ADBIWorkingPaperSeriesHISTORY,STATUS,ANDFUTURECHALLENGESOFHYDROGENENERGYINTHETRANSPORTATIONSECTORWen-LongShang,XuewangSong,QiLiao,MengYuan,JieYan,andYaminYanNo.1404July2023AsianDevelopmentBankInstituteTheWorkingPaperseriesisacontinuationoftheformerlynamedDiscussionPaperseries;thenumberingofthepaperscontinuedwithoutinterruptionorchange.ADBI’sworkingpapersreflectinitialideasonatopicandarepostedonlinefordiscussion.Someworkingpapersmaydevelopintootherformsofpublication.TheAsianDevelopmentBankrefersto“China”asthePeople’sRepublicofChinaandto“SouthKorea”astheRepublicofKorea.Suggestedcitation:Shang,W.-L.,X.Song,Q.Liao,M.Yuan,J.Yan,andY.Yan.2023.History,Status,andFutureChallengesofHydrogenEnergyintheTransportationSector.ADBIWorkingPaper1404.Tokyo:AsianDevelopmentBankInstitute.Available:https://doi.org/10.56506/VTUD5388Pleasecontacttheauthorsforinformationaboutthispaper.Email:shangwl_imperial@bjut.edu.cnWen-LongShangisanassistantprofessoratBeijingUniversityofTechnologyandSeniorResearchFellowatImperialCollegeLondon.XuewangSongisapostgraduatestudentatBeijingUniversityofTechnology.QiLiaoisalecturerattheChinaUniversityofPetroleum(Beijing).MengYuanisapostdoctoralcandidateatAalborgUniversity,Denmark.JieYanisanassociateprofessorattheStateKeyLaboratoryofAlternateElectricalPowerSystemwithRenewableEnergySources,NorthChinaElectricPowerUniversity.YaminYanisalecturerattheChinaUniversityofPetroleum(Beijing).TheviewsexpressedinthispaperaretheviewsoftheauthoranddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsorpoliciesofADBI,ADB,itsBoardofDirectors,orthegovernmentstheyrepresent.ADBIdoesnotguaranteetheaccuracyofthedataincludedinthispaperandacceptsnoresponsibilityforanyconsequencesoftheiruse.TerminologyusedmaynotnecessarilybeconsistentwithADBofficialterms.Discussionpapersaresubjecttoformalrevisionandcorrectionbeforetheyarefinalizedandconsideredpublished.AsianDevelopmentBankInstituteKasumigasekiBuilding,8thFloor3-2-5Kasumigaseki,Chiyoda-kuTokyo100-6008,JapanTel:+81-3-3593-5500Fax:+81-3-3593-5571URL:www.adbi.orgE-mail:info@adbi.org©2023AsianDevelopmentBankInstituteADBIWorkingPaper1404W.-L.Shangetal.AbstractInrecentyears,extremeweatheraroundtheworldduetoclimatechangehasoccurredincreasinglyfrequently,andcountriesgloballyhavegraduallyrealizedtheharmcausedbyglobalwarming.Allcountriesarealsomakingeffortstopromotelessconsumptionoffossilfuelenergyandtheuseinsteadofrenewableenergytechnologiesthatareenvironmentallyfriendlyandhavelowercarbonemissions.Thetransportationsector,asamaincontributortoenergyconsumptionandpollutionemissions,isreceivingincreasingattention.Atthesametime,newenergyvehiclesaremoreenergyefficientandenvironmentallyfriendlythanfuelvehicles,makingthemmoreprevalentintheautomotivemarket,whichisflourishing.Greenhydrogenenergycanbeusedasarenewable,clean,andefficientenergysourcefornewenergyvehiclesandisalsograduallybeingusedintransportationtopromotethegoalofcarbonneutrality.Thispaperreviewstheresearchonhydrogenenergyinthetransportationfield,summarizesthepreviousresearchresults,andpresentsthechallengestothefutureapplicationofhydrogenenergy.Keywords:carbonneutrality,hydrogen,climatechange,renewableenergy,transportationJELClassification:R40ADBIWorkingPaper1404W.-L.Shangetal.Contents1.INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................11.1Background....................................................................................................11.2ResearchStatus............................................................................................12.THEAPPLICATIONOFHYDROGENENERGY........................................................32.1TheHydrogenEnergyProductionProcess....................................................32.2ClassificationofHydrogenEnergyApplications.............................................42.3ProcessesandTechnologiesforHydrogenEnergyinTransportation............52.4History,Status,andControversiesofHydrogenEnergyinTransportation.....63.LITERATURESEARCHANDANALYSIS..................................................................83.1LiteratureSearch...........................................................................................83.2LiteratureAnalysis.........................................................................................84.FUTURECHALLENGES.........................................................................................165.CONCLUSIONANDPOLICYRECOMMENDATIONS.............................................18REFERENCES...................................................................................................................20ADBIWorkingPaper1404W.-L.Shangetal.11.INTRODUCTION1.1BackgroundOn12December2015,theParisClimateConferencereachedanagreementonglobalclimatechangeandsetthegoaltolimitlong-termglobalwarmingtolessthan2degreesCelsius,andpreferablybelow1.5degreesCelsius,comparedtopreindustriallevels(Masson-Delmotteetal.2018).InordertoachievethetargetsfortemperaturecontrolproposedintheParisAgreement,manycountrieshaveproposedpathwaysforcarbonneutrality,whichhasbecomeacommonvisionandongoingworldwideactionplan.Amongtheemissionreductionmeasuresadoptedbymanycountriesandregions,encouragingthedevelopmentandadoptionofrenewableenergyhasbecomeacommonchoice(News2022),andthereisnowahugeandhistoricalopportunitytodevelopthelatter.Inthemeantime,asatypeofrenewableandcleanenergysource,greenhydrogenenergyhasreceivedmuchattention,anditcanplayanimportantroleinreducingcarbonemissionsinthetransportationsector,inindustrialpower,andinotherareasthatgeneratelargeamountsofcarbonemissions(Yuetal.2022).InSeptember2020,atthe75thsessionoftheUnitedNationsGeneralAssembly,PresidentXiJinpingannouncedthatthePeople’sRepublicofChina(PRC)wouldstrivetopeakitscarbondioxide(CO2)emissionsby2030andachievecarbonneutralityby2060(Jinping2020).Therefore,theresearchrelatedtohydrogenenergyisextremelyimportantandofgreatsignificance,butalsopresentschallenges(Zouetal.2022).Asexpected,theresearchanddevelopmentofhydrogenenergyinthefieldoftransportationkeepsincreasing.Thetransportationindustryisanimportantpartofoursocietyandunderpinstheprosperityofthedifferenteconomies(SelvakkumaranandLimmeechokchai2015).However,itisresponsibleforvarioustypesofenergyconsumptionandgreenhousegasemissions,whichaccountfor15%oftotalcarbonemissions(Zhang2022b).DuringthecurrentperiodofthePRC’s14thFive-YearPlan,theMinistryofTransporthasreleasedaworkplanthatincludestheimplementationof11majorprojects,includingthe“GreenLowCarbonTransportSustainabilityProject.”Aroundtheoverallgoalofreducingthecarbonintensityoftransportation,itisnecessarytosupportthelarge-scaleuseofnewenergyvehiclesandships.Therefore,hydrogenenergyplaysamoreimportantroleinthetransportationsectorandcontributestosustainableurbandevelopment(Bietal.2021).Hydrogenfuelcellvehicles(HFCVs)havebeendevelopingrapidlyinrecentyears,andmanycountriessuchasthePRC,Germany,andtheUnitedStatesarealsoacceleratingthelayoutandconstructionofhydrogenrefuelingstationsforHFCVssoastovigorouslypromotetheindustrializationofhydrogenfuelcells.InadditiontoHFCVs,aviationandshippingarealsoactivelyexploringtheapplicationofhydrogenenergy(Zhang2022a).Thedevelopmentofhydrogenenergyapplicationsinthetransportationsectorwillundoubtedlygreatlyfacilitateextensiveanddeepdecarbonizationinthisfield.1.2ResearchStatusInordertoobtainageneralunderstandingoftheresearchstatusofhydrogen,wesearchedtheWebofSciencedatabasewith“hydrogen”asthekeyword,obtainedmorethanonemillionrelatedpapers,andselected8,000fromthem.ThekeywordADBIWorkingPaper1404W.-L.Shangetal.2“co-occurrenceanalysis”wasusedbyVOSviewersoftwarefortheabove-listedpapers.TheanalysisresultsareshowninFigures1.1and1.2.Figure1.1:KeywordCo-occurrenceAnalysisBasedonHydrogenAscanbeseeninFigure1.1,theterms“catalyst,”“structure,”“emission,”“molecule,”“formation,”and“technology”appearmostfrequently,whichindicatesthatscholarsandresearcherspaymoreattentiontotheproductionmethod,productionefficiency,andenergystructureofhydrogen.Inaddition,thepollutionandemissionsgeneratedduringthehydrogenproductionprocessarealsothefocusofresearchers’attention.Figure1.2:Co-occurrenceAnalysisofKeywordsasTimeEvolvesADBIWorkingPaper1404W.-L.Shangetal.3TheevolutionoftheresearchtopicsovertimecanbeseeninFigure1.2.Accordingtotheabovefigure,theresearchtopicsinthepreviousyearsweremainlyfocusedonstructure,molecules,formation,catalysts,etc.Inrecentyears,asresearchhasintensifiedandmoreattentionhasbeenpaidtoenvironmentalandclimateissues,researchtopicshavetendedtofocusonemissions,power,energysystems,cost,etc.Thisstudyfirstanalyzesandsummarizestheresearchbackgroundandsignificanceofhydrogenenergy,thenanalyzesandsummarizesthecurrentsituationandthehottopicsofhydrogenenergyresearchbysettingkeywordstosearchrelevantpapers,and,basedonthis,selectspapersrelatedtohydrogenenergyinthefieldoftransportationforfurtheranalysis.Throughareviewoftheliterature,thisstudybrieflyintroducestheproductionandmanufacturingprocessofhydrogenenergy,theclassificationofhydrogenenergy,andthetechnologiesappliedtothetransportationfield;inaddition,thehistory,currentsituation,andcontroversiesofitsapplicationinthetransportationsectorarealsointroduced.Followingthis,thesearchedpapersarefurtherclassifiedandorganizedtoanalyzetheapplicationofhydrogenenergy.Finally,thechallengesofhydrogenenergyinthefieldoftransportationinthefuturearepresented.2.THEAPPLICATIONOFHYDROGENENERGY2.1TheHydrogenEnergyProductionProcessTheindustrychainofhydrogenenergyincludesitsproduction,storage,transportation,refueling,anduse.Amongtheseprocesses,hydrogenproductiontechnologyincludesitsproductionfromfossilenergy,fromelectrolyticwater,fromindustrialbyproducts,andfromrenewableenergy,asshowninFigure2.1.Figure2.1:MethodsforProducingHydrogenGasHydrogenproductionfromfossilenergysourcesmainlyinvolvestheuseoffossilfuelstoproducehydrogenbychemicalpyrolysisorgasification.Thistechnologyisrelativelymatureandinexpensive,anditiscurrentlythemainmethodusedforproducinghydrogen.Todate,hydrogenproducedfromfossilfuelshasbeenemployedmainlyasafeedstockforindustrialprocessessuchasfertilizersandmetallurgy.SincecarbonADBIWorkingPaper1404W.-L.Shangetal.4dioxideisproducedandemittedduringtheproductionofhydrogen,itiscalled“grayhydrogen”andcanbecombinedwithcarboncaptureandstorage(CCS)technologytoconvert“grayhydrogen”into“bluehydrogen.”Theadvantageofthistechnologyisthatitissuitableforlarge-scalehydrogenproduction,buttheemissionsarehighandthegasimpuritiesneedtobepurified(Zouetal.2022).Hydrogenproductionbyelectrolysisistheproductionofhydrogenbydecomposingwater.Thistechnologyallowstheuseofelectricityfromrenewablesourceswithoutemittingcarbondioxideorothertoxicsubstances,andisthereforeknownas“greenhydrogen”inthetruesenseoftheword.Electrolyticwaterhashightheoreticalconversionefficiencyandthehydrogenobtainedisextremelypure.Hydrogenproductionfromelectrolyticwatercanbeclassifiedintoalkalineelectrolyticwater,acidicprotonexchangemembraneelectrolyticwater,high-temperaturesolidoxideelectrolyticwater,andotherelectrolyticwatertechnologies(Zouetal.2022).Leietal.(2019)effectivelyincreasedtherateandpurityofhydrogenproductionbydevelopingatechniquetoproducehydrogeninacid-basetwo-phasesolutions.Dossowetal.(2021)designedaprocessthatcanreducegreenhousegasemissionsby76–78%.Electrolytichydrogengeneratedfromoffshorewindenergycanalsocontributetolow-carbonsystemsandeffectivelyreducecarbonemissions(Chenetal.2021).Theindustrialproductionprocess,suchasinthechlor-alkaliindustry,willproducealargenumberofhydrogenbyproducts,butthepurityofthesebyproductsisnothigh,andthepurificationprocessrequireshigh-endequipmentandalargecapitalinvestment.Withthecontinuousadvanceofthehydrogenenergyindustryandrelatedscientifictechnologies,theadvantagesofindustrialbyproducthydrogengasareexpanding.Thismethodhassignificantadvantages,suchasitslowcost,thewiderangeofsources,andlow-carbonemissionsintherecoveryprocess,butthepurificationprocessismorecomplicated(Yang2022).Photocatalytichydrogenproductionreferstoasustainable,clean,andrenewablemethodofproducinghydrogen,andoneofthemostwidelystudiedandpromisingtechnologiesisphotolytichydrogenproduction(Zouetal.2022).Theessenceofphotolytichydrogenproductiontechnologyistheuseofsemiconductormaterialsascatalyststodrivethedecompositionofwater.Microbialhydrogenproductiontechnologyhasemergedasaprospectivewaytoproducehydrogenduetoitsconvenientmanufacturingtechnologyandwideavailabilityofsources.Commonfermentativehydrogenproductionmicroorganismsincludevarioustypesofhydrogen-producingClostridium,thermophilicbacteria,andEscherichiacoli(Vasconcelos,Leitão,andSantaella2016;Pugazhendhi,Kumar,andSivagurunathan2019).Sadvakasovaetal.(2020)investigatedtheprocessofproducinghydrogenfromcyanobacterialcells,andthisprocessistheresultofsolarenergyconversion.Theyconcludedthatcyanobacterialgenemutantswithgreatpotentialforproducinghydrogenshouldbeconstructedbygeneticengineeringinordertoincreasehydrogenproduction.2.2ClassificationofHydrogenEnergyApplicationsTheproduction,manufacture,andapplicationofhydrogenenergyisoneoftheimportantwaystoachievethegoalofcarbonneutrality,toguaranteenationalenergysecurity,andtorealizelow-carbontransformation(Zhang2022c).Currently,hydrogenenergyismainlyusedinenergy,ironandsteelmetallurgy,thepetrochemicalindustry,andsoon.Alongwiththecontinuousadjustmentofnationaleconomicpolicyandthecontinuousdevelopmentofhydrogenenergyindustrytechnology,hydrogenenergywillbeappliedtoawiderrangeoffields.ADBIWorkingPaper1404W.-L.Shangetal.52.2.1HydrogenEnergyStorageTodayweshouldvigorouslydevelopwindenergyandsolarphotovoltaicpowergenerationandcompletethedevelopmentofrenewableenergybyproducinggreenhydrogenenergy(Cope2022).However,theintermittentandrandomnatureofwindpowerandphotovoltaicpowergenerationaffectsthecontinuityandstabilityoftheirgrid-connectedpowersupply,andweakensthepeakregulationofthepowersystem(Zhouetal.2022).Withthecontinuousprogressandimprovementofgreenhydrogenenergytechnology,theuseofrenewableenergytogenerateelectricityandproducegreenhydrogenisincreasinglyreceivingattention.Meanwhile,thecostofmanufacturinggreenhydrogenisdecreasing,andithasfurthercontributedtothepaceoftheenergytransition.2.2.2HydrogenFuelAstheultimateenergysourcefortheelectricpowersector,hydrogenenergytransformschemicalenergyintoelectricalandkineticenergythroughaseriesofreactions,providingpowerforvehicles.Atthesametime,greenhydrogenalsohasadvantagesintermsofzero-carbonemissions,andtheapplicationinthevehicleindustryofbatteriesbasedongreenhydrogenhasbecomeverypromising(Zouetal.2022).2.2.3HydrogenChemicalRawMaterialsThecurrentglobaldemandforhydrogenismainlyusedforammoniasynthesis,refineryhydrogenationproduction,methanolproduction,andsoon(Zouetal.2022).Withthecontinuousdevelopmentofrelevanttechnologies,hydrogenationtechnologywillbeincreasinglyusedinpetroleumrefinementandotherpetrochemicalfields.Hydrogenationisalsoanimportanttechnologicalapproachtothemanufactureofgreenoil.Hydrogenisalsocommonlyusedforthesynthesisofchemicalproductsandcompoundscontainingcarbon,suchasureaandindustrialalcohols.Thesecompoundscanbeeasilystoredandtransportedwhenliquefied,havehighenergydensity,arelessexplosive,andcanreachnearlyzero-carbonemissionsasliquidfuels,whichmakesthemasuitablerenewableenergysourceforstorageandtransportationotherthanelectricitytransmission.2.3ProcessesandTechnologiesforHydrogenEnergyinTransportationThemainapplicationofhydrogenenergyintransportationisusinghydrogenasanenergysourcetopowervehiclesinordertoreducecarbonemissionsandairpollutioncausedbytransportationvehicles.Sincehydrogenenergycanpowertransportationvehicleswithzerogreenhousegasemissions(e.g.,CO2andNOx),manycountriesarecurrentlyacceleratingthespeedwithwhichtheyaredeployingnewenergyvehiclessuchashydrogen-poweredones.Withtherapiddevelopmentoffuelcellandrenewableenergygenerationtechnologies,theapplicationofgreenhydrogenenergyintransportationisalsograduallyincreasing(Greene,OgdenandLin2020;Baietal.2022;Bietal.2022;Yangetal.2022).RoseandNeumann(2020)investigatedanetworkofhydrogenrefuelingfacilitiesforheavy-dutyvehiclesbycombininganinfrastructurelocationplanningmodelwithapowersystemoptimizationmodelthatincorporatesgridexpansionoptions.Thestudydiscussedtheinteractionsbetweenhydrogenrefuelingstationsandtheelectricpowersystem,andshowsthatwhenbothareconsideredsystematicallyandinsynergywithmultiplesectorsitcaneffectivelyreduceinfrastructureconstructioncosts,whichcanbeamainconsiderationinbuildingADBIWorkingPaper1404W.-L.Shangetal.6hydrogenrefuelingstations.Taoetal.(2020)exploredthecollaborativeplanningofadistributionnetworkandtransportationsystemforhydrogenfuelcellvehicles.Hydrogenfuelcellvehiclesareintroducedinthetransportationnetwork,andthesimulationisperformedbyplanningthelocationofhydrogenrefuelingstations,optimizingtheratioofinternalcombustionenginevehicles,electricvehicles,andfuelcellvehicles,andsolvingthisoptimizationmodelusingthemixed-integerlinearprogrammingandsubgradientmethod.Thesimulationresultsshowthattheproposedmodelcanachievethelowestemissionsduetothegoodcoordinationbetweenthepowerandtransportationsystems.Pyza,Gołda,andSendek-Matysiak(2022)studiedstrategiesfortheuseofhydrogenenergyinpublictransportsystems.Throughstudyingthemethodofhydrogenproductionandtheimpactonvehicleoperatingcosts,itwasfoundthattheuseofhydrogenenergyvehiclesinpublictransportsystemscanbeeffectiveinimprovingairqualityaswellasoptimizingthemobilityofthepopulationduetothewiderangeofhydrogenenergysources.Asanalternativeenergysourceinpublictransportationsystems,theuseofhydrogenisreasonableandeffective.LiandTaghizadeh-Hesary(2022)exploredtheeconomicfeasibilityofgreenhydrogenfuelcellelectricvehiclesforroadtransportationinthePRCandproposedamodeltoestimatethecarbonemissionsofthehydrogensupplychainandfuelcells.Abalancedhydrogencostmodelwasalsodevelopedtoanalyzethetotalcostofsupplyinghydrogenfromrenewableenergysourcestovehiclehydrogenfillingstations,andthecostoffuelcellelectricvehiclesperkilometer.Theresultssuggestthatgreenhydrogen-fueledvehicleswillbecomeincreasinglyimportantinthePRCinthelongrun.Wickham,Hawkes,andJalil-Vega(2022)studiedtheoptimizationofthehydrogensupplychaininthetransportationsector.Aspatiallyresolvedoptimizationmodelwasproposedtoevaluatetheoptimalcostconfigurationsofthehydrogensupplychainby2050,includinghydrogengradesandseparationandpurificationtechnologies.Theresultsshowthatundergiventechno-economicassumptions,anoptimalconfigurationofthehydrogensupplychainincludesusingsteammethanereformingwithcarboncaptureandsequestration,theinstallationofnewhydrogentransmissionpipelines,modificationofthenaturalgasdistributionnetworktosupplyhydrogen,andtheinstallationoflocalizedVPSsystemsatrefuelingstations.Thestudyfoundthatitwasimportanttoincludepurificationtechnologiesinthemodel.Farahanietal.(2019)proposedanintegratedhydrogen-basedenergyandtransportmodelthatfacilitatesthepenetrationofintermittentrenewableenergysourceswithoutcompromisingthereliabilityofelectricity,heat,andtransportenergysupplies,whilealsoreducingthecostofthesystem.2.4History,Status,andControversiesofHydrogenEnergyinTransportationHerewetrytoinvestigatetheresearchstatusofhydrogenenergyinthetransportationsector,andarticlesintransportationjournalsaresearched,withtheaimofconcentratingontheresearchofhydrogeninthefieldoftransportation.Researchliteratureinthefieldoftransportationwassearchedusingthekeywords“hydrogen”and“transport”,andthekeyword“co-occurrenceanalysis”wasusedthroughVOSviewer.Theresultsareshowninthefigurebelow.ADBIWorkingPaper1404W.-L.Shangetal.7Figure2.2:KeywordsCo-occurrenceAnalysisBasedonHydrogenandTransportationfromtheContentDimensionFigure2.3:KeywordsCo-occurrenceAnalysisBasedonHydrogenandTransportationfromtheTimeDimensionADBIWorkingPaper1404W.-L.Shangetal.8AsshowninFigures2.2and2.3,wecanconcludethatthehydrogenresearchinthefieldoftransportationmainlyfocusesonhydrogenfuelcellvehicles,batteryelectricvehicles,fuelconsumption,process,production,policy,efficiency,stations,andgovernment.Inthepastfewyears,scholarshaveconcentratedontheareasofefficiency,components,operation,andprocess,particularlyfocusingontheproductionofhydrogenfuelandthebenefitsofhydrogenvehicles.Inrecentyears,researchhasbeenconductedintheareasofgreenhousegases,hydrogenfuelcellvehicles,batteryelectricvehicles,government,emissionreduction,andpreferences,withresearchdirectionsfallingmainlyongovernmentpolicies,fuelvehicles,hydrogenrefuelingstationsiting,energyconservation,andemissionreduction.3.LITERATURESEARCHANDANALYSISInthissection,wemainlysystematicallyinvestigatedtheliteraturerelatedtohydrogenandtransportation,andtheseselectedpapersareanalyzedaccordingtotheclassificationsoftheirresearchdirection.3.1LiteratureSearchInordertoconductacomprehensivereview,wefirstsystematicallysearchforpapersthatconcentrateonhydrogenandtransportationsystems.Weconductaliteraturesearchfromspecificdatabasesandjournalsduetothedifficultyindeterminingappropriatekeywords.TheliteraturesearchprocedureispresentedinFigure3.1.Inthisreview,WebofScience,ScienceDirect,andIEEEXploreareselectedasthesearchdatabases.Thekeywords“hydrogen”and“transport”aresearchedintitles,abstracts,andkeywords,andthetimerangeisrestrictedtobetween1996and2022.Allthepaperssearchedfromthethreedatabasesareintegratedtogether,andafterdeletingreduplicativeandirrelevantpapers,190papersareobtained.Inaddition,thekeyword“transport”isusedforsearchinginthreedatabases,andsomepaperswiththenameofspecifictransportationmodessuchas“railway,”“roadnetwork,”or“aviation”arepossiblymissed.Tocopewiththissituation,ajournal-basedliteraturesearchisconducted.Thesearchscopeislimitedtoacademicjournalsinthefieldoftransportation.Thesameselectionrulesasinthedatasetsearchareapplied.Eventually,aftertheabstractreview,65morepapersareadded.Therefore,148corepapersbasedondatabaseandjournal-basedsearchareobtained.3.2LiteratureAnalysisAfteracomprehensiveanalysisofthesearchedliterature,themaintopicsonhydrogenenergyintransportationaretheproblemoflocatinghydrogenrefuelingstations,theimpactsofhydrogenfuelcellsongreenhousegasemissions,theuseoffuelcellvehicles,andtheenvironmentalimpactonhydrogenfuelcellvehicles.Basedontheresearchfocusofselectedpapers,wedividethemintoseveralcategoriesforanalysesanddiscussions.3.2.1ProblemofLocatingHydrogenRefuelingStationsAreasonablelayoutofhydrogenrefuelingstationscanreduceusers’refuelingtimeandimprovetravelconvenience(Shangetal.2022).Scholarshaveconductedaconsiderablenumberofstudiesontheproblemoflocatinghydrogenrefuelingstations.ADBIWorkingPaper1404W.-L.Shangetal.9Figure3.1:LiteratureSearchProcedurePenev,Zuboy,andHunter(2019)conductedaneconomicanalysisofhigh-pressurepipelineswithinurbanareas,andtheyconcludedthatpipelinedeliveryismoreadvantageousthanvehicletransportwhenthehydrogendemandforfuelcellvehiclesinagivenareaissufficientlyhigh.Inconsideringthetimeproblem,FangandTorres(2011)andBreyetal.(2016)conductedoptimizationstudiesofthehydrogenrefuelingstationsitingandlayoutproblemwithaviewtoreducingtraveltime.Followingthis,Zhaoetal.(2019)investigatedamodelingframeworkforalternativefuelstationsystemlocationsbasedonpathandmulti-scalescenarioplanning.Itprovideseffectiveinformationforplanninghydrogenrefuelingstationinfrastructure.Meanwhile,Roseetal.(2020)studiedtheoptimaldevelopmentofalternativefuelingstationnetworksbyconsideringnodecapacityconstraints.Stationcapacityconstraintswerefoundtohavearelativelylargeimpactonthenumberandutilizationofstations,andthediversityofstationcombinations.Coppittersetal.(2022)investigatedtheoptimaldesignofhydrogenrefuelingstationsundertechno-economicandenvironmentaluncertainties.Theresultsshowthatitachievesgoodenvironmentalperformancebutincreasesthecostoffuelinahydrogenrefuelingstationforfuelcellelectricbuses,whichcouldbestudiedinthefutureinregardtointegrationtechnologywithfullyelectricbuses.Afterthis,Tabandeh,Hossain,andLi(2022)studiedtheplanningofhydrogenrefuelingstationsforfuelcellvehiclesincombinationwithrenewableenergysources,andestablishedagreenmodelconsideringon-sitehydrogenproductioncapability.Thelocationandsizeofhydrogenrefuelingstationscanbewelldetermined,andthegreenproductionofgreenhydrogenisalsoensured.Bezrodniy,Rezchikov,andDranko(2021)proposedanalgorithmtooptimizehydrogenrefuelingservicesathydrogenrefuelingstations.Kelleyetal.(2020)studiedthegeographicperceptionsofearlyusersofhydrogenfuelcellsinevaluatinganetworkofgasstationsinCalifornia.ThestudyADBIWorkingPaper1404W.-L.Shangetal.10suggeststhatinselectingsites,otherfactorsshouldalsobeconsideredsuchaslanduse,populationdensity,andtrafficpatterns.Reußetal.(2017)conductedaspatialresolution-basedinfrastructureassessmentbycomparingtheinfrastructureofthehydrogenenergysupplychaininGermany.Theresultsshowthatsaltcavernsandgastransmissionpipelinesarethekeytechnologiesforfuturehydrogeninfrastructuresystems.Followingthis,d’Amore-Domenech,Leo,andPollet(2021)conductedacostcomparisonbetweenelectricalenergyandhydrogen,whichconsideredthescenarioofanenergysourceforlarge-scalepowertransmissionatsea.Theresultsofthestudyshowedthatthetransmissionofhydrogenbypipelineischeaperthanusingelectricityindeep-waterareasatdistancesofmorethan1000km,andthattransportingliquefiedhydrogenbyshipisthebestoptionamongthevarioushydrogentransportmethods.AlazemiandAndrews(2015)summarizedthecurrentstatusanddeploymentofhydrogenfuelingstationnetworks.Theyconcludedthatfromaneconomic,social,andenvironmentalperspective,itisveryreasonabletoplananetworkofhydrogenstationswhilehydrogen-fueledsalesaregrowing.Chenetal.(2021)usedanoptimaldesignandtechno-economicevaluationmethodtoassessalow-carbonhydrogensupplychainforrefuelingstationsinShanghai.Theresultsshowedthatgrid-connectedgreenhydrogenproductionviaaPV-windhybridsysteminarenewableenergy-richarea(QinghaiProvince,PRC)anddeliveringtorefuelingstationsintheeasterncoastalregionofthePRC(Shanghai)viaaliquidhydrogentruckarefeasiblesolutions.Xu,Wu,andDai(2020)analyzedthekeybarrierstothedevelopmentofhydrogenrefuelingstationsinthePRC.Thehighinitialcapitalcost,limitedfinancingchannels,immaturehydrogenstoragetechnology,imperfecthydrogentransportationtechnology,alackofrelevantstandards,andanimperfectsubsidymechanismwereconsideredthesixkeyfactors.SunandHarrison(2021)proposedaschemetooperatehydrogenfuelingstationsinrenewableenergy-richareas.Theelectrolyteofthehydrogenfuelingstationscanbeadaptivelyincreasedtoproduceexcesselectricity,whichcanconvertlow-carbonelectricityintogreenhydrogenfuel.Zhaoetal.(2021)proposedanoptimalschedulingframeworkforcross-energysystemstoevaluatetheadvantagesofthesupplychainfromwaterelectrolysis,compressedstorage,andtransportationtotheutilizationofgreenhydrogenforfuelcellvehicles.Dijkstra’salgorithmisusedtosearchfortheshortestpathforgreenhydrogentransportation,andthestudyshowsthatitcanreducetheoperationcostofthetrans-energysystemandpromotetheuseofrenewableenergy.Caoetal.(2021)studiedthehydrogen-basednetworkmicrogridplanningproblemandproposedanoptimalplanningmodelforelectro-hydrogenmicrogridswithrenewablegreenhydrogenproduction,storage,andrefuelingfacilities.Theresultsshowthatthecomputationaltimecanbegreatlyreduced,andthisplanningmethodcanalsobeappliedtodecarbonizationofenergyandtransportationsystemsinthefuture.BezrodniyandRezchikov(2021)exploredthecontrolofhydrogensupplynetworksinthetransportsector,consideringrelevantaspectsofthehydrogentransportsystemandprovidingamethodfortheoptimizationofhydrogensupplynetworks.Somescholarsintegratehydrogenrefuelingstationswiththepowergridtostudythefeasibilityofthelayout,whileothersplanhydrogenrefuelingstationsbyconsideringthereductionoftraveltime.Differentscholarstakeintoaccountthevariousfactors,butallofthemtendtoresolvetheproblemconcerningthelayoutofhydrogenrefuelingstations.ADBIWorkingPaper1404W.-L.Shangetal.113.2.2TheImpactofHydrogenEnergyonGreenhouseGasEmissionsThetransportationindustryhasasignificantimpactongreenhousegasemissions,andapplyinghydrogenenergytothissectorwillhaveaprofoundeffectonenergyconservationandemissionreductioninthefieldoftransportation(Liuetal.2022a).Theapplicationofhydrogenenergyintransportationcaneffectivelyreducegreenhousegasemissions(McKenzieandDurango-Cohen2012;McDonaghetal.2019;Loganetal.2020;Navas-Anguitaetal.2020;Benitezetal.2021).Low-emissionalternativefuelsareofimportanceforthelow-carbondevelopmentofthetransportsector,andintheirstudy,Fernández-Dacostaetal.(2019)comparedandevaluatedalternativefuelsinthetransportsector.Theresultsshowedthatgreenhydrogenproductionfromsteammethanereformingisthemosteconomicaloption,andgreenhydrogenproductionfromelectrolysisusingrenewableenergysourcesisthemostenvironmentallyfriendlyone.Moreover,Heetal.(2021)analyzedthegreenhousegas,airpollutantemissionstandardsforlight-dutyfuelcellvehiclesinthePRC.Thegreenhousegas,volatileorganiccompoundemissionsofallfuelcellvehicleswerelowerthan,orcomparableto,thoseofgasolinevehicles,exceptforthegridelectricelectrolysisorliquefiedhydrogenpathways.Yehetal.(2006)analyzedtheimpactofhydrogenenergyontransportation,energyuse,andairemissions,concludingthatalthoughcarboncaptureandsequestrationtechnologiesfortheirproductionandrenewabletechnologiesforgreenhydrogenproductionhavetheabilitytoachievegreaterCO2emissionreductions,theyarenoteconomicallycompetitivebasedontheirmodelingframework.Inaddition,Sunetal.(2022)proposedandmodeledacontrolstrategybasedonahydrogenrefuelingservicechargeforthesmartcitysectortoguidetheselectionofhydrogenrefuelingstationsforhydrogenfuelcellelectricvehicles.Theresultsshowthatpromotinghydrogenfuelcellvehiclescanhelpreduceemissions.Lietal.(2022)exploredtheprospectofapplyinghydrogenelectric-to-gastechnologyinpowerandtransportationsystemsandproposedaregional-scaleintegratedpowerandtransportationsystemlong-termcoordinationplanningmodel.TheresultsshowthatthesystemcaneffectivelyreduceCO2emissions.Furthermore,Booto,AamodtEspegren,andHancke(2021)exploredtheenvironmentalimpactsofconventionaldieseltrucks,batteryelectrictrucks,andfuelcellelectrictrucksintheirrespectivelifecyclesintermsofenergytype,energysource,andproductionroute.Theresultsshowthathydrogenfuelcellelectrictruckscanreducegreenhousegasemissionsby48%underthesameconditions.Theapplicationofhydrogenenergyasafueltovehiclescanalsosignificantlyincreaseemissionreductions(Freyetal.2007;Janic2008;TittleandQu2013;Yazdanieetal.2016;Booto,AamodtEspegren,andHancke2021;MingollaandLu2021;ChenandLam2022).Sundvoretal.(2021)studiedalternativewaysofpoweringhigh-speedpassengershipsunderazero-emissionsscenariointhecontextofNorwegianhigh-speedpassengerships,developingamodelbasedonAISdata.Theresultssuggestthatfurtherrouteoptimizationandinfrastructureimprovementsareneededtobetteraddressgreenhousegasemissions.Followingthis,Hensher(2021)studiedtheprocessoftransitioningtoagreenbusfleet.Alongwiththeincreasingdemandforenergyefficiencyandgreentravel(Liuetal.2022a),thecostofbusesprovidinggreentravelisunknown,notonlyinrelationtovehicletechnology(especiallyhydrogenfuelcelltechnology),butalsointermsoftheinfrastructureforhydrogenenergy.Theuseofcleanandrenewableenergysourcesasfeedstockforgreenhydrogenproductionhasbecomeparticularlyimportant.Followingthis,Freyetal.(2007)comparedtheactualfuelconsumptionandimpactonemissionsofdiesel-andhydrogen-fueledbuses.Theeffectsofspeed,acceleration,androadgradientwereintegratedintoasingleparameterusingtheVSPmethodtoanalyzefuelconsumptionchanges.TheresultsshowthatreplacingADBIWorkingPaper1404W.-L.Shangetal.12dieselwithmethanesteamreformingtohydrogenincreasesthefuelcycleandwillsignificantlyreduceCO,NOx,andHCemissions.Janic(2008)exploredthepotentialofliquidhydrogenin“carbon-neutral”airtransportandarguedthattheinfrastructureinairtransportshouldbeincreased.Zhangetal.(2020)studiedthecostandgreenhousegasemissionsofgrid-basedelectrolytichydrogenfuelcellvehicles,simulatingthetime-varyinghydrogenfuelreplenishmentdemandforthesevehicles.TheresultsshowthatincreasingtheflexibilityofhydrogenproductioncanreducethecostofhydrogenandpowergenerationaswellasCO2emissions.Meanwhile,Liuetal.(2022b)studiedtheeconomicandenvironmentalbenefitsgeneratedbygreensupplychains.Theresultsshowedthatunderregulation,greensupplychainscandriveupstreamanddownstreamfirmstoreduceemissionsfaster.Inaddition,Longdenetal.(2022)comparedtheemissionsandcostsofgreenhydrogenproductionfromfossilfuelswiththosefromrenewableelectricity.Comparingthetwo,theproductionofgreenhydrogenusingelectrolysisandzero-emissionelectricitydoesnotproducegreenhousegasemissions.Usingfossilfuelstoproducegreenhydrogen,evenwithcarboncaptureandstoragetechnology,thegreenhousegasemissionswouldbehigh.DollandWietschel(2008)analyzedtheroleofhydrogenenergyinasustainabletransportvision,concludingthattheuseofhydrogencansignificantlyreduceCO2emissionsinthetransportsector,evenwhentailpipeandupstreamemissionsandthedevelopmentofalternativetechnologiesaretakenintoaccount.Kim,Kim,andLee(2020)studiedtheissueofgreenhousegasemissionsfromelectricandhydrogen-fueledvehiclesandtheirmarketsharechanges.Theanalysisshowedthathydrogenfuelcellvehicleshelptoreducegreenhousegasemissions,butaffectthemarketshareofelectricvehicles,andrequireoptimizationofefficientinfrastructure.Edwardsetal.(2008)analyzedthedevelopmentofhydrogenenergyandfuelcelltechnologies,concludingthathydrogenfuelcellspossesstheabilitytoeliminateCO2emissionsandtriggeragreenrevolutionintransportation.Afterthis,SalviandSubramanian(2015)proposedmeasurestocontroltransportationfuelpollutionusinghydrogenenergysystems.Theuseofhydrogenasafuelinvehicleswasconsideredtoimproveenergysecurityandreducegreenhousegasemissions.Janić(2014)studiedtheapplicationofhydrogenenergyintheaviationsector.Usingliquidhydrogenasanaviationfuel,itspotentialforgreencommercialairtransporttosolveproblemsandtheimpactofusingliquidhydrogenasafuelongreenhousegasemissions,especiallycarbondioxide,wereexplored.Theresultsshowthattheuseofliquidhydrogenasaviationtransportationfuelcanreducegreenhousegasemissionsinthefutureandthatthegoalofgreencommercialairtransportationisachievable.Alotofresearchonhydrogenenergyintermsofgreenhousegasemissionshasbeenconducted,andgreenhydrogenenergyisagoodalternativefuelasacleanandrenewableenergysource.Varioustransportmodessuchashighways,watertransportation,andaviationcansaveenergyconsumptionandreducegreenhousegasemissionssignificantlyifhydrogenenergyisusedasfuelfortransportation(Shangetal.2021).3.2.3ApplicationofHydrogenEnergyinTransportationTransportationisthemainapplicationforhydrogenenergy,whilethemainapplicationofhydrogenenergyintransportationisnewenergyvehicleswithfuelcellsaspower.ADBIWorkingPaper1404W.-L.Shangetal.13Thereisalsoalotofresearchinthisarea.MabitandFosgerau(2011)studiedthedemandforalternativefuelvehicleswhenregistrationtaxesarehigh,usingtheexampleofDenmark,anddevelopedamixedlogisticregressionmodel.Usingthismodel,itwasconcludedthatpeoplewouldbemorelikelytochooseamoreenvironmentallyfriendlyalternativefuelvehicleoveraconventionalfuelvehicle,allelsebeingequal.Alavietal.(2017)proposedacommunitymicrogridforprovidingcar-to-gridpowerinthecaseofascarcityofrenewableenergygeneration,andtheremainingrenewableenergygenerationfromthemicrogridisstoredintheformofgreenhydrogen.Byusinggreenhydrogenfortransportationandre-electrification,theuseoffuelcellvehiclescanreducecarbonemissionsinthetransportationsystem.Followingthis,Zhouetal.(2022)investigatedtheperformanceofphotovoltaiccellsandproposedanadaptivedifferentialevolutionalgorithmbasedonadynamicbackwardlearningstrategytoeffectivelyimprovetheidentificationofphotovoltaiccellparameters.Hardmanetal.(2017)summarizedthebarrierstotheuseofhydrogenfuelcellvehiclesthroughasurveyofconsumersandsuggestedcorrespondingcountermeasures,suchaspre-deploymentofoptimizedinfrastructure.Atthesametime,theyalsofoundthatconsumersvaluetherangeofhydrogenfuelcellvehiclesandtheabilitytoprovideemergencybackuppower.OuchiandHenzie(2017)investigatedthefeasibilityofmarinesailboatsasenergy-harvestingdevicestosupporttheproductionofhydrogen.Theresultsshowedthatlow-costhydrogenenergycanbegeneratedandtransportedsimultaneously,providinganewpathwayfortheeventualreplacementoffossilfuels.Afterthis,Wuetal.(2021)performedananalysisoftheapplicationofhydrogenfuelcellvehiclesunderthecarbonneutralitygoalaccordingtothecharacteristicsofthePRC.Basedontheresults,inadequatesupportingfacilities,hydrogenfuelsafetyissues,andaninsufficientnumberofmanufacturersarethemostimportantissues.Yu,WangandChen(2021)proposedtheapplicationofanewelectric-hydrogenintegratedhybridDCtractionpowersystemtoafuturemetrosystem.Simulationresultsshowthatitcaneffectivelyutilizerenewableenergyandregenerativebrakingenergytoachieveenergysavings.Moreover,Yi,Jang,andLee(2021)designedasystemformonitoringhydrogenfuelcharacteristicsinformationonhydrogenfuelbusestorespondtothehydrogenconsumptionandtemperatureofeachcomponent,etc.,todeterminethesafeoperationofhydrogenfuelcellbuses.Longetal.(2019)studiedthedemandforzero-emissionvehiclesusingCanadaasanexample.Theresultsshowedthatmostpeoplepreferredplug-inhybridandhydrogenfuelcellvehiclesastheirfirstchoiceandconventionalorhybridvehiclesastheirsecondchoice.Afterthis,Morrison,Stevens,andJoseck(2018)predictedthecostandpotentialmarketsizeissuesforbatteryelectricvehiclesandhydrogenfuelcellelectricvehiclesby2040.Theresultsindicatethathydrogenfuelcellvehicleswillcostapproximately71%to88%lessthanpureelectricvehiclesinlightvehiclefleetsby2040,andthatfuelcellvehicleswillhaveasignificantcostadvantageforlargermodelsanddriverswithlongerdailydrivingranges.Irdmousaetal.(2010)analyzedenergyalternativesintheUnitedStatesand,underoptimisticassumptions,hydrogenenergyrankedhighest.Melo,Ribau,andSilva(2014)developedanoptimizedpowersystemfortheconversionofcitybusestohybridfuelcellsandanalyzedthepossibilityofreplacingconventionalbusfleetswithefficientbusfleetsequippedwithbatteriesandhydrogenfuelcells.Subsequently,Durango-CohenandMcKenzie(2018)developedanoptimizationmodelappliedtothedesignofbusfleetswithdifferentfuelpropulsiontechnologies,takingintoaccountenergyconsumption,greenhousegasemissions,particulatematter,etc.ADBIWorkingPaper1404W.-L.Shangetal.14Fanetal.(2022)investigatedtheoperationalstrategyofhydrogenenergyinlow-carbonmarinetransportation.Ahybridpropulsionsystemwasproposed,whichenablesthelowestcostofoperationthroughoutunderthegreenhousegasemissionlimitandfurtherreducesthegreenhousegasemissions.Meanwhile,AjanovicandHaas(2018)studiedtheeconomicprospectsandpolicyframeworkforhydrogenfuelsinthetransportsector.Itisarguedthattheprospectsofhydrogenenergyapplicationinfuturebustransportationdependonthepolicyframework,amongotherthings.RamesohlandMerten(2006)investigatedtheroleofhydrogenenergyasanalternativetransportfuelintermsofenergysystems.Theyarguedthatwhilegivingprioritytotheproductionofcleanhydrogenfromrenewableenergysources,itisalsoimportanttoconsiderhowtoimprovetheefficiencyofhydrogenfuelcellvehicles.Fuetal.(2019)evaluatedtwostrategiesaimedatdecarbonizingthetransportationsector,electrification,andtheuseofhydrogenfuel.Itwasconcludedthatintegratinghydrogenwithelectricpowersystemscouldprovidealow-costalternativeenergysource,andthattheuseofadvancedhydrogenproductiontechnologiescouldfurtherreducecosts.Singhetal.(2015)analyzedfutureapplicationsofhydrogenenergyintransportation.Oneofthepotentialusesofhydrogenisforintegratedcircuitgeneratorsandfuelcelltechnologyinthetransportationsector.Theyconcludedthatinthefuture,theenergydemandshouldbeadjustedtoincreasetheuseofhydrogenasatransportationfueltoprovideacleanandgreenenvironmentforpeople.Verhelstetal.(2012)studiedtheuseofhydrogenenginesandconcludedthatconversiontohydrogen-poweredinternalcombustionenginescouldreduceemissionsandincreasetheoutputpower.RinaldiandVeca(2007)conductedastudyoninnovativetechnologiesforhydrogenstorageusingchemicalhydrides.Thestudyaimedtoevaluatethesuitabilityofpolypropyleneandlow-densitypolyetheneasoptimalmaterialsforthispurpose.Theresultsindicatedthatthesematerialspossessexceptionalcharacteristics,includingeasyrecoverabilityduringthehydrogenstorageprocess.Moreover,duetotheirinherentsafetyfeatures,thesetechnologiesarehighlysuitableforH2refuellingstations.Abdelrahmanetal.(2016)conductedafeasibilitystudyofhybridfuelcellandbatteryrailcars.AfuturehybridmetrosystemdevelopedinCanadawaspresented,providingasolutionforahybridfuelcelltraincompletelyindependentofgridpower,whichcouldsavemostofthecostsandbenefitthepassengers.Borbujoetal.(2021)reviewedtheEuropeanlegislationandstandardizationonhydrogenandpurelyelectricbusesandheavy-dutytrucks.Theyconcludedthatthecurrentinternationalsafetystandardsapplicabletofuelcellsaremainlyfocusedonlight-dutyvehiclesandrecommendationsweremade.RenandLiang(2017)developedafuzzygroupmulticriteriadecision-makingmethodtostudythesustainabilityofmarinebunkerfuels.Itwasfoundthatgreenhydrogenisthemostsustainablealternativefuelandthatitismoresociallyacceptableasacleanenergycarrierwithoutanyemissionsduringtheoxidationprocess.Inthetransportationsector,hydrogenfuelcellsareincreasinglybeingstudiedaspowerfacilities.However,thereisstillagapbetweentherangeofhydrogenfuelcellsandotherbatteries,andfurtherresearchisneeded.3.2.4ApplicationofHydrogenEnergyinPolicyThedevelopmentofanindustryisinseparablefromtheneedfornecessarysupportpolicies,andwillinturnprovideascientificbasisforpolicyadjustments.Ithasbeenarguedthatmorecomprehensivepoliciesshouldbedevelopedtostimulatesalesofzero-emissionvehicles,ratherthanfocusingonchargingandrefuelinginfrastructure(Mieleetal.2020).However,Bachetal.(2020)arguedthattheapplicationofhydrogentechnologyinthemarinesectoriscurrentlyimmature,andthereforepriorityneedstobegiventosupportingtheresearchanddevelopmentADBIWorkingPaper1404W.-L.Shangetal.15ofhydrogenproductiontechnologiesandinfrastructuredevelopment,etc.ChenandMelaina(2019)andJones,Genovese,andTob-Ogu(2020)arguedthatmoreattentionshouldbepaidtocostpolicies.Similarly,GallasandStobnicki(2022)arguedthatthemainlimitationofhydrogenenergyapplicationsistherelativecostofhydrogenfuelandthathydrogenproductiontechnologiesneedtobedevelopedtoreducethecostofhydrogenproductionorthathydrogenproductionneedstobesubsidized.Afterthis,Rottolietal.(2021)studiedalternativepathwaysfortheelectrificationoflightvehiclesintheEuropeantransportsector.Theyfoundthatastrongerpolicypushforfuelcellvehiclesisneeded,alongwiththedevelopmentofgoodinfrastructure.PinchasikandHovi(2017)studiedCO2fundsinthetransportsector,usingNorwayasanexample,andarguedthatfundsshouldconsidersubsidizingrenewabletechnologiessuchasbiogas,electricity,orgreenhydrogentopromotemarketdemand.Hydrogenenergyshouldbeconsideredasthedirectiontowardswhichtheenergytransitionisaiminganditsapplicationcanbecomearealityinshippingwhenhydrogenenergyproductionanddemandincreaseandcostsdecrease,anditcanalsoachievecarbonemissionreductionclimategoals.PomaskaandAcciaro(2022)investigatedtheuseoffuelcellsandliquefiedhydrogenasalternativefuelsforships,withtheresultsofthestudysuggestingthatgovernmentpolicymakerscanimplementfinancialincentivestoacceleratethedevelopmentofhydrogenfuels.Inaddition,Ibrahimetal.(2022)studiedthreecoupledtypesofdedicatedlargeoffshorefloatingwindfarmsforhydrogenproduction.Offshorehydrogenpipelineswereconsideredtobeeconomicalforlargeandremotefarms.Theiranalysisconcludedthatthedecentralizedoffshoreelectrolysisapproachisaverymodularsystemandprovidesflexibilitywhilealsoimprovingdynamicoperation.MubengaandStuart(2011)analyzedthefeasibilityofhydrogenfuelcellelectricvehiclestransportedbyhydrogengeneratedfromsolarenergy.Asystemwasdesignedtoproducehydrogenusingsolarenergy,demonstratingthefeasibilityofproducinghydrogenfortransportationusingalternativeenergytechnologies.Ehrensteinetal.(2020)studiedtheoptimizationoffuelsupplychainsonaglobalscaleusingthecaseofhydrogeninroadtransportintheUK.Itwasfoundthatthegenerationofhydrogenfromelectrolyticwaterpoweredbywindandnuclearenergyandstoredincompressedformfordistributionbyrailistheleastimpactfulforasustainablefuelsupplychainandisasustainablesolutioninlinewiththecarryingcapacityoftheearth.Theapplicationofhydrogenenergyrequirespolicysupportintermsofinfrastructuredevelopment,taxincentives,technologicaladvancement,andsoon.Hydrogenenergycanonlyworkinvariousfieldswhenthereismoresupportfromallsides.3.2.5OtherStudiesRelatedtoHydrogenEnergyLakhera,Rajan,andBernaurdshaw(2021)analyzedthesubsurfacehydrogenstoragecapacityofsaltmoundsandproposedamethodforevaluatingthehydrogenstoragepotentialofsuchmounds,takingintoaccountseveralcharacteristicssuchasreservoirsizeanddepth.Accordingtotheirresearchmethod,thehydrogenstoragecapacityofrocksaltcanbepredictedmoreaccurately.Leeetal.(2022)compareddifferentoverseashydrogentransportationmethodsfromtechno-economicandenvironmentalperspectives.Theresultsshowedthatoperationconditionsandtheuseofrenewableenergyarethemainfactorsinreducingthecostandcarbonemissionsofthehydrogensupplychain.Liquidhydrogenstorageisconsideredfavorable,andimprovingtheenergyefficiencyoftheliquefactioncycleisessentialtoachieveefficienthydrogentransportation.Robledoetal.(2018)evaluatedtheapplicationpotentialoffuelcellvehiclesbycombiningintegratedphotovoltaicsolarpanels,residentialbuildings,andhydrogenfuelcellelectricvehiclesforpowergenerationtoachievenet-zeroenergyADBIWorkingPaper1404W.-L.Shangetal.16residentialbuildinggoals.Menanteauetal.(2011)conductedaneconomicanalysisofhydrogenproducedbywindpowerinthetransportationindustry.Thestudyshowedthatthevariationinhydrogenproductioncostsdependstosomeextentonthedemandinvolvedandthatthestoragetechnologyofhydrogenisakeyvariable.Inthefuture,withthedevelopmentoflargegeologicalhydrogenstoragefacilitiesinwindfarmsorsmallhydrogenstoragesystemsneargasstations,thecostofhydrogenstoragemaysignificantlydecrease,whichwilleventuallylowerthecostofhydrogenforusers.4.FUTURECHALLENGESAtpresent,theglobalhydrogenenergyindustryisgenerallyintheprimarystageofdevelopment.Sincetheenergytransitionisimminent,manycountriesintheworldareincreasingtheirinvestmentinhydrogenenergy.Currently,EuropeandtheUnitedStatesareleadinginwindpowertechnology,thephotovoltaicindustryinthePRCisleadingtheworld,andJapanisfocusedonhydrogenenergy(Fastmarketsteam2021).Comparedwithotherenergysources,greenhydrogenenergyhasseveralsignificantadvantages.First,hydrogenisthemostabundantelementintheuniverse,itiseasytoobtain,andthusithasgreatadvantagesintermsofsustainability.Inaddition,hydrogencanbeproducedfromwaterandreleaseschemicalenergythroughitsreactionwithoxygenreaction.Thewholeprocessonlygenerateswater,andnootherpollutantsareproduced,soitisarecyclableclosed-loopsystem(Stock2021).Second,thehighcalorificvalueofhydrogenmakesitanidealsubstituteforexistingfossilfuels.Thecalorificvalueofhydrogenisthehighestamongcommonfuels,i.e.,aboutthreetimesthatofoiland3.5timeshigherthancoal.Aswellasthis,withtherapiddevelopmentoftheelectricvehicleindustrygloballyandthestrongdemandforenergystoragebasedonlithiumbatteriesinwindandPVpowergenerationinthefuture,lithiumresourceswillbecomeaconstrainttothedevelopmentofanewenergyindustryinthefuture.Comparedwiththescarcityoflithiuminlithiumbatteries,along-termadvantageofhydrogenenergycanbeexpected.Hydrogenenergybatteriesandrelatedtechnologiescanpurifytheair(Hexun2022),whichisgoodnewsforcitieswithpoorairquality.Hydrogenenergywillbeeverywhereinthefutureowingtoitswiderangeofuses,anditcanbeusedinindustrialrawmaterials,aswellasvarioushydrogenenergyvehiclesforenergystorage.Thelargestapplicationofhydrogenenergyisinthetransportationsector,andthemostmatureapplicationtechnologyofhydrogenenergyandthemostpromisingdevelopmentinthefuturearehydrogenfuelcellvehiclesinthefieldoftransportation(Agency2019).Theindustrychainofhydrogenenergyinthetransportationsectorisextremelycomplicated,anditspotentialeconomicvalueishuge.Thehydrogenenergyindustrychaininthetransportationsectorincludeshydrogenproduction,storageandtransportation,hydrogenrefuelingstations,hydrogenfuelcellapplicationsandvehicleintegration,andotherprocedures.Accordingly,thechallengesexistintheproduction,compression,storage,transportation,distribution,andenduseofhydrogen(Furfari2021).Thefirstchallengeishowtoreducethecostofgreenhydrogenproductionsignificantly.Thedevelopmenttrendofhydrogenenergyisfromgraytobluehydrogen,andfinallytogreenhydrogen.Althoughgrayhydrogenhaspollutants,itscostislow,anditisthemainmeansofhydrogenproductioninthemediumandlongterm.Hydrogenproductionbyelectrolysisofwaterisaneffectivewaytoachievelarge-scaleproductionofgreenhydrogen,butthecostishigh,andcompletesubstitutionoffossilenergycannotbefullyachievedintheshortterm.Inrecentyears,alotofworkconcerninghydrogenproductionfromelectrolyticwaterhasbeenconducted,andverygoodprogresshasbeenmadeinmanyaspects.Inthefuture,itwillbenecessarytoADBIWorkingPaper1404W.-L.Shangetal.17continuouslyimprovethehydrogenproductionprocessandreducethecostofgreenhydrogenproductionfromelectrolyticwater.Followingthis,thesecondchallengeistodecreasethecostofstorageandtransportationinthemosteffectiveway.Hydrogenischemicallyactiveandunstable:Iftherewasaleak,itwouldbeveryeasyforittoburnandexplode,sosafetyshouldalsobeconsidered.However,comparedwithsecuritychallenges,itscostisthekeytohinderingthedevelopmentofhydrogenenergyintransportation.Therearethreemainwaystostorehydrogen,includinggas,liquid,andsolid.High-pressuregas-liquidtechnologyhasbeenwidelyused,andthestorageandtransportationofliquidhydrogenistechnicallymature,butthecostoftransportationishigh,andtheriskofleakageandexplosionexists,whilecryogenicliquidhydrogenstorageiscostly.Solid-statehydrogenstorageisstillintheresearchanddevelopmentstage.Atpresent,gastransportationforhydrogenismainlyused,supplementedbytransportationinaliquidstate.Pipelinetransportationissuitableforlarge-scaleandlong-distancehydrogentransportationwithhighefficiency,butitrequirestheconstructionofpipelinesandlotsofcapitalinvestmentattheearlystage;liquidtransportationalsoconsumesmoreenergy.Intheprocessofstorageandtransportation,therequirementsformaterialsareveryhigh.Third,itisachallengetoreducethecostofkeyequipmentinhydrogenrefuelingstationsandcriticalcomponentsinfuelcells.Thecoreequipmentofahydrogenrefuelingstationincludesahydrogenstoragedevice,compressionequipment,andfillingequipment,withthecompressorbeingthemostcostly.Currently,thetechnicalpathwaysofahydrogenrefuelingstationcanbedividedintohydrogenproductionwithinthestationandexternalhydrogensupply.Hydrogenproductionfromelectrolyticwaterwithinstationsisthefuturedevelopmentdirection.Inaddition,thehydrogenfuelcellisthecorecomponentofnewenergyvehiclesbasedonhydrogen.Attheinitialstageofindustrialization,supportpoliciesfromgovernmentareverymuchrequired.Themostcorepartofthehydrogenfuelcellsystemisthefuelcell,includingthefuelcellstackandtheaircompressor,whicharecostlyandrestrictthedevelopmentofhydrogenfuelcells.Thecostofthefuelcellstackaccountsfor50%ofthehydrogenfuelcell,andthemembraneelectrodeisthecoreofthestack,accountingfor60%ofthecost.Hereplatinumcatalystshavetobementioned,whichareveryexpensive,andweneedtodeveloplow-platinumorplatinum-freecatalytictechnology.Costreductionisthefocusoffuturedevelopmentforhydrogenenergyinthetransportationfield.Ontopofthis,amajorchallengefortheapplicationofhydrogenenergyinthetransportationsectorliesinwhethercountriesandorganizationsacrosstheworldcancooperateandsupporteachothersoastojointlyestablishaneconomicecosystemofhydrogenenergy.Humanbeingsarefacingthecommonproblemofglobalwarming,anditisurgenttoachievethegoalsofcarbonneutralizationandcarbonpeak.Somecountrieshavebeguntoattachgreatimportancetohydrogenenergy,andputforwardastrategyforthedevelopmentofhydrogenenergy.Forexample,Japanproposedthe2050carbonneutralitygreengrowthstrategyinDecember2020,andtheEuropeanUnionissuedtheEuropeanGreenDealinDecember2019,bothofthemstatingclearrequirementsandexpectationsforhydrogenenergy.Asthelargestdevelopingcountry,thePRCisdevelopinghydrogenenergylate,butitisexpectedtoaccountfor10%ofthetotalenergyconsumptionin2050.ThegovernmentworkreportinthePRCin2019clearlyproposedpromotingtheconstructionofinfrastructuresuchashydrogenrefuelingstations.Inthe“14thFive-YearPlan,”thedevelopmentofhydrogenenergyhasalsobeenarrangedaccordingly.Inthecontextofcarbonneutrality,allcountriesandorganizationshavetoworktogethertonegotiateintellectualpropertyrightsandpatent-sharingmechanisms,establishamarketentrymechanism,andjointlypromoteADBIWorkingPaper1404W.-L.Shangetal.18theestablishmentofaneconomicecosystembasedonhydrogenenergythatcombineshydrogenproduction,storage,transportation,hydrogenation,hydrogenfuelcellapplications,andotherproceduresintoanefficientandlow-costsustainableindustrychainsystem.Thefutureapplicationofhydrogenhastobestudiedanddeveloped,thetechnologyforhydrogenproductionneedstobeimproved,keyequipmentandmaterialsarerequiredtoreducethecost,andthesafetyofhydrogenisalsoaconcern.Howtoproducehydrogenextremelyefficiently,safely,andatlowcostisstilltoberesolved,andtherelatedtechnicalstandardsalsoneedtobedevelopedwithothercountries.Onlywhenthetechnologyismature,thecostislow,andthemarkettendstoaccepthydrogenonalargescalecanhydrogenenergybewidelyusedinvariousfields,andthenitcanpromoteenergyconservationanddecarbonizationoftransportationsystems,soastocontributetothevisionofcarbonneutrality.5.CONCLUSIONANDPOLICYRECOMMENDATIONSClimatechangeisoneofthebiggestchallengesofourtime(Nations2022),andpromotinggreenandlow-carbontransportationisanimportantwaytocopewiththissituation.Thetransportationsectorisamajorsourceofgreenhousegasemissions,andthereisagrowingconsensusinmanycountriestopromotegreentransportation.Basedonthis,hydrogenenergyhasreceivedgreatattentionduetoitsuniqueadvantages,suchaszeroemissionsandhighcalorificvalue.Tounderstandthehistory,status,andfuturechallengesofhydrogenenergyinthetransportationsector,weareconductingthisreview.First,wequicklyrecaponthebackgroundofhydrogenenergyinthetransportationsectorandtheresearchstatusofhydrogenenergy.Followingthis,theapplicationsofhydrogenenergyarereviewed,theproductionprocess,processesandtechnologiesforhydrogenenergyareintroduced,andthehistory,status,andcontroversiesofhydrogenenergyintransportationarealsodiscussedhere.Afterward,weconductaliteraturesearchandanalysis,and148corepapersareobtained.Themaintopicsonhydrogenenergyintransportationaresummarized,thatis,theproblemoflocatinghydrogenrefuelingstations,theimpactsofhydrogenfuelcellsongreenhousegasemissions,theuseoffuelcellvehicles,andtheenvironmentalimpactofhydrogenfuelcellvehicles.Basedonthis,themainchallengesareextracted,includingreducingthecostofgreenhydrogenproduction,decreasingthecostofstorageandtransportation,reducingthecostofkeyequipmentinhydrogenrefuelingstationsandcriticalcomponentsinfuelcells,andwhethercountriesandorganizationsacrosstheworldcancooperateandsupporteachother.Comparedwithnewenergyvehiclesbasedonlithiumbatteries,hydrogenfuelcellvehicleshaveseveraladvantages,suchasbeingfreefromtemperaturerestrictions,longermileage,andrapidfuelreplenishment.Comparedwithsecuritychallenges,theircostisthekeyissuehinderingthedevelopmentofhydrogenenergy.Today,manyscholarsaredevotedtothestudyofhydrogenenergyapplicationsanddevelopmentinthetransportationsector.Allaspectsofhydrogenproduction,storage,transportation,andusehavereceivedattention.Currently,theapplicationofhydrogenenergyintransportationismainlyinfuelcells,replacingfossilenergywithhydrogenenergytoplayitsroleinenergyconservationandemissionreduction.However,theapplicationofhydrogenenergyintransportationisalsolimitedbythecostofhydrogenproduction,transportationefficiency,safetyofuse,andsoon.ADBIWorkingPaper1404W.-L.Shangetal.19Basedoncurrenthydrogentechnologiesandmarketconditions,urbanandsurroundingareasarerecommendedastheprioritylocationsforthedeploymentofhydrogenrefuelingstations.Theseregionsaremorelikelytohavearelativelyhightrafficvolumeandwell-developedpublictransportationsystems,andresidentsintheseregionstendtobemoreenvironmentallyaware,allofwhichareconducivetothepracticaluseofhydrogenenergyintransportation.Inaddition,appropriatesubsidiesshouldbeprovidedtoencourageenterprisesororganizationstoparticipateintheconstructionofhydrogenrefuelingstations.Thegovernmentmayoffertaxreductionsorfinancialgrantstoencourageinvestmentinstationconstructionaswell.Furthermore,hydrogenfuelcellvehiclesshouldbepromotedtofacilitatetheuseofhydrogenenergyinheavyvehiclessuchastrucksandbuses.Throughsubsidies,exemptionfromvehiclepurchasetaxes,andfreetolls,thegovernmentcanplayanimportantroleinpromotingtheconsumptionofhydrogen-poweredvehicles.Additionally,enterprises/academicorganizationsshouldbeencouragedtoengageintheresearchanddevelopment(R&D)ofhydrogenenergytechnologyandpromotetheindustrializationofhydrogenfuelcellvehiclesandrelatedequipment,soastoestablishahydrogenenergyvehicleindustrychain.Inordertoensurethesafeuseofhydrogenenergyinthetransportationsector,itisimperativetoestablishrelevantlaws,regulations,andsafetystandardsforhydrogenenergy.Forexample,thecertificationandtestingofhydrogenfuelcellvehiclesshouldbestrengthened,whilethetransportationandrefuelingprocessesofhydrogengasneedtoberegulated.Finally,tobetterpromotetheapplicationsofhydrogenenergy,publicityandeducationeffortsarealsoessential,andenhancingintellectualpropertyprotectionandtheenvironmentalawarenessofthepublicwillalsoeffectivelyfacilitatethedevelopmentofhydrogenenergytechnologyinthetransportationfield.Althoughthecostofeachaspectisrelativelyhighandthedevelopmentofhydrogenenergyisrelativelyslowatpresent,giventheabundanceofhydrogenandthegreencharacteristicsofhydrogenenergy,thedevelopmentofhydrogenenergywillbebeyondpeople’simagination.Asaresultofthisreview,wenowunderstandmoreclearlythattheobstaclesencounteredinthedevelopmentofhydrogenenergyinthetransportationsectorarenotinsurmountable.Inthecontextofcarbonneutrality,governmentsandinstitutionsfromallcountriesreallyneedtoworktogethertoestablishaneconomicecosystemthatismostsuitableforthedevelopmentofhydrogenenergy.Inbrief,hydrogenenergyisonthebrinkofflourishing.ADBIWorkingPaper1404W.-L.Shangetal.20REFERENCESAbdelrahman,A.S.,Y.Attia,K.Woronowicz,andM.Z.Youssef(2016).“HybridFuelCell/BatteryRailCar:AFeasibilityStudy.”IEEETransactionsonTransportationElectrification2(4):493–503.Agency,I.E.(2019).“TheFutureofHydrogen.”fromhttps://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-hydrogen.Ajanovic,A.andR.Haas(2018).“Economicprospectsandpolicyframeworkforhydrogenasfuelinthetransportsector.”EnergyPolicy123:280–288.Alavi,F.,E.ParkLee,N.vandeWouw,B.DeSchutter,andZ.Lukszo(2017).“Fuelcellcarsinamicrogridforsynergiesbetweenhydrogenandelectricitynetworks.”AppliedEnergy192:296–304.Alazemi,J.andJ.Andrews(2015).“Automotivehydrogenfuellingstations:Aninternationalreview.”RenewableandSustainableEnergyReviews48:483–499.Bach,H.,A.Bergek,Ø.Bjørgum,T.Hansen,A.Kenzhegaliyeva,andM.Steen(2020).“Implementingmaritimebattery-electricandhydrogensolutions:Atechnologicalinnovationsystemsanalysis.”TransportationResearchPartD:TransportandEnvironment87:102492.Bai,S.,etal.(2022).“EvaluatingR&DefficiencyofChina’slistedlithiumbatteryenterprises.”FrontiersofEngineeringManagement9(3):473–485.Benitez,A.,etal.(2021).“EcologicalassessmentoffuelcellelectricvehicleswithspecialfocusontypeIVcarbonfiberhydrogentank.”Journalofcleanerproduction278:123277.Bezrodniy,A.andA.Rezchikov(2021).“HydrogenSupplyNetControlforTransportBranchofEconomy.”202114thInternationalConferenceManagementoflarge-scalesystemdevelopment(MLSD):1–5.Bezrodniy,A.,A.Rezchikov,andO.Dranko(2021).“AlgorithmstoDevelopH2FillingStationNets.”202114thInternationalConferenceManagementoflarge-scalesystemdevelopment(MLSD):1–5.Bi,H.,W.-L.Shang,Y.Chen,K.Wang,Q.Yu,andY.Sui(2021).“GISaidedsustainableurbanroadmanagementwithaunifyingqueueingandneuralnetworkmodel.”AppliedEnergy291:116818.Bi,H.,W.L.Shang,Y.Chen,andK.Wang(2022).“JointOptimizationforPedestrian,InformationandEnergyFlowsinEmergencyResponseSystemswithEnergyHarvestingandEnergySharing.”IEEETransactionsonIntelligentTransportationSystems23(11):22421–22435.Booto,G.K.,K.AamodtEspegren,andR.Hancke(2021).“Comparativelifecycleassessmentofheavy-dutydrivetrains:ANorwegianstudycase.”TransportationResearchPartD:TransportandEnvironment95:102836.Borbujo,I.C.,P.G.Pereirinha,M.G.Vega,J.A.d.Valle,andJ.C.Á.Antón(2021).“Heavydutytransportdescarbonization:LegislationandStandardsforHydrogenandBatteryElectricBusesandHeavy-DutyTrucks.”2021IEEEVehiclePowerandPropulsionConference(VPPC):1–6.ADBIWorkingPaper1404W.-L.Shangetal.21Brey,J.J.,R.Brey,A.F.Carazo,M.J.Ruiz-Montero,andM.Tejada(2016).“Incorporatingrefuellingbehaviouranddrivers’preferencesinthedesignofalternativefuelsinfrastructureinacity.”Transportation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