27June2023CleanhydrogeneconomystrategyforFinland2Tableofcontents1.Forward............................................................................................................................52.Executivesummary...........................................................................................................63.WhatisthescaleofFinland’sopportunitytobenefitfromthehydrogeneconomy?.............................................................................................................................83.1Globaltrendsforhydrogen83.2HydrogendemandinEurope93.3HydrogenopportunityforFinland94.WhyisFinlandwellplacedtobetheEuropeanleaderinthehydrogeneconomy?..........104.1Cleanelectricityandgridcapabilities114.2Finnishnaturalresources124.3Existingcapabilitiesandeconomicenvironment135.WhatareasofthehydrogeneconomyshouldFinlandfocusontoyieldthemostbenefits?............................................................................................................................155.1Expandcleanhydrogenproduction155.2Acceleratetherampupofdomesticcleanindustries185.3Growexportsofhydrogen-relatedtechnologiesandservices226.WhatdoesFinlandneedtodotobecometheleadinghydrogeneconomyinEurope?..............................................................................................................................266.1RecommendationstoreachFinnishcleanhydrogengoals266.2Roadmapforstrategyexecution303ListofabbreviationsCCS–carboncaptureandstorageCO2–carbondioxideEU–EuropeanUnionH2–hydrogenICT–informationandcommunicationtechnologyMt–milliontonsR&D–researchanddevelopmentSMR–steammethanereformingTWh/y–terawatt-hourperyear4GlossaryCleanhydrogen–“Clean”isusedtodepicthydrogenproducedfromlow-carbonorcarbon-neutral.“Clean”hydrogeninFinlandwillmostlikelybeproducedviaelectrolysisfromrenewableandnuclearenergy.Syntheticfuels–isusedtorefertosyntheticmethane,synthetickerosene,andsyntheticmethanolproducedusingcleanhydrogen.Theyarethethreefuelsthatfallunderthiscategoryforthepurposesofthisdocument.51.ForwardOurambitionisforFinlandtobetheleadinghigh-valuehydrogeneconomyinEuropeby2035.Webelievethatbybuildingahigh-valuehydrogeneconomy,FinlandcanunlocksignificanteconomicvaluethatcreateswellbeingforFinnishsocietyandexpandstheFinnishclimatehandprintglobally.Toriseandmeetthisambition,wewillneedtoharnessourcollectivestrengths,leverageournaturaladvantages,andworktogether.AcrossFinlandtoday,therearenumeroustrailblazinghydrogenprojectsunderwayandevenmoretakingshape.Theseprojectsaredecarbonizingourexistingindustries,attractingnewinvestments,generatingnewexportopportunities,andcreatingnewjobs.ThenewlypublishedGovernmentProgram,“AStrongandCommittedFinland”,setsavisionforFinlandtobecomeakeyplayerinthehydrogeneconomyandanattractivelocationforhydrogenrefiningprojects.ItalsoaffirmsFinland’saimtoaccountfor10percentoftheEU’scleanhydrogenproductionandforatleastthesamepercentageofhydrogenuse.TheFinnishHydrogenClusterispleasedwiththedirectionchosenbythenewGovernment,whichlargelyalignswiththevisionoutlinedinthisdocument.Next,itiscrucialtoturnthisvisionintorealitybytakingambitiousactionsthatwillpropelFinlandrapidlytowardsthesegoals.WehavedevelopedthisCleanHydrogenEconomyStrategyforFinlandtochartacoursetowardsachievingtheambitiontobecomeEurope’sleadinghydrogeneconomyecosystemacrosstheentirevaluechain,includingtechnologiesandservices.ThisStrategypresentstacticalactionsneededtorealizetheopportunitiesthehydrogeneconomyinFinlandofferstoFinns,partnersinEurope,andstakeholdersaroundtheglobe.Achievingtheseambitions,however,cannotbedonebytheHydrogenClusterFinlandalone.Thisstrategyisacallforaction.Workinconcertwithus.Youandyourorganizationplayanimportantroleinmakingthisstrategyarealityinyoursphereofimpact.Inthisdocument,HydrogenClusterFinlandhasrecommendedafewstakeholderstotaketheseactionsforward,buttherearemorewhocancontribute.Actionsareneededatalllevels—localtoglobal.Throughoutthestrategy,Finlandmayoftenmeanyouinyourrole.Finally,wehopethisstrategycanbeastartingpoint.Wewishtofurtherplantheseactionstogetherthroughsessionsinthesecondhalfof2023.Wealsowelcomecollaborationwithourinternationalstakeholdersandpartnerstoprogressandrealizetheseopportunities.62.ExecutivesummaryCleanhydrogenwillbeanintegralcomponentofeconomy-widedecarbonizationandissettobecomeoneoftheworld’slargestmarketsastheenergytransitionrampsupacrosstheglobe.In2050,thecleanhydrogenmarketisexpectedtohaveannualrevenuesof€3trillionbecauseofitspotentialtodecarbonizetheworld’smostdifficult-to-abateindustries.Thescale-upofthisglobalmarketforhydrogencreatesanopportunityof€16-34billionperyearfortheFinnisheconomyin2035andthepotentialforover60,000newjobs.1The2035opportunityequatesto13%ofFinland’s2022GDP(€267billion).2Finlandiswell-positionedtocapturethisopportunityduetoitsmultiplecompetitiveadvantages:arobustandcleanelectricitysystem,cost-competitiverenewablegenerationpotential,abundantnaturalresourcesinforestry,biogenicCO2,metals,andwater,astablebusinessenvironment,supportivegovernment,ahigh-techsociety,andexistingexpertiseinindustriesexpectedtobelargesuppliersoftechnologiesandservicestothehydrogeneconomy,aswellasusersofhydrogen.ThisstrategyoutlinesthreeareasthatFinlandshouldfocusontocapitalizeonthisupto€34billionopportunityandbecometheleadinghigh-valuehydrogeneconomyinEuropeby2035:1.Expanddomesticcleanhydrogenproduction2.Acceleratetheramp-upofdomesticcleanindustries3.Growexportsofhydrogen-relatedtechnologiesandservicesFigure2:FocusareasforFinlandFigure1:PotentialhydrogeneconomyeconomybenefitsforFinland17Finlandmustactnowtocapturethishugeopportunity.WhileeffortstobuildarobusthydrogeneconomyinFinlandarewellunderway,timeisoftheessence.SpeedtomarketandrapidscalingwillbecriticaltomaximizingbenefitsfortheFinnishcompaniesandeconomy.Finlandmustswiftlyexecuteonfourrecommendedactionsandtwentyrelatedpracticalmeasurestoaddressexistingbarriersandacceleratethescale-upofthehydrogeneconomy:1)BuildEurope’sleadinghydrogenecosystem-RapidlycreatefavorablemarketconditionsandregulationtoacceleratethedevelopmentofahydrogeneconomyasoutlinedintheGovernmentResolution.32)Driveprogressthroughhydrogenvalleysandcross-collaboration-Establishhydrogenvalleystoexpediteprojectsbasedonregionalstrengthsandensurecollaborationandsharingofbestpracticesbetweenthesevalleys.3)Accelerateandaligndecision-making-Establishwell-ledpublicandprivatesectorbodiestocoordinateanddrivehydrogenstrategyimplementation.Ensurethesebodieshaveclearmandatesandtheabilitytomaketimely,cross-sectoral,strategicdecisions.4)PositionFinlandasaleaderontheglobalhydrogenmap-InfluencehydrogendevelopmentwithintheEU,attractinvestmentstoFinland,andpromoteFinnishtechnologyandservicesworldwide.ContinuouslycommunicateFinland’sstrengths,buildstrategicpartnerships,andfosterrelationshipswithkeycountries.Figure3:RecommendedactionsandpracticalmeasurestoaccelerateFinland’shydrogeneconomydevelopment83.WhatisthescaleofFinland’sopportunitytobenefitfromthehydrogeneconomy?3.1GlobaltrendsforhydrogenCleanhydrogenissettobecomeonetheworld’slargestmarketsastheenergytransitionrampsupacrosstheglobe.Over1,000hydrogenprojectshavebeenproposedglobally,requiring€300billionininvestmentsthrough2030.4Thehydrogenmarketvalueisexpectedtoreachover€250billionin2030withacombinedannualgrowthrateof7.3%forecastedfrom2022to2030.5By2050,thecleanhydrogenmarketisexpectedtoreachannualrevenueof€3trillionbecauseofitsvalueindecarbonizingtheworld’slargestandmostdifficult-to-abateindustries.6Theseindustriesincludefertilizer,steel,maritimeandaviation.Hydrogencanbeproducedandutilizedinmanywaysandoffersauniquevaluepropositionforthecleanenergytransition.Currently,hydrogenisprimarilyproducedfromfossilfuelsresultinginhighemissions,butcleanhydrogencanbeproducedviaelectrolysispoweredwithcleanelectricityaswellasotherproductionroutes.Shiftinghydrogenproductiontomethodswithlowornocarbonemissionswillbevitalforhydrogen’sroleinthecleanenergytransition.Cleanhydrogenwillbekeytodecarbonizingdifficult-to-abateindustrialsectors.Thesesectorshaveindustrialprocessesthatmakedirectelectrificationdifficultduetohottemperaturesorcurrentuseofgreyhydrogenasafeedstock.Forexample,hydrogencanbeusedtodecarbonizesteelmakingbyreplacingcoalasthereducingagentinthemanufacturingprocess.Simplyelectrifyingtheprocessisnotpossiblebecauseareducingagentisneededtoprocesstherawmaterial,ironore.Theconventionalreducingagent,cokingcoal,hasahighemissionsratethatcleanhydrogeneliminates.Hydrogenwillalsoplayavitalroleingridbalancing.Inthefutureenergysystem,therewillbeahighshareofintermittentrenewableenergygenerationinthegridmix.Attimeswhenelectricitygenerationoutstripsdomesticelectricitydemand,hydrogencanbeproducedasaFigure4:Revenueofglobalhydrogenmarket69meanstobalancethegrid.Inaddition,whendomesticelectricitydemandoutstripselectricitygeneration,storedhydrogencancontinuetoserveitsdemanduserswhilealsobeingusedasafuelforpowergenerationtosecureelectricitysupply.3.2HydrogendemandinEuropeEuropeisanticipatedtohavehighdemandforcleanhydrogen,makingitanattractivemarketforcleanhydrogendevelopment.Projectionsshowthatcleanhydrogendemandwillbe490TWh/y(15Mt/y)in2030,growto1,640TWh/y(50Mt/y)in2040,andreach2,300TWh/y(70Mt/y)in2050.7,8Thisrepresentsdemandgrowthofover235%from2030to2040andover46%from2040to2050.TheambitiousclimategoalsoftheEuropeanUnion(EU)drivemomentumforacontinent-widehydrogeneconomy.Theproposed“Fitfor55”packagelegallyobligatesmemberstatestoreduceemissionsby55%by2030,andcleanhydrogenwillbeacriticalcomponentinmeetingtheseambitions.ThisisemphasizedintheREPowerEUplan,whichdefinestargetstohelpdrivegrowthoftheEuropeanrenewablehydrogenmarketandsupportEuropeansecurityofsupply.Itsetsadomesticproductiontargetof10milliontonsannually(330TWh/y)andanimporttargetofanadditional10milliontonsperyearby2030.Finlandcouldpotentiallymeetover14%ofthedomesticRePowerEUtarget(10milliontons/y)by2030withitscleanhydrogenproduction.1Regionalnetworkswilldeveloparoundindustrialclusterstosupportnewcleanmanufacturingandindustryacrosstheregion.ExcesscleanhydrogenandhydrogenderivatescouldalsobeexportedfromFinlandtootherdemandcenters,especiallyinCentralEurope.3.3HydrogenopportunityforFinlandThedevelopmentofahydrogeneconomycouldunlock€16to34billioninrevenueperyearin2035and€41to69billionperyearin2045fortheFinnisheconomy.1The2035opportunitytranslatestoupto13%ofFinland’s2022GDP(€267billion).2WhilehydrogenhasnotplayedasignificantroleinFinnishindustryoreconomiclandscapetodate,FinlandhasdistinctadvantagesthatstronglypositionittobecometheleaderintheEuropeancleanhydrogeneconomy.H2comparedtoelectricitydemandThe2050hydrogendemandisonlyslightlylowerthannetelectricitygenerationfortheentiretyofEuropein2022at2,641TWh/y.110Figure5:PotentialhydrogeneconomybenefitsforFinland1ThecleanhydrogenmarketcreateshugeopportunitiesforFinlandinnewandexistingindustries,technologies,andservices.Finlandcanalsoreapfurthersocio-economicbenefitsofparticipatinginthecleanhydrogeneconomy.Currently,Finlanddoesnothaveanydomesticnaturalgasorcrudeoilproductionandcurrentlyimportsaround40%ofallenergyused.9,10Cleanhydrogencanbeusedinplaceoffossilfuelstodecarbonizevariousprocesses.BeingabletoproducecleanhydrogenviaelectrolysisprovidesFinlandwithincreasedsecurityofsupplyandself-sufficiencybyreducingimportdependence.Thedevelopmentofthecleanhydrogeneconomywillbringbenefitsfortheentirecountry.GivenhowcleanenergypotentialisdistributedacrossFinland,itisanticipatedthathydrogenproductionandinvestmentswillbedeployedacrossboththenorthandsouthofFinland.114.WhyisFinlandwellplacedtobetheEuropeanleaderinthehydrogeneconomy?Finlandisatrailblazerinthecleanenergytransitionwithanambitiousgoalofreachingcarbonneutralityby2035.Committingtothisrapiddecarbonizationencouragesfuelswitchingtocleanenergysources,suchascleanhydrogen,andprovidesinvestorconfidenceinFinland’sambitionandbackingforcleanenergy.ThiscommitmenttocarbonneutralitygivesFinlandmomentumtobetheleaderinthehydrogeneconomyasitencouragesinvestmentincleantechnologies.FinlandisuniquelypositionedtotakeontheleadershiproleintheEuropeanhydrogeneconomy.Finland’scompetitiveadvantagescomefromitsresourceavailability,expertiseandcooperationinrelevantindustries,aswellaspoliticalwilltoenactfavorablepolicies.11Finlandenjoysanabundanceofrenewableenergypotential,biogenicCO2,andnaturalresourcereserveslikebasemetals(copper,zinc,nickel,aluminum),ferrousmetals(iron),preciousmetals(gold,platinum),andraremetals(cobalt,lithium).12Manufacturinghydrogenderivatives(e.g.,syntheticfuels,cleansteel)aswellastechnologyneededacrossthehydrogenvaluechainrequiresinputsofthesenaturalresourcesandhavingdomesticreservesgivesFinlandacompetitiveadvantage.Finlandhasleadingtechnology,solution,andserviceprovidersrelevantincleanhydrogenandderivativesproduction.Finlandalsohasdeepexpertiseandanexistingworkforceintheforest,metal,maritime,chemical,andrefiningindustriesandstrongcollaborationwithresearchanddevelopment(R&D)andacademia.ThisexistingexpertisegivesFinlandaheadstartindevelopinghydrogen-relatedtechnologyandservicesectors.Finally,Finland’sgovernmentiscommittedtobecomingaleaderincleanhydrogen,whichhelpsprovideinvestorcertaintyandanattractiveeconomicenvironment.InFebruary2023,theFinnishgovernmentadoptedaresolutiontosupportandgrowcleanhydrogenanditsassociatedproducts.34.1CleanelectricityandgridcapabilitiesThekeytounlockingthecleanhydrogeneconomyisaccesstolow-cost,reliablecleanenergy.Finland’sshareofrenewablesinfinalenergyconsumptionwas44.6%in2020,morethantwiceEurope’saverageconsumptionoverthesameperiod(22.1%in2020).13,14Hydro,solar,andnuclearmakeupthelargestportionofthisenergymix,andthesecleanenergysourcesarelow-cost.Duringthefirsthalfof2023,thecostofelectricityfellbelow€0onseveraloccasionsbecauseoftheoverabundanceofcleanenergy.15Theshareofcarbonneutralelectricityisalready89%inFinland,andthegridemissionareonly64gCO2/kWh.16ThiscreatesastrongstartingpointforFinlandinmeetinggreencertificationandadditionalityrulesforhydrogenasoutlinedintheREDIIIdirective.17WhileelectricitydemandinFinlandisexpectedtogrow,therenewableenergypotentialfarexceedsthisdemand.Agenerousportionofthisrenewablepotentialcomesfromwind.Finlandoffersoneofthemostcost-competitiveenvironmentsforwindenergydevelopment.AsofMay2023,wind-powerprojectsinvariousstagesofdevelopmentamounttoover120GWofadditionalcapacity.18Asabenchmark,Finland’sdomesticpowergenerationcapacityavailableFigure6:Finland’scurrentgridcarbonintensity1612(includingallformsofgeneration)wasaround13GWin2023.19Thegrowthprojectionisthereforeverystrong.Theexcesscleanelectricitycanbeallocatedtohydrogenproductionleadingtoaforecasted12to98TWh/yby2035and80to212TWh/yby2045.1ThisabundanceofcleanenergycouldpositionFinlandasamajorplayerinthehydrogeneconomy.Additionally,wasteheatfromelectrolyzerscanbeusedindistrictheatingnetworks,providingaclearbenefitforFinlandasopposedtocountriesinwarmerclimates.However,cleanelectricitysupplyandnewdemandsectorsmustdevelopinparallel.Missingeithersideofthedevelopmentcanhindergrowthoftheotherconsiderably.Finlandboastsarobustandmodernelectricitygrid,whichmakesiteasier,faster,andlesscostlytointegrateFinland’svastcleangenerationpotentialintothecurrentenergygrid.Itisalsoimportantinmeasuringemissionratesofhydrogenproductionandpoweringelectrolysis.Thesedigitalcapabilitiescanmeasurerenewabilityandemissionratesofelectricitytransmittedthusprovingtheproductionofcleanhydrogen.Commercialscaleelectrolysisrequireslargeamountsofelectricity,soamodern,smartgridwithexceptionalfrequencycontainmentprovidesadditionaladvantagestoFinlandindevelopingcleanhydrogenproductionanditslargerroleinthehydrogenecosystem.4.2FinnishnaturalresourcesFinland’sabundanceofnaturalresourcesinforestry,metals,andwateralsopositionitwell.Finland’sleadingforestrysectorprovidesastrongfoundationtoproducesyntheticfuelsandbio-relatedproductsfordomesticandexportuse.BiogenicCO2referstocarbonthatwasremovedfromtheatmospherebyphotosynthesisandwouldnaturallycyclebacktoareplantedtreethroughtheatmosphere.FinlandhasthesecondlargestforestcoverinEuropewith22millionhectares.Thistranslatestoalmost14%ofEuropeanforestcoverbeingfoundinFinland.20Therefore,FinlandhasastrongsupplyofbiogenicCO2since60%ofitsemissionsarefrombiogenicsources(24.3Mtin2020).21FinlandhasthethirdlargestbiogenicCO2availabilityinEuropewhichwillbevitaltoscalingupproductionofsyntheticfuelsandchemicals.22Highvalueproductsalongthevaluechainandhydrogenproductionitselfrelyonaccesstovariousnaturalresources.Finlandhasawell-developedmineralindustry,solidgeologicalknowledgebase,orepotential,andexistinginfrastructure.Finlandhasferrousandpreciousmetalreserves,particularlycobaltandlithium,whichwillseehugeglobaldemandgrowthfrombatterymanufacturing.FinlandistheonlyEuropeancountrythatpossessesallthemineralsnecessaryforbatteryproduction.Europecurrentlydoesnothaveaminesupplyofrareearthelementsbutdoeshaveseveralareaswithsuitablegeologywiththeseresources,13includingSokliinFinland.23Ferrousmetalreservesareimportantinsteelmanufacturing,andcleansteelisarapidlygrowingindustry.Cleanhydrogenisproducedviaelectrolysiswhichrequireslargequantitiesoffreshwater.Finlandisthewaterrichestcountryintheworld,thusremovingtheneedforenergy-intensivedesalination,andhasmarket-leadingexpertiseinthewaterindustry(e.g.,wastewaterusage,hydrogeology,etc.).Thisexpertiseprovideshydrogenproducersconfidenceinthecountry’sabilitytodeveloptheinfrastructureneededtomeetelectrolyzerwaterdemands.4.3ExistingcapabilitiesandeconomicenvironmentFinlandhasexpertiseinenergyintensiveindustriessuchassteelandchemicalswhichareforecastedtobelargeadoptersofhydrogen.InFinland,theseindustrieshavealreadybeenworkingtowardsdevelopingtheirprocessesandproductstosignificantlyreducetheircarbonfootprintwhileincreasingtheirhandprint.TheyarewellpositionedtotakeadvantageoftherampupofthecleanhydrogeneconomyinFinlandbecausetheyarealreadyworkingtowardssustainability.Adoptinghydrogenintotheirprocessescanhelptoacceleratetheircleantransitions.Additionally,Finlandprovidesastablebusinessandeconomicenvironmentbecauseofitsreliableandcommittedgovernment,increasinginvestorconfidence.AccordingtotheWorldGovernanceIndicatorsfromtheWorldBank,FinlandisamongthetopthreecountriesinEuropeforgovernmenteffectiveness.In2021,Finlandscored98.6%intheindicatorthatmeasurescredibilityofgovernmentcommitment.24Finlandranksfifthgloballyinforeigndirectinvestmentpercapitaandrankssecondlowestintheglobalcorruptionperceptionindex.25,26Thisenvironmentwillbeparticularlybeneficialinattractingnewsupplychainswithcapitalintensiveinfrastructuretotheregion.Manyofthenewandexistingindustrialandtechnologicalopportunitieswillrequirelargeupfrontinvestments.Forexample,cleansteelproduction,whichisaprimarysectorforFinland,requireshighupfrontinvestmentswiththelevelizedcostofproductionrangingfrom€470to€820perton.Thisis€200to€500moreexpensivepertonthanconventionalproductionmethods.27Additionally,FinlandbelongstotheEURcurrencywhichincreaseseconomicstability.Finland’sstableandtrustedeconomicenvironmentwillallowinvestorstomakeastrongerbusinesscaseforinvestinglargesumsofcapital.Finland’shighlyskilledanddigitallyliterateworkforcealsoplayanimportantroleintakingadvantageofthenewandexistingindustries,technologies,andservicesinthecleanhydrogeneconomy.Finland’sworkforceexcelsindesigning,building,andintegratingcomplexindustrial14systemsandisthemostdigitallyskilledworkforceinEurope.FinlandisamongafewcountriesintheEUwhereabout80%ofthepopulationaged16to74havebasicdigitalskillscomparedtotheEUaverageof54%.28,29In2021,FinlandscoredseventhgloballyintheIMDWorldDigitalCompetitivenessranking,whichassessesthecapacityofeconomiestoadoptandexploredigitaltechnologiesaskeydriversforeconomictransformationinbusiness,government,andwidersociety.30Finlandhasexistingcapabilitiesacrossvarioustechnologyindustries.Finlandhasexpertiseinmanufacturingprocessesandenergyefficiency,marinetechnology,andminingandforestrymachinerymanufacturing,whichwillallbecrucialincommerciallyscalingtechnologiesandservicesassociatedwithhydrogen.Manyglobalplayersinpower-to-X,heavymachinery,andprocesstechnologymanufacturinghavemajordevelopmentsinFinland.Additionally,Finlandhasastronginformationandcommunicationtechnologies(ICT)sector.TheICTsectoremploys6.8%ofthetotalworkforce,whichwasthehighestintheEUin2017.31AllthesetechnologycapabilitieswillaidFinlandinbecomingtheleaderinthecleanhydrogeneconomy.Inaddition,Finland’sactivedeeptechstartupcommunityandstrongR&Dandacademiacollaborationcanfosterinnovationforhydrogenrelatedindustries.Finland’strackrecordofinnovationisexemplifiedbytheirninth-placerankingintheglobalinnovationindexin2022.32The2022EuropeanInnovationScoreboardindicatedthatFinlandhadthesecond-highestperformanceininnovationamongEUmemberstatesandrankedtwelfthgloballyinR&Dexpenditurespercapitain2022.10,33Relativestrengthsthatcontributetoinnovativestrengthincludepublic-privatecollaboration,lifelonglearning,innovativesubjectmatterexpertscollaboratingwithothers,andinformationandcommunicationstechnologyspecialists.155.WhatareasofthehydrogeneconomyshouldFinlandfocusontoyieldthemostbenefits?Tocapturethehydrogeneconomyopportunity,Finlandshouldfocusonthefollowingthreeareas:1)expanddomesticcleanhydrogenproduction,2)acceleratetherampupofdomesticcleanindustries,and3)growexportsofhydrogenrelatedtechnologiesandservices.Expandingcleanhydrogenproductionwillallowtheramp-upofdomesticcleanindustriesandprovidenear-termopportunitiestoreduceexistingenergyimportsandopenpurehydrogenexports.DomesticallyproducinghydrogenincreasessecurityofsupplyforFinland.Prioritizingthehighestvalueaddhydrogenopportunities,suchassteelandchemicals,willallowFinlandtomakebestuseofitssurplushydrogen.Finally,growingexportsofhydrogen-relatedtechnologiesandservicesthatalignwithexistingcompetitiveadvantageswillallowFinlandtoleveragecurrentcapabilities.5.1ExpandcleanhydrogenproductionThefirstareaoffocusforFinlandshouldbetoexpandcleanhydrogenproduction.ThelowcostofcleanelectricitygenerationandefficientelectricitytransmissioninFinlandwillmakeitshydrogenproductionhighlycompetitiveanditanattractiveplaceforhydrogeninvestments.Finland’selectricitysystemhasoneofthelowestgridcarbonintensitiesintheEUduetotheavailabilityofhydro,nuclear,wind,andbioenergyresources.In2035,Finlandcouldproduce12to98TWh/y(3Mt/y)ofhydrogen,whichequatesto€0.2to€3billioninrevenuegeneratedin2035ifsoldaspurehydrogenfor1.6€/kgandnottransformedintoanyproduct.1ThiswouldtranslatetoFinlandexceedingitstargettoproduce10%oftheEU’sgreenhydrogenin2030.In2045,Finlandcouldproducebetween80and212TWh/y(6Mt/y)ofFigure7:HydrogenopportunitiesforFinlandFigure8:Benefitsofcleanhydrogenproductionopportunity116hydrogen,whichequatesto€2to€6billioninrevenuegeneratedin2045fromlocalizedcleanenergygenerationandhydrogenproductionifsoldaspurehydrogenandnottransformedintoanyproduct.1Electricitydemandisforecastedtogrowby33to59TWh/yby2045drivenbytheelectrificationoftransport,heating,andindustry.34Thesegrowingelectricityneedsareexpectedtobemetthroughalreadypermittedsolarandonshorewindprojects.Finland’swind,solar,andnuclearpotentialfarexceedsfuturedomesticbaselinedemand(i.e.,withoutnewindustrialinvestments).Figure9showstheforecastedelectricitygenerationinFinlandthrough2045.Thiselectricitygenerationexceedsforecasteddemand,whichcouldenable80to212TWh/yofFinnishhydrogenproductionin2045assumingallexcesselectricityisconverted.1Figure9:Comparisonofelectricitygenerationforecasts1Reducingcurrentnaturalgasimportsthatareusedtoproducegreyhydrogencancatalyzethemarketasdomesticindustriesrampup.Thereiscurrentlydomesticdemandof5TWh/yforgreyhydrogenthatcouldbereplacedwithcleanhydrogen,whichwouldsave€260millioninimports.35Theseimmediatedemandusersprovideabusinesscaseforscalingcleanhydrogenproductiontoday.HydrogendemandinCentralEuropeisprojectedtogrowasindustrialdecarbonizationrampsup,andcleanhydrogendemandoutpacessupply.Hydrogendemandisforecastedtobe200TWh/ywhilesupplyisonly80TWh/yin2030inCentralEurope.8050100150200250300350400450202120252030203520402045Electricitygeneration(TWh)TYNDPNTTYNDPGAFingrid-PowertoProductsFingrid-HydrogenfromWindFingrid-WindySeasFingrid-LocalPowerEHBSitraDirectElectrificationGuidehouse-LowGuidehouse-High17DevelopinghydrogenpipelineinfrastructureandmarketsaroundtheBalticSearegionisakeyenablerforthedevelopmentofahydrogenecosystem.WhileFinlandboastsamodernandrobustelectricitygrid,thespeedandscaleofgridexpansionneededtointegrateFinland’scleanenergypotentialandsupporthydrogenproductionischallenging,especiallyfrom2030onwards.JointstudiescarriedoutbyGasgridFinlandandFingridconcludedthathydrogenpipelineandstorageinfrastructurecanenablefasterdeploymentofrenewableelectricitygenerationbyovercomingbottlenecksinconnectingtotheelectricitygrid.Aswellassupportingcleanenergyintegration,hydrogeninfrastructureconnectsregionsdomestically.Thisisimportantforacceleratingmarketcreationandscaling.Hydrogenpipelinesallowmultiplehydrogenproductionsourcestoconnecttoasinglenetwork,increasingsupplydiversificationandallowingforthemostcompetitivelypricedhydrogentodrivewholesalepricesdown.ThisenablesthedevelopmentofasinglehydrogenmarketinFinland.Additionally,ifthereisasupplydisruption,effectsacrosstheregionwillbemoremutedbecausehydrogenusershaveaccesstoalargersupplypool.Pipelinesalsohelpdevelopregionalclustersbyconnectinghydrogenproducerstousersthatarenotco-located.Forexample,biogenicCO2whichisrequiredforsyntheticfuelproductionisoftennotco-locatedwithcleanhydrogenproductionlocations.BeingabletoeffectivelytransporthydrogenviapipelinestolocationswithbiogenicCO2isthereforevitaltoexpandingthesyntheticfuelsindustry.HydrogeninfrastructurealsoprovidesaccesstopurehydrogendemandmarketsandseasonalundergroundhydrogenstorageinCentralEurope.Therearealreadymultiplecross-borderhydrogentransmissionprojectsinthepre-feasibilityphasethatwillmakebi-directionhydrogenflowstoandfromFinlandpossible.This,alongsidelinepackstoragewithinthepipelineinfrastructureitself,willstrengthensecurityofsupplyforhydrogenuserslocatedinFinlandandincreasemarketliquidity.InfrastructuretoenablemarketdevelopmentTheFinnishGovernmenthasmandatedGasgridFinlandtodevelopnationalandcross-borderhydrogeninfrastructure.Gasgridisspearheadingmultiplehydrogenpipelineprojects,submittingthreeprojectsofcommoninterestapplicationsfortheNordicHydrogenRoute,BalticSeaHydrogenCollector,andNordicBalticHydrogenCorridor.TheNordicHydrogenRouteconnectsFinlandtoSwedeninthenorthernpartsofthecountries.TheBalticSeaHydrogenCollectorconnectsFinlandtoSweden,Denmark,andGermanythroughanoffshorepipelinethatcollectshydrogenfromoffshorewindprojectsatstrategicallyselectedenergyislands.TheNordicBalticHydrogenCorridorlinksFinlandtoGermanythroughtheBalticcountriesandPoland.185.2AcceleratetherampupofdomesticcleanindustriesThesecondareaoffocusforFinlandshouldbetoacceleratetheramp-upofdomesticcleanindustries.Transformationofcleanhydrogenintohighervalueproductsandcommoditiesfurtherdownthevaluechaincreatesamuchhighervalue-addforFinlandthantheexportofpurehydrogen.Ifallthe212TWh/yofhydrogenproducedinFinlandwereusedforpurehydrogenexports,themaximumrevenuegeneratedin2045isestimatedat€6billion.1Finlandshouldusethecascadingprinciple,theideaofputtingrawmaterialstowardsthehighestvalueproducts,toinformhowhydrogenshouldbeused.Ifallthehydrogenwereputtowardscleansteel,ahighervalueproduct,revenueisestimatedat€75billionperyearin2045whichisover12timeshigherthanrevenuegeneratedfromhydrogenexports.1However,puttingalleffortsintothemosthigh-valueindustryisunwisegiventheuncertainty.EachhydrogenusewouldaddsignificantvalueandbenefittoFinland.AdiversifiedstrategywouldbesthedgeriskanditwouldbeprudentforFinlandtodiversifyeffortsacrosscleanindustries.5.2.1CleansteelCleansteelproductionshouldbeaprimaryfocusareaduetostrongglobaldemand,existingsteelexpertise,andsupplychainsinFinland.Theglobalmarketforcleansteelisforecastedtobe€2trillionby2035andtoincreaseto€3trillionby2050.TheEUmarketmakesupasignificantportionofthatat€95billionin2035and€140billionin2050.1CleansteelwouldbringsignificantvalueandinvestmentintoFinlandasitisahighvalueproductwithoneofthehighestvaluesperunitofhydrogenused.ThehighprojectcapitalexpenditureassociatedwithsteelmakingfacilitieshasthepotentialtobringlargeinvestmentsintoFinland.Thelevelizedcostofcleansteelproductionrangesfrom€500to€800perton.27ThisisanticipatedtobeatapremiumtoexistingsteelpricesgiventheESGbenefitsofcleansteel.Inaddition,transitioningfromcurrentcoke-basedsteelprocessesreducestherisktoproducersoffluctuatingcarbonpricesacrosstheglobe.Figure10:Benefitsofdomesticcleanindustriesopportunity1Figure11:Benefitsofcleansteelopportunity119SteelproductioniscurrentlyoneofthelargestindustrialsectorsinFinland,thereforemakingcleansteelaclearchoiceforinvestmentanddevelopment.Thesteelsectorcurrentlyemploysmorethan5,000skilledworkersinFinland.Prioritizingcleansteelcanretainthisworkforceandcouldcreatebetween9,000to22,000newjobsby2045.1Additionally,steelsupplychainsarealreadypresent.FinlandcontainsthenaturalresourcesrequiredforsteelmakingandhasestablishedexportroutestoCentralEurope.Theexistingcapabilities,resources,andinfrastructurewillmakeiteasyforFinlandtoenterthishighlylucrativeemergingmarket.5.2.2SyntheticfuelsTheproductionofcarbonneutralsyntheticfuels(syntheticmethanol,synthetickerosene,andsyntheticmethane)alsooffersastrongopportunityforFinland.Theglobalmarketforsyntheticfuelsisexpectedtogeneraterevenuesof€300billionin2035and€580billionin2050,withtheEUmarketmakingupanotable€35billionin2035and€60billionin2050oftheglobalmarket.1Boththemaritimeandaviationindustries,expectedsyntheticfuelusers,aresettocontinuegrowingasglobaltradeandtravelincrease.Finland’sbiogenicCO2availability,existingrefiningexpertise,andmarinetechnologyexpertisealignwellwithsyntheticfuelsproduction.Sectorcouplingacrosshydrogengeneration,biogenicCO2captureandusage,andmaritimeenginemanufacturingcouldgiveFinlandacompetitivemarketadvantage.CleansteelprojectsinFinlandCurrently,cleansteelmanufacturingmomentumishighinFinlandwithmultipleongoingprojectsintheregion.Forexample,theHybritprojectfromSSAB,LKAB,andVattenfallincludesa2.6Mt/ycleansteelprojectinRaahethatwillstartupby2040withConversionStep1plannedfor2030.Additionally,BlastrCleanSteelplanstoestablishacleansteelplantwithanintegratedhydrogenproductioninInkoo.PlugisalsopartneringwithGravitHytodecarbonizereducediron.TherearealsomultipleresearchjointventuresincleansteelfundedbyBusinessFinland.Figure12:Benefitsofsyntheticfuelsopportunity120FinlandhasanabundantsupplyofbiogenicCO2,whichisauniquecompetitiveadvantagecomparedtoothercountrieslookingtoproduceandexportsyntheticfuels.InFinland,theCO2forsyntheticfuelproductiondoesnotneedtobesourcedfromdirectaircaptureorfossilfuels,leadingtolowercostsandlessregulatoryhurdles.Additionally,thestorageanduseofbiogenicCO2ensuresthatthesyntheticfuelsarenotemittingadditionalcarbonthussupportingFinland’scarbonneutralitygoal.Finlandalsohasextensiveexpertiseinrefining,whichistransferrabletosyntheticfuelsproduction.SyntheticmethanolhasstrongsynergieswiththelargeFinnishmaritimesector,whichisfacingpressuretodecarbonize.CarbonNeutralFinland2035identifiesmethanolasareplacementfuelintheshippingsector,andtheInternationalMaritimeOrganizationiscurrentlyexploringmethanolasapotentialshipfueltomeetdecarbonizationgoalsforthemaritimesector.Despitecostdifferences,largelogisticsoperatorsarealreadypurchasingsyntheticfuels.Itcouldalsounlockmultiplechemicalusecasepathways.Synthetickerosenewillbevitaltodecarbonizingtheaviationindustry,whichissettocontinuegrowing.Thus,thedevelopmentofsyntheticaviationfuelsopensnewmarketopportunitiesglobally.WithintheEU’sFitfor55packagetherearebindingsustainableaviationfueltargetsof2%in2025and5%in2030.36Finlandcantakeadvantageoftheincreaseddemandfore-kerosenefromthesemandates.Syntheticmethane’scompatibilitywithexistingnaturalgasinfrastructuresupportsearlymarketentry.SyntheticmethanecanbenefitfromexistingcapabilitiesinFinlandsinceitisadrop-inreplacementforfossilnaturalgas.Thiswillreducerelianceonnaturalgasimports.Finlandimported3billionm3ofnaturalgasin2021,althoughthisdemandfellbymorethan50%in2022followingthelossofRussiansupplyandrelatedpriceincreases.10Themarketrulesgoverningnaturalgasmarketsarematureandestablished,enablingsyntheticmethaneSyntheticfuelprojectsThereismomentumfromexistingprojectsinsyntheticfuelproduction.St1isplanningthefirstsyntheticmethanolplantinFinlandwithgrantfundingon€35millionfromtheMinistryofEconomicAffairsandEmployment.Additionally,Nesteisplacedasagloballeaderinsustainableaviationfuelproduction.OpportunitiesacrossthevaluechainFinlandcanleveragelow-costhydrogenandbiogenicCO2availabilitytomanufacturesyntheticfuels.Syntheticmethanol,asyntheticfuel,canbesoldtologisticsproviderstodecarbonizethemaritimeindustry.Finlandcanalsoutilizetheirexpertiseinthemaritimeindustrytobuildsyntheticandhydrogenfueledships.Additionally,Finlandcouldproduceforestrymachinerythatrunsonhydrogenorsyntheticfuels,andthatmachinerycouldthenbeusedinprocuringthebiogenicCO2toproducesyntheticfuels.TakingadvantageofmultipleareasacrossthehydrogenvaluechaincanmultiplythevaluetoFinland.21tobeintegratedintotheenergymixwithlimiteddisruption.ThereareseveralsyntheticmethaneprojectstodayinFinlandgivingtheindustrymomentum.5.2.3CleanammoniaandfertilizerCleanammoniaandfertilizerproductionofferahighvaluepropositionforFinland.Ammoniacanbeusedasazero-carbonfuelformaritime,forbalancingpowerplants,andastherawmaterialformanyproductsinthechemicalindustry(e.g.,bioethanol,urea,enzymes,ammoniumnitrate).Theglobalmarketsforcleanammoniaandfertilizerareforecastedtobe€175billionand€150billionby2035and€375billionand€200billionby2050,respectively.Ofthesetotals,theEUmarketforcleanammoniaisforecastedat€25billionandfertilizerat€15billionby2035.1ThesehugemarketsoffersignificantopportunitiesforFinlandtocapitalizeon.CleanammoniaandfertilizerproductionareanaturalchoiceforFinland.Fertilizerdemandissettogrowaspopulationincreases,andsinceammoniaisthemaininputforfertilizerproduction,theammoniamarketwillalsocontinuetogrow.Fertilizer,andthereforeammonia,areessentialtoFinland’spositionintheagriculturalindustry.Currently,Finlandreliesonammoniaimports,leavingitvulnerabletofluctuatingglobalammoniasupply.Theammoniathatiscurrentlyproduceddomesticallyismanufacturedinfacilitiesthatarereachingtheendoftheir50-yearassetlife.Additionally,governmenttargetsoutlinedinCarbonNeutralFinland2035andtheAgricultureActionPlanaremandatingreductioninammonia,andthereforefertilizer,emissions.CleanammoniaandfertilizerproductionalignwellwithFinland’scurrentcapabilitiesandcreateadditionalbenefits.ThereareexistingdemandusersforammoniainFinlandwhowillbelookingtodecarbonizetocomplywithgovernmentmandates.Additionally,Finlandhasexistingammoniaterminalsandonshoretransportroutes.Thereisalsoanexistingexportindustryforfertilizer,meaningthatthereareexistingCleanammoniaandfertilizerprojectsTherearemultiplecleanammoniaandfertilizerprojectsthatarepropellingtheindustry’sgrowthinFinland.TheFlexensprojectinKokkolawillbeginproducingcleanammoniain2027withhydrogenfedfroma300MWco-locatedH2plant.Theammoniaproducedwillbeconvertedtofertilizer.CleanNortH2isdoinganR&Dprojectthatwillproduce20MWofcleanammoniainNaantali.Additionally,aFinnishshippingcompanyMeriaura,enginemakerWärtsilä,andCleanNortH2EnergyhavesignedaLetterofIntenttobuildacargovesselthatrunsoncleanammonia.22inorganicfertilizersupplychainsandexportroutesinFinland.TheammoniaandfertilizerindustriesalsobenefitFinlandbycreatingapotentialof2,000to6,000newjobsinFinland.1Finland’scurrentalignmentandthelargeassociatedbenefitsmakeammoniaandfertilizeraclearopportunitytotakeadvantageof.5.3Growexportsofhydrogen-relatedtechnologiesandservicesThethirdareaoffocusforFinlandshouldbeexpandingtechnologiesandservicesrelatedtohydrogen.Servicesaroundhydrogenwillberequiredastheworldworkstowarddecarbonization.Finlandcanexpandpreviousservicesexcellencetothehydrogenecosystem.ThereisahugeopportunityforFinlandintheseindustriessincehydrogenrelatedtechnologiesandserviceshavepotentialannualrevenuesof€15-20billionin2035and€31-39billionin2045.15.3.1TechnologiesFinlandcanalsotakeadvantageoftechnologiesthatwillariseascleanhydrogenanditsderivativesareadopted.Therearetechnologyopportunitiesinavarietyofindustriesincludingshipbuilding,bioproductsmanufacturing,hydrogenpoweredminingandforestrymachinery,andhydrogenorhydrogenderivativefueledcombustionenginesthatcloselyalignwithFinland’sexistingexpertise.Theglobalmarketsizeforthesetechnologiesassociatedwithhydrogenisforecastedtobe€1.5trillionin2035and€3trillionin2045.1Finlandiswell-positionedtocapitalizeonthesetechnologyopportunitiesduetoitscurrentcapabilitiesandcompetitiveadvantages.Finland’sexistingmarineexpertisepositionsitwelltotakeadvantageofgrowingopportunitiesinsyntheticandhydrogenpoweredshipbuilding.Finlandhasastrongmarketpositioninicebreakerandluxurycruiseshipbuilding.Asthemaritimeindustrybeginstodecarbonize,thedemandforcarbon-neutralshipsisexpectedtoincreasesignificantly.Thisopportunitycouldgenerateannualrevenuesof€3billionin2035and€7billionin2045givenFinland’sexistingexportrevenuesfromshipbuildingandanticipatedmarketgrowth.1Finlandalsohasexistingexpertiseinheavyindustryandanexistingmachineryexportmarket.CouplingthisrelevantindustryknowledgewithactivitiestodecarbonizethesesectorscreatesclearsynergiestodevelopnewhydrogenandderivativesfueledforestryandminingmachineryFigure14:Benefitsofhydrogen-relatedtechnologyandservicesopportunity123manufacturing.ThispresentsanannualrevenueopportunityforFinlandofcloseto€4billionin2035and€5billionin2045.1Therearealsoopportunitiesinbio-relatedproducts,andtheforestryindustryiswell-versedinadaptingtochangingmarkets.Overthepastfewdecades,theforestryindustryhasshiftedtheirfocusfrompapertopackingandpulpgradesandhasmadeforwardlookinginvestmentsintonewbio-basedproducts.CouplingFinland’sforestryindustrywiththecaptureanduseofbiogenicCO2openstheopportunityforbioproductssuchasbiochar,biocoal,proteins,CO2-capturedconcreteandcement,andbio-textileindustrydevelopment.Additionally,theuseofbiogenicCO2ensuresthatsyntheticfuelsandchemicalsareclean,soitwillbevitaltoscaleupthebiogenicCO2industry.Thebio-productdomesticandexportindustryinFinlandisanticipatedtoseestronggrowthwithforecastedannualrevenuesof€4billionin2035and€8billionin2045.1Separately,therewillbeastronggrowthopportunityinhydrogenfuelcell,electrolyzermanufacturing,gridenergystorage,andpowerdistributiontechnology.Theintegrationofrenewableenergydrivestheneedforenergystoragetosupportelectricitygridmanagementandrenewableenergyintegration.Finlandisuniquelypositionedtotakeadvantageofthismarketopportunitybecauseoftheiraccesstonaturalmineralsneededforbatteryproduction.Hydrogenfuelcellswillalsoseestronggrowthtosupporthydrogen-to-powerapplications.FinnishcompanieslikeConvion,incooperationwithVTT,arealreadydeliveringfuelcellstodomesticandexportcompanies.37Electrolyzermanufacturingwillalsoseestrongglobalgrowth.Theseopportunitiescouldgenerate€2billionforFinlandin2045.1Finlandalsohasastrongmanufacturingtrackrecordofproducingandexportingpowerdistributionrelatedcomponents.Theneedforcomponentssuchastransformers,motors,drivesandlowvoltageequipmentforhydrogenproductionwillincreaseastheworldtransitionstonetzero.Thesetechnologiescouldgenerateadditionalrevenuesworth€3billionin2035and€6billionforFinlandin2045.124Finlandcanalsotakeadvantageoffuelswitchingtobeleaderinmanufacturinghydrogen,ammonia,andpoweredcombustionenginesandhydrogencompressiontechnology.Finlandisalreadypioneeringcuttingedgecombustionenginesbymanufacturingmethanolandammoniaenginesinships.Multifuelcombustionengines,turbinesandequipmentmanufacturingcouldgenerate€1billioninrevenuesin2045.15.3.2ServicesServiceopportunitiescomefromtheintersectionofcleanindustryvaluechainneedsandFinland’sexistingserviceexports.Existingserviceindustriesthathavehugegrowthpotentialrelatedtohydrogenincludeengineering&construction,digitalsolutions,processefficiencyandautomation,andprocesscircularity.Theglobalmarketsizefortheseservicescouldexceed€1trillionin2045.1Finland’sexistingstrengthsandcapabilitiescouldleadto€1to5billioninrevenuein2035and€4to12billioninrevenuein2045fromhydrogen-relateddomesticandexportservices.1Finnishtechnologycompaniespossessexpertiseacrosstheentireenergyvaluechain.Finlandiscurrentlyafrontrunnerinleveragingitsdigitalworkforcecapabilitiestoprovidesmarttechnologysolutionsandnewbusinessmodelsforhigh-emittingindustrialprocesses.Astheseindustrialprocessesdecarbonize,theywillrequireupdateddigitalsolutions,newvaluenetworks,anddevelopmentofexistingvaluechainsfornewprocesses.CasestudyexampleMeriaura,aFinnishshippingcompany,ispartneringwithGreenNortH2EnergyandWärtsilätobuildcargoshipsthatrunongreenammonia.WärtsiläwillprovideamodularmultifuelmainenginethatwillbeorderedandoperatedbyMeriaura.GreenNortH2energywillsupplygreenammonia.Thedeliveryofthevesselistargetedfor2024andoperationongreenammoniawillstartin2026.WärtsilähasenteredintoajointdevelopmentagreementwithHycamiteTCDTechnologiestoenablecost-effectiveproductionofhydrogenfromLNGonboardmarinevessels.Theconceptdesignwillbereadyinmid-2023andtheprototypetestingwillbegininthesecondhalfof2024.Figure15:RevenuefromFinnishservicesrelatedtothehydrogeneconomy125Digitalsolutionswillbeusefulforgridbalancing,renewableintegration,maritimeshipbuilding,supplychainoptimization,logisticsplanningandmanufacturing.Withhydrogeninfrastructureinvestmentsof€600billionneededby2030globallytobeontracktonetzeroemissionsby2050,Finlandcandevelophydrogen-relateddigitalsolutionstotakeadvantageofthesegrowingworldwideinvestments.4Finland’sdigitallyskilledworkforce,growingsubjectmatterexperts,andstartupsacrosstheInternetofThings,processautomation,andsmartgridtechnologiesprovideastrongfoundationforFinlandonwhichtoexpanditsglobalfootprintindigitalsolutionofferings.Allthesecapabilitiesarekeyenablerofsector-integration.Additionally,Finlandhasexpertiseinprocessefficiencyandautomationwithamarket-leadingreputationinindustrialprocessexcellenceandtechnologyexports.Usingcleanhydrogentodecarbonizeindustrialprocessesrequiresnewprocessoptimizationandautomation.Additionally,cleanhydrogenwilllikelybeusedinpowergenerationinsomeregionswhichrequiresmanufacturingofhydrogenengines.Thesemanufacturingprocesseswillrequireautomationtechnologiestodrivedowncostsofproduction.Finlandisrenownedforitshighmaterialefficiencyandintegratedprocesscircularityknowledgeandimplementationpractices.Finland’sexpertiseinprocesscircularitycanbeleveragedacrossalldirectandindirecthydrogen-relatedproductopportunities.Forexample,incleansteelmanufacturingthisexpertisewillbevitalinmostefficientlyusingrecycledsteel,andrelatedtothesyntheticfuelsindustry,circularprocesssolutionscanbeusedforbioproducts.ThisknowledgeshouldbefirstuseddomesticallytobolstertheFinnisheconomyandthencanbeexpandedacrosstheglobeasotherregionsdeveloptheircleanhydrogeneconomies.Finally,Finland’sexpertiseinconventionalengineering,construction,andoperationandmaintenancebusinessesalsoprovideopportunitiesasthecleanhydrogeneconomygainsspeed.Hydrogenprojectswillrequireservicesrelatedtoallofthesetoeffectivelydevelopplants,processes,powernetworks,electricitystorage,gaspipelines,andmore.ExamplesofH2relatedtechnologiesandservicesbeingdevelopedinFinland•SpinDrive,atechnologycompany,couldleveragetheirprocessefficiencysolutionstosupporthydrogencommoditymanufacturing.•ABB’sAbility™OPTIMAX®assistshydrogenproducersoptimizeallaspectsofthehydrogenplantlifecycle.•FortumandMetsäGrouparecollaboratingtoexplorecirculareconomybioproductsandgreenbusinessessuchaspackaging,biocomposites,andbiotextiles.266.WhatdoesFinlandneedtodotobecometheleadinghydrogeneconomyinEurope?Inthe2021whitepaper,”AsystematicviewontheFinnishhydrogeneconomytodayin2030–Ourcommonplaybookforthewayforward”,theHydrogenClusterFinlanddefinedatargetstatefortheFinnishHydrogenEconomy.TheHydrogenClusterFinlandhasnowgonefurthertodefineandquantifythetangiblehydrogeneconomyopportunitiesandbenefitsforFinland.Theseopportunitiesareimmense.Finlandhasthepotentialtobecometheleadinghigh-valuehydrogeneconomyinEuropeby2035.ButhowdoesFinlandaccomplishthis?6.1RecommendationstoreachFinnishcleanhydrogengoalsWhiletheFinnishgovernmentandFinnishindustryhavetakeninitialstepstodevelopthecleanhydrogeneconomyinFinland,muchmoreneedstobedoneforFinlandtobecometheleadinghigh-valuehydrogeneconomyinEuropeby2035.ActingwithurgencyandspecificitywillpushFinlandtoharnessitsstrengthsandseizethecleanhydrogenopportunity.SeedsofthehydrogenecosystemhavebeensowngloballyandFinlandmusttakeactiontobeamongtheleadingcountrieswhereindustrialcompaniesdeployinvestments.ThefollowingrecommendedactionsshouldbecarriedoutwithurgencytoenablethedevelopofFinland’scleanhydrogeneconomy:1)buildEurope’sleadinghydrogenecosystem,2)driveprogressthroughhydrogenvalleysandcross-collaboration,3)accelerateandaligndecision-making,and4)positionFinlandasaleaderontheglobalhydrogenmap.Figure17:RecommendedactionstoadvanceFinland’shydrogeneconomy.Figure17:Finnishopportunitiesin2035and2045acrossthehydrogenvaluechain1Figure16:Finnishopportunitiesin2035and2045acrossthehydrogenvaluechain1276.1.1BuildEurope’sleadinghydrogenecosystemFinlandshouldrapidlycreatefavorablemarketconditionsandregulationtoacceleratethedevelopmentofahydrogeneconomyasoutlinedintheGovernmentResolution.Finlandcannotcompetewithcountriesgloballyonpublicsubsidiesandprojectfundingsupportalone.However,cleargovernmentbackingforestablishingthehydrogeneconomyandinnovativepoliciescanovercomethisdisadvantageandacceleratethehydrogeneconomy.TheFinnishgovernment’sdecisioninprincipletoadoptaresolutionthatsetsatargetofproducing10%ofEurope’srenewablehydrogenwasaclearstatementofintentandimportantmilestoneininbecomingaEuropeanhydrogeneconomyleader.3Followingthis,theGovernmentProgramme,“AStrongandCommittedFinland”publishedinJune2023,presentsavisionforFinlandtobecomeakeyplayerinthehydrogeneconomybasedonthefoundationtheabundanceofcleanelectricityprovidesforcleanhydrogen.Italsoemphasizestheneedtoseekacompetitiveadvantagebypromotingafavorablegeneralinvestmentenvironment,RDIfunding,streamlinedpermitproceduresandenergytransmissioninfrastructureinsteadofattractinginvestmentsthroughaninfluxindirectpublicsupport.38CarryingtheseactionsforwardandrapidlydevelopingfavorablemarketconditionsisimportanttoattractingthelargeamountsofcapitalinvestmentneededtobuildFinland’shydrogeneconomy.Anotherimportantnextstepistheestablishmentofbusinessmodelsandgoverningcodesforhydrogenandcarboncapturestorage(CCS).Withatleast€3.3billionofindustrialinvestmentawaitingvariouspermitsinFinland,thegovernmentmustcontinuetotakeactiontostreamlinethepermittingandappealsprocess.Theseinstrumentsarekeyinloweringbarrierstoentryformarketparticipants,promotingmarketintegration,fairness,efficiencyandprovidingcommercialclarityforinvestors.BuildingtheleadinghydrogenecosystemmustalsoincludeeffortstoattractskilledworkersasFinlandisfacingalaborshortageduetoanagingpopulation.Technologyindustriesalonehaveanestimatedneedof13,000newpeopleeveryyearthroughoutthedecade.PracticalmeasureLeadSupportCreateajointlyprioritizedsetofpolicymeasuresandmandatesacrosskeyareas,includingfiscal,neededtoacceleratehydrogenmarketdevelopment,settingaroadmapthatismoreambitiousthanotherEUcountriestohighlightFinland’sambition.FinnishGovernmentHydrogenClusterFinlandDevelopandexecutearoadmapofactivitiestostreamlinepermitting.Activitiesshouldfocusondigitalization,peoplecapabilities,settingmaximumFinnishGovernmentRelevantministerialauthorities,Finnishindustry28permittimes,processsimplification,andinter-ministerialdecisionmaking.Developmarketframeworks,governingcodes,andcommercialandregulatoryrulestocreateanattractive,liquid,andsafehydrogeneconomythatisintegratedwithelectricityandheatmarkets.MinistryofEconomicAffairsandEmploymentEnergyAuthority,Gasgrid,Fingrid,FinnishindustryIdentifyworkforcecapabilitygapsthatneedtobeclosedtoestablishahydrogeneconomy,supportingthedesignofeducationandvocationalprogramsandmechanismstoattractandretainskilledtalent.FinnishGovernment,EducationandtraininginstitutesHydrogenClusterFinlandEnsureanambitiousimplementationofthenew6-yearR&DprogramonBatteriesandHydrogenfundedbyBusinessFinlandaswellascontinuedfundingfordemonstrationsandpilotsaftertheRecoveryandResilienceFacilitytospeeduptheuptakeofnewtechnologiesandbusinessmodelsinthehydrogeneconomy.FinnishGovernmentBusinessFinland,HydrogenClusterFinland6.1.2Driveprogressthroughhydrogenvalleysandcross-collaborationFinlandshouldestablishhydrogenvalleystoexpediteprojectsbasedonregionalstrengthsandensurecollaborationandsharingofbestpracticesbetweenthesevalleys.Fosteringcollaborationthroughhydrogenvalleyswillmultiplylocalstrengthsandacceleratethegrowthofthehydrogenecosystem.ThisincreasesFinland’soverallcompetitivenessagainstotherregionsandthelikelihoodofprojectsuccess.However,thesevalleysshouldnotbedevelopedinavacuum.Coordinationacrosshydrogenvalleysisneededtoensuretimelyknowledgesharingandthatactivitiesmaximizeeveryopportunity.PracticalmeasureLeadSupportGenerateseveralH2valleyconceptsthroughidentifyinglocationsacrossFinlandwithkeycompaniesandnaturalstrengths.HydrogenClusterFinlandLocalandregionalstakeholdersEngagevaluechainplayerstodevelopprojectconsortiathatdrivethedevelopmentofH2valleyconceptsandlinkinfrastructuredeploymentintovalleyimplementationroadmaps.HydrogenClusterFinlandBusinessFinland,RDIsectorCreateastructuretocoordinateH2valleysandpromotecollaboration,sharedlearning,prioritization,andecosystembuildingtocreateaunifiedvoiceatalocal,national,andgloballevel.HydrogenClusterFinlandH2valleyactorsandstakeholdersMaximizelikelihoodofvalleysuccessthroughincentivesfocusedonRDI,globalleveltalentacquisition,andprivateinvestmentacceleration.FinnishGovernmentHydrogenClusterFinland,BusinessFinlandPromoteandprovideapplicationsupportforhydrogen-relatedpublicfundingopportunitiesinFinland,theEU,andprioritizedpartnercountries,carryingoutregularfundingHydrogenClusterFinlandBusinessFinland29scansandsharinginsightswithrelevantprojectsandstakeholders.6.1.3Accelerateandaligndecision-makingFinlandshouldestablishwell-ledpublicandprivatesectorbodiestocoordinateanddrivehydrogenstrategyimplementation.Itshouldalsoensurethesebodieshaveclearmandatesandtheabilitytomaketimely,cross-sectoral,strategicdecisions.Finlanddoesnotcurrentlyhavecleanhydrogenstrategyinplace.JointlycreatingandswiftlyexecutingonanagilestrategywithHydrogenClusterFinlandandFinnishindustryandcommittingtoitsimplementationwillprovideaclearsignalofintenttothemarketandensurethehydrogeneconomyisastrategicpriorityacrossgovernment.Thereisnotimetowaste,sostrategydevelopmentshouldbedonequicklyandthentheGovernmentshouldadoptaniterativeprocess,whereitisregularlyupdated,andcoursecorrectedasimplemented.Strongdecision-makingbodiesareneededtocoordinatetimelydeliveryofthestrategyanditsrelatedactionsacrossstakeholdersandtoprovideimplementationoversight.PracticalmeasureLeadSupportAlignonfirmcommitmentsforhydrogeneconomydevelopmentthroughpublic-privatecollaborationandformalizethesecommitmentsthroughtheFinnishGovernmentswiftlypublishinganiterativeHydrogenStrategyanddevelopinganagileHydrogenEconomyProgramtodeliverit.FinnishGovernmentHydrogenClusterFinland,FinnishindustryCommunicateandobtainstakeholderbuy-inoncommitmentsandactionsrequiredtodeliverit.FinnishGovernmentHydrogenClusterFinland,FinnishindustryEstablishinter-ministerialtaskforcetodrivedeliveryofnationalrelatedactionsoftheHydrogenEconomyProgramandtoensurenecessarycoordinationacrossthepublicsectors.FinnishGovernmentCreatea'HydrogenWorkingGroup'consistingofprivatesectoractorstocoordinateandmakedecisionsoninter-sectoralpriorities(e.g.,organizations,companies,infrastructureplatforms,R&D,etc.),operatinginseamlesscollaborationwiththeministerialworkinggroup.FinnishGovernment,HydrogenClusterFinlandFinnishindustryassociationsCoordinateandmonitortheexecutionofthehydrogenstrategyinFinlandthroughaSecretariatset-uptoassisttheinter-ministerialtaskforceandprivatesectorworkinggroup.TheSecretariatshouldprovidedataandinformationfortheHydrogenClusterFinland,Government,andotheractors.ItshouldalsoserveasaforumtomonitortheprogressoftheHydrogenEconomyandshouldbeusedtoalignonfurtheractionsneeded.FinnishGovernment,HydrogenClusterFinlandBusinessFinland,FinnishGovernment,Finnishindustry306.1.4PositionFinlandasaleaderontheglobalhydrogenmapFinlandshouldinfluencehydrogendevelopmentwithintheEU,attractinvestmentstoFinland,andpromoteFinnishtechnologyandservicesworldwide.ItshouldalsocontinuouslycommunicateFinland’sstrengths,buildstrategicpartnerships,andfocusonfosterrelationshipswithkeycountries.SupportfromstakeholdersinternalandexternaltoFinlandwillbecriticaltobecomingtheleadinghydrogeneconomyinEurope.Internally,Finnsmustunderstandandbuyintothesocietalbenefitsofdevelopingit,andexternally,Finland’sattractivenessneedstobewellarticulatedtoothercountries,companies,investors,andskilledworkers.PracticalmeasureLeadSupportingDefineanengagementandcommunicationsstrategytobesttellthestoryof“WhyFinland”todifferentaudiences,includinglocalcommunities,policymakersatEU,strategicinvestmentpartners,andpotentialbuyersofH2products,technologies,andservices.BusinessFinlandHydrogenClusterFinland,BotH2nia,TeamFinland,MinistryofForeignAffairsAdvocateforFinlandattheEU-leveltoensurepoliciesandregulationsupportand/orthatpoliciesandregulationdonotundulyhinderthedevelopmentofFinland’shydrogeneconomy.FinnishGovernmentHydrogenClusterFinland,FinnishindustryAttractcapitalinvestmentthroughtargetedengagementwithkeyplayerswhocanhelpincreasemarketcredibilityandgeneratemomentumforlocatingneworrelocatingexistingbusinessestoFinland.FinnishindustryFinnishGovernmentCreatestrategicpartnershipsforhighvaluehydrogeneconomydevelopment.ThiscouldincludecountriesandcustomerswhoareimportersofFinnishvalueadd,likelyimportersofFinlandproducedhydrogenproducts,technologies,andservicesaswellasotherswithalignedstrategicinterests.MinistryofEconomicAffairsandEmployment,MinistryofForeignAffairsHydrogenClusterFinland,FinnishindustryEngagelocalcommunitiestogathersupportforcleanenergyassetdevelopment.FinnishindustryH2valleyactorsandstakeholders6.2RoadmapforstrategyexecutionFinlandshouldprioritizetherecommendedactionsandimplementthepracticalmeasuresabovetoaccelerateitsprogressandbecometheleadinghigh-valuehydrogeneconomyinEuropeby2035.ActingwithurgencyandspecificitywillpushFinlandtoharnessitsstrengthsandseizeopportunitiesacrosstheentirevaluechain,includingtechnologiesandservices.Thetwentypracticalmeasuresbelowshouldbeacteduponasshownbythegraphicbelow.31Figure18:RoadmapforexecutionofcleanhydrogeneconomystrategyFollowingthisroadmapwillallowFinlandtopursueacoordinated,effectivestrategytocapitalizeonthehighestvalueopportunitieswithinthehydrogeneconomyanddeliverthemostbenefitsforFinns.32Endnotes1Guidehouse,CleanhydrogeneconomystrategyforFinlandsupportinganalysisreport,June2023,Unpublished2FocusEconomics,FinlandGDP,15March2023,https://www.focus-economics.com/country-indicator/finland/gdp-eur-bn/3FinnishMinistryofEconomicAffairsandEmployment,Governmentadoptsresolutiononhydrogen–Finlandcouldproduce10%ofEU’sgreenhydrogenin2030,9February2023,https://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/-//1410877/government-adopts-resolution-on-hydrogen-finland-could-produce-10-of-eu-s-green-hydrogen-in-20304HydrogenCouncil,HydrogenInsights2023,May2023,https://hydrogencouncil.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Hydrogen-Insights-2023.pdf5BusinessWire,HydrogenGenerationGlobalMarketReport2022:SectortoReach$279.02Billionby2030ata7.3%CAGR,25January2023,https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20230125005471/en/Hydrogen-Generation-Global-Market-Report-2022-Sector-to-Reach-279.02-Billion-by-2030-at-a-7.3-CAGR---ResearchAndMarkets.com#:~:text=The%20global%20hydrogen%20generation%20market,forecast%20from%202022%20to%202030.6HydrogenCouncil,HydrogenforNet-Zero,November2021,https://hydrogencouncil.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Hydrogen-for-Net-Zero.pdf7EuropeanHydrogenBackbone,Analysingfuturedemand,supply,andtransportofhydrogen,June2021,https://gasforclimate2050.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/EHB_Analysing-the-future-demand-supply-and-transport-of-hydrogen_June-2021_v3.pdf8EuropeanHydrogenBackbone,FivehydrogensupplycorridorsforEuropein2030ExecutiveSummary,May2022,https://ehb.eu/files/downloads/EHB-Supply-corridors-presentation-ExecSum.pdf9StatisticsFinland,EnergyinFinland2022,September2022,https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/185778/yene_efp_202200_2022_25869_net.pdf10InternationalEnergyAgency,Finland2023EnergyPolicyReview,May2023,https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/c77be693-2bb3-486c-8fbe-e33b0624bc7a/Finland2023-EnergyPolicyReview.pdf11FinnishWindPowerAssociation,Windpowermap,https://tuulivoimayhdistys.fi/en/wind-power-in-finland/map12U.S.GeologicalSurvey,2019MineralsYearbook,February2023,https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2019/myb3-2019-finland.pdf0diverse%20mineral%20resources,%2C%20and%20platinum%2Dgroup%20metals13StatisticsFinland,FinlandExceededitstargetfor2020–shareofrenewableenergyinfinalconsumptionroseto44.6percent,16December2021,https://www.stat.fi/til/ehk/2020/ehk_2020_2021-12-16_tie_001_en.html14Eurostat,Renewableenergystatistics,January2023,https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Renewable_energy_statistics15WorldEconomicForum,Finlandisontracktomeetsomeoftheworld'smostambitiouscarbonneutralitytargets.Thisishowithasdoneit,1June2023,https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2023/06/finland-carbon-neutral-2035-goals?utm_source=linkedin&utm_medium=social_video&utm_term=1_1&utm_content=30789_cost_electricity_Finland&utm_campaign=social_video_202316FinnishEnergy,EnergyYear2022,12January2023,https://energia.fi/en/newsroom/publications/energy_year_2022_-_electricity.html#material-view3317EuropeanCommission,Renewableenergydirective,https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/renewable-energy/renewable-energy-directive-targets-and-rules/renewable-energy-directive_en18SuomenTuulivoimayhdistys,TuulivoimahankkeetSuomessa05/2023,12May2023,https://tuulivoimayhdistys.fi/media/tuulivoimahankkeet-05_2023.pdf19Fingrid,Estimateofelectricityproductionandconsumptionduringthewinterseason2022–2023,December2022https://www.fingrid.fi/ajankohtaista/tiedotteet/2022/fingrid-paivitti-arviota-sahkon-riittavyydesta-tulevana-talvena-kotimaista-tuotantokapasiteettia-odotettua-vahemman-saatavilla-sahkon-saastaminen-tarkeaa/20Eurostat,Forests,forestryandlogging,December2022,https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Forests,_forestry_and_logging#:~:text=forestry%20and%20logging-,Forests%20in%20the%20EU,of%20the%20EU%20land%20area21FinnishGovernment,Report:CarbondioxideuseandremovalpresentsignificantopportunitiesforFinland,29March2023,https://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/-/10616/report-carbon-dioxide-use-and-removal-present-significant-opportunities-for-finland22StuttgartAirport,Skynrg,Schwenk,E4tech,ElementEnergy,andERM,AssessmentofEuropeanbiogenicCO2balanceforSAFproduction,November2022,https://www.schwenk.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Assessment-of-European-biogenic-CO2-balance-for-SAF-production-v3.0.pdf23EURARE,RareearthelementdepositsinEurope,https://www.eurare.org/countries/home.html24WorldBank,WorldwideGovernanceIndicators,https://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/Home/Reports25GlobalDataandInvestmentMonitor,GlobalFDIAnnualReport2022,https://www.investmentmonitor.ai/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2022/08/Investment-Monitor_annual-report.pdf26TransparencyInternational,CorruptionPerceptionsIndex,https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/202227InternationalEnergyAgency,Simplifiedlevelisedcostofcompetinglow-carbontechnologiesinsteelproduction,26October2022,https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/simplified-levelised-cost-of-competing-low-carbon-technologies-in-steel-production28Wiley,TheDigitalSkillsGapIndex(DSGI),https://dsgi.wiley.com/global-rankings/29Eurostat,Howmanycitizenshadbasicdigitalskillsin2021?,30March2022,https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20220330-130InternationalInstituteforManagementDevelopment,WorldDigitalCompetitivenessRanking,https://www.imd.org/centers/wcc/world-competitiveness-center/rankings/world-digital-competitiveness-ranking/31PrivacyShieldFramework,Finland–InformationandCommunicationTechnology,https://www.privacyshield.gov/article?id=Finland-Information-and-Communication-Technology32GlobalInnovationIndex,Analysis,https://www.globalinnovationindex.org/analysis-indicator33TheWorldBank,Researchanddevelopmentexpenditure(%ofGDP),https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS34Fingrid,Fingrid’selectricitysystemvision2022–draftscenariosforthefutureelectricitysystem,2022,https://www.fingrid.fi/globalassets/dokumentit/en/news/fingrid_electricity_system_draft_scenarios.pdf35BusinessFinland,NationalHydrogenRoadmapforFinland,https://www.businessfinland.fi/4abb35/globalassets/finnish-customers/02-build-34your-network/bioeconomy--cleantech/alykas-energia/bf_national_hydrogen_roadmap_2020.pdf36EuropeanUnionAviationSafetyAgency,Fitfor55andReFuelEUAviation,https://www.easa.europa.eu/en/light/topics/fit-55-and-refueleu-aviation37VTT,Finnishfuelcelltechnologyaimsfortheworld,7June2018,https://www.vttresearch.com/en/news-and-ideas/finnish-fuel-cell-technology-aims-world38FinnishGovernment,“AstrongandcommittedFinland”-OutcomeofthenegotiationsontheGovernmentProgrammeExcerpts,16June2023,https://valtioneuvosto.fi/documents/10184/158702198/Excerpts+of+the+outcome+of+the+negotiations+on+the+Government+Programme+16+June+2023.pdf/f6c8c388-26c8-2712-4996-789b511a37ec/Excerpts+of+the+outcome+of+the+negotiations+on+the+Government+Programme+16+June+2023.pdf?t=1686921846994FinnishGovernment,“AstrongandcommittedFinland”-OutcomeofthenegotiationsontheGovernmentProgrammeExcerpts,16June2023,https://valtioneuvosto.fi/documents/10184/158702198/Excerpts+of+the+outcome+of+the+negotiations+on+the+Government+Programme+16+June+2023.pdf/f6c8c388-26c8-2712-4996-789b511a37ec/Excerpts+of+the+outcome+of+the+negotiations+on+the+Government+Programme+16+June+2023.pdf?t=1686921846994