublicofNorthernCyprus(TRNC).UntilalastingandequitablesolutionisfoundwithinthecontextoftheUnitedNations,Turkeyshallpreserveitspositionconcerningthe“Cyprusissue”.NotebyalltheEuropeanUnionMemberStatesoftheOECDandtheEuropeanUnion:TheRepublicofCyprusisrecognisedbyallmembersoftheUnitedNationswiththeexceptionofTurkey.TheinformationinthisdocumentrelatestotheareaundertheeffectivecontroloftheGovernmentoftheRepublicofCyprus.CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-41INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYCountriesandregionsThisdocumentiswithoutprejudicetothestatusoforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothedelimitationofinterna-tionalfrontiersandboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory,cityorarea.Inthispublication,‘country’referstocountryorterritory,ascasemaybe.Datastartin1960forOECDcountriesandregions,andin1971fornon-OECDcountriesandregions,unlessotherwisespecified.Country/RegionShortnameDefinitionEurasiaKazakhstan;Kosovo9;Kyrgyzstan;Malta;RepublicofMoldova(Moldova);Montenegro;theRepublicofNorthMacedonia(NorthMacedonia);Romania;RussianFederation;Serbia10;Tajikistan;Turkmenistan;Ukraine;Uzbekistan;FormerSovietUnion(priorto1990)andFormerYugoslavia(priorto1990).Priorto1990,dataforEstonia,LatviaandLithuaniaareincludedinFormerSovietUnionanddataforSloveniainFormerYugoslavia.Pre-1971valueshavebeenestimatedinaccordancewiththemethodologydescribedinthesectionEstimatesforyearsstartingin1751.Non-OECDAsia(excludingChina)ASIAIncludesBangladesh,BruneiDarussalam,Cambodia(from1995),DPRofKorea,India,Indonesia,LaoPeople’sDemocraticRepublic(from2000);Malaysia,Mongolia(from1985),Myanmar,Nepal,Pakistan,Philippines,Singapore,SriLanka,ChineseTaipei,Thailand,VietNamandOthernon-OECDAsia.Pre-1971valueshavebeenestimatedinaccordancewiththemethodologydescribedinthesectionEstimatesforyearsstarting1751.China(includingHongKong,China)CHINAREGIncludesthePeople'sRepublicofChinaandHongKong,China.Pre-1971valueshavebeenestimatedinaccordancewiththemethodologydescribedinthesectionEstimatesforyearsstartingin1751.WorldAviationBunkersWORLDAVWorldAviationBunkersrepresentsthesumofInternationalAviationBunkersfromallcountries.WorldMarineBunkersWORLDMARWorldMarineBunkersrepresentsthesumofInternationalMarineBunkersfromallcountries.AlbaniaALBANIAAlgeriaALGERIAAngolaANGOLAArgentinaARGENTINAArmeniaARMENIADataforArmeniaareavailablestartingin1990.Priortothat,theyareincludedinFormerSovietUnion.9Thisdesignationiswithoutprejudicetopositionsonstatus,andisinlinewithUnitedNationsSecurityCouncilResolution1244/99andtheAdvisoryOpinionoftheInternationalCourtofJusticeonKosovo’sdeclarationofindependence.10.SerbiaincludesMontenegrountil2004andKosovountil1999.42-CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYCountriesandregionsThisdocumentiswithoutprejudicetothestatusoforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothedelimitationofinterna-tionalfrontiersandboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory,cityorarea.Inthispublication,‘country’referstocountryorterritory,ascasemaybe.Datastartin1960forOECDcountriesandregions,andin1971fornon-OECDcountriesandregions,unlessotherwisespecified.Country/RegionShortnameDefinitionAustraliaAUSTRALIExcludestheoverseasterritories.Dataarereportedonafiscalyearbasis.Byconventiondataforthefiscalyearthatstartson1JulyY-1andendson30JuneYarelabelledasyearY.AustriaAUSTRIAAzerbaijanAZERBAIJANDataforAzerbaijanareavailablestartingin1990.Priortothat,theyareincludedinFormerSovietUnion.BahrainBAHRAINBangladeshBANGLADESHDataarereportedonafiscalyearbasis.Byconventiondataforthefiscalyearthatstartson1JulyY-1andendson30JuneYarelabelledasyearY.BelarusBELARUSDataforBelarusareavailablestartingin1990.Priortothat,theyareincludedinFormerSovietUnion.BelgiumBELGIUMBeninBENINBoliviaBOLIVIABosniaandHerzegovinaBOSNIAHERZDataforBosniaandHerzegovinaareavailablestartingin1990.Priortothat,theyareincludedinFormerYugoslavia.BotswanaBOTSWANABrazilBRAZIL.BruneiDarussalamBRUNEIBulgariaBULGARIAAccordingtotheprovisionsofArticle4.6oftheConventionandDecisions9/CP.2and11/CP.4,Bulgariaisallowedtouse1988asthebaseyear.CambodiaCAMBODIADataforCambodiaareavailablestartingin1995.Priortothat,theyareincludedinOthernon-OECDAsia.CameroonCAMEROONCanadaCANADAChileCHILEDatastartin1971.People’sRepublicofChinaCHINACO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-43INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYCountriesandregionsThisdocumentiswithoutprejudicetothestatusoforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothedelimitationofinterna-tionalfrontiersandboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory,cityorarea.Inthispublication,‘country’referstocountryorterritory,ascasemaybe.Datastartin1960forOECDcountriesandregions,andin1971fornon-OECDcountriesandregions,unlessotherwisespecified.Country/RegionShortnameDefinitionColombiaCOLOMBIAColombiajoinedtheOECDinApril2020,howeveritsdatahavenotbeenincludedintheOECDaggregatesforthisedition.CongoCONGOCostaRicaCOSTARICACôted’IvoireCOTEIVOIRECroatiaCROATIADataforCroatiaareavailablestartingin1990.Priortothat,theyareincludedinFormerYugoslavia.CubaCUBACuraçaoCURACAOTheNetherlandsAntilleswasdissolvedon10October2010,resultingintwonewconstituentcountries,CuraçaoandSintMaarten,withtheremainingislandsjoiningtheNetherlandsasspecialmunicipalities.From2012onwards,datanowaccountfortheenergystatisticsofCuraçaoIslandonly.Priorto2012,dataremainunchangedandstillcovertheentireterritoryoftheformerNetherlandsAntilles.CyprusCYPRUSNotebyTurkey:Theinformationinthereportwithreferenceto“Cyprus”relatestothesouthernpartoftheIsland.ThereisnosingleauthorityrepresentingbothTurkishandGreekCypriotpeopleontheIsland.TurkeyrecognisestheTurkishRepublicofNorthernCyprus(TRNC).UntilalastingandequitablesolutionisfoundwithinthecontextoftheUnitedNations,Turkeyshallpreserveitspositionconcerningthe“Cyprus”issue.NotebyalltheEuropeanUnionMemberStatesoftheOECDandtheEuropeanUnion:TheRepublicofCyprusisrecognisedbyallmembersoftheUnitedNationswiththeexceptionofTurkey.TheinformationinthisreportrelatestotheareaundertheeffectivecontroloftheGovernmentoftheRepublicofCyprus.Atitsseventeenthsession,theConferenceofthePartiesdecidedtoamendAnnexItotheConventiontoincludeCyprus(Decision10/CP.17).Theamendmententeredintoforceon9January2013.CzechRepublicCZECHDatastartin1971.DemocraticPeople’sRepublicofKoreaKOREADPR44-CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYCountriesandregionsThisdocumentiswithoutprejudicetothestatusoforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothedelimitationofinterna-tionalfrontiersandboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory,cityorarea.Inthispublication,‘country’referstocountryorterritory,ascasemaybe.Datastartin1960forOECDcountriesandregions,andin1971fornon-OECDcountriesandregions,unlessotherwisespecified.Country/RegionShortnameDefinitionDemocraticRepublicofCongoCONGOREPDenmarkDENMARKExcludesGreenlandandtheDanishFaroes,exceptpriorto1990,wheredataonoilforGreenlandwereincludedwiththeDanishstatistics.TheAdministrationisplanningtorevisetheseriesbackto1974toexcludetheseamounts.DominicanRepublicDOMINICANREcuadorECUADOREgyptEGYPTByconvention,dataforthefiscalyearthatstartson1JulyYandendson30JuneY+1arelabelledasyearY.ElSalvadorELSALVADOREquatorialGuineaEQGUINEADatastartin1981.EritreaERITREADataforEritreaareavailablefrom1992.Priortothat,theyareincludedinEthiopia.EstoniaESTONIADatastartin1990.Priortothat,theyareincludedwithinFormerSovietUnion.Note:EstoniajoinedtheIEAinMay2014.EthiopiaETHIOPIADataarereportedonafiscalyearbasis.Byconvention,dataforthefiscalyearthatstartson1JulyYandendson30JuneY+1arelabelledasyearY.FinlandFINLANDFranceFRANCEIncludesMonacoandexcludestheoverseascollectivities:NewCaledonia;FrenchPolynesia;SaintBarthélemy;SaintMartin;SaintPierreandMiquelon;andWallisandFutuna.Energydataforthefollowingoverseasdepartments:Guadeloupe;FrenchGuiana;Martinique;Mayotte;andRéunionareincludedfortheyearsfrom2011onwards,andexcludedforearlieryears.GabonGABONGeorgiaGEORGIADataforGeorgiaareavailablestartingin1990.Priortothat,theyareincludedinFormerSovietUnion.GermanyGERMANYIncludesthenewfederalstatesofGermanyfrom1970onwards.GhanaGHANAGibraltarGIBRALTARGreeceGREECECO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-45INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYCountriesandregionsThisdocumentiswithoutprejudicetothestatusoforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothedelimitationofinterna-tionalfrontiersandboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory,cityorarea.Inthispublication,‘country’referstocountryorterritory,ascasemaybe.Datastartin1960forOECDcountriesandregions,andin1971fornon-OECDcountriesandregions,unlessotherwisespecified.Country/RegionShortnameDefinitionGuatemalaGUATEMALAHaitiHAITIHondurasHONDURASHongKong,ChinaHONGKONGHungaryHUNGARYDatastartin1965.AccordingtotheprovisionsofArticle4.6oftheConventionandDecisions9/CP.2and11/CP.4,Hungaryisallowedtouseaverage1985-1987asthebaseyear.IcelandICELANDIndiaINDIADataarereportedonafiscalyearbasis.Byconvention,dataforthefiscalyearthatstartson1AprilYandendson31MarchY+1arelabelledasyearY.ThisconventionisdifferentfromtheoneusedbyGovernmentofIndia,wherebyfiscalyearstartson1AprilYandendson31MarchY+1arelabelledasyearY+1.IndonesiaINDONESIAIslamicRepublicofIranIRANDataarereportedontheIranianfiscalyearbasis.Dataforthefiscalyearthatstartson20MarchYandendson19MarchY+1arelabelledasyearY.IraqIRAQIrelandIRELANDIsraelISRAELDatastartin1971.ThestatisticaldataforIsraelaresuppliedbyandundertheresponsibilityoftherelevantIsraeliauthorities.TheuseofsuchdatabytheOECDiswithoutprejudicetothestatusoftheGolanHeights,EastJerusalemandIsraelisettlementsintheWestBankunderthetermsofinternationallaw.ItalyITALYIncludesSanMarinoandtheHolySee.JamaicaJAMAICAJapanJAPANIncludesOkinawa.Starting1990,dataarereportedonafiscalyearbasis.Bycon-ventiondataforthefiscalyearthatstartson1AprilYandendson31MarchY+1arelabelledasyearY.JordanJORDAN46-CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYCountriesandregionsThisdocumentiswithoutprejudicetothestatusoforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothedelimitationofinterna-tionalfrontiersandboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory,cityorarea.Inthispublication,‘country’referstocountryorterritory,ascasemaybe.Datastartin1960forOECDcountriesandregions,andin1971fornon-OECDcountriesandregions,unlessotherwisespecified.Country/RegionShortnameDefinitionKazakhstanKAZAKHSTANDataforKazakhstanareavailablestartingin1990.PriortothattheyareincludedinFormerSovietUnion.KenyaKENYAElectricitydataarereportedonafiscalyearbasis,beginningonthe1JulyYandendingonthe30JuneofY+1.KoreaKOREADatastartin1971.KosovoKOSOVOThisdesignationiswithoutprejudicetopositionsonstatus,andisinlinewithUnitedNationsSecurityCouncilResolution1244/99andtheAdvisoryOpinionoftheInternationalCourtofJusticeonKosovo’sdeclarationofindependence.DataforKosovoareavailablestartingin2000.From1990-1999,dataforKosovoareincludedinSerbia.Prior1990that,theyareincludedinFormerYugoslavia.FordataintheNONCO2file,from2000onwards,allemissionsotherthanCO2fromfuelcombustionareincludedinSerbia.KuwaitKUWAITKyrgyzstanKYRGYZSTANDataforKyrgyzstanareavailablestartingin1990.Priortothat,theyareincludedinFormerSovietUnion.LatviaLATVIADataforLatviaareavailablestartingin1990.Priortothat,theyareincludedinFormerSovietUnion.LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublicLAODatastartin2000.Priortothat,theyareincludedintheOthernon-OECDAsiaregion.LebanonLEBANONLibyaLIBYALithuaniaLITHUANIADataforLithuaniaareavailablestartingin1990.Priortothat,theyareincludedinFormerSovietUnion.LuxembourgLUXEMBOUMalaysiaMALAYSIAMaltaMALTAAtitsfifteenthsession,theConferenceofthePartiesdecidedtoamendAnnexItotheConventiontoincludeMalta(Decision3/CP.15).Theamendmententeredintoforceon26October2010.MauritiusMAURITIUSMexicoMEXICODatastartin1971.CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-47INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYCountriesandregionsThisdocumentiswithoutprejudicetothestatusoforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothedelimitationofinterna-tionalfrontiersandboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory,cityorarea.Inthispublication,‘country’referstocountryorterritory,ascasemaybe.Datastartin1960forOECDcountriesandregions,andin1971fornon-OECDcountriesandregions,unlessotherwisespecified.Country/RegionShortnameDefinitionRepublicofMoldovaMOLDOVADatafortheRepublicofMoldovaareavailablestartingin1990.Priortothat,theyareincludedinFormerSovietUnion.MongoliaMONGOLIADataforMongoliaareavailablestartingin1985.Priortothat,theyareincludedinOtherAsia.MontenegroMONTENEGRODataforMontenegroareavailablestartingin2005.From1990to2004,dataforMontenegroareincludedinSerbia.Priorto1990,dataareincludedinFormerYugoslavia.FordataintheNONCO2file,from2005onwards,allemissionsotherthanCO2fromfuelcombustionareincludedinSerbia.MoroccoMOROCCOMozambiqueMOZAMBIQUEMyanmarMYANMARDataarereportedonafiscalyearbasis.Byconventiondataforthefiscalyearthatstartson1AprilYandendson31MarchY+1arelabelledasyearYNamibiaNAMIBIADataforNamibiaareavailablestartingin1991.Priortothat,theyareincludedinOtherAfrica.NepalNEPALDataarereportedonafiscalyearbasis.Byconventiondataforthefiscalyearthatstartson1JulyYandendson30JuneY+1arelabelledasyearY.NetherlandsNETHLANDExcludesSuriname,ArubaandtheotherformertheNetherlandsAntilles(Bonaire,Curaçao,Saba,SaintEustatiusandSintMaarten).NewZealandNZNicaraguaNICARAGUANigerNIGERDataforNigerareavailablestartingin2000.Priortothat,theyareincludedinOtherAfrica.FordataintheNONCO2file,for1990and1995,OtherAfricaincludesNigerforallCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustion.NigeriaNIGERIARepublicofNorthMacedoniaNORTHMACEDDatafortheRepublicofNorthMacedonia(NorthMacedonia)areavailablestartingin1990.Priortothat,theyareincludedinFormerYugoslavia.48-CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYCountriesandregionsThisdocumentiswithoutprejudicetothestatusoforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothedelimitationofinterna-tionalfrontiersandboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory,cityorarea.Inthispublication,‘country’referstocountryorterritory,ascasemaybe.Datastartin1960forOECDcountriesandregions,andin1971fornon-OECDcountriesandregions,unlessotherwisespecified.Country/RegionShortnameDefinitionNorwayNORWAYDiscrepanciesbetweenReferenceandSectoralApproachestimatesandthedifferenceintheresultinggrowthratesarisefromstatisticaldifferencesbetweensupplyandconsumptiondataforoilandnaturalgas.ForNorway,supplyofthesefuelsistheresidualoftwoverylargeandoppositeterms,productionandexports.OmanOMANPakistanPAKISTANDataarereportedonafiscalyearbasis.Byconventiondataforthefiscalyearthatstartson1JulyYandendson30JuneY+1arelabelledasyearY..PanamaPANAMAParaguayPARAGUAYPeruPERUPhilippinesPHILIPPINESPolandPOLANDAccordingtotheprovisionsofArticle4.6oftheConventionandDecisions9/CP.2and11/CP.4,Polandisallowedtouse1988asthebaseyear.PortugalPORTUGALIncludestheAzoresandMadeira.QatarQATARRomaniaROMANIAAccordingtotheprovisionsofArticle4.6oftheConventionandDecisions9/CP.2and11/CP.4,Romaniaisallowedtouse1989asthebaseyear.RussianFederationRUSSIADataforRussianFederationareavailablestartingin1990.Priortothat,theyareincludedinFormerSovietUnion.SaudiArabiaSAUDIARABISenegalSENEGALSerbiaSERBIADataforSerbiaareavailablestartingin1990.Priortothat,theyareincludedinFormerYugoslavia.SerbiaincludesKosovofrom1990to1999andMontenegrofrom1990to2004.FordataintheNONCO2file,SerbiaincludesKosovoforallemissionsotherthanCO2fromfuelcombustionfrom2000onwards,andMontenegroforallemissionsotherthanCO2fromfuelcombustionfrom2005onwards.SingaporeSINGAPORESlovakRepublicSLOVAKIACO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-49INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYCountriesandregionsThisdocumentiswithoutprejudicetothestatusoforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothedelimitationofinterna-tionalfrontiersandboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory,cityorarea.Inthispublication,‘country’referstocountryorterritory,ascasemaybe.Datastartin1960forOECDcountriesandregions,andin1971fornon-OECDcountriesandregions,unlessotherwisespecified.Country/RegionShortnameDefinitionSloveniaSLOVENIADataforSloveniaareavailablefrom1990.Priortothat,theyareincludedinFormerYugoslaviainthefullpublication.AccordingtotheprovisionsofArticle4.6oftheConventionandDecisions9/CP.2and11/CP.4,Sloveniaisallowedtouse1986asthebaseyear.SouthAfricaSOUTHAFRICNucleardataarereportedonafiscalyearbasis.Byconventiondataforthefiscalyearthatstartson1JulyYandendson30JuneY+1arelabelledasyearY.LargedifferencesbetweentheReferenceandSectoralApproachestimatesareduetolossesassociatedwithcoal-to-liquidandtoalesserextentgas-to-liquidtransformation.SouthSudanSSUDANDataforSouthSudanareavailablestartingin2012.Priortothat,theyareincludedinSudan.FordataintheNONCO2file,dataforSouthSudanisincludedinSudanforallyears.SpainSPAINIncludestheCanaryIslands.SriLankaSRILANKASudanSUDANSouthSudanbecameanindependentcountryon9July2011.DataforSouthSudanareavailablefrom2012.Priorto2012,theyareincludedinSudan.FordataintheNONCO2file,dataforSouthSudanisincludedinSudanforallyears.SurinameSURINAMEDataforSurinameareavailablefrom2000.Priorto2000,dataforSurinamearepresentedinOthernon-OECDAmericas.FordataintheNONCO2file,for1990and1995,Othernon-OECDAmericasincludesSurinameforallCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustion.SwedenSWEDENSwitzerlandSWITLANDIncludesLiechtensteinfortheoildata.DataforotherfuelsdonotincludeLiechtenstein.ChineseTaipeiTAIPEITajikistanTAJIKISTANDataforTajikistanareavailablestartingin1990.Priortothat,theyareincludedinFormerSovietUnion.UnitedRepublicofTanzaniaTANZANIAOildataarereportedonafiscalyearbasis,beginningonthe1JulyYandendingonthe30JuneY+1.ThailandTHAILAND50-CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYCountriesandregionsThisdocumentiswithoutprejudicetothestatusoforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothedelimitationofinterna-tionalfrontiersandboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory,cityorarea.Inthispublication,‘country’referstocountryorterritory,ascasemaybe.Datastartin1960forOECDcountriesandregions,andin1971fornon-OECDcountriesandregions,unlessotherwisespecified.Country/RegionShortnameDefinitionTogoTOGOTrinidadandTobagoTRINIDADTunisiaTUNISIATurkeyTURKEYTurkmenistanTURKMENISTDataforTurkmenistanareavailablestartingin1990.Priortothat,theyareincludedinFormerSovietUnion.UkraineUKRAINEDataforUkraineareavailablestartingin1990.Priortothat,theyareincludedinFormerSovietUnion.UnitedArabEmiratesUAEUnitedKingdomUKShipmentsofcoalandoiltotheChannelIslandsandtheIsleofManfromtheUnitedKingdomarenotclassedasexports.Suppliesofcoalandoiltotheseislandsare,therefore,includedaspartofUKsupply.ExportsofnaturalgastotheIsleofManareincludedwiththeexportstoIreland.Asofthe1stofFebruary2020,theUnitedKingdom(UK)isnolongerpartoftheEuropeanUnion(EU)andhasenteredintoatransitionperioduntil31December2020.Inthispublicationwithdataupto2019,theUKisstillincludedintheEU28aggregate.UnitedStatesUSAIncludesthe50statesandtheDistrictofColumbiabutgenerallyexcludesallterritories,andalltradebetweentheU.S.anditsterritories.OilstatisticsincludeGuam,PuertoRico11andtheUnitedStatesVirginIslands;tradestatisticsforcoalincludeinternationaltradetoandfromPuertoRicoandtheUnitedStatesVirginIslands.Startingwith2017data,inputstoandoutputsfromelectricityandheatgenerationincludePuertoRico.UruguayURUGUAYUzbekistanUZBEKISTANDataforUzbekistanareavailablestartingin1990.Priortothat,dataareincludedinFormerSovietUnion.VenezuelaVENEZUELAVietNamVIETNAM11.Inputstoandoutputsfromelectricityandheatgenerationupto2016,andnaturalgasdatafortheentiretimeseriesforPuertoRicoareincludedunderOthernon-OECDAmericas.CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-51INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYCountriesandregionsThisdocumentiswithoutprejudicetothestatusoforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothedelimitationofinterna-tionalfrontiersandboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory,cityorarea.Inthispublication,‘country’referstocountryorterritory,ascasemaybe.Datastartin1960forOECDcountriesandregions,andin1971fornon-OECDcountriesandregions,unlessotherwisespecified.Country/RegionShortnameDefinitionYemenYEMENZambiaZAMBIAZimbabweZIMBABWEFormerSovietUnion(ifnodetail)FSUNDBefore1990,includesArmenia,Azerbaijan,Belarus,Estonia,Georgia,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,Latvia,Lithuania,RepublicofMoldova,RussianFederation,Tajikistan,Turkmenistan,UkraineandUzbekistan.FormerYugoslavia(ifnodetail)YUGONDBefore1990,includesBosniaandHerzegovina;Croatia;Kosovo;Montenegro;RepublicofNorthMacedonia(NorthMacedonia);SloveniaandSerbia.OtherAfricaOTHERAFRICIncludesBurkinaFaso;Burundi;CapeVerde;CentralAfricanRepublic;Chad;Comoros;Djibouti;theKingdomofEswatini;Gambia;Guinea;Guinea-Bissau;Lesotho;Liberia;Madagascar;Malawi;Mali;Mauritania;Namibia(until1990);Niger(until1999);Réunion(until2010);Rwanda;SaoTomeandPrincipe;Seychelles;SierraLeone;Somalia;andUganda.Othernon-OECDAmericasOTHERLATINIncludesAnguilla,AntiguaandBarbuda;Aruba;theBahamas;Barbados;Belize;Bermuda;Bonaire(from2012);theBritishVirginIslands;theCaymanIslands;Dominica;theFalklandIslands(Malvinas);FrenchGuiana(until2010);Grenada;Guadeloupe(until2010);Guyana;Martinique(until2010);Montserrat;PuertoRico(fornaturalgasand–upto2016data-electricity)11;Saba(from2012);SaintEustatius(from2012);SaintKittsandNevis;SaintLucia;SaintPierreandMiquelon;SaintVincentandtheGrenadines;SintMaarten(from2012);Suriname(until1999);theTurksandCaicosIslands.Othernon-OECDAsiaOTHERASIAIncludesAfghanistan;Bhutan;Cambodia(until1994);CookIslands;Fiji;FrenchPolynesia;Kiribati;LaoPeople’sDemocraticRepublic(until1999);Macau,China;Maldives;Mongolia(until1984);NewCaledonia;Palau(from1994);PapuaNewGuinea;Samoa;SolomonIslands;TimorLeste;TongaandVanuatu.Memo:GreenlandMGREENLANDDatastartin2004.Priorto1990,dataonoilforGreenlandwereincludedwiththeDanishstatistics,withintheOECDregion.Theyarenotincludedinanyregionafter1990.Memo:GuyanaMGUYANAGuyanadataarealsoincludedintheOthernon-OECDAmericasregion.52-CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYCountriesandregionsThisdocumentiswithoutprejudicetothestatusoforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothedelimitationofinterna-tionalfrontiersandboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory,cityorarea.Inthispublication,‘country’referstocountryorterritory,ascasemaybe.Datastartin1960forOECDcountriesandregions,andin1971fornon-OECDcountriesandregions,unlessotherwisespecified.Country/RegionShortnameDefinitionMemo:MadagascarMMADAGASCAMadagascardataarealsoincludedintheOtherAfricaregion.Memo:MaliMMALIDatastartin2000.MalidataarealsoincludedintheOtherAfricaregion.Memo:PalestinianAuthorityMPALESTINEDatastartin2001.Memo:UgandaMUGANDAUgandadataarealsoincludedintheOtherAfricaregion.Memo:ASEANMASEANDatastartin2000.Includes:Brunei;Cambodia;Indonesia;LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublic;Malaysia;Myanmar;Philippines;Singapore;Thailand;andVietNam.Memo:Africa(UN)UNAFRICAIncludesAlgeria;Angola;Benin;Botswana;BurkinaFaso;Burundi;CaboVerde;Cameroon;CentralAfricanRepublic;Chad;Comoros;theRepublicoftheCongo(Congo);Côted’Ivoire;theDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo;Djibouti;Egypt;EquatorialGuinea;Eritrea;theKingdomofEswatini;Ethiopia;Gabon;Gambia;Ghana;Guinea;Guinea-Bissau;Kenya;Lesotho;Liberia;Libya;Madagascar;Malawi;Mali;Mauritania;Mauritius;Morocco;Mozambique;Namibia;Niger;Nigeria;Réunion(until2010);Rwanda;SaoTomeandPrincipe;Senegal;theSeychelles;SierraLeone;Somalia;SouthAfrica;SouthSudan(from2012),Sudan;theUnitedRepublicofTanzania(Tanzania);Togo;Tunisia;Uganda;Zambia;Zimbabwe.NotethatMemo:Africa(UN)isidenticaltoAfrica.CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-53INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYCountriesandregionsThisdocumentiswithoutprejudicetothestatusoforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothedelimitationofinterna-tionalfrontiersandboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory,cityorarea.Inthispublication,‘country’referstocountryorterritory,ascasemaybe.Datastartin1960forOECDcountriesandregions,andin1971fornon-OECDcountriesandregions,unlessotherwisespecified.Country/RegionShortnameDefinitionMemo:Americas(UN)UNAMERICASIncludesAntiguaandBarbuda;Argentina;Aruba;theBahamas;Barbados;Belize;Bermuda;thePlurinationalStateofBolivia(Bolivia);Bonaire(from2012);theBritishVirginIslands;Brazil;Canada;theCaymanIslands;Chile;Colombia;CostaRica;Cuba;Curaçao12;Dominica;theDominicanRepublic;Ecuador;ElSalvador;theFalklandIslands(Malvinas);Guatemala;FrenchGuiana(until2010);Grenada;Guadeloupe(until2010);Guyana;Haiti;Honduras;Jamaica;Martinique(until2010);Mexico;Montserrat;Nicaragua;Panama;Paraguay;Peru;PuertoRico(fornaturalgas)13;Saba(from2012);SaintKittsandNevis;SaintLucia;SaintPierreandMiquelon;SaintVincentandtheGrenadines;SintEustatius(from2012);SintMaarten(from2012);Suriname;TrinidadandTobago;theTurksandCaicosIslands;theUnitedStates;Uruguay;theBolivarianRepublicofVenezuela(Venezuela).Memo:Asia(UN)UNASIATOTDataforAsia(UN)areavailablefrom1990.IncludesAfghanistan;Armenia;Azerbaijan;Bahrain;Bangladesh;Bhutan;BruneiDarussalam;Cambodia;thePeople’sRepublicofChina;Cyprus14;Georgia;HongKong,China;India;Indonesia;theIslamicRepublicofIran;Iraq;Israel15;Japan;Jordan;theDemocraticPeople’sRepublicofKorea;Korea;Kazakhstan;Kuwait;Kyrgyzstan;LaoPeople’sDemocraticRepublic;Lebanon;Macau,China;Malaysia;theMaldives;Mongolia;Myanmar;Nepal;Oman;Pakistan;thePhilippines;Qatar;SaudiArabia;Singapore;SriLanka;theSyrianArabRepublic;Tajikistan;ChineseTaipei;Thailand;Timor-Leste;Turkey;Turkmenistan;theUnitedArabEmirates;Uzbekistan;VietNam;andYemen.Pre-1990valueshavebeenestimatedinaccordancewiththemethodologydescribedinEstimatesforyearsstarting1751.12.TheNetherlandsAntilleswasdissolvedon10October2010resultingintwonew‘constituentcountries’(CuraçaoandSintMaarten)withtheotherislandsjoiningTheNetherlandsas“specialmunicipalities’.However,duetolackofdetaileddatatheIEASecretariat’sdataandestimatesunderthe“NetherlandsAntilles”stillrefertothewholeterritoryoftheNetherlandsAntillesasitwasknownpriorto10October2010uptotheendof2011.DatareferonlytotheislandofCuraçaofrom2012.TheotherislandsoftheformerNetherlandsAntillesareaddedtoOthernon-OECDAmericasfrom2012.13.OilstatisticsaswellascoaltradestatisticsforPuertoRicoareincludedundertheUnitedStates.14.RefertothecountrynoteforCyprusearlierinthissection.15.ThestatisticaldataforIsraelaresuppliedbyandundertheresponsibilityoftherelevantIsraeliauthorities.TheuseofsuchdatabytheOECDiswithoutprejudicetothestatusoftheGolanHeights,EastJerusalemandIsraelisettlementsintheWestBankunderthetermsofinternationallaw.54-CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYCountriesandregionsThisdocumentiswithoutprejudicetothestatusoforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothedelimitationofinterna-tionalfrontiersandboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory,cityorarea.Inthispublication,‘country’referstocountryorterritory,ascasemaybe.Datastartin1960forOECDcountriesandregions,andin1971fornon-OECDcountriesandregions,unlessotherwisespecified.Country/RegionShortnameDefinitionMemo:Europe(UN)UNEUROPEDataforEurope(UN)areavailablefrom1990.IncludesAlbania;Austria;Belarus;Belgium;BosniaandHerzegovina;Bulgaria;Croatia;theCzechRepublic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;theRepublicofNorthMacedonia(NorthMacedonia);France;Germany;Gibraltar;Greece;Hungary;Iceland;Ireland;Italy;Kosovo16;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;theRepublicofMoldova(Moldova);Montenegro;theNetherlands;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;theRussianFederation;Serbia17;theSlovakRepublic;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;theUnitedKingdom.Pre-1990valueshavebeenestimatedinaccordancewiththemethodologydescribedinEstimatesforyearsstarting1751.Memo:Oceania(UN)UNOCEANIAIncludesAustralia;NewZealand;CookIslands;Fiji;FrenchPolynesia;Kiribati;NewCaledonia;Palau;PapuaNewGuinea;Samoa;theSolomonIslands;Tonga;Vanuatu.Pre-1971valueshavebeenestimatedinaccordancewiththemethodologydescribedinEstimatesforyearsstarting1751.Memo:non-OECDtotalNOECDTOTIncludesAfrica;NonOECDAsia(excludingChina);China(P.R.ofChinaandHongKong,China);Non-OECDAmericas;MiddleEastandNon-OECDEuropeandEurasia.Memo:IEATotalIEATOTIncludesAustralia;Austria;Belgium;Canada;theCzechRepublic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Ireland;Italy;Japan;Korea;Luxembourg;Mexico18;theNetherlands;NewZealand;Norway;Poland;Portugal;theSlovakRepublic;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Turkey;theUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStates.Estoniaisincludedstartingin1990.Priorto1990,dataforEstoniaareincludedinFormerSovietUnion.16.Thisdesignationiswithoutprejudicetopositionsonstatus,andisinlinewithUnitedNationsSecurityCouncilResolution1244/99andtheAdvisoryOpinionoftheInternationalCourtofJusticeonKosovo’sdeclarationofindependence.17.SerbiaincludesMontenegrountil2004andKosovountil1999.18.Mexicobecamethe30thIEAMembercountryinFebruary2018.Accordingly,startingwiththe2018preliminaryedition,MexiconowappearsinthelistofIEAMembersandisincludedintheIEAzoneaggregatefortheentiretimeseries.CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-55INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYCountriesandregionsThisdocumentiswithoutprejudicetothestatusoforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothedelimitationofinterna-tionalfrontiersandboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory,cityorarea.Inthispublication,‘country’referstocountryorterritory,ascasemaybe.Datastartin1960forOECDcountriesandregions,andin1971fornon-OECDcountriesandregions,unlessotherwisespecified.Country/RegionShortnameDefinitionMemo:IEAandAccession/AssociationcountriesIEAFAMILYIncludes:IEAmembercountries:Australia,Austria,Belgium,Canada,theCzechRepublic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Ireland,Italy,Japan,Ko-rea,Luxembourg,Mexico,theNetherlands,NewZealand,Nor-way,Poland,Portugal,theSlovakRepublic,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,Turkey,theUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStates;Accessioncountries:ChileandLithuania;Associationcoun-tries:Brazil;thePeople’sRepublicofChina;India;Indonesia;Morocco;Singapore;SouthAfrica;Thailand.Pre-1971valueshavebeenestimatedinaccordancewiththemethodologydescribedinEstimatesforyearsstarting1751.Memo:EuropeanUnion–28EU28IncludesAustria,Belgium,Bulgaria,Croatia,Cyprus19,theCzechRepublic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Ireland,Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta,theNetherlands,Poland,Portugal,Romania,theSlovakRepublic,Slovenia,Spain,SwedenandtheUnitedKingdom20.Pleasenotethatintheinterestofhavingcomparabledata,allofthesecountriesareincludedsince1990despitedifferententrydatesintotheEuropeanUnion.Pre-1990valueshavebeenestimatedinaccordancewiththemethodologydescribedinEstimatesforyearsstarting1751.Memo:EuropeanUnion-27EU27_2020ReferstotheEU28withtheexclusionoftheUnitedKingdom.NamelyincludesAustria;Belgium;Bulgaria;Croatia;Cyprus11;theCzechRepublic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Ireland;Italy;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;theNetherlands;Poland;Portugal;Romania;theSlovakRepublic;Slovenia;SpainandSweden.Pleasenotethatintheinterestofhavingcomparabledata,allthesecountriesareincludedsince1990despitedifferententrydatesintotheEuropeanUnion.Memo:FormerYugoslaviaMYUGOIncludesFormerYugoslavia(ifnodetail);BosniaandHerzegovina;Croatia;theRepublicofNorthMacedonia(NorthMacedonia);Kosovo;Montenegro;SloveniaandSerbiaMemo:FormerSovietUnionMFSU15IncludestheFormerSovietUnionwithall15countriesforallyears.19.RefertothecountrynoteforCyprusearlierinthissection.20Asofthe1stofFebruary2020,theUnitedKingdom(UK)isnolongerpartoftheEuropeanUnion(EU)andhasenteredintoatransitionperioduntil31December2020.Inthispublicationwithdataupto2019,theUKisstillincludedintheEU28aggregate.56-CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYCountriesandregionsThisdocumentiswithoutprejudicetothestatusoforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothedelimitationofinterna-tionalfrontiersandboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory,cityorarea.Inthispublication,‘country’referstocountryorterritory,ascasemaybe.Datastartin1960forOECDcountriesandregions,andin1971fornon-OECDcountriesandregions,unlessotherwisespecified.Country/RegionShortnameDefinitionMemo:OPECOPECIncludesAlgeria;Angola;RepublicoftheCongo;Ecuador;EquatorialGuinea;Gabon;theIslamicRepublicofIran;Iraq;Kuwait;Libya;Nigeria;SaudiArabia;theUnitedArabEmirates;theBolivarianRepublicofVenezuela(Venezuela).Memo:G7MG7IncludesCanada,France,Germany,Italy,Japan,theUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStates.Pre-1960valueshavebeenestimatedinaccordancewiththemethodologydescribedinEstimatesforyearsstarting1751Memo:G8MG8IncludesCanada,France,Germany,Italy,Japan,RussianFederation,theUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStates.Memo:G20MG20IncludesArgentina,Australia,Brazil,Canada,China(includingHongKong,China),India,Indonesia,Japan,Korea,Mexico,RussianFederation,SaudiArabia,SouthAfrica,Turkey,theUnitedStatesandtheEuropeanUnion–28.Memo:AnnexIPartiesANNEX1IncludesAustralia,Austria,Belarus,Belgium,Bulgaria,Canada,Croatia,Cyprus21,theCzechRepublic22,23,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Japan,Latvia,Liechtenstein(notavailableinthispublication)24,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta,Monaco(includedwithFrance),theNetherlands,NewZealand,Norway,Poland,Portugal,Romania,theRussianFederation,theSlovakRepublic25,Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,Turkey,Ukraine,theUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStates.26ThecountriesthatarelistedaboveareincludedinAnnexIoftheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeasamendedon11December1997bythe12thPlenarymeetingoftheThirdConferenceofthePartiesinDecision4/CP.3.ThisincludesthecountriesthatweremembersoftheOECDatthetimeofthesigningoftheConvention,theEEC,andfourteencountriesinCentralandEasternEuropeandtheFormerSovietUnionthatwereundergoingtheprocessoftransitiontomarketeconomies.Duringsubsequentsessions,theConferenceofthePartiesagreedtoamendAnnexItotheConventiontoincludeMalta(Decision3/CP.15,effectivefrom26October2010)andCyprus(Decision10/CP.17,effectivefrom9January2013).Pre-1990valueshavebeenestimatedinaccordancewiththemethodologydescribedinEstimatesforyearsstarting1751.21.RefertothecountrynoteforCyprusearlierinthissection.22.CzechiainofficialUNdocuments.23.CzechoslovakiawasintheoriginallistofAnnexIcountries.CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-57INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYCountriesandregionsThisdocumentiswithoutprejudicetothestatusoforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothedelimitationofinterna-tionalfrontiersandboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory,cityorarea.Inthispublication,‘country’referstocountryorterritory,ascasemaybe.Datastartin1960forOECDcountriesandregions,andin1971fornon-OECDcountriesandregions,unlessotherwisespecified.Country/RegionShortnameDefinitionMemo:AnnexIIPartiesANNEX2IncludesAustralia,Austria,Belgium,Canada,Denmark,Finland,France27,Germany,Greece,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Japan,Luxembourg,theNetherlands,NewZealand,Norway,Portugal,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland28,theUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStates.AccordingtoDecision26/CP.7indocumentFCCC/CP/2001/13/Add.4,TurkeyhasbeendeletedfromthelistofAnnexIIcountriestotheConvention.Thisamendmententeredintoforceon28June2002.Memo:AnnexIINorthAmericaANNEX2NAIncludesCanadaandtheUnitedStates.Memo:AnnexIIEuropeANNEX2EUIncludesAustria,Belgium,Denmark,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Luxembourg,theNetherlands,Norway,Portugal,Spain,Sweden,SwitzerlandandtheUnitedKingdom.Memo:AnnexIIAsiaOceaniaANNEX2AOIncludesAustralia,JapanandNewZealand.Memo:AnnexIEconomiesinTransitionANNEX1EITAnnexI:EconomiesinTransition(EITs)arethosecountriesinAnnexIthatareundergoingtheprocessoftransitiontoamarketeconomy.ThisincludesBelarus,Bulgaria,Croatia,theCzechRepublic,Estonia,Hungary,Latvia,Lithuania,Poland,Romania,RussianFederation,theSlovakRepublic,SloveniaandUkraine.Memo:Non-AnnexIPartiesNONANNEX124.OildataforLiechtensteinareincludedunderSwitzerland.25.SlovakiainofficialUNdocuments.26.TheEuropeanUnionisalsoanAnnexIPartyinitsownright.TheEUwasassignedanoverallreductiontargetundertheKyotoProtocol,whichbyagreement,wasusedtodeterminetheindividualtargetsofthefifteenstatesthatwereEUmembersin1997whentheKyotoProtocolwasadopted.27.InIEAdata,FrancealsoincludesMonaco,whichisnotinthelistofAnnexIIParties.28.InIEAdata,SwitzerlandincludesOildataforLiechtenstein,whichisnotinthelistofAnnexIIParties.58-CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYCountriesandregionsThisdocumentiswithoutprejudicetothestatusoforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothedelimitationofinterna-tionalfrontiersandboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory,cityorarea.Inthispublication,‘country’referstocountryorterritory,ascasemaybe.Datastartin1960forOECDcountriesandregions,andin1971fornon-OECDcountriesandregions,unlessotherwisespecified.Country/RegionShortnameDefinitionMemo:AnnexBKyotoPartiesANNEXBIncludesAustralia,Austria,Belgium,Belarus,Bulgaria,Croatia,Cyprus29,theCzechRepublic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Kazakhstan,Latvia,Liechtenstein(notavailableinthispublication),Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta,Monaco(includedwithFrance),theNetherlands,Norway,Poland,Portugal,Romania,theSlovakRepublic,Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,UkraineandtheUnitedKingdom.30Referstocountrieswithemissiontargetsunderthesecondcommitmentperiod(CP)oftheKyotoProtocol(2013-2020)aspertheDohaAmendment.ThisdiffersfromthelistofcountrieswithtargetsunderthefirstCP(2008-2012).PleasenotethattheDohaAmendmenthasnotyetenteredintoforce.MembershipofAnnexBinthesecondCPoftheKyotoProtocoldiffersfromthatinAnnexI.Inparticular,AnnexBexcludes,ordoesnotcontaintargetsforCanada,Japan,NewZealand,theRussianFederation,TurkeyandtheUnitedStates(allAnnexImemberstates),butincludesKazakhstan(anon-AnnexIPartyundertheConvention,butanAnnexIPartyundertheKyotoProtocol(asperdecision9/CMP.8).Pleasenotethatthefollowingcountrieshavenotbeenconsidered:Non-OECDEuropeandEurasia:Andorra;FaroeIslands(after1990);Liechtenstein(exceptforoildata);Svalbard;JanMayenIslands;Africa:BritishIndianOceanTerritory;FrenchSouthernandAntarcticLands;Mayotte;SaintHelena;WesternSahara;Non-OECDAmericas:BouvetIsland;SaintBarthélemy;Greenland(after1990);SaintMartin(FrenchPart);SouthGeorgiaandtheSouthSandwichIslands;Antarctica;Non-OECDAsia(excludingChina):AmericanSamoa;Cocos(Keeling)Islands;ChristmasIsland;HeardIslandandMcDonaldIslands;MarshallIslands;Micronesia(FederatedStatesof);Nauru;Niue;NorfolkIsland;NorthernMarianaIslands;Pitcairn;Tokelau;Tuvalu;UnitedStatesMinorOutlyingIslands;WallisandFutunaIslands.29.RefertothecountrynoteforCyprusearlierinthissection.30.TheEuropeanUnionisalsoanAnnexIPartyinitsownright.TheEUwasassignedanoverallreductiontargetundertheKyotoProtocol,whichbyagreement,wasusedtodeterminetheindividualtargetsofthefifteenstatesthatwereEUmembersin1997whentheKyotoProtocolwasadopted.CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-59INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYSupplementarycountriesWiththeobjectivetoincreasethegeographicalcoverageofthestatisticalinformationprovided,theIEAhasestimatedthetotalandsectoralemissionsforoversixtysupplementarycountries31notcoveredexplicitlyintheIEAWorldenergybalances,basedonmoreaggregated32energydatafromtheUnitedNationsStatisticsDivi-sion(UNSD)2017EnergyBalancespublication.Forthesesetofcountries,emissionsestimatesareavailablestartingwith1990.Asfortheothercountriescoveredinthedatabase,suchestimationsarebasedontheTier1methodologyofthe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories,usingweightedaverageemissionfactorsfortheaggregatedproductcategoriesoftheenergydatawhichreflectforeachcountrythemixoftherelevantre-gionintheIEAWorldenergybalancesdatabase(Othernon-OECDAmerica,OtherAfricaorOthernon-OECDAsia).Thisdocumentiswithoutprejudicetothestatusoforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothedelimitationofin-ternationalfrontiersandboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory,cityorarea.Inthispublication,‘country’referstocountryorterritory,ascasemaybe.Datastartin1990forthissetofcountriesunlessotherwisespeci-fied.Country/RegionShortnameDefinitionMemo:AfghanistanAFGHANISMemo:AmericanSamoaAMSAMOAMemo:AnguillaANGUILLAMemo:AntiguaandBarbudaANTIGUAMemo:ArubaARUBAMemo:BahamasBAHAMASMemo:BarbodasBARBADOSMemo:BelizeBELIZEMemo:BermudaBERMUDAMemo:BhutanBHUTANMemo:Bonaire,SintEustatiusandSabaBESDataareavailablestartingin2012.Memo:BritishVirginIslandsBVIMemo:BurkinaFasoBURKINAMemo:BurundiBURUNDI31Pleaseconsiderthatthedataforsuchcountries(basedonUNSDenergydata),maynotadduptotherespectiveregionaltotalsbasedonIEAenergydata(OtherAfrica,Othernon-OECDAmericaandOthernon-OECDAsia),astheyareindependentlytreated.32Suchdataareavailableforthefollowinglistofaggregatedproductcategories(primarycoal,secondarycoal,oilproductsandcrude/NGL/feedstocks).Notethattheflow‘Fishing’isnotavailableintheUNSDenergydataandisincludedaspartofanaggregatedflowwith‘Agriculture/forestry’.60-CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYSupplementarycountriesWiththeobjectivetoincreasethegeographicalcoverageofthestatisticalinformationprovided,theIEAhasestimatedthetotalandsectoralemissionsforoversixtysupplementarycountries31notcoveredexplicitlyintheIEAWorldenergybalances,basedonmoreaggregated32energydatafromtheUnitedNationsStatisticsDivi-sion(UNSD)2017EnergyBalancespublication.Forthesesetofcountries,emissionsestimatesareavailablestartingwith1990.Asfortheothercountriescoveredinthedatabase,suchestimationsarebasedontheTier1methodologyofthe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories,usingweightedaverageemissionfactorsfortheaggregatedproductcategoriesoftheenergydatawhichreflectforeachcountrythemixoftherelevantre-gionintheIEAWorldenergybalancesdatabase(Othernon-OECDAmerica,OtherAfricaorOthernon-OECDAsia).Thisdocumentiswithoutprejudicetothestatusoforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothedelimitationofin-ternationalfrontiersandboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory,cityorarea.Inthispublication,‘country’referstocountryorterritory,ascasemaybe.Datastartin1990forthissetofcountriesunlessotherwisespeci-fied.Country/RegionShortnameDefinitionMemo:CaboVerdeCABOVERDEMemo:CaymanIslandsCAYMANMemo:CentralAfricanRepub-licCAFRICREPMemo:ChadCHADMemo:China,MacaoSpecialAdministrativeRegionMACAOMemo:ComorosCOMOROSMemo:CookIslandsCOOKMemo:DjiboutiDJIBOUTIMemo:DominicaDOMINICAMemo:KingdamofEswatiniESWATINIMemo:FalklandIslands(Mal-vinas)MALVINASMemo:FijiFIJIMemo:FrenchGuianaFGUYANAMemo:FrenchPolynesiaFPOLYNESIAMemo:GambiaGAMBIACO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-61INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYSupplementarycountriesWiththeobjectivetoincreasethegeographicalcoverageofthestatisticalinformationprovided,theIEAhasestimatedthetotalandsectoralemissionsforoversixtysupplementarycountries31notcoveredexplicitlyintheIEAWorldenergybalances,basedonmoreaggregated32energydatafromtheUnitedNationsStatisticsDivi-sion(UNSD)2017EnergyBalancespublication.Forthesesetofcountries,emissionsestimatesareavailablestartingwith1990.Asfortheothercountriescoveredinthedatabase,suchestimationsarebasedontheTier1methodologyofthe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories,usingweightedaverageemissionfactorsfortheaggregatedproductcategoriesoftheenergydatawhichreflectforeachcountrythemixoftherelevantre-gionintheIEAWorldenergybalancesdatabase(Othernon-OECDAmerica,OtherAfricaorOthernon-OECDAsia).Thisdocumentiswithoutprejudicetothestatusoforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothedelimitationofin-ternationalfrontiersandboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory,cityorarea.Inthispublication,‘country’referstocountryorterritory,ascasemaybe.Datastartin1990forthissetofcountriesunlessotherwisespeci-fied.Country/RegionShortnameDefinitionMemo:GrenadaGRENADAMemo:GuadeloupeGUADELOUPEMemo:GuineaGUINEAMemo:Guinea-BissauGUINEABISMemo:KiribatiKIRIBATIMemo:LesothoLESOTHOMemo:LiberiaLIBERIAMemo:MalawiMALAWIMemo:MaldivesMALDIVESMemo:MarshallIslandsMARSHALLMemo:MartiniqueMARTINIQUEDataareavailableuntil2010.Memo:MauritaniaMAURITANIAMemo:MayotteMAYOTTEMemo:Micronesia(FederatedStatesof)MICRONESIAMemo:MontserratMONTSERRATMemo:NauruNAURU62-CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYSupplementarycountriesWiththeobjectivetoincreasethegeographicalcoverageofthestatisticalinformationprovided,theIEAhasestimatedthetotalandsectoralemissionsforoversixtysupplementarycountries31notcoveredexplicitlyintheIEAWorldenergybalances,basedonmoreaggregated32energydatafromtheUnitedNationsStatisticsDivi-sion(UNSD)2017EnergyBalancespublication.Forthesesetofcountries,emissionsestimatesareavailablestartingwith1990.Asfortheothercountriescoveredinthedatabase,suchestimationsarebasedontheTier1methodologyofthe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories,usingweightedaverageemissionfactorsfortheaggregatedproductcategoriesoftheenergydatawhichreflectforeachcountrythemixoftherelevantre-gionintheIEAWorldenergybalancesdatabase(Othernon-OECDAmerica,OtherAfricaorOthernon-OECDAsia).Thisdocumentiswithoutprejudicetothestatusoforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothedelimitationofin-ternationalfrontiersandboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory,cityorarea.Inthispublication,‘country’referstocountryorterritory,ascasemaybe.Datastartin1990forthissetofcountriesunlessotherwisespeci-fied.Country/RegionShortnameDefinitionMemo:NewCaledoniaCALEDONIAMemo:NiueNIUEMemo:PalauPALAUMemo:PapuaNewGuineaPAPUAMemo:PuertoRicoPUERTORICOMemo:ReunionREUNIONDataareavailableuntil2010.Memo:SaintHelenaSHELENAMemo:SaintKittsandNevisSKITTSMemo:SaintLuciaSLUCIAMemo:SaintPierreandMique-lonSPIERREMemo:SaintVincentandtheGrenadinesSVINCENTMemo:SamoaSAMOAMemo:SaoTomeandPrincipeSAOTOMEMemo:SeychellesSEYCHELLESMemo:SierraLeoneSIERRALEOCO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-63INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYSupplementarycountriesWiththeobjectivetoincreasethegeographicalcoverageofthestatisticalinformationprovided,theIEAhasestimatedthetotalandsectoralemissionsforoversixtysupplementarycountries31notcoveredexplicitlyintheIEAWorldenergybalances,basedonmoreaggregated32energydatafromtheUnitedNationsStatisticsDivi-sion(UNSD)2017EnergyBalancespublication.Forthesesetofcountries,emissionsestimatesareavailablestartingwith1990.Asfortheothercountriescoveredinthedatabase,suchestimationsarebasedontheTier1methodologyofthe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories,usingweightedaverageemissionfactorsfortheaggregatedproductcategoriesoftheenergydatawhichreflectforeachcountrythemixoftherelevantre-gionintheIEAWorldenergybalancesdatabase(Othernon-OECDAmerica,OtherAfricaorOthernon-OECDAsia).Thisdocumentiswithoutprejudicetothestatusoforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothedelimitationofin-ternationalfrontiersandboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory,cityorarea.Inthispublication,‘country’referstocountryorterritory,ascasemaybe.Datastartin1990forthissetofcountriesunlessotherwisespeci-fied.Country/RegionShortnameDefinitionMemo:SintMaarten(Dutchpart)SMAARTENDataareavailablestartingin2012.Memo:SolomonIslandsSOLOMONMemo:SomaliaSOMALIAMemo:Timor-LesteTIMORLESTEMemo:TongaTONGAMemo:TurksandCaicosIs-landsTURKSCAICMemo:TuvaluTUVALUMemo:VanuatuVANUATUMemo:WallisandFutunaIs-landsWALLIS64-CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYFiscalyearThistableliststhecountriesforwhichdataarereportedonafiscalyearbasis.Moreinformationonbeginningandendoffiscalyearsbycountryisreportedinthecolumn‘Definition’.Thisdocumentiswithoutprejudicetothestatusoforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothedelimitationofin-ternationalfrontiersandboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory,cityorarea.Inthispublication,‘country’referstocountryorterritory,ascasemaybe.Datastartin1960forOECDcountriesandregions,andin1971fornon-OECDcountriesandregions,unlessotherwisespecified.Country/RegionShortnameDefinitionAustraliaAUSTRALIDataarereportedonafiscalyearbasis.Byconvention,dataforthefiscalyearthatstartson1JulyY-1andendson30JuneYarelabelledasyearY.BangladeshBANGLADESHDataarereportedonafiscalyearbasis.Byconventiondataforthefiscalyearthatstartson1JulyY-1andendson30JuneYarelabelledasyearY.EgyptEGYPTDataarereportedonafiscalyearbasis.Byconvention,dataforthefiscalyearthatstartson1JulyYandendson30JuneY+1arelabelledasyearY.EthiopiaETHIOPIADataarereportedonafiscalyearbasis.Byconvention,dataforthefiscalyearthatstartson1JulyYandendson30JuneY+1arelabelledasyearY.IndiaINDIADataarereportedonafiscalyearbasis.Byconvention,dataforthefiscalyearthatstartson1AprilYandendson31MarchY+1arelabelledasyearY.ThisconventionisdifferentfromtheoneusedbyGovernmentofIndia,wherebyfiscalyearstartson1AprilYandendson31MarchY+1arelabelledasyearY+1.IslamicRepublicofIranIRANDataarereportedaccordingtotheIraniancalendaryear.Byconventiondatafortheyearthatstartson20MarchYandendson19MarchY+1arelabelledasyearY.JapanJAPANStarting1990,dataarereportedonafiscalyearbasis.Byconvention,dataforthefiscalyearthatstartson1AprilYandendson31MarchY+1arelabelledasyearY.KenyaKENYAElectricitydataarereportedonafiscalyearbasis,beginningonthe1JulyYandendingonthe30JuneofY+1.MyanmarMYANMARDataarereportedonafiscalyearbasis.Byconventiondataforthefiscalyearthatstartson1AprilYandendson31MarchY+1arelabelledasyearY.NepalNEPALDataarereportedonafiscalyearbasis.Byconventiondataforthefiscalyearthatstartson1JulyYandendson30JuneY+1arelabelledasyearY.PakistanPAKISTANDataarereportedonafiscalyearbasis.ByconventionfiscalyearY/Y+1islabelledasyearY.CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-65INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYFiscalyearThistableliststhecountriesforwhichdataarereportedonafiscalyearbasis.Moreinformationonbeginningandendoffiscalyearsbycountryisreportedinthecolumn‘Definition’.Thisdocumentiswithoutprejudicetothestatusoforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothedelimitationofin-ternationalfrontiersandboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory,cityorarea.Inthispublication,‘country’referstocountryorterritory,ascasemaybe.Datastartin1960forOECDcountriesandregions,andin1971fornon-OECDcountriesandregions,unlessotherwisespecified.Country/RegionShortnameDefinitionSouthAfricaSOUTHAFRICNucleardataarereportedonafiscalyearbasis.Byconventiondataforthefiscalyearthatstartson1JulyYandendson30JuneY+1arelabelledasyearY..UnitedRepublicofTanzaniaTANZANIAOildataarereportedonafiscalyearbasis,beginningonthe1JulyYandendingonthe30JuneY+1.66-CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCY5.UNDERSTANDINGTHEIEACO2EMISSIONSESTIMATESTheimportanceofestimatingemissionsTheultimateobjectiveoftheUNFCCC(theConvention)isthestabilisationofGHGconcentrationsintheat-mosphereatalevelthatwouldpreventdangerousan-thropogenicinterferencewiththeclimatesystem.TheConventionalsocallsforallPartiestocommitthem-selvestothefollowingobjectives:todevelop,updateperiodically,publishandmakeavailabletotheConferenceoftheParties(COP)theirnationalinventoriesofanthropogenicemissionsbysourcesandremovalsbysinks,ofallgreenhousegasesnotcontrolledbytheMontrealProtocol.tousecomparablemethodologiesforinventoriesofGHGemissionsandremovals,tobeagreedup-onbytheCOP.AsaresponsetotheobjectivesoftheUNFCCC,theIEASecretariat,togetherwiththeIPCC,theOECDandnumerousinternationalexperts,hashelpedtodevelopandrefineaninternationally-agreedmethodologyforthecalculationandreportingofnationalGHGemis-sionsfromfuelcombustion.Thismethodologywaspublishedin1995intheIPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories.Aftertheinitialdissemi-nationofthemethodology,revisionswereaddedtoseveralchapters,andpublishedastheRevised1996IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInven-tories(1996GLs).InApril2006,theIPCCapprovedthe2006Guidelinesatthe25thsessionoftheIPCCinMauritius.Until2015,mostParties,aswellastheIEA,stillcalculatedtheirinventoriesusingthe1996GLs.InDecember2011inDurban,PartiesadoptedDecision15/CP.17toupdatetheirreportingtablessoastoimplementthe2006GLs.Thenewreportingta-bleshavebeenmandatorysince15April2015.TheIEAestimatesofCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionEnergyisatthecoreofthegreenhousegasestimation.ItisestimatedthatforAnnexIPartiesenergyac-countsforover80%33oftotalGHGemissions,whilefortheworldtheshareisaroundthreequarters,alt-houghsharesvarygreatlybycountry.Withinenergy,CO2fromfuelcombustionaccountsforthelargestfraction,92%forAnnexIcountries,onceagainvary-ingdependingontheeconomicstructureofthecoun-try.Givenitsextensiveworkinglobalenergydatacollec-tionandcompilation,theIEAisabletoproducecom-parableestimatesofCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionacrosscountriesandregion,providingareferencedatabaseforcountrieswithmoreandlessadvancednationalsystems.TheestimatesofCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionpresentedinthispublicationarecalculatedusingtheIEAenergydata34andthedefaultmethodsandemis-sionfactorsfromthe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories(2006GLs)35.33.BasedondatareportedtotheUNFCCC,excludingland-use,land-usechangeandforestry(LULUCF).34.PublishedinWorldEnergyStatisticsandWorldEnergyBalances,IEA,Paris.35.See:http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol2.html.CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-67INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYPriortothe2015editionofthispublication,theIEAusedmethodsandemissionfactorsoftheRevised1996IPCCGuidelines,inlinewithUNFCCCrec-ommendationsforthereportingundertheKyotoPro-tocol.TheIEAimplementationofthe2006GLsinthiseditionfollowsthedecisionofUNFCCCPartiestoupdatetheirreportingtablesandtoimplementthe2006GLsstartingon15April2015.TheimplicationsofchangesinmethodsandemissionsfactorsontheIEAemissionsestimatesforthiseditionarediscussedinthesectionIEAestimates:Changesunderthe2006IPCCGuidelines.Datainthispublicationanditscorrespondingdata-basemayhavebeenrevisedwithrespecttopreviouseditionsalsobecausetheIEAreviewsitsenergydata-baseseachyear.Inthelightofnewassessments,revi-sionsmaybemadetotheenergydatatimeseriesforanyindividualcountry.CO2emissionsfromfuelcombustion:keyconceptsTheIEAusesthesimplest(Tier1)methodologytoestimateCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionbasedonthe2006GLs.Thecomputationfollowsthecon-ceptofconservationofcarbon,fromthefuelcom-bustedintoCO2.WhileforthecompletemethodologythereadershouldrefertothefullIPCCdocuments,abasicdescriptionfollows.Generally,theTier1estimationofCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionforagivenfuelcanbesumma-risedasfollows:CO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionCO2=FuelconsumptionEmissionfactorwhere:Fuelconsumption=amountoffuelcombusted;Emissionfactor=defaultemissionfactorEmissionsarethensummedacrossallfuelsandallsectorsofconsumptiontoobtainnationaltotals.Amoredetailedexplanationofthestepbystepcalcula-tionispresentedinthesectionIEAestimates:Chang-esunderthe2006IPCCGuidelines.IEAestimatesvs.UNFCCCsubmissionsBasedontheIEAgloballycollectedenergydata,theIEAestimatesofCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionareaglobaldatabaseobtainedfollowingharmoniseddefinitionsandcomparablemethodologiesacrosscountries.Theydonotrepresentanofficialsourcefornationalsubmissions,asnationaladministrationsshouldusethebestavailablecountry-specificinfor-mationtocompletetheiremissionsreporting.TheIEACO2estimatescanbecomparedwiththosereportedbycountriestotheUNFCCCSecretariattohighlightpossibleproblemsinmethods,inputdataoremissionfactors.Still,careshouldbeusedininter-pretingtheresultsofanycomparisonsincetheIEAestimatesmaydifferfromacountry’sofficialsubmis-sionformanyreasons.FormostAnnexIIcountries,thetwocalculationsareexpectedtobewithin5-10%,dependingonthecover-ageofthefuelcombustionsectorinthenationalin-ventory.ForsomeEITandnon-AnnexIcountries,differencesmaybelarger.Iftheunderlyingenergydataaredifferent,moreworkisneededonthecollect-ingandreportingofenergystatistics.Incaseofsystematicbiasesintheenergydataoremis-sionfactors,emissiontrendswillusuallybemorerelia-blethantheabsoluteemissionlevels.BycomparingtrendsintheIEAestimateswithtrendsinemissionsasreportedtotheUNFCCC,itshouldbepossibletoidenti-fydefinitionproblemsormethodologicaldifferences.Someofthereasonsforthesedifferencesare:TheIEAusesaTier1methodtocomputeemis-sionsestimates.ForthecalculationofCO2emissionsfromfuelcom-bustion,theIEAusesaTier1method.CountriesmaybeusingamoresophisticatedTier2orTier3methodthattakesintoaccountmoredetailedcountry-specificinformationavailable(e.g.ondifferenttechnologiesorprocesses).EnergyactivitydatabasedonIEAenergybal-ancesmaydifferfromthoseusedfortheUNFCCCcalculations.Countriesoftenhaveseveral“official”datasourcessuchasaMinistry,aCentralBureauofStatistics,anationalisedelectricitycompany,etc.Datacanalsobe68-CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYcollectedfromtheenergysuppliers,theenergyconsum-ersorcustomsstatistics.TheIEASecretariattriestocollectthemostaccuratedata,butdoesnotnecessarilyhaveaccesstothecompletedatasetthatmaybeavailabletonationalexpertscalculatingemissionin-ventoriesfortheUNFCCC.Inadditiontodifferentsources,themethodologyusedbythenationalbodiesprovidingthedatatotheIEAandtotheUNFCCCmaydiffer.Forexample,generalsurveys,specificsurveys,questionnaires,estimations,combinedmeth-odsandclassificationsofdatausedinnationalstatis-ticsandintheirsubsequentreclassificationaccordingtointernationalstandardsmayresultindifferentseries.TheIEAusesaveragenetcalorificvaluesforoilproducts.Totransformfuelconsumptiondatafromphysicalunitstoenergyunits,theIEAusesanaveragenetcalorificvalue(NCV)foreachsecondaryoilproduct.TheseNCVsareregion-specificandconstantovertime.Coun-try-specificNCVsthatcanvaryovertimeareusedforNGL,refineryfeedstocksandadditives.CrudeoilNCVsarefurthersplitintoproduction,imports,exportsandaverage.DifferentcoaltypeshavespecificNCVsforproduction,imports,exports,inputstomainactivitypowerplantsandcoalusedincokeovens,blastfurnacesandindustry,andcanvaryovertimeforeachcountry.Countryexpertsmayhavemoredetaileddataoncalo-rificvaluesavailablewhencalculatingtheenergycon-tentofthefuels.ThisinturncouldproducedifferentvaluesthanthoseoftheIEA.TheIEAusesaveragecarboncontentvalues.TheIEAusesthedefaultcarboncontentvaluesgiveninthe2006GLs.Countryexpertsmayhavebetterinformationavailable,allowingthemtousecountry-specificvalues.TheIEAcannotallocateemissionsfromauto-producersintotheend-usesectors.The2006GLsrecommendthatemissionsfromauto-productionshouldbeincludedwithemissionsfromotherfuelusebyend-consumers.Atthesametime,theemissionsfromtheautoproductionofelectricityandheatshouldbeexcludedfromtheenergytrans-formationsourcecategorytoavoiddoublecounting.TheIEAisnotabletoallocatethefuelusefromauto-producersbetweenindustryandother.Therefore,thispublicationshowsacategorycalled“Unallocatedauto-producers”.However,thisshouldnotaffectthetotalemissionsforacountry.Militaryemissionsmaybetreateddifferently.Accordingtothe2006GLs,militaryemissionsshouldbereportedinSource/SinkCategory1A5,Non-Specified.Previously,theIEAquestionnairesrequest-edthatwarshipsbeincludedininternationalmarinebunkersandthatthemilitaryuseofaviationfuelsbeincludedindomesticair.Allothermilitaryuseshouldhavebeenreportedinnon-specifiedother.AttheIEA/Eurostat/UNECEEnergyStatisticsWorkingGroupmeeting(Paris,November2004),participantsdecidedtoharmonisethedefinitionsusedtocollectenergydataonthejointIEA/Eurostat/UNECEques-tionnaireswiththoseusedbytheIPCCtoreportGHGinventories.Asaresult,startinginthe2006editionofthispublication,allmilitaryconsumptionshouldbereportedinnon-specifiedother.Sea-goingversuscoastalisnolongeracriterionforsplittinginterna-tionalanddomesticnavigation.However,itisnotclearwhethercountriesarereport-ingonthenewbasis,andiftheyare,whethertheywillbeabletorevisetheirhistoricaldata.TheIEAhasfoundthatinpracticemostcountriesconsiderinfor-mationonmilitaryconsumptionasconfidentialandthereforeeithercombineitwithotherinformationordonotincludeitatall.TheIEAestimatesincludeallCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustion.Countriesmayhaveinclud-edpartsoftheseemissionsintheIPCCcategoryindustrialprocessesandproductuse.Althoughemissionstotalswouldnotdiffer,thealloca-tiontothevarioussub-totalsofanationalinventorycould.NationalGHGinventoriessubmittedtotheUNFCCCdivideemissionsaccordingtosourcecatego-ries.TwooftheseIPCCSource/SinkCategoriesareenergy,andindustrialprocessesandproductuse.Caremustbetakennottodoublecountemissionsfromfuelcombustionthatoccurwithincertainindustrialpro-cesses(e.g.ironandsteel).TheIEAestimatesinthispublicationincludealltheCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustion,whilecountriesareaskedtoreportsomeofthemwithintheindustrialprocessesandproductusecategoryunderthe2006GLs.SeeamoredetaileddiscussioninthesectionIEAEstimates:Changesun-derthe2006IPCCGuidelines.Theunitsmaybedifferent.The2006GLsaskthatCO2emissionsbereportedinGgofCO2(1Gg=1kilotonne).AmilliontonnesofCO2isequalto1000GgofCO2,sotocomparethenumbersinthispublicationwithnationalinventoriesexpressedinGg,theIEAemissionsmustbemulti-pliedby1000.CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-69INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYMacroeconomicdriversofCO2emissionstrendsTablesandgraphspresentedonlineandintheover-viewfordriversrefertothedecompositionofCO2emissionsintofourdrivingfactors(Kayaidentity)36,whichisgenerallypresentedintheform:KayaidentityC=P(G/P)(E/G)(C/E)where:C=CO2emissions;P=population;G=GDP;E=primaryenergyconsumption.Theidentityexpresses,foragiventime,CO2emissionsastheproductofpopulation,percapitaeconomicout-put(G/P),energyintensityoftheeconomy(E/G)andcarbonintensityoftheenergymix(C/E).Becauseofpossiblenon-linearinteractionsbetweenterms,thesumofthepercentagechangesofthefourfactors,e.g.(Py-Px)/Px,willnotgenerallyadduptotheper-centagechangeofCO2emissions(Cy-Cx)/Cx.Howev-er,relativechangesofCO2emissionsintimecanbeobtainedfromrelativechangesofthefourfactorsasfollows:Kayaidentity:relativechangesintimeCy/Cx=Py/Px(G/P)y/(G/P)x(C/E)y/(C/E)xwherexandyrepresentforexampletwodifferentyears.36.Yamaji,K.,Matsuhashi,R.,Nagata,Y.Kaya,Y.,AnintegratedsystemforCO2/Energy/GNPanalysis:casestudiesoneconomicmeasuresforCO2reductioninJapan.WorkshoponCO2reductionandremoval:measuresforthenextcentury,March19,1991,InternationalInstituteforAppliedSystemsAnalysis,Laxenburg,Austria.Inthispublication,theKayadecompositionispre-sentedas:CO2emissionsanddriversCO2=P(GDP/P)(TES/GDP)(CO2/TES)where:CO2=CO2emissions;P=population;GDP37/P=GDP/population;TES/GDP37=TotalenergysupplyperGDP;CO2/TES=CO2emissionsperunitTES.Indicesofallterms(1990=100unlessotherwisespecified)areshownforeachcountryandregionalaggregateinPartIIofthefullpublication,bothintheSummarytablesandintheindividualcountry/regionpages(Table1,Keyindicators,andFigure6,CO2emissionsanddrivers).Notethatinitsindexform,CO2/TEScorrespondstotheEnergySectorCarbonIntensityIndex(ESCII)38.TheKayaidentitycanbeusedtodiscusstheprimarydrivingforcesofCO2emissions.Forexample,itshowsthat,globally,increasesinpopulationandGDPpercapitahavebeendrivingupwardstrendsinCO2emis-sions,morethanoffsettingthereductioninenergyintensity.Infact,thecarbonintensityoftheenergymixisalmostunchanged,duetothecontinueddominanceoffossilfuels-particularlycoal-intheenergymix,andtotheslowuptakeoflow-carbontechnologies.However,itshouldbenotedthatthereareimportantcaveatsintheuseoftheKayaidentity.Mostim-portant,thefourtermsontheright-handsideofequa-tionshouldbeconsideredneitherasfundamentaldrivingforcesinthemselves,norasgenerallyinde-pendentfromeachother.37.GDPbasedonpurchasingpowerparities(PPP).38.SeetheIEApublicationTrackingCleanEnergyProgress2015.70-CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYDriversofelectricitygenerationemissionstrendsGraphspresentalsothechangeinCO2emissionsfromelectricitygenerationovertimedecomposedintotherespectivechangesoffourdrivingfactors39:CO2emissionsfromelectricitygenerationC=(C/E)(E/ELF)(ELF/EL)(EL)where:C=CO2emissions;E=fossilfuelinputstothermalgeneration;ELF=electricityoutputfromfossilfuels;EL=totalelectricityoutput;Thiscanberewrittenas:CO2emissionsfromelectricitygenerationC=(CF)(EI)(EFS)(EL)where:C=CO2emissions;CF=carbonintensityofthefossilfuelmix;EI=thereciprocaloffossilfuelbasedelectricitygenerationefficiency;EFS=shareofelectricityfromfossilfuels;EL=totalelectricityoutput.Thisdecompositionexpresses,foragiventime,CO2emissionsfromelectricitygenerationastheproductofthecarbonintensityofthefossilfuelmix(CF),there-ciprocaloffossilfuelbasedthermalelectricitygenera-tionefficiency(1/EF),theshareofelectricityfromfossilfuels(EFS)andtotalelectricityoutput(EL).However,duetonon-linearinteractionsbetweenterms,ifasimpledecompositionisused,thesumofthepercentagechangesofthefourfactors,e.g.(CFy-CFx)/CFxmaynotperfectlymatchthe39.M.Zhang,X.Liu,W.Wang,M.Zhou.DecompositionanalysisofCO2emissionsfromelectricitygenerationinChina.EnergyPolicy,52(2013),pp.159–165.percentagechangeoftotalCO2emissions(Cy-Cx)/Cx.Toavoidthis,amorecomplexdecompositionmethodisrequired.Inthiscase,thelogarithmicmeandivisia(LMDI)methodproposedbyAng(2004)40hasbeenused.Usingthismethod,thechangeintotalCO2emissionsfromelectricitygeneration(CTOT)betweenyeartandabaseyear0,canbecomputedasthesumofthechangesineachoftheindividualfactorsasfollows:CTOT=CCF+CEI+CEFS+CELwhere:CCF,CEI,CEFS,CEL,and:L,/ThisdecompositioncanbeusefulwhenanalysingthetrendsinCO2emissionsfromelectricitygeneration.Forinstance,itshowsthatglobally,since1990,themaindriverofincreasedCO2emissionsfromelec-tricitygenerationhasbeenincreasedelectricityout-put,withimprovementsintheoverallthermalefficiency,andtheCO2intensityoftheelectricitygenerationmixbeingoffsetbyanincreaseintheshareofelectricityderivedfromfossilfuelsources.However,asisthecasewiththeKayadecomposition,itshouldbenotedthatthefourtermsontheright-handsideofequationshouldbeconsideredneitherasfundamentaldrivingforcesinthemselves,norasgen-erallyindependentfromeachother.Forinstance,sub-stitutingcoalwithgasasasourceofelectricitygenerationwouldaffectboththeCO2intensityoftheelectricitygenerationmixandthethermalefficiencyofgeneration.40.B.W.Ang,Decompositionanalysisforpolicymakinginenergy:whichisthepreferredmethod?,EnergyPolicy,32(9)(2004),pp.1131–1139.CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-71INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYAllocatingindirectemissionsIndirectemissionsareemissionsderivingfromthegenerationofelectricityandheatwhichthenarecon-sumedbyendusesectors.IEAincludesalltheemis-sionsrelatedtoelectricityandheatproductionintothetransformationsector.Inordertoreallocateemissionsofthetransformationtoend-usesectorstheIEAhasdevelopedaninternalmethodologymakinguseoftheavailabledata,whichconsistedinallocatingemissionsbasedonthetotalamountofelectricityandheatcon-sumedbyeachendusesector.Startingwiththe2020edition,theIEAhasadoptedanewmethodologywhichreliesonmultiplyingelec-tricityandheatconsumptionbyelectricityandheatspecificemissionfactors.Thenewapproachresolvessomedrawbacksexistinginthepreviousmethodolo-gy.Inparticularthisnewmethodologyallowsassign-ingdifferentemissionfactorstoelectricityandheat.Specificemissionfactorsarecalculatedbydividingthecarbondioxideemissionsproducedbythegenera-tionofelectricityorheatbytheelectricityorheatconsumedacrossallsectors,excludingtransmissionanddistributionlosses:,,∑,,,,∙,∑,,,Where:EF=emissionfactorperunitofelectricityorheatconsumed,expressedingCO2/kWhI:energyinputstogenerateelectricityorheat.NotethattheIEAenergybalancesincludeonlythedataforcombinedinputtoCHPplants.Thus,theIEAadoptsthefixed-heat-efficiencyapproach,whichisbasedonfixingtheefficiencyofheatgenerationtocomputetheinputtoheat,andcalculatingtheinputtoelectricityasaresidualfromthetotalinput.Pleaserefertothedoc-umentationfileoftheIEA‘Emissionfactors2020edition’,section4formoredetails.CC:defaultcarboncontentintonsofCO2perunitofenergy(pleaserefertosection‘CO2emissionsfromfuelcombustion:keyconcepts’formoredetails)E:electricityandheatusedbyendusesectoriacrossfinalconsumptionandenergyproducingsectorso:electricityorheati:endusesector,e.g.industry,transport,residential…c:countryt:timef:fueltypeThen,theindirectemissionsarecalculatedas:,,,,∙,,,Where:E:electricityandheatusedby,countryc,yeartandendusesectorIacrossfinalconsumptionandenergyproducingsectorsAndthetotalemissionsarecalculatedas:,,,,,,72-CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCY6.IEAESTIMATES:CHANGESUNDERTHE2006IPCCGUIDELINESThe2006IPCCGuidelinesmethodology:keyconceptsThissectionbrieflypresentstheTier1methodologytoestimateCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionbasedonthe2006GLs,outliningthemaindifferenceswiththe1996GLs-usedforpreviouseditionsofthispublication.ThefocusisonthekeypointsrelevanttotheIEAestimation.Forthecompletemethodology,thereadershouldrefertothefullIPCCdocuments.41Generally,theTier1estimationofCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionforagivenfuelcanbesummarisedasfollows:CO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionCO2=ADNCVCCCOFwhere:CO2=CO2emissionsfromfuelcombustion;AD=Activitydata;NCV=Netcalorificvalue;CC=Carboncontent;COF=Carbonoxidationfactor.Emissionsarethensummedoverallfuels.Whilethebasicconceptofthecalculation-thecon-servationofcarbon-isunchanged,the2006GLsdif-ferfromthe1996GLsinthe:defaultnetcalorificvaluesbyproduct;defaultcarboncontentbyproduct;41.Boththe1996GLsandthe2006GLsareavailablefromtheIPCCGreenhouseGasInventoriesProgramme(www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp).defaultcarbonoxidationfactors;treatmentoffuelsusedfornon-energypurposes;allocationoffuelcombustionemissionsacrosstheEnergyandIPPUcategories.2006Guidelines:overviewofchangesThissectiondescribesthekeymethodologicalchang-es2006GLsforaTier1estimationofCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustion,withashortassessmentoftheirimpactonresults.NetcalorificvaluesNetcalorificvalues(NCVs)areusedtoconverttheactivitydataforallthedifferentfuelsfrom"physical"units(e.g.tonnes)to"energy"units(e.g.Joules).Inthe1996GLs,country-specificnetcalorificvaluesweregivenforprimaryoil(crudeoilandNGL),forprimarycoalandforafewsecondarycoalproducts.TheseNCVswerebasedontheaverage1990valuesofthe1993editionoftheIEAEnergyBalances.Inthe2006GLs,thosecountry-specificNCVswereremoved,andonedefaultisprovidedforeachfuel(withupperandlowerlimits,asdoneforthecarboncontent).Largedifferenceswerethereforeobservedforproductswhosequalityvariesalotfromcountrytocountry,suchasprimaryoilandcoalproducts.Re-placingcountry-specificvalueswithonedefaultvaluewouldsignificantlyaffectemissionscalculationsifthedefaultvalueswereused.CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-73INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYTheIEACO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionestimatesarebasedontheIEAenergybalances,computedusingtime-varyingcountry-specificNCVs.Therefore,theyarenotaffectedbychangestothedefaultnetcalorificvaluesofthe2006GLs.CarboncontentCarboncontentisthequantityofcarbonperunitofenergyofagivenfuel.Someofthefuel-specificde-faultvaluesforcarboncontent,called“carbonemis-sionfactors”inthe1996GLs,wererevisedinthe2006GLs.Inaddition,valueswereaddedforsomefuelsnotdirectlymentionedinthe1996GLs.Asthecarboncontentmayvaryconsiderablyforsomefuels,the2006GLsintroducedrangesofvalues,i.e.providingforeachfueladefaultvaluewithlowerandupperlimits.TheIEACO2emissionsarecalcu-latedusingtheIPCCdefaultvalues.AsummaryofthedefaultcarboncontentvaluesinthetwosetofguidelinesisshowninTable1.Relativechangesbetweenthe2006GLsandthe1996GLsrangebetween-13.7%(refinerygas)and+7.3%(blastfurnacegas),althoughformanyfuelsthevaria-tionisminimal,orzero.SuchsystematicchangesarereflectedinTier1CO2emissionsestimates.CarbonoxidationfactorsAsmallfractionofthecarboncontainedinfuelsen-teringthecombustionprocess(typicallylessthan1-2%)isnotoxidised.Underthe1996GLs,thisamountwassubtractedfromemissionsinthecalcula-tionsbymultiplyingthecalculatedcarboncontentofafuelbya“fractionofcarbonoxidised”.Thefractionofcarbonoxidisedhadavalueoflessthan1.0,whichhadtheeffectofreducingtheemissionsestimate.However,inmostinstances,emissionsinventorycompilershadno“real”informationastowhetherthiscorrectionwasactuallyapplicable.Therefore,inthe2006GLs,itwasdecidedthatallcarbonisassumedtobeemittedbydefault,unlessmorespecificinformationisavailable.Therefore,un-derthe2006GLs,thedefaultcarbonoxidationfactorisequalto1forallfuels.AsummaryofthedefaultcarbonoxidationfactorsinthetwosetofguidelinesisshowninTable2.Relativechangesfromthe1996GLsandthe2006GLsare+0.5%fornaturalgas;+1%foroil,oilproductsandpeat;and+2%forcoal.SuchchangesarereflectedinsystematicincreasesinTier1CO2emissionsestimates.Table1.ComparisonofdefaultcarboncontentvaluesKilogrammes/gigajouleFuelType1996Guidelines2006GuidelinesPercentChangeAnthracite26.826.80.0%CokingCoal25.825.80.0%OtherBituminousCoal25.825.80.0%Sub-BituminousCoal26.226.20.0%Lignite27.627.60.0%PatentFuel25.826.6+3.1%Cokeovencoke29.529.2-1.0%GasCoke29.529.2-1.0%CoalTar..22.0xBKB25.826.6+3.1%GasWorksGas..12.1xCokeOvenGas13.012.1-6.9%BlastFurnaceGas66.070.8+7.3%Otherrecoveredgases..49.6xPeat28.928.90.0%Oilshale29.129.10.0%NaturalGas15.315.30.0%CrudeOil20.020.00.0%NaturalGasLiquids17.217.5+1.7%RefineryFeedstocks20.020.00.0%Orimulsion22.021.0-4.5%RefineryGas18.215.7-13.7%Ethane16.816.80.0%Liquefiedpetroleumgases(LPG)17.217.20.0%MotorGasolineexcl.biofuels18.918.90.0%AviationGasoline19.1+1.1%Gasolinetypejetfuel19.1+1.1%Kerosenetypejetfuelexcl.bio19.519.50.0%OtherKerosene19.619.60.0%Gas/DieselOilexcl.biofuels20.220.20.0%FuelOil21.121.10.0%Naphtha20.020.00.0%Lubricants20.020.00.0%Bitumen22.022.00.0%PetroleumCoke27.526.6-3.3%Non-specifiedoilproducts20.020.00.0%OtherhydrocarbonsWhiteSpirit&SBP20.00.0%ParaffinWaxes20.00.0%IndustrialWaste..39.0xMunicipalWaste(non-renewable)..25.0x“Carboncontent”wasreferredtoasthe“carbonemissionfactor”inthe1996GLs.The2006GLsalsogivethelowerandupperlimitsofthe95percentconfidenceintervals,assuminglognormaldistributions.Table2.ComparisonofdefaultcarbonoxidationfactorsFuelType1996Guidelines2006GuidelinesPercentChangeCoal0.9801.00+2.0%Oilandoilproducts0.9901.00+1.0%Naturalgas0.9951.00+0.5%Peat0.9901.00+1.0%“Carbonoxidationfactor”wasreferredtoas“fractionofcarbonoxidised”inthe1996GLs.The1996GLsspecifiedacarbonoxidationfactorforpeatusedforelectricitygenerationonly.74-CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYTreatmentoffuelsusedfornon-energypurposesManyhydrocarbonsareusedfornon-energypurposese.g.petrochemicalfeedstocks,lubricants,solvents,andbitumen.Insomeofthesecases,thecarboninthefuelisquicklyoxidisedtoCO2,inothercases,itisstored(orsequestered)intheproduct,sometimesforaslongascenturies.Inthe1996IPCCGLs,Tier1SectoralApproachemissionsincludedemissionsfromfuelsusedfornon-energypurposes.Theshareofcarbonassumedtobestored(notemitted)wasestimatedbasedondefault“fractionsofcarbonstored”(shownforreferenceinTable3).Table3.FractionofCarbonStoredinthe1996GLsFuelType1996GuidelinesNaphtha0.8Lubricants0.5Bitumen1.0CoalOilsandTars(fromcokingcoal)0.75NaturalGas0.33Gas/DieselOil0.5LPG0.8Ethane0.8Otherfuelsfornon-energyuseTobespecifiedWhenusedasfeedstocks.Note:thistableisincludedonlyforreference.CO2emissionsfromfuelcombustioninthispublicationdonotincludeemissionsfromnon-energyuseoffuels.Inthe2006GLs,alldeliveriesfornon-energypurpos-esareexcluded.Numerically,excludingallnon-energyuseoffuelfromenergysectoremissionscal-culationsisequivalenttoapplyingafractionofcarbonstoredequalto1toallquantitiesdeliveredfornon-energypurposes.InthecaseofacompletegreenhousegasinventorycoveringallIPCCSource/Sinkcategories,anyemis-sionsassociatedwithnon-energyuseoffuelswouldbeaccountedinanotherSource/Sinkcategory.How-ever,asthispublicationonlydealswithCO2emis-sionsfromfuelcombustion,emissionsassociatedwithnon-energyuseoffuelsarenolongerincludedintheIEACO2emissionsestimates.WithintheIEAestimates,theeffectofthischangeismainlynoticeableforcountrieswhosepetrochemicalsectorsarelargeincomparisontothesizeoftheireconomies,e.g.theNetherlands.AllocationoffuelcombustionemissionsacrosstheEnergyandtheIPPUsectorsToavoidpossibledoublecounting,the2006GLsstatethatcombustionemissionsfromfuelsobtaineddirectlyorindirectlyfromthefeedstockforanIndustrialProcessesandProductUse(IPPU)processwillbeallocatedtothesourcecategoryinwhichtheprocessoccurs,unlessthederivedfuelsaretransferredforcombustioninanothersourcecategory.Inthecaseofacompleteinventory,thisreallocationwouldnotaffecttotalemissions.Still,theeffectonindividualsourcecategoriescouldbequitesignificant,especiallyincountrieswithlargeIPPUsectors(e.g.theironandsteel,andnon-ferrousmetalsindustries).Toprovidecontinuitywithpreviouseditionsofthispublicationandtofullyaccountforfuelcombustionemissions,theIEACO2emissionsfromfuelcombus-tionincludeallemissionsfromfuelcombustion,irre-spectiveofthecategoryofreporting(EnergyorIPPU)underthe2006GLs.ToensurecomparabilitywithsubmissionsfromPar-ties,anadditionalonlinedatabaseprovidesasum-maryofCO2emissionscalculatedaccordingtotheIPCCReferenceandSectoralApproaches,andabreakdownofthefuelcombustionemissionswhichwouldbereallocatedtoIPPUunderthe2006GLs.42AssessingtheoverallimpactofmethodologicalchangesonIEAestimatesTable4showsacomparisonofIEAestimatesoftotalCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionforthe2014data(fromthe2016edition).Emissionsarecalculatedus-ing:i)the1996GLsSectoralApproach,methodologyasinpreviouspublications,andii)the2006GLs43-whichcorrespondtothedatapublishedinthisedition.42.NotethatthedataavailabletotheIEAdonotallowassessingwhetherfuelsderivedfromIPPUprocessesaretransferredforcombustioninanothersourcecategory.43.IncludingtheemissionswhichmaybereallocatedfromEnergytoIPPUunderthe2006GLs.CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-75INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYTheoverallimpactofthechangeinmethodologyontheIEAestimatesofCO2emissionsfromfuelcom-bustionvariesfromcountrytocountry,mainlyde-pendingontheunderlyingfuelmixandontherelativeimportanceofnon-energyuseoffuelsinthetotal.MostcountriesshowadecreaseinCO2emissionslev-elsunderthenewmethodology,asthereductionsduetotheremovalofnon-energyuseemissionsaregener-allylargerthanthesystematicincreaseduetochangesintheoxidationfactor.Fortheyear2014,reductionsof1%orgreaterareobservedforsixty-fivecountries,withthirteenshow-ingadecreaseof5%ormore.Thelargestrelativedecreasesareobservedincountrieswithhighnon-energyuseoffuels(mainlyoilproductsandnatu-ralgas)relativetotheirtotalenergyconsumption:TrinidadandTobago(-39%),Gibraltar(-17%),Lithu-ania(-14%),andSingapore(-13%),theNetherlands,BelarusandBruneiDarussalam(all11%).Asemis-sionsfromnon-energyuseoffuelsarenotincludedinenergysectoremissionsunderthe2006GLs,emis-sionspreviouslyattributedtonon-energyuseofoilproductsandnaturalgasarenolongerincludedinIEACO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionestimatesforthesecountries.Onecountry,Curaçaopresentedalargeincrease(27%)in2014.Thiswasduetothein-clusionofemissionsfromreportedenergyuseofbi-tumen,whichhadbeenexcluded(consideredcarbonstored/non-energyuse)underthe1996GLs.WithintheIEAdatabases,thesechangeswillalsobereflectedinallindicatorsderivedfromCO2emissionstotals(e.g.CO2/TES,CO2/GDP).Impactsontrendsshouldbevisiblewhentherelativeweightofthenon-energyuseoffuelschangesintime.However,asmentioned,mostofthemethodologicalchangeswouldnothavesignificantimpactinthecaseofacompleteinventorycoveringallIPCCsource/sinkcategories;inparticular,thereallocationofemissionsbetweencategorieswouldnotaffecttotalemissionsestimates,northeoveralltrends.76-CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYTable4.ComparisonofIEACO2emissionsestimatesfornon-OECDCountries(2014data,2016edition)MtCO2Country1996GLsCO2SectoralApproach2006GLsCO2FuelCombustion42PercentChangeCountry1996GLsCO2SectoralApproach2006GLsCO2FuelCombustion42PercentChangeWorld32903.332381.0-1.6%Non-OECDEuropeandEurasiaAlbania4.34.1-4.7%AnnexIParties12852.212628.4-2%Armenia5.25.20.0%Non-annexIParties18932.118622.2-2%Azerbaijan31.330.8-1.6%Belarus64.357.4-10.7%OECDBosniaandHerzegovina21.221.61.9%Australia375.2373.8-0.4%Albania42.242.1-0.2%Austria60.860.80.0%Croatia15.815.1-4.4%Belgium95.087.4-8.0%Cyprus445.75.81.8%Canada574.6554.8-3.4%Georgia8.07.7-3.8%Chile76.475.8-0.8%Gibraltar0.60.5-16.7%CzechRepublic98.496.6-1.8%Kazakhstan220.3223.71.5%Denmark34.734.5-0.6%Kosovo7.37.41.4%Estonia17.517.50.0%Kyrgyzstan8.38.41.2%Finland46.445.3-2.4%Latvia6.76.70.0%France295.8285.7-3.4%Lithuania12.010.3-14.2%Germany734.6723.3-1.5%FYRofMacedonia7.37.41.4%Greece66.465.9-0.8%Malta2.32.30.0%Hungary41.340.3-2.4%RepublicofMoldova7.27.20.0%Iceland2.02.00.0%Montenegro2.22.20.0%Ireland33.733.90.6%Romania69.068.2-1.2%Israel66.364.7-2.4%RussianFederation1525.31467.6-3.8%Italy325.7319.7-1.8%Serbia37.938.10.5%Japan1193.31188.6-0.4%Tajikistan4.64.72.2%Korea589.5567.8-3.7%Turkmenistan66.667.00.6%Luxembourg9.29.20.0%Ukraine239.6236.5-1.3%Mexico432.1430.9-0.3%Uzbekistan101.097.9-3.1%Netherlands166.6148.3-11.0%NewZealand33.231.2-6.0%Non-OECDEuropeandEurasia2516.42446.1-2.8%Norway36.935.3-4.3%Poland281.3279.0-0.8%Portugal43.242.8-0.9%SlovakRepublic29.929.3-2.0%Slovenia12.612.81.6%Spain234.8232.0-1.2%Sweden38.737.4-3.4%Switzerland37.737.70.0%Turkey304.8307.10.8%UnitedKingdom409.0407.8-0.3%UnitedStates5235.95176.2-1.1%OECDTotal12033.511855.6-1.5%44.PleaserefertothesectionGeographicalcoverageandcountrynotes.CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-77INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYTable4.ComparisonofIEACO2emissionsestimatesforNon-OECDCountries(2014data,2016edition)MtCO2Country1996GLsCO2SectoralApproach2006GLsCO2FuelCombustion42PercentChangeCountry1996GLsCO2SectoralApproach2006GLsCO2FuelCombustion42PercentChangeAfricaChinaAlgeria126.4122.9-2.8%People'sRepublicofChina9199.19087.0-1.2%Angola19.519.3-1.0%HongKong(China)47.347.91.3%Benin5.75.70.0%China(incl.HongKong)9246.49134.9-1.2%Botswana6.86.91.5%Cameroon6.06.00.0%Non-OECDAmericasCongo2.72.6-3.7%Argentina195.3192.4-1.5%Coted'Ivoire4.64.72.2%Bolivia18.218.30.5%Dem.Rep.ofCongo9.39.41.1%Brazil492.6476.0-3.4%Egypt181.1173.3-4.3%Colombia73.072.5-0.7%Eritrea0.60.60.0%CostaRica7.17.21.4%Ethiopia9.29.1-1.1%Cuba29.629.4-0.7%Gabon3.53.50.0%Curaçao3.74.727.0%Ghana13.313.1-1.5%DominicanRepublic19.519.3-1.0%Kenya12.312.40.8%Ecuador38.738.70.0%Libya48.147.9-0.4%ElSalvador5.95.90.0%Mauritius3.94.02.6%Guatemala16.116.10.0%Morocco53.053.10.2%Haiti2.72.83.7%Mozambique3.83.92.6%Honduras8.78.70.0%Namibia3.63.60.0%Jamaica7.17.21.4%Niger2.02.00.0%Nicaragua4.54.50.0%Nigeria61.960.2-2.7%Panama10.610.60.0%Senegal6.46.3-1.6%Paraguay5.25.20.0%SouthAfrica442.3437.4-1.1%Peru48.447.8-1.2%SouthSudan13.913.3-4.3%Suriname2.02.00.0%Sudan1.51.50.0%TrinidadandTobago38.023.2-38.9%UnitedRep.ofTanzania10.410.40.0%Uruguay6.56.3-3.1%Togo1.71.70.0%Venezuela155.5155.0-0.3%Tunisia25.025.00.0%Othernon-OECDAmericas19.920.11.0%Zambia3.33.2-3.0%Non-OECDAmericas1209.01173.9-2.9%Zimbabwe11.411.50.9%OtherAfrica32.331.0-4.0%MiddleEastAfrica1125.61105.3-1.8%Bahrain31.829.7-6.6%IslamicRepublicofIran576.1556.1-3.5%Asia(excl.China)Iraq140.2141.00.6%Bangladesh63.962.3-2.5%Jordan23.924.10.8%BruneiDarussalam7.56.7-10.7%Kuwait88.486.1-2.6%Cambodia6.06.11.7%Lebanon22.122.41.4%DPRofKorea37.037.82.2%Oman63.159.9-5.1%India2038.92019.7-0.9%Qatar82.777.6-6.2%Indonesia442.3436.5-1.3%SaudiArabia521.4506.6-2.8%Malaysia227.5220.5-3.1%SyrianArabRepublic28.127.6-1.8%Mongolia17.818.22.2%UnitedArabEmirates175.8175.4-0.2%Myanmar19.619.60.0%Yemen21.121.30.9%Nepal5.85.91.7%MiddleEast1774.71727.8-2.6%Pakistan141.0137.4-2.6%Philippines94.595.71.3%Singapore50.945.3-11.0%SriLanka16.516.71.2%ChineseTaipei260.9249.7-4.3%Thailand263.1243.5-7.4%VietNam143.7143.3-0.3%OtherAsia41.742.11.0%Asia(excl.China)3878.83807.0-1.9%78-CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYCO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-79INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCY7.ESTIMATESFORYEARSSTARTINGIN1751Becauseofhistoricalreasons,mostlyrelatedtothecreationoftheOECD,thetimeseriesofIEAenergybalances,basisfortheIEAemissionscalculation,covertheyearsasfarbackas1960/1971,dependingonthecountry.Withtheobjectiveofprovidinguserswithtimeseriesgoingasfarbackintimeaspossible,theIEAhasalsoincludedglobalandregionalestimatesfortheperiodpre-1960/1971,basedoncomplementarysourcesforenergyandemis-sionsdata.Thenewtimeserieshavebeenestimatedbasedon,andensuringconsistencywith,datafromtheCarbonDioxideInformationAnalysisCenter(CDIAC)andtheAppalachianStateUniversity,thatprovideemissionsestimatesforalargetimespan,from1751untilrecentyears45.SuchdatasetsincludeCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionforallcountries,aswellasemissionsfromgasflaringandcementproduction.Furthertodifferencesinunderlyingenergydata,differencesbetweenIEAandCDIACmethodologiestocalculateemissions,includebutarenotlimitedto:IEAestimatesemissionsbasedonenergydemanddata;converselyCDIACusesenergysupplydata.IEAappliesfuel-specificTier1carbonemissionfactorsbasedonthe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories,whileCDIACgroupsfuelsincategories,i.e.liquid,gaseousandsolid(twotypes),andusesaverageemissionfactors,mostlybasedondatafortheUnitedStates.IEAexcludesemissionsfromquantitiesofnon-energyusesoffuels,availablefromtheIEAenergybalances,consistentwiththe2006IPCCGuidelines;whileCDIACadoptsoxidationfactorstoremovenonfueluses,apartfromdataforlatestyears,whennonenergyamountsforliquidfuelshavebeenremoveddirectlyfromtheunderlyingenergydata.46Tocreateconsistenttimeseries,asdiscrepanciesforcountry-leveldatamayrange1-10%formostcountries,theIEAhas:1.re-scaledCDIACdatabycountryforliquidandsolidfuelsbasedontheaverageCDIAC-IEAdifferencesforthefirstoverlappingtenyears(1971-1980formostcountries);and45Timeseriesareavailableforyearsuntil2014ontheCDIACwebsite(https://cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/#),anduntil2016(asperJuly2020)inthedatasetmaintainedbytheAppalachianStateUniversity(https://energy.appstate.edu/research/work-areas/cdiac-appstate).46MoredetailedinformationonCDIACmethodologyandsourcesofdifferenceswiththeIEAmethodologycanbefoundin:•Andres,R.J.,Fielding,D.J.,Marland,G.,Boden,T.A.,Kumar,N.,&Kearney,A.T.(1999).Carbondioxideemissionsfromfossil-fueluse,1751–1950.Tellus.•Boden,T.,Marland,G.,&Andres,R.(1995).EstimatesofGlobal,Regional,andNationalAnnualCO2emissionsfromfossil-fuelburning,hydrauliccementproduction,andgasflaring:1950-1992.ORNL/CDIAC.•Etemad,B.,Luciani,J.,Bairoch,P.,&Toutain,J.-C.(1991).Worldenergyproduction1800–1985.Geneva:LibrairieMarland,G.,Andres,R.J.,Boden,T.A.andJohnston,C.•Marland,G.,&Rotty,R.M.(1984).Carbondioxideemissionsfromfossilfuels:aprocedureforestimationandresultsfor1950-1982.Tellus.•RobbieM.Andrew(2020).Acomparisonofestimatesofglobalcarbondioxideemissionsfromfossilcarbonsources.80-CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCY2.aggregatedcountrydataintoeighteenselectedregionstocompensateforcountry-levelfluctuations.PleaserefertothesectionGeographicalcoverageandcountrynotesformoredetailsonsuchregionsaswellasontimeavailability.WehopethattheinclusionoftheseadditionaldatawillallowuserstobenefitfromthedetailedIEACO2emissionfiguresfrom1960onward,whilealsoaccessingconsistentemissionstimeseriesfortheworldandkeyregionssincethebeginningoftheindustrialera.CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-81INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCY8.BEYONDCO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:SOURCESANDMETHODSIEA’sfugitiveemissionsWiththeobjectivetoincreasethescopeofgreenhousegasemissionsreported,theIEAhasincludedestimatesforcarbondioxideandmethaneemissionsforthecategory1.Bofthe2006IPCCGuidelinesforGHGinventories,forrecentyears.DatawerederivedfromtheongoingIEAworkonmethaneemissions47.Fordetailedinformationonmethodologiesanddefinitions,pleaseconsulttherelatedsectionoftheWorldEnergyModel(WEM)documentation48.Theapproachadoptedtoestimatingmethaneandcarbondioxideemissionsfromglobalcoal,oilandgasoperationsisbottom-up:country-specificandproductiontype-specificemissionintensitiesareappliedtoproductionandconsumptiondata.Forthecaseofoilandgasrelatedfugitiveemissions,thestartingpointswereemissionintensitiesforupstreamanddownstreamoilandgasintheUnitedStates,basedonthe2017GreenhouseGasInventoryoftheUnitedStatesalongwitharangeofotherdatasources,includinganIEAsurveyofcompaniesandcountries.TheUnitedStatesintensitieswerethenscaledtoobtainintensitiesforallothercountries,basedupona47accessibleat:https://www.iea.org/reports/methane-tracker-2020.48availablehere:https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/d496ff6a-d4ca-4f6a-9471-220adddf0efd/WEM_Documentation_WEO2019.pdf.rangeofauxiliarycountry-specificdataandinformation49.Scalingfactorswerefinallyappliedtoproduction(forupstreamemissions)orconsumption(fordownstreamemissions)ofoilandgaswithineachcountry.Dataarepresentedinthousandtonnesofthespecifiedgas,i.e.carbondioxideormethane.Thedatewhenvaluesweretransferredtothefilescontainedinthispublicationis27/07/2020.49PleaserefertotheWEMdocumentationforemissionsintensitiesfortheUnitedStatesandscalingfactorsbycountry.82CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYGHGemissions(EDGAR)CO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionrepresentthemajorityofanthropogenicGHGemissions.However,comprehensiveanalysisofemissiontrendsconsidersothersourcesofCO2aswellasothergases,knowingthatdataongasesandsourcesotherthanCO2fromfuelcombustionaremuchmoreuncertain.Country-specificestimatesofCO2frombiomassburningandF-gasemissionsareparticularlydifficulttoascertain.TocomplementworkregardingtheemissionsofCO2fromfuelcombustion,theIEAalsoincludedEDGARdataonotherCO2sourcesandonfiveothergreenhousegases;methane(CH4),nitrousoxide(N2O)andthefluorinatedgases(or“F-gases”)HFCs,PFCsandSF6,allgasesaddressedbytheKyotoProtocol.TheinformationforGHGemissions(withtheexceptionofCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustion)hasbeenprovidedbyMonicaCrippaandDiegoGuizzardifromtheJointResearchCentre(JRC)oftheEuropeanCommissionandJosG.J.OlivierfromthePBLNetherlandsEnvironmentalAssessmentAgency,usingtheEDGARdatabase(version4.3.2_FT2016forCO2,version5.0forCH4andN2Oemissionsand4.2FT2010fortheF-gases)developedjointlybyJRCandPBL.Inthisedition,theglobalwarmingpotentials(GWP-100)forthenon-CO2gasesaretakenfromtheIPCCFourthAssessmentReportandnolongerfromthesecond.Thedatainthisdatasetmaydifferfrompreviouseditionsalsoduetochangesinthemethodologyusedfortheaccountingoflarge-scalebiomassburning(includingmainlysavannahfires).Therefore,nocompleteestimatesofthelanduse,landusechangeandforestrysectoremissionsarecurrentlyprovidedbytheEDGARdatabase.PleasenotethattheGHGemissionstotalspresentedherewilldifferfromthoseshownincountries’officialnationalinventorysubmissionstotheUNFCCC,primarilyduetodifferencesincoverageforthecategoryOther.Differencesmayalsooccurduetodifferencesinallocation,methodologiesandunderlyingdatasourcesforactivitiesandemissionfactors,asspecifiedinPartIII.DetailsonpossibledifferencesbetweenIEAandUNFCCCCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionestimatescanbefoundinPartI.TheinformationorGHGemissions(withtheexceptionofCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustion)hasbeenprovidedbyMonicaCrippa,DiegoGuizzardiandJosG.J.OlivierbasedontheEDGARversion4.3.2_FT2016forCO2,version4.4forCH4andN2Oemissionsand4.2FT2010fortheF-gases.JRCandPBLareresponsibleforthesedatasets.GeneralnoteonEDGARTheEmissionDatabaseforGlobalAtmosphericRe-search(EDGAR4)hasbeendevelopedjointlybytheEuropeanCommission’sJointResearchCentre(JRC)andthePBLNetherlandsEnvironmentalAssessmentAgencyandishostedatedgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu.EDGARv4.3.2isprovidingglobalanthropogenicemissionsofgreenhousegasesCO2,CH4,N2O,HFCs,PFCsandSF6andofprecursorgasesandairpollu-tantsCO,NOx,NMVOC,SO2andtheaerosolsPM10,PM2.5,BC,OC,persourcecategory,bothatcountrylevelaswellasona0.1x0.1gridonlinetoitslargecommunityofusers.EDGARdataareusedforpolicyapplicationsandscientificstudiessuchasatmosphericmodellingandwereusedfortheFifthAssessmentRe-portoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC,2014)(WorkingGroupIII).Activitydataweremostlytakenfrominternationalstatis-tics(checkedforcompletenessandconsistencyandwhererequiredgapfilled)andgreenhousegasemissionfactorswereselectedmostlyfromthe2006IPCCGuide-linesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories(IPCC,2006)toensureaconsistentapproachacrosscountriesandcompleteandconsistenttimeseries.ItisstressedCO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-83INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYthattheuncertaintyintheresultingdatasetatnationallevelmaybesubstantial,especiallyformethaneandni-trousoxide,andevenmoresofortheF-gases(seeBox2formoredetails).However,thisdatasetprovidesasoundbasisforcomparabilitywithnationalemissionsreportsandotherstudiessincethemethodsusedareeitherIPCCmethodologiesorcomparabletothem(seebelow),glob-altotalsareobtainedinatransparentwayandcomplywithbudgetsusedinatmosphericstudies,andthedatawerebasedoninternationalinformationsources.ForrecentestimatesoftheGHGemissions,reportsofAnnexIcountriestotheUNConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC)andtherecentandsignificantimpactofCleanDevelopmentMechanismprojectsindevelopingcountriestoreduceCH4,N2OandHFC-23emissionsweretakenintoaccount.Thisappliestosourcessuchascoalminesandlandfills(CH4recovery),nitricacidandadipicacidproduction(N2O)andtheproductionofHCFC-22(HFC-23).TheEDGARv4.3.2datasetcovers1970-2012time-seriesforallsector-specificandcountry-specifictotalsofgreenhousegases.Theretonewactivitydatastatistics(withupdatedandrevisedtimeseries)wereuploadedforenergy-relatedemissionsusingIEA(2017),foragricul-turerelatedactivitiestill2015usingthelatestFAOsta-tistics(FAOSTAT,2018)andemissionfactorsrevisedwhereappropriate.Althoughthisdatasethasbeencon-structedwithgreatcare,JRCandPBLdonotacceptanyliabilityfromuseofthedataprovidedinthisreportin-cludinganyinaccuraciesoromissionsinthedataprovid-ed.Fordetailsonuncertaintyandcaveatsidentifiedinthedataset,aswellasmoredetailedsourcecategoryes-timates,werefertoJanssens-Maenhoutetal.(2017a)andtheEDGARv4.3.2websiteathttp://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/overview.php?v=432&SECURE=123.Notethatestimatesforothermorerecentyearsthan2012arealsomadepubliclyavailablethroughthiswebsite.MostrecenttrendsforCO2emissionsthrough2016arediscussedinOlivieretal.(2017)andJanssens-Maenhoutetal.(2017b).Box1:Uncertaintyingreenhousegasemissions.Whenconsideringcomparativesharesandtrendsingreenhouse-gasemissions,dataongasesandsourcesotherthanCO2fromfuelcombustionaremuchmoreuncertain.Country-specificestimatesofCO2frombio-massburningandF-gasemissionsareparticularlydiffi-culttoascertain.Theuncertaintyintheseemissionsiscausedbythelimitedaccuracyofinternationalactivitydatausedandinparticularofemissionfactorsselectedforcalculatingemissionsonacountrylevel(Olivier,2002;Olivieretal.,2005).ForadetailedevaluationofemissionuncertaintiesusinginternationalstatisticsandIPCCandotheremissionfactorswerefertothe2006IPCCGuidelines(2006),andforcomparisonsbetweencountriesanddatasetstoOlivieretal(2005,2010,2015).ForglobaltotalanthropogenicCO2emissionsthecal-culateduncertaintyinthetotalrangesfromabout‐10%to+10%,includinglarge-scalebiomassburning.ForglobalemissionsofCH4,N2OandtheF‐gasesuncertaintyestimatesof25%,30%and20%,respec-tively,wereassumedbasedondefaultuncertaintyes-timatesforthe2006IPCCmethodologies(IPCC,2006),whichcorrespondwithemissionsestimatesinferredfromatmosphericconcentrationmeasure-ments(UNEP,2012).Whenconsideringemissionsharesandtrendsofcountriesoneshouldnotethat:CO2:Fossilfuelcombustion,whichisoftenthelarg-estsourceofCO2inacountry,isestimatedtohaveanuncertaintyofabout5%(95%confidenceinter-val)forOECDcountries.However,formanynon-OECDcountriestheuncertaintyisestimatedatabout10%.ThisisoftenregardedasthemostaccuratesourceofGHGemissions.CH4:Uncertaintiesareparticularlylargeformethaneemissionsfromfugitivesources(coalminingandfromoilandgasproductionandtransmission)andfromlandfillsandwastewater.N2O:UncertaintiesofmostN2Osourcesareverylarge,e.g.theuncertaintyforagriculturalsourcesmaysometimesexceed100%.F-gases:UncertaintiesinannualemissionsofmostsourcesofF-gasesareverylarge,e.g.atacountryleveltheymaywellexceed100%.Therefore,thefig-uresprovidedforindividualcountriesshouldbecon-sideredsolelyasorder-of-magnitudeestimates.SourcedefinitionsThesourcedefinitionsforFuelcombustionrefertothecategoriesandcodesusedinthe2006IPCCguide-lines,Chapter8ofVol.1:Generalguidanceandreporting(IPCC,2006).ForothercategoriesandcodesthedefinitionsrefertotheRevised1996IPCCguidelines,Chapter1ofVol.1:Reportinginstructions(IPCC,1996).NotethattheIPCCguidelinesaresometimesambigu-ousinwheretoreportemissionsfromparticularsourcese.gwhenreportingtotheUNFCCC,coun-84CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYtriesmayopttoreportCO2emissionsfromintegratedsteelplants(includingcokeovensandblastfurnaces),whollyunderIPCCSource/SinkCategory1A,oralsounder1B1and2C.Forcarbondioxide:Fuelcombustionreferstofossilfuelcombustiononly.EmissionshavebeenestimatedbytheIEAusingthemethodologyasdescribedinthesectionIEAesti-mates:Changesunderthe2006IPCCGuidelinesinPartI.(2006IPCCSource/SinkCategory1A)Fugitiverefersmainlytoflaringofassociatedgasinoilandgasproduction(insomecasesincludingindi-rectCO2frommethaneventing)(IPCCSource/SinkCategory1B).IndustrialProcessesrefertoproductionofcement,lime,sodaash,carbides,ammonia,methanol,ethyleneandotherchemicals,metalsandtotheuseofsodaash,limestoneanddolomite,andnon-energyuseoflubricantsandwaxes.EmissionsexcludeFuelcom-bustionemissions.(IPCCSource/SinkCategory2).OtherCO2emissionsrefertodirectemissionsfromsolventuse(IPCCSource/SinkCategory3),fromap-plicationofureaandagriculturallime(IPCCSource/SinkCategory4)andfromfossilfuelfires(coalfires&theKuwaitoilfires)(IPCCSource/SinkCategory7).Itdoesnotincludethesignificantamountoflargescalebiomassburningemissions,asthesearepartofthelanduse,land-usechangeandforestrysector,forwhichadifferentmethodologyanduseofsatelliteisrequired.Formethane:Energycomprisesproduction,handling,transmissionandcombustionoffossilfuelsandbiofuels(IPCCSource/SinkCategories1Aand1B).Agriculturecomprisesentericfermentation,riceproduction,manuremanagement,agriculturalwasteburning(non-energy,on-site)andsavannahburning(IPCCSource/SinkCategory4).Wastecompriseslandfills,wastewatertreatment,wastewaterdisposalandwasteincineration(non-energy)(IPCCSource/SinkCategory6).Otherincludesindustrialprocessemissionse.g.methanolproduction,andforestandpeatfiresandothervegetationfires(IPCCSource/SinkCategories2and5).Fornitrousoxide:Energycomprisescombustionoffossilfuelsandbio-fuels(IPCCSource/SinkCategories1Aand1B).Agriculturecomprisesfertiliseruse(syntheticandmanure),animalwaste(manure)management,agriculturalwasteburning(non-energy,on-site)andsavannahburning(IPCCSource/SinkCategory4).IndustrialProcessescomprisenon-combustionemissionsfrommanufacturingofadipicacid,nitricacid,caprolactamandglyoxal(IPCCSource/SinkCategory2).OtherincludesN2Ousage,forestandpeatfires(includingpost-burndecayemissionsfromremainingbiomass)andothervegetationfires,humansewagedischargeandwasteincineration(non-energy)andindirectN2OfromatmosphericdepositionofNOxandNH3fromnon-agriculturalsources(IPCCSource/SinkCategories3,5,6and7).Forfluorinatedgases:HFCemissionscompriseby-productemissionsofHFC-23fromHCFC-22manufactureandtheuseofHFCs(IPCCSource/SinkCategories2Eand2F).PFCemissionscompriseby-productemissionsofCF4andC2F6fromprimaryaluminiumproductionandtheuseofPFCs,inparticularforthemanufactureofsem-iconductors,flatpaneldisplaysandphotovoltaiccells)(IPCCSource/SinkCategories2C,2Eand2F).SF6emissionsstemfromvarioussourcesofSF6use(mainlymanufacturingofGasInsulatedSwitchgear(GIS)usedintheelectricitydistributionnetworks)(IPCCSource/SinkCategories2Cand2F)andfromSF6production(Category2E).DatasourcesandmethodologyforCO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-85INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYEDGARv4.3.2FT2016andEDGARv4.2FT2010TheEDGARv4.2FT2010hasbeenavailableonlinesinceOctober201350andEDGARv4.3.2_FT2016sinceJuly201751.Forgreenhousegases,thedefaultemissionfactorsfromthe2006IPCCGuidelines(IPCC,2006)wereused,exceptforCH4andN2Ofromroadtransportwheretechnology-specificfactorswereusedfromtheEMEP-EEAemissioninventoryguidebook(EEA,2009).TheEDGARv4.3.2_FT2016datasetcoverstheentireperiod1970-2016andislargelybasedonIEA(2014)energystatisticsandFAOSTAT(2018)agriculturestatistics.TheEDGARv4.3.2_FT2016datasetwasusedinthispublicationasdatainputfortheCO2emissionsforFugitivesandIndustrialProcesses,theCH4emissionsandtheN2Oemissions.Updatedactiv-itydatausingthelatestFAOstatisticsforagriculture(FAOSTAT,2018)wereincludedtoestimateCH4andN2Oemissionsfromagriculture.TheemissionsoftheF-gasesaretakenfromtheEDGARv4.2FT2010da-taset.Themethods,datasourcesandemissionfactorsusedforthisnewdatasetaredocumentedinJanssens-Maenhoutetal.(2017a,b).ForthedocumentationoftheEDGARv4.2FT2010datasetwerefertoaprevi-ouspublicationofthisreport(partIII)in2015.ReferencesEEA(2009).EMEP-EEAemissioninventoryguidebook–2009,EuropeanEnvironmentAgency.Internet:www.eea.europa.eu/publications.FAOSTAT:StatisticsDivisionoftheFoodAgriculturalOrganisation(FAO),2018.http://www.fao.org/statistics/en/IEA(2012,2014).EnergyStatisticsofOECDandNon-OECDCountries.On-linedataservice.Internet:data.iea.org.WorldEnergyStatistics(2017edition)",IEA2017.On-linedataservice:http://data.iea.org/payment/products/118-world-energy-statistics-2018-edition.aspx50.Seehttp://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/overview.php?v=42FT201051.Seehttp://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/overview.php?v=432&SECURE=123IPCC(1996).Revised1996IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesIPCC/OECD/IEA,Paris.IPCC(2006).2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories.Eggleston,S.,Buendia,L.,Miwa,K.,Ngara,T.,Tanabe,K.(eds.).IPCC-TSUNGGIP,IGES,Japan.Internet:www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.html.IPCC,2007:ClimateChange2007:SynthesisReport.ContributionofWorkingGroupsI,IIandIIItotheFourthAssessmentReportoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange[CoreWritingTeam,Pachauri,R.KandReisinger,A.(eds.)].IPCC,Geneva,Switzerland,104ppIPCC(2014).ClimateChange2014:Mitigation.ContributionofWorkingGroupIIItotheFifthAssessmentReportoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange[Edenhofer,O.,R.Pichs-Madruga,Y.Sokona,E.Farahani,S.Kadner,K.Seyboth,A.Adler,I.Baum,S.Brunner,P.Eickemeier,B.Kriemann,J.Savolainen,S.Schlömer,C.vonStechow,T.ZwickelandJ.C.Minx(eds.)],CambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge,UnitedKingdomandNewYork,NY.Internet:www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg3/.Janssens-Maenhout,G.,Crippa,M.,Guizzardi,D.,Muntean,M.,Schaaf,E.,Dentener,F.,Bergamaschi,P.,Pagliari,V.,Olivier,J.G.J.,Peters,J.A.H.W.,vanAardenne,J.A.,Monni,S.,Doering,U.,Petrescu,A.M.R.(2017a).EDGARv4.3.2GlobalAtlasofthethreemajorGreenhouseGasEmissionsfortheperiod1970-2012,EarthSyst.Sci.DataDiscuss.,https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2017-79,inreview,2017aG.Janssens-Maenhout,G.,M.Crippa,D.Guizzardi,M.Muntean,E.Schaaf,,J.G.J.Olivier,J.A.H.W.Peters,K.M.Schure,(2017b).CO2andGHGemissionsofallworldcountries,JointResearchCentreReport,EuropeanUnion,Luxembourg,2017b,PUBSYNo.107877JRC/PBL(2013).EDGARversion4.2FT2010.JointResearchCentre/PBLNetherlandsEnvironmentalAssessmentAgency.Internet:http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/overview.php?v=42FT2010JRC/PBL(2017).EDGARversion4.3.2.JointResearchCentre/PBLNetherlandsEnvironmentalAssessmentAgency,Internet:86CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYhttp://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/overview.php?v=432&SECURE=123Olivier,J.G.J.(2002).OntheQualityofGlobalEmissionInventories,Approaches,Methodologies,InputDataandUncertainties,ThesisUtrechtUniversity,Utrecht,ISBN9039331030.Internet:www.library.uu.nl/digiarchief/dip/diss/2002-1025-131210/inhoud.htm.Olivier,J.G.J.,J.A.VanAardenne,F.Dentener,V.Pagliari,L.N.GanzeveldandJ.A.H.W.Peters(2005).Recenttrendsinglobalgreenhousegasemissions:regionaltrends1970-2000andspatialdistributionofkeysourcesin2000.Environm.Sc.,2(2-3),81-99.DOI:10.1080/15693430500400345.Olivier,J.G.J.,J.A.vanAardenne,S.Monni,U.M.Döring,J.A.H.W.PetersandG.Janssens-Maenhout(2010).ApplicationoftheIPCCuncertaintymethodstoEDGAR4.1globalgreenhousegasinventories.In:“3rdInternationalWorkshoponUncertaintyinGreenhouseGasInventories,22–24September,2010”.Proceedings.LvivPolytechnicNationalUniversity,Lviv,Ukraine.ISBN:978-966-8460-81-4,p.219-226.Internet:http://bit.ly/1FHB0Wt.Olivier,J.G.J.,G.Janssens-Maenhout,M.MunteanandJ.A.H.W.Peters(2016).TrendsinglobalCO2emissions.2016report.Olivier,J.G.J.,Schure,K.M.,Peters,J.A.H.W.(2017)TrendsinglobalCO2andtotalGHGemissions,2017report,PBLNo.2983,2017forthcoming.CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-87INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCY9.UNITSANDCONVERSIONSGeneralconversionfactorsforenergyTo:TJGcalMtoeMBtuGWhFrom:multiplyby:terajoule(TJ)12.388x1022.388x10-59.478x1022.778x10-1gigacalorie(Gcal)4.187x10-311.000x10-73.9681.163x10-3milliontonnesofoilequivalent(Mtoe)4.187x1041.000x10713.968x1071.163x104millionBritishthermalunits(MBtu)1.055x10-32.520x10-12.520x10-812.931x10-4gigawatthour(GWh)3.6008.598x1028.598x10-53.412x1031ConversionfactorsformassTo:kgtltstlbFrom:multiplyby:kilogramme(kg)11.000x10-39.842x10-41.102x10-32.205tonne(t)1.000x10319.842x10-11.1022.205x103longton(lt)1.016x1031.01611.1202.240x103shortton(st)9.072x1029.072x10-18.929x10-112.000x103pound(lb)4.536x10-14.536x10-44.464x10-45.000x10-41ConversionfactorsforvolumeTo:galU.S.galU.K.bblft3lm3From:multiplyby:U.S.gallon(galU.S.)18.327x10-12.381x10-21.337x10-13.7853.785x10-3U.K.gallon(galU.K.)1.20112.859x10-21.605x10-14.5464.546x10-3barrel(bbl)4.200x1013.497x10115.6151.590x1021.590x10-1cubicfoot(ft3)7.4816.2291.781x10-112.832x1012.832x10-2litre(l)2.642x10-12.200x10-16.290x10-33.531x10-211.000x10-3cubicmetre(m3)2.642x1022.200x1026.2903.531x1011.000x103188CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYDecimalprefixes101deca(da)10-1deci(d)102hecto(h)10-2centi(c)103kilo(k)10-3milli(m)106mega(M)10-6micro(µ)109giga(G)10-9nano(n)1012tera(T)10-12pico(p)1015peta(P)10-15femto(f)1018exa(E)10-18atto(a)TonneofCO2The2006GLsandtheUNFCCCReportingGuide-linesonAnnualInventoriesbothaskthatCO2emis-sionsandremovalsbereportedinGg(gigagrammes)ofCO2.AmilliontonnesofCO2isequalto1000GgofCO2,sotocomparethenumbersinthispublicationwithnationalinventoriesexpressedinGg,multiplytheIEAemissionsby1000.OtherorganisationsmaypresentCO2emissionsintonnesofcarboninsteadoftonnesofCO2.Toconvertfromtonnesofcarbon,multiplyby44/12,whichisthemolecularweightratioofCO2toC.CO2EMISSIONSFROMFUELCOMBUSTION:DATABASEDOCUMENTATION(2020edition)-89INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCY10.ABBREVIATIONSCO2carbondioxideBtuBritishthermalunitBKBBrowncoalbriquettes(braunkohlebriketts)GggigagrammeGJgigajouleGWhgigawatthourJjoulekcalkilocaloriekgkilogrammektthousandtonnesktoethousandtonnesofoilequivalentkWhkilowatthourMJmegajouleMtmilliontonnesMtoemilliontonnesofoilequivalentMtCO2milliontonnesofcarbondioxidem3cubicmetrePJpetajouletmetricton=tonne=1000kgtCtonneofcarbonTJterajouletoetonneofoilequivalent=107kcalCCcarboncontentCEFcarbonemissionfactorCOFcarbonoxidationfactorCHPcombinedheatandpowerGCVgrosscalorificvalueGDPgrossdomesticproductGWPglobalwarmingpotentialNCVnetcalorificvaluePPPpurchasingpowerparityTEStotalenergysupplyConventionUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeCOPConferenceofthePartiestotheConventionG20GroupofTwenty(SeethesectionGeographicalcoverageandcountrynotes)IEAInternationalEnergyAgencyIPCCIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeIPPUIndustrialProcessesandProductUseOECDOrganisationforEconomicCo-OperationandDevelopmentUNUnitedNationsUNFCCCUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange..notavailablexnotapplicable